# Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context ![An open stack of study cards glows beneath a network of connected concept cards\.]() Study 300 independently selected cross\-disciplinary academic words with concise meanings, collocations, and original context examples\. Автор [Flashcards Open Source App]() [Изучать эту колоду бесплатно]() Откроется Nibomo, и вы сможете начать изучение\. ## Сведения о колоде - Карточки: 300 карточек - Версия: 2 - Опубликовано: 25 августа 2026 г. - Последнее обновление: 10 сентября 2026 г. - Лицензия: Common knowledge · CC0 1\.0 - Языки аудитории: [en]() - Предмет: English vocabulary - Теги: academic\-vocabulary, society\-policy, reasoning\-claims, research\-methods, systems\-processes, change\-causation, comparison\-evaluation ## Об этой колоде Study 300 independently selected cross-disciplinary academic words for reading, listening, speaking, and writing practice. Each card shows one word on the front. The back starts with a concise meaning, then gives a useful collocation and one original academic example. ### What this deck practices * **Word → meaning and use:** 300 single-word prompts selected through a documented, openly licensed academic-vocabulary source. * **Collocations in context:** every answer pairs the word with a natural academic phrase and an original sentence. Meaning → word cards are excluded because a short definition can fit several words, which would make many reverse prompts ambiguous. Pronunciation, translations, subject-specific terminology, exam tactics, predicted test frequency, and score claims are also outside the scope. The deterministic sequence interleaves research methods, reasoning and claims, change and causation, comparison and evaluation, systems and processes, and society and policy. Close word-family variants stay at least three unrelated cards apart. The review scheduler handles longer-term spacing after installation. Word selection starts from Magali Paquot's [Academic Keyword List](https://uclouvain.be/en/research-institutes/ilc/cecl/the-academic-keyword-list-akl), published under [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This deck uses a filtered and reordered 300-word subset, with `analyse → analyze` and `summarise → summarize` normalizations. The source list itself warns that pedagogical mediation is still needed. All meanings, collocations, examples, grouping, and ordering here are independently authored. This is not an official or exhaustive vocabulary list for the TOEFL iBT® test. Requested source citation: Paquot, M. (2010). Academic Vocabulary in Learner Writing: From Extraction to Analysis. London & New York: Continuum, pp. 56–58. The `Common knowledge · CC0 1.0` label applies only to the independently authored card text, organization, and metadata to the extent applicable rights exist. It does not replace or override the AKL's CC BY 4.0 terms; reusers must follow those terms for the source-list contribution. It does not claim ownership of facts or ordinary English words. For current test content, see ETS's [TOEFL iBT® test content and structure](https://www.ets.org/toefl/test-takers/ibt/about/content.html). TOEFL iBT® is a registered trademark of ETS. This product is not endorsed or approved by ETS. No ETS questions, answers, scoring guides, or source prose were copied. ## Похожие колоды - [GRE Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words with Definitions & Examples]() - [Spanish A1 Vocabulary Flashcards: Beginner Words & Phrases]() - [New HSK 1 Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words with Pinyin]() - [TOEFL iBT Flashcards: 12 Task Types, Vocabulary & Strategy]() - [Digital SAT Flashcards: Math, Grammar & Words in Context]() - [Spanish Preterite vs\. Imperfect Flashcards: Tense Choice in Context]() ## Карточки в этой колоде ### Карточка 1 **Вопрос** adoption **Ответ** **Meaning:** The decision or process of starting to use an idea, method, or system. **Collocation:** widespread adoption **Example:** Widespread adoption of the new method took several years. ### Карточка 2 **Вопрос** argument **Ответ** **Meaning:** A set of reasons used to support a conclusion or position. **Collocation:** central argument **Example:** The article's central argument rests on evidence from two long-term studies. ### Карточка 3 **Вопрос** analysis **Ответ** **Meaning:** A careful examination of something to understand its parts or meaning. **Collocation:** data analysis **Example:** The data analysis revealed a clear seasonal pattern. ### Карточка 4 **Вопрос** association **Ответ** **Meaning:** A connection between two people, events, qualities, or variables. **Collocation:** strong association **Example:** The survey found a strong association between sleep and concentration. ### Карточка 5 **Вопрос** cause **Ответ** **Meaning:** Something that makes an event or condition happen. **Collocation:** underlying cause **Example:** The study examined the underlying cause of the population decline. ### Карточка 6 **Вопрос** advantage **Ответ** **Meaning:** A condition or feature that makes success more likely. **Collocation:** significant advantage **Example:** Early access to the archive gave the researchers a significant advantage. ### Карточка 7 **Вопрос** attitude **Ответ** **Meaning:** A settled way of thinking or feeling about something. **Collocation:** public attitude **Example:** Public attitudes toward urban transport changed after the pilot program. ### Карточка 8 **Вопрос** application **Ответ** **Meaning:** A practical use of an idea, method, or discovery. **Collocation:** practical application **Example:** The material has a practical application in water filtration. ### Карточка 9 **Вопрос** category **Ответ** **Meaning:** A group of things that share defined features. **Collocation:** broad category **Example:** The researchers placed both materials in the same broad category. ### Карточка 10 **Вопрос** assertion **Ответ** **Meaning:** A confident statement presented as true. **Collocation:** unsupported assertion **Example:** Without survey data, the claim remained an unsupported assertion. ### Карточка 11 **Вопрос** alternative **Ответ** **Meaning:** Another option that can be chosen instead of the usual one. **Collocation:** viable alternative **Example:** Solar heating offered a viable alternative to imported fuel. ### Карточка 12 **Вопрос** change **Ответ** **Meaning:** A shift from one state, condition, or form to another. **Collocation:** gradual change **Example:** The sediment layers record gradual change in the region's climate. ### Карточка 13 **Вопрос** assessment **Ответ** **Meaning:** A reasoned judgment about the quality, value, or condition of something. **Collocation:** risk assessment **Example:** The team completed a risk assessment before entering the cave. ### Карточка 14 **Вопрос** combination **Ответ** **Meaning:** Two or more things joined or used together. **Collocation:** combination of factors **Example:** A combination of factors shaped the city's growth. ### Карточка 15 **Вопрос** assumption **Ответ** **Meaning:** An idea accepted as true without complete proof. **Collocation:** underlying assumption **Example:** The model's underlying assumption is that demand remains stable. ### Карточка 16 **Вопрос** balance **Ответ** **Meaning:** A state in which competing factors have suitable proportions. **Collocation:** achieve a balance **Example:** The policy tries to achieve a balance between access and conservation. ### Карточка 17 **Вопрос** awareness **Ответ** **Meaning:** Knowledge or understanding that a situation or issue exists. **Collocation:** raise awareness **Example:** The campaign raised awareness of preventable water waste. ### Карточка 18 **Вопрос** consequence **Ответ** **Meaning:** A result that follows from an action or condition. **Collocation:** unintended consequence **Example:** Higher rents were an unintended consequence of the redevelopment plan. ### Карточка 19 **Вопрос** concept **Ответ** **Meaning:** A general idea used to understand or organize something. **Collocation:** abstract concept **Example:** The diagram makes the abstract concept easier to understand. ### Карточка 20 **Вопрос** conclusion **Ответ** **Meaning:** A judgment reached after considering evidence or reasoning. **Collocation:** draw a conclusion **Example:** The sample was too small to draw a firm conclusion. ### Карточка 21 **Вопрос** benefit **Ответ** **Meaning:** A helpful or favorable result. **Collocation:** long-term benefit **Example:** Better insulation provides a long-term benefit by reducing energy use. ### Карточка 22 **Вопрос** bias **Ответ** **Meaning:** A systematic tendency or error that can distort judgment, sampling, or results. **Collocation:** selection bias **Example:** Selection bias may occur if only frequent users answer the survey. ### Карточка 23 **Вопрос** decline **Ответ** **Meaning:** A gradual decrease in amount, quality, or importance. **Collocation:** sharp decline **Example:** The records show a sharp decline in fish populations after 1990. ### Карточка 24 **Вопрос** classification **Ответ** **Meaning:** The process or system of arranging things into groups. **Collocation:** classification system **Example:** The new classification system groups plants by shared genetic features. ### Карточка 25 **Вопрос** condition **Ответ** **Meaning:** A circumstance that affects how something happens or exists. **Collocation:** controlled condition **Example:** Each seedling grew under the same controlled conditions. ### Карточка 26 **Вопрос** contradiction **Ответ** **Meaning:** A conflict between statements, ideas, or results that cannot both be true. **Collocation:** apparent contradiction **Example:** Further testing resolved the apparent contradiction between the two findings. ### Карточка 27 **Вопрос** challenge **Ответ** **Meaning:** A difficult problem or task that requires effort to solve. **Collocation:** major challenge **Example:** Limited storage remains a major challenge for renewable energy systems. ### Карточка 28 **Вопрос** development **Ответ** **Meaning:** The process of growing, changing, or becoming more advanced. **Collocation:** economic development **Example:** The railway accelerated economic development across the region. ### Карточка 29 **Вопрос** data **Ответ** **Meaning:** Facts, measurements, or observations collected for analysis. **Collocation:** collect data **Example:** Researchers collected data from weather stations across the island. ### Карточка 30 **Вопрос** comparison **Ответ** **Meaning:** An examination of how two or more things are alike or different. **Collocation:** direct comparison **Example:** A direct comparison showed that the two methods produced similar results. ### Карточка 31 **Вопрос** criterion **Ответ** **Meaning:** A standard used to judge or decide something. **Collocation:** selection criterion **Example:** Research experience was one selection criterion for the program. ### Карточка 32 **Вопрос** construction **Ответ** **Meaning:** The process of building something or forming an idea. **Collocation:** social construction **Example:** The lecture examined identity as a social construction. ### Карточка 33 **Вопрос** effect **Ответ** **Meaning:** A change produced by a cause. **Collocation:** measurable effect **Example:** The treatment had a measurable effect on plant growth. ### Карточка 34 **Вопрос** choice **Ответ** **Meaning:** An act or possibility of selecting among options. **Collocation:** informed choice **Example:** Clear labels help consumers make an informed choice. ### Карточка 35 **Вопрос** definition **Ответ** **Meaning:** A statement that explains the exact meaning of a word or concept. **Collocation:** precise definition **Example:** The report begins with a precise definition of food security. ### Карточка 36 **Вопрос** complexity **Ответ** **Meaning:** The state of having many connected parts or difficult features. **Collocation:** growing complexity **Example:** The model captures the growing complexity of urban transport networks. ### Карточка 37 **Вопрос** criticism **Ответ** **Meaning:** A judgment that identifies faults or weaknesses. **Collocation:** face criticism **Example:** The proposal faced criticism for excluding rural communities. ### Карточка 38 **Вопрос** constraint **Ответ** **Meaning:** A limit that restricts what can be done. **Collocation:** financial constraint **Example:** Financial constraints reduced the size of the field study. ### Карточка 39 **Вопрос** evolution **Ответ** **Meaning:** Gradual development or change over time, especially across generations. **Collocation:** cultural evolution **Example:** Written records offer clues about the cultural evolution of the region. ### Карточка 40 **Вопрос** evidence **Ответ** **Meaning:** Information that supports or challenges a claim. **Collocation:** strong evidence **Example:** Ice cores provide strong evidence of past temperature changes. ### Карточка 41 **Вопрос** compromise **Ответ** **Meaning:** An agreement in which each side accepts less than it originally wanted. **Collocation:** reach a compromise **Example:** The two agencies reached a compromise on water use. ### Карточка 42 **Вопрос** circumstance **Ответ** **Meaning:** A fact or condition that shapes a situation. **Collocation:** unusual circumstance **Example:** Under normal circumstances, the reaction takes less than a minute. ### Карточка 43 **Вопрос** debate **Ответ** **Meaning:** A serious discussion in which different views on an issue are considered. **Collocation:** ongoing debate **Example:** The discovery renewed the ongoing debate about early migration routes. ### Карточка 44 **Вопрос** expansion **Ответ** **Meaning:** An increase in size, range, or activity. **Collocation:** rapid expansion **Example:** Rapid expansion of the city replaced much of the surrounding farmland. ### Карточка 45 **Вопрос** evaluation **Ответ** **Meaning:** A systematic judgment of quality, effectiveness, or value. **Collocation:** program evaluation **Example:** The program evaluation included interviews with teachers and students. ### Карточка 46 **Вопрос** contrast **Ответ** **Meaning:** A clear difference between two or more things. **Collocation:** sharp contrast **Example:** The dry interior stands in sharp contrast to the wet coast. ### Карточка 47 **Вопрос** commitment **Ответ** **Meaning:** A firm promise or continuing dedication to an aim. **Collocation:** long-term commitment **Example:** Restoring the forest requires a long-term commitment from local agencies. ### Карточка 48 **Вопрос** content **Ответ** **Meaning:** The information, ideas, or material contained in something. **Collocation:** course content **Example:** The instructor revised the course content to include recent research. ### Карточка 49 **Вопрос** factor **Ответ** **Meaning:** One element that helps produce a result. **Collocation:** contributing factor **Example:** Access to clean water was a contributing factor in the health improvement. ### Карточка 50 **Вопрос** experiment **Ответ** **Meaning:** A controlled test designed to investigate a question. **Collocation:** laboratory experiment **Example:** The laboratory experiment tested how temperature affects the reaction. ### Карточка 51 **Вопрос** correlation **Ответ** **Meaning:** A relationship in which two variables change together. **Collocation:** positive correlation **Example:** The data show a positive correlation between practice time and accuracy. ### Карточка 52 **Вопрос** explanation **Ответ** **Meaning:** A statement that makes a fact, process, or reason clear. **Collocation:** plausible explanation **Example:** Changes in rainfall offer a plausible explanation for the migration. ### Карточка 53 **Вопрос** control **Ответ** **Meaning:** The power or method used to direct, limit, or keep something stable. **Collocation:** quality control **Example:** Strict quality control reduced errors in the manufacturing process. ### Карточка 54 **Вопрос** communication **Ответ** **Meaning:** The exchange of information, ideas, or feelings. **Collocation:** effective communication **Example:** Effective communication helped the research teams coordinate their work. ### Карточка 55 **Вопрос** finding **Ответ** **Meaning:** A result discovered through research or investigation. **Collocation:** key finding **Example:** A key finding was that small wetlands support many species. ### Карточка 56 **Вопрос** growth **Ответ** **Meaning:** An increase in size, amount, or development. **Collocation:** population growth **Example:** Population growth increased demand for public transport. ### Карточка 57 **Вопрос** implication **Ответ** **Meaning:** A likely consequence or meaning that is suggested rather than stated. **Collocation:** practical implication **Example:** The finding has a practical implication for classroom design. ### Карточка 58 **Вопрос** dimension **Ответ** **Meaning:** One aspect or feature of a situation or system. **Collocation:** social dimension **Example:** The report adds a social dimension to the economic analysis. ### Карточка 59 **Вопрос** difference **Ответ** **Meaning:** A way in which two or more things are not the same. **Collocation:** significant difference **Example:** The trial found no significant difference between the two treatments. ### Карточка 60 **Вопрос** community **Ответ** **Meaning:** A group of people connected by place, identity, or shared interests. **Collocation:** local community **Example:** The local community helped design the coastal protection plan. ### Карточка 61 **Вопрос** hypothesis **Ответ** **Meaning:** A testable proposed explanation for an observation. **Collocation:** test a hypothesis **Example:** The researchers designed an experiment to test their hypothesis. ### Карточка 62 **Вопрос** insight **Ответ** **Meaning:** A clear and useful understanding of a complex issue. **Collocation:** valuable insight **Example:** The interviews provided valuable insight into students' study habits. ### Карточка 63 **Вопрос** element **Ответ** **Meaning:** A basic part of a larger whole. **Collocation:** essential element **Example:** Trust is an essential element of successful cooperation. ### Карточка 64 **Вопрос** difficulty **Ответ** **Meaning:** A problem or condition that makes something hard to do or understand. **Collocation:** practical difficulty **Example:** Recruiting enough participants created a practical difficulty for the study. ### Карточка 65 **Вопрос** conflict **Ответ** **Meaning:** A serious disagreement or clash between interests, ideas, or groups. **Collocation:** conflict of interest **Example:** Reviewers must disclose any conflict of interest. ### Карточка 66 **Вопрос** impact **Ответ** **Meaning:** A strong effect on a situation, system, or person. **Collocation:** environmental impact **Example:** The assessment considered the dam's environmental impact. ### Карточка 67 **Вопрос** investigation **Ответ** **Meaning:** A systematic search for facts or causes. **Collocation:** detailed investigation **Example:** A detailed investigation traced the contamination to a damaged pipe. ### Карточка 68 **Вопрос** interpretation **Ответ** **Meaning:** An explanation of the meaning or importance of something. **Collocation:** alternative interpretation **Example:** The historian offered an alternative interpretation of the treaty. ### Карточка 69 **Вопрос** disadvantage **Ответ** **Meaning:** A condition or feature that makes success less likely. **Collocation:** major disadvantage **Example:** High maintenance costs are a major disadvantage of the older system. ### Карточка 70 **Вопрос** formation **Ответ** **Meaning:** The process by which something develops or takes shape. **Collocation:** cloud formation **Example:** Air temperature influences cloud formation above the mountains. ### Карточка 71 **Вопрос** improvement **Ответ** **Meaning:** A change that makes something better. **Collocation:** marked improvement **Example:** The second trial showed a marked improvement in accuracy. ### Карточка 72 **Вопрос** consensus **Ответ** **Meaning:** General agreement among members of a group. **Collocation:** broad consensus **Example:** Scientists reached a broad consensus after reviewing the new evidence. ### Карточка 73 **Вопрос** literature **Ответ** **Meaning:** Published research and writing about a subject. **Collocation:** existing literature **Example:** The review compares the new results with the existing literature. ### Карточка 74 **Вопрос** logic **Ответ** **Meaning:** A system of reasoning that connects ideas and conclusions. **Collocation:** underlying logic **Example:** The lecturer explained the underlying logic of the classification scheme. ### Карточка 75 **Вопрос** form **Ответ** **Meaning:** The structure, type, or visible shape that something takes. **Collocation:** common form **Example:** Oral history is a common form of evidence in community research. ### Карточка 76 **Вопрос** distinction **Ответ** **Meaning:** A meaningful difference between similar things or ideas. **Collocation:** clear distinction **Example:** The article makes a clear distinction between weather and climate. ### Карточка 77 **Вопрос** increase **Ответ** **Meaning:** A rise in amount, size, number, or intensity. **Collocation:** substantial increase **Example:** The region recorded a substantial increase in winter rainfall. ### Карточка 78 **Вопрос** convention **Ответ** **Meaning:** A widely accepted way of behaving, writing, or doing something. **Collocation:** academic convention **Example:** Citing sources is a basic academic convention. ### Карточка 79 **Вопрос** method **Ответ** **Meaning:** An organized way of doing or studying something. **Collocation:** research method **Example:** Interviews were the main research method used in the project. ### Карточка 80 **Вопрос** function **Ответ** **Meaning:** The purpose or activity for which something exists. **Collocation:** primary function **Example:** The wetland's primary function is to store and filter water. ### Карточка 81 **Вопрос** notion **Ответ** **Meaning:** An idea or belief about something. **Collocation:** traditional notion **Example:** The discovery challenged the traditional notion that the region was isolated. ### Карточка 82 **Вопрос** influence **Ответ** **Meaning:** The power to affect a person, process, or outcome. **Collocation:** strong influence **Example:** Ocean currents have a strong influence on the island's climate. ### Карточка 83 **Вопрос** culture **Ответ** **Meaning:** The shared beliefs, practices, arts, and ways of life of a group. **Collocation:** academic culture **Example:** The university's academic culture encouraged open debate. ### Карточка 84 **Вопрос** diversity **Ответ** **Meaning:** The presence of many different types within a group or system. **Collocation:** biological diversity **Example:** Habitat loss threatens the island's biological diversity. ### Карточка 85 **Вопрос** model **Ответ** **Meaning:** A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system. **Collocation:** climate model **Example:** The climate model predicts drier summers in the southern region. ### Карточка 86 **Вопрос** integration **Ответ** **Meaning:** The process of combining parts into a connected whole. **Collocation:** social integration **Example:** Shared public spaces can support social integration in new neighborhoods. ### Карточка 87 **Вопрос** progress **Ответ** **Meaning:** Movement toward a goal or a more developed state. **Collocation:** make progress **Example:** The restoration team made steady progress despite heavy rain. ### Карточка 88 **Вопрос** perspective **Ответ** **Meaning:** A particular way of understanding or viewing an issue. **Collocation:** historical perspective **Example:** A historical perspective helps explain the current border dispute. ### Карточка 89 **Вопрос** decision **Ответ** **Meaning:** A choice made after considering available options. **Collocation:** policy decision **Example:** The policy decision followed months of public consultation. ### Карточка 90 **Вопрос** effectiveness **Ответ** **Meaning:** The degree to which something achieves its intended result. **Collocation:** evaluate effectiveness **Example:** The trial evaluated the effectiveness of the new teaching method. ### Карточка 91 **Вопрос** observation **Ответ** **Meaning:** The act of carefully watching or measuring something to gather information. **Collocation:** direct observation **Example:** Direct observation confirmed that the birds feed at dawn. ### Карточка 92 **Вопрос** interaction **Ответ** **Meaning:** A process in which two or more things affect one another. **Collocation:** complex interaction **Example:** Soil quality depends on a complex interaction of water, minerals, and organisms. ### Карточка 93 **Вопрос** proposition **Ответ** **Meaning:** A statement or idea offered for consideration or testing. **Collocation:** central proposition **Example:** The essay tests the central proposition against three historical cases. ### Карточка 94 **Вопрос** discrimination **Ответ** **Meaning:** Unfair treatment based on a person's group or perceived characteristics. **Collocation:** employment discrimination **Example:** The study examined how employment discrimination affects income. ### Карточка 95 **Вопрос** exception **Ответ** **Meaning:** A case that does not follow a general rule or pattern. **Collocation:** notable exception **Example:** Most species migrated south, with one notable exception. ### Карточка 96 **Вопрос** reduction **Ответ** **Meaning:** A decrease in size, amount, or degree. **Collocation:** significant reduction **Example:** The insulation produced a significant reduction in energy use. ### Карточка 97 **Вопрос** participant **Ответ** **Meaning:** A person who takes part in an activity or study. **Collocation:** study participant **Example:** Each study participant completed the same questionnaire. ### Карточка 98 **Вопрос** reason **Ответ** **Meaning:** A cause, explanation, or basis for an action or belief. **Collocation:** main reason **Example:** Lower cost was the main reason for choosing the second material. ### Карточка 99 **Вопрос** environment **Ответ** **Meaning:** The natural or social surroundings in which something exists. **Collocation:** learning environment **Example:** Flexible seating changed the classroom's learning environment. ### Карточка 100 **Вопрос** link **Ответ** **Meaning:** A connection between people, ideas, events, or parts of a system. **Collocation:** establish a link **Example:** The study established a link between soil moisture and seed survival. ### Карточка 101 **Вопрос** rise **Ответ** **Meaning:** An increase in amount, level, or importance. **Collocation:** steady rise **Example:** The records show a steady rise in average sea temperature. ### Карточка 102 **Вопрос** limit **Ответ** **Meaning:** The greatest amount, extent, or level that is allowed or possible. **Collocation:** upper limit **Example:** The instrument has an upper limit beyond which readings are unreliable. ### Карточка 103 **Вопрос** reasoning **Ответ** **Meaning:** The process of using facts and logic to reach a judgment. **Collocation:** logical reasoning **Example:** The solution requires logical reasoning rather than memorization. ### Карточка 104 **Вопрос** procedure **Ответ** **Meaning:** An established series of steps for doing something. **Collocation:** standard procedure **Example:** Each laboratory followed the same standard procedure. ### Карточка 105 **Вопрос** maintenance **Ответ** **Meaning:** Work that keeps a system, condition, or structure functioning. **Collocation:** routine maintenance **Example:** Routine maintenance extended the bridge's useful life. ### Карточка 106 **Вопрос** establishment **Ответ** **Meaning:** The act of creating an organization, system, or lasting condition. **Collocation:** establishment of a network **Example:** The establishment of a monitoring network improved storm warnings. ### Карточка 107 **Вопрос** shift **Ответ** **Meaning:** A change in position, direction, emphasis, or opinion. **Collocation:** major shift **Example:** The findings prompted a major shift in conservation policy. ### Карточка 108 **Вопрос** limitation **Ответ** **Meaning:** A restriction or weakness that affects what is possible or reliable. **Collocation:** major limitation **Example:** The study's major limitation was its short observation period. ### Карточка 109 **Вопрос** research **Ответ** **Meaning:** Systematic study intended to establish facts or develop understanding. **Collocation:** conduct research **Example:** The team conducted research on low-cost water filters. ### Карточка 110 **Вопрос** medium **Ответ** **Meaning:** A channel or material through which information or an effect is carried. **Collocation:** communication medium **Example:** Radio remained an important communication medium in remote areas. ### Карточка 111 **Вопрос** relevance **Ответ** **Meaning:** The degree to which something relates to the matter being considered. **Collocation:** practical relevance **Example:** The lecturer explained the theory's practical relevance to urban planning. ### Карточка 112 **Вопрос** identity **Ответ** **Meaning:** The qualities, beliefs, or affiliations that define a person or group. **Collocation:** cultural identity **Example:** Language played a central role in the community's cultural identity. ### Карточка 113 **Вопрос** likelihood **Ответ** **Meaning:** The degree to which something is likely to happen. **Collocation:** reduce the likelihood **Example:** Early detection can reduce the likelihood of a larger outbreak. ### Карточка 114 **Вопрос** transition **Ответ** **Meaning:** The process of changing from one state or system to another. **Collocation:** gradual transition **Example:** The region made a gradual transition from coal to renewable energy. ### Карточка 115 **Вопрос** sample **Ответ** **Meaning:** A smaller group or amount selected to represent a larger whole. **Collocation:** representative sample **Example:** The survey used a representative sample of households from each district. ### Карточка 116 **Вопрос** theory **Ответ** **Meaning:** A well-supported explanation that connects facts or observations. **Collocation:** scientific theory **Example:** New observations strengthened the scientific theory rather than replacing it. ### Карточка 117 **Вопрос** institution **Ответ** **Meaning:** An established organization or social system with a public role. **Collocation:** educational institution **Example:** Each educational institution set its own admission policy. ### Карточка 118 **Вопрос** mode **Ответ** **Meaning:** A particular way in which something happens or operates. **Collocation:** mode of transport **Example:** Cycling became the preferred mode of transport for short trips. ### Карточка 119 **Вопрос** possibility **Ответ** **Meaning:** A chance that something may exist or happen. **Collocation:** explore the possibility **Example:** The team explored the possibility of reusing wastewater. ### Карточка 120 **Вопрос** trend **Ответ** **Meaning:** A general direction in which a situation is changing. **Collocation:** long-term trend **Example:** A single cold year did not reverse the long-term warming trend. ### Карточка 121 **Вопрос** viewpoint **Ответ** **Meaning:** A particular opinion or position from which an issue is considered. **Collocation:** opposing viewpoint **Example:** The seminar required students to address an opposing viewpoint fairly. ### Карточка 122 **Вопрос** intervention **Ответ** **Meaning:** An action taken to change a situation or prevent a problem. **Collocation:** early intervention **Example:** Early intervention helped prevent minor reading difficulties from growing. ### Карточка 123 **Вопрос** network **Ответ** **Meaning:** A connected system of people, places, or components. **Collocation:** transport network **Example:** The new rail line connected two previously isolated towns to the regional transport network. ### Карточка 124 **Вопрос** scale **Ответ** **Meaning:** The size, extent, or level at which something occurs or is measured. **Collocation:** large scale **Example:** Producing the material on a large scale requires less energy than expected. ### Карточка 125 **Вопрос** variation **Ответ** **Meaning:** A difference or change within a group, range, or pattern. **Collocation:** regional variation **Example:** The map shows regional variation in annual rainfall. ### Карточка 126 **Вопрос** potential **Ответ** **Meaning:** The capacity to develop, happen, or become useful in the future. **Collocation:** considerable potential **Example:** The coastal winds have considerable potential for electricity generation. ### Карточка 127 **Вопрос** claim **Ответ** **Meaning:** A statement that something is true, often requiring evidence. **Collocation:** support a claim **Example:** The author used census records to support the claim. ### Карточка 128 **Вопрос** majority **Ответ** **Meaning:** More than half of a group or amount. **Collocation:** clear majority **Example:** A clear majority of respondents preferred the quieter route. ### Карточка 129 **Вопрос** operation **Ответ** **Meaning:** The process of working or the way a system functions. **Collocation:** normal operation **Example:** The backup battery keeps the sensor in normal operation during outages. ### Карточка 130 **Вопрос** statistics **Ответ** **Meaning:** Numerical facts collected and analyzed to describe a group or situation. **Collocation:** official statistics **Example:** Official statistics show a decline in household energy use. ### Карточка 131 **Вопрос** affect **Ответ** **Meaning:** To produce a change in someone or something. **Collocation:** significantly affect **Example:** Soil acidity can significantly affect nutrient availability. ### Карточка 132 **Вопрос** proportion **Ответ** **Meaning:** A part or share of a whole, often expressed as a fraction or percentage. **Collocation:** large proportion **Example:** A large proportion of the city's water comes from underground sources. ### Карточка 133 **Вопрос** minority **Ответ** **Meaning:** A group or amount that forms less than half of a larger whole. **Collocation:** small minority **Example:** Only a small minority of participants left the study early. ### Карточка 134 **Вопрос** outcome **Ответ** **Meaning:** The final result of a process, event, or action. **Collocation:** learning outcome **Example:** Regular feedback improved the course's main learning outcome. ### Карточка 135 **Вопрос** clarify **Ответ** **Meaning:** To make an idea, statement, or situation easier to understand. **Collocation:** clarify the distinction **Example:** The final section clarifies the distinction between correlation and cause. ### Карточка 136 **Вопрос** alter **Ответ** **Meaning:** To change something, usually without replacing it completely. **Collocation:** substantially alter **Example:** A new dam could substantially alter the river's seasonal flow. ### Карточка 137 **Вопрос** survey **Ответ** **Meaning:** A study that systematically collects information, often from a sample of people. **Collocation:** national survey **Example:** A national survey measured changes in commuting habits. ### Карточка 138 **Вопрос** quality **Ответ** **Meaning:** The degree of excellence or a distinguishing feature of something. **Collocation:** data quality **Example:** Missing observations reduced the overall quality of the data. ### Карточка 139 **Вопрос** motivation **Ответ** **Meaning:** The reason or desire that drives someone to act. **Collocation:** strong motivation **Example:** Curiosity was her strongest motivation for joining the research team. ### Карточка 140 **Вопрос** output **Ответ** **Meaning:** The amount or product generated by a person, machine, or system. **Collocation:** energy output **Example:** Cloud cover reduced the panels' energy output. ### Карточка 141 **Вопрос** cite **Ответ** **Meaning:** To name a source or example as evidence or authority. **Collocation:** cite a source **Example:** The report cites a recent study of coastal erosion. ### Карточка 142 **Вопрос** technique **Ответ** **Meaning:** A specific skill or way of carrying out a task. **Collocation:** sampling technique **Example:** The team used a new sampling technique to collect deep-water organisms. ### Карточка 143 **Вопрос** range **Ответ** **Meaning:** The full set or span of possible values, types, or choices. **Collocation:** wide range **Example:** The library holds a wide range of regional newspapers. ### Карточка 144 **Вопрос** arise **Ответ** **Meaning:** To begin to exist or become noticeable. **Collocation:** problems arise **Example:** Problems may arise when the two databases use different definitions. ### Карточка 145 **Вопрос** norm **Ответ** **Meaning:** A standard or expected pattern of behavior within a group. **Collocation:** social norm **Example:** Remote work changed the social norm of daily office attendance. ### Карточка 146 **Вопрос** pattern **Ответ** **Meaning:** A repeated or regular arrangement, behavior, or trend. **Collocation:** consistent pattern **Example:** The interviews revealed a consistent pattern of delayed enrollment. ### Карточка 147 **Вопрос** conclude **Ответ** **Meaning:** To reach a judgment after considering evidence. **Collocation:** conclude that **Example:** The researchers concluded that both habitats supported similar populations. ### Карточка 148 **Вопрос** validity **Ответ** **Meaning:** The degree to which a method measures what it should or an inference is well supported. **Collocation:** assess validity **Example:** A second experiment helped assess the validity of the original result. ### Карточка 149 **Вопрос** rate **Ответ** **Meaning:** A measure of how often or how quickly something happens. **Collocation:** growth rate **Example:** The seedlings had a slower growth rate in colder soil. ### Карточка 150 **Вопрос** develop **Ответ** **Meaning:** To grow, change, or make something more advanced over time. **Collocation:** develop a method **Example:** Engineers developed a method for recycling the damaged material. ### Карточка 151 **Вопрос** process **Ответ** **Meaning:** A connected series of actions or changes that produces a result. **Collocation:** decision-making process **Example:** Residents took part in every stage of the decision-making process. ### Карточка 152 **Вопрос** demonstrate **Ответ** **Meaning:** To show clearly through evidence, reasoning, or an example. **Collocation:** demonstrate a relationship **Example:** The results demonstrate a relationship between shade and soil moisture. ### Карточка 153 **Вопрос** opportunity **Ответ** **Meaning:** A favorable situation that makes an action or achievement possible. **Collocation:** equal opportunity **Example:** The scholarship gave rural students an equal opportunity to attend the course. ### Карточка 154 **Вопрос** significance **Ответ** **Meaning:** The importance or practical meaning of something. **Collocation:** practical significance **Example:** The small difference had little practical significance for patients. ### Карточка 155 **Вопрос** analyze **Ответ** **Meaning:** To examine something carefully by separating it into parts. **Collocation:** analyze data **Example:** The researchers analyzed the data before drawing a conclusion. ### Карточка 156 **Вопрос** diminish **Ответ** **Meaning:** To become or make something smaller, weaker, or less important. **Collocation:** gradually diminish **Example:** The sound gradually diminished as the storm moved inland. ### Карточка 157 **Вопрос** describe **Ответ** **Meaning:** To state the features, appearance, or course of something in words. **Collocation:** describe a process **Example:** The report describes the process used to restore the wetland. ### Карточка 158 **Вопрос** policy **Ответ** **Meaning:** An agreed plan or principle used to guide decisions. **Collocation:** public policy **Example:** The findings influenced public policy on building insulation. ### Карточка 159 **Вопрос** similarity **Ответ** **Meaning:** A feature or degree of being alike. **Collocation:** striking similarity **Example:** The two languages share a striking similarity in sentence structure. ### Карточка 160 **Вопрос** assess **Ответ** **Meaning:** To judge the quality, importance, or condition of something. **Collocation:** assess the impact **Example:** The team assessed the impact of tourism on nesting birds. ### Карточка 161 **Вопрос** emerge **Ответ** **Meaning:** To become visible, known, or important. **Collocation:** new evidence emerges **Example:** A different explanation emerged after the fossils were dated. ### Карточка 162 **Вопрос** production **Ответ** **Meaning:** The process of creating goods, energy, or other output. **Collocation:** food production **Example:** Improved irrigation increased food production during dry years. ### Карточка 163 **Вопрос** population **Ответ** **Meaning:** All people or organisms of a defined group or area. **Collocation:** study population **Example:** The study population included adults from four coastal towns. ### Карточка 164 **Вопрос** discuss **Ответ** **Meaning:** To examine an issue in speech or writing by considering its details. **Collocation:** discuss the findings **Example:** The final chapter discusses the findings in relation to earlier research. ### Карточка 165 **Вопрос** standard **Ответ** **Meaning:** An accepted level or rule used to judge quality or performance. **Collocation:** meet a standard **Example:** Every sample had to meet the same purity standard. ### Карточка 166 **Вопрос** enhance **Ответ** **Meaning:** To improve the quality, value, or strength of something. **Collocation:** enhance understanding **Example:** The interactive map enhanced students' understanding of migration routes. ### Карточка 167 **Вопрос** classify **Ответ** **Meaning:** To arrange things into groups based on shared features. **Collocation:** classify species **Example:** Biologists classified the species by examining their genetic differences. ### Карточка 168 **Вопрос** property **Ответ** **Meaning:** A characteristic or quality that something possesses. **Collocation:** physical property **Example:** Flexibility is a useful physical property of the new material. ### Карточка 169 **Вопрос** practice **Ответ** **Meaning:** A customary or repeated way of doing something. **Collocation:** common practice **Example:** Rotating crops became common practice among local farmers. ### Карточка 170 **Вопрос** tolerance **Ответ** **Meaning:** The ability of an organism, material, or system to endure a condition without failing. **Collocation:** heat tolerance **Example:** The experiment measured each plant's heat tolerance. ### Карточка 171 **Вопрос** evolve **Ответ** **Meaning:** To develop gradually over time. **Collocation:** gradually evolve **Example:** The trade network gradually evolved into a formal market system. ### Карточка 172 **Вопрос** conduct **Ответ** **Meaning:** To organize and carry out an activity or study. **Collocation:** conduct an experiment **Example:** The students conducted an experiment under controlled conditions. ### Карточка 173 **Вопрос** relationship **Ответ** **Meaning:** The way in which two or more things are connected. **Collocation:** causal relationship **Example:** The data alone cannot establish a causal relationship. ### Карточка 174 **Вопрос** exemplify **Ответ** **Meaning:** To serve as a clear example of an idea or quality. **Collocation:** exemplify a trend **Example:** The renovated station exemplifies the trend toward mixed-use design. ### Карточка 175 **Вопрос** protection **Ответ** **Meaning:** Action taken to keep someone or something safe from harm. **Collocation:** environmental protection **Example:** The law strengthened environmental protection around the wetland. ### Карточка 176 **Вопрос** expand **Ответ** **Meaning:** To become or make something larger in size, range, or detail. **Collocation:** expand access **Example:** The university expanded access to its digital archive. ### Карточка 177 **Вопрос** value **Ответ** **Meaning:** The importance or usefulness of something. **Collocation:** practical value **Example:** The simple method has practical value in laboratories with limited equipment. ### Карточка 178 **Вопрос** resource **Ответ** **Meaning:** A supply, asset, or source of support that can be used. **Collocation:** natural resource **Example:** Fresh water is a limited natural resource on the island. ### Карточка 179 **Вопрос** explain **Ответ** **Meaning:** To make an idea, fact, or cause clear by giving details. **Collocation:** explain a result **Example:** Differences in soil depth may explain the result. ### Карточка 180 **Вопрос** define **Ответ** **Meaning:** To state the exact meaning, limits, or essential character of something. **Collocation:** clearly define **Example:** The authors clearly define what they mean by sustainable growth. ### Карточка 181 **Вопрос** provision **Ответ** **Meaning:** The act of supplying something that people need. **Collocation:** service provision **Example:** The reform improved service provision in remote districts. ### Карточка 182 **Вопрос** variety **Ответ** **Meaning:** A collection or range of different types. **Collocation:** wide variety **Example:** The reef supports a wide variety of marine organisms. ### Карточка 183 **Вопрос** scope **Ответ** **Meaning:** The range of subjects, activities, or possibilities covered. **Collocation:** limited scope **Example:** The study's limited scope excludes private transportation. ### Карточка 184 **Вопрос** generate **Ответ** **Meaning:** To produce or create something. **Collocation:** generate electricity **Example:** The turbines generate electricity during periods of strong wind. ### Карточка 185 **Вопрос** formulate **Ответ** **Meaning:** To develop and express an idea, plan, or theory carefully. **Collocation:** formulate a hypothesis **Example:** The observations helped the students formulate a testable hypothesis. ### Карточка 186 **Вопрос** design **Ответ** **Meaning:** To plan the structure, method, or appearance of something. **Collocation:** design a study **Example:** The team designed a study that compared three teaching methods. ### Карточка 187 **Вопрос** requirement **Ответ** **Meaning:** Something that is necessary or officially demanded. **Collocation:** legal requirement **Example:** Public reporting is a legal requirement for the agency. ### Карточка 188 **Вопрос** compare **Ответ** **Meaning:** To examine things to identify similarities and differences. **Collocation:** compare results **Example:** The researchers compared results from urban and rural schools. ### Карточка 189 **Вопрос** section **Ответ** **Meaning:** A distinct part of a larger whole, text, or organization. **Collocation:** final section **Example:** The final section considers the study's limitations. ### Карточка 190 **Вопрос** highlight **Ответ** **Meaning:** To draw attention to something important. **Collocation:** highlight a difference **Example:** The map highlights the difference between summer and winter rainfall. ### Карточка 191 **Вопрос** determine **Ответ** **Meaning:** To discover, establish, or decide something through evidence or calculation. **Collocation:** determine the cause **Example:** Further testing was needed to determine the cause of the failure. ### Карточка 192 **Вопрос** improve **Ответ** **Meaning:** To make or become better in quality or performance. **Collocation:** improve accuracy **Example:** Repeated calibration improved the sensor's accuracy. ### Карточка 193 **Вопрос** resistance **Ответ** **Meaning:** Opposition to a change, idea, or policy. **Collocation:** resistance to change **Example:** Resistance to change slowed the introduction of the new system. ### Карточка 194 **Вопрос** differ **Ответ** **Meaning:** To be unlike or distinct from something else. **Collocation:** differ significantly **Example:** The two groups did not differ significantly in age. ### Карточка 195 **Вопрос** separation **Ответ** **Meaning:** The state or process of dividing or keeping things apart. **Collocation:** physical separation **Example:** Physical separation prevented the two chemicals from reacting. ### Карточка 196 **Вопрос** illustrate **Ответ** **Meaning:** To make an idea clear by giving an example, image, or comparison. **Collocation:** illustrate a point **Example:** The author uses a coastal town to illustrate the broader point. ### Карточка 197 **Вопрос** induce **Ответ** **Meaning:** To cause a particular state, response, or change. **Collocation:** induce a response **Example:** The light signal induced a measurable response in the cells. ### Карточка 198 **Вопрос** evaluate **Ответ** **Meaning:** To judge quality, effectiveness, or value using evidence or criteria. **Collocation:** evaluate performance **Example:** The committee evaluated the program's performance after one year. ### Карточка 199 **Вопрос** resolution **Ответ** **Meaning:** A solution or settlement that ends a problem or conflict. **Collocation:** peaceful resolution **Example:** Mediation led to a peaceful resolution of the land dispute. ### Карточка 200 **Вопрос** series **Ответ** **Meaning:** A number of related events, items, or values arranged in order. **Collocation:** series of experiments **Example:** A series of experiments tested the material under different pressures. ### Карточка 201 **Вопрос** differentiate **Ответ** **Meaning:** To recognize, show, or create a difference between things. **Collocation:** differentiate between **Example:** The test can differentiate between the two closely related minerals. ### Карточка 202 **Вопрос** initiate **Ответ** **Meaning:** To cause a process or action to begin. **Collocation:** initiate a process **Example:** A temperature change initiates the chemical process. ### Карточка 203 **Вопрос** examine **Ответ** **Meaning:** To inspect or consider something carefully. **Collocation:** examine evidence **Example:** The committee examined evidence from several independent sources. ### Карточка 204 **Вопрос** imply **Ответ** **Meaning:** To suggest something without stating it directly. **Collocation:** results imply **Example:** The results imply that water reached the valley earlier than expected. ### Карточка 205 **Вопрос** risk **Ответ** **Meaning:** The possibility of harm, loss, or an unwanted result. **Collocation:** reduce risk **Example:** Restoring vegetation can reduce the risk of soil erosion. ### Карточка 206 **Вопрос** structure **Ответ** **Meaning:** The arrangement of parts within a whole. **Collocation:** social structure **Example:** Trade changed the social structure of the port city. ### Карточка 207 **Вопрос** lead **Ответ** **Meaning:** To cause or contribute to a particular result. **Collocation:** lead to **Example:** Prolonged drought can lead to lower crop yields. ### Карточка 208 **Вопрос** identify **Ответ** **Meaning:** To recognize and name a person, thing, feature, or cause. **Collocation:** identify a pattern **Example:** The software identified a pattern in the satellite images. ### Карточка 209 **Вопрос** distinguish **Ответ** **Meaning:** To recognize or show the difference between things. **Collocation:** distinguish between **Example:** The analysis distinguishes between temporary variation and a lasting trend. ### Карточка 210 **Вопрос** interpret **Ответ** **Meaning:** To explain or understand the meaning of information or evidence. **Collocation:** interpret the results **Example:** Researchers interpreted the results cautiously because the sample was small. ### Карточка 211 **Вопрос** role **Ответ** **Meaning:** The function or expected part that someone or something has in a situation. **Collocation:** play a role **Example:** Local knowledge played a central role in the recovery plan. ### Карточка 212 **Вопрос** system **Ответ** **Meaning:** A set of connected parts that work together. **Collocation:** complex system **Example:** A coral reef is a complex system of interacting organisms. ### Карточка 213 **Вопрос** investigate **Ответ** **Meaning:** To examine a question or problem systematically to discover facts. **Collocation:** investigate a cause **Example:** Engineers investigated the cause of the structural failure. ### Карточка 214 **Вопрос** reduce **Ответ** **Meaning:** To make something smaller in amount, size, or degree. **Collocation:** reduce emissions **Example:** Electric buses can reduce emissions on crowded routes. ### Карточка 215 **Вопрос** outline **Ответ** **Meaning:** To present the main points or structure without every detail. **Collocation:** outline an approach **Example:** The introduction outlines the approach used in the study. ### Карточка 216 **Вопрос** exceed **Ответ** **Meaning:** To be greater than a number, limit, or expectation. **Collocation:** exceed a limit **Example:** Pollution levels exceeded the legal limit on three days. ### Карточка 217 **Вопрос** unit **Ответ** **Meaning:** A single part, quantity, or group within a larger system. **Collocation:** unit of measurement **Example:** The meter is the standard unit of measurement used in the table. ### Карточка 218 **Вопрос** society **Ответ** **Meaning:** A large community connected by shared institutions, relationships, and culture. **Collocation:** modern society **Example:** Reliable electricity shapes nearly every part of modern society. ### Карточка 219 **Вопрос** reinforce **Ответ** **Meaning:** To make an idea, behavior, or structure stronger. **Collocation:** reinforce a pattern **Example:** Unequal funding can reinforce an existing pattern of regional inequality. ### Карточка 220 **Вопрос** obtain **Ответ** **Meaning:** To get or acquire something through effort or a process. **Collocation:** obtain data **Example:** The team obtained data from six monitoring stations. ### Карточка 221 **Вопрос** propose **Ответ** **Meaning:** To put forward an idea, plan, or explanation for consideration. **Collocation:** propose a solution **Example:** The authors propose a solution based on shared water storage. ### Карточка 222 **Вопрос** restrict **Ответ** **Meaning:** To limit the size, range, movement, or availability of something. **Collocation:** restrict access **Example:** The archive restricts access to fragile original documents. ### Карточка 223 **Вопрос** version **Ответ** **Meaning:** A particular form of something that differs from other forms of it. **Collocation:** revised version **Example:** The revised version of the model includes seasonal rainfall. ### Карточка 224 **Вопрос** stimulate **Ответ** **Meaning:** To encourage activity, growth, or a response. **Collocation:** stimulate growth **Example:** Lower transport costs stimulated growth in regional trade. ### Карточка 225 **Вопрос** strategy **Ответ** **Meaning:** A planned approach for achieving a long-term aim. **Collocation:** effective strategy **Example:** Water pricing was one part of the city's conservation strategy. ### Карточка 226 **Вопрос** record **Ответ** **Meaning:** To store information in writing, images, measurements, or another lasting form. **Collocation:** record observations **Example:** Students recorded their observations at five-minute intervals. ### Карточка 227 **Вопрос** prove **Ответ** **Meaning:** To establish that something is true through evidence or logical reasoning. **Collocation:** prove a theorem **Example:** The student used two earlier results to prove the theorem. ### Карточка 228 **Вопрос** adequate **Ответ** **Meaning:** Sufficient for a particular purpose, though not necessarily excellent. **Collocation:** adequate evidence **Example:** The report did not provide adequate evidence for such a broad claim. ### Карточка 229 **Вопрос** strengthen **Ответ** **Meaning:** To make something stronger, more effective, or more convincing. **Collocation:** strengthen an argument **Example:** Additional field data would strengthen the argument. ### Карточка 230 **Вопрос** tradition **Ответ** **Meaning:** A belief or practice passed between generations. **Collocation:** local tradition **Example:** The festival preserves a local tradition of communal farming. ### Карточка 231 **Вопрос** volume **Ответ** **Meaning:** The amount of something, especially material, flow, or activity. **Collocation:** traffic volume **Example:** Traffic volume fell after the new rail service opened. ### Карточка 232 **Вопрос** select **Ответ** **Meaning:** To choose something carefully from a group of options. **Collocation:** select a sample **Example:** Researchers selected a sample from each age group. ### Карточка 233 **Вопрос** appropriate **Ответ** **Meaning:** Suitable for a particular purpose, situation, or audience. **Collocation:** appropriate method **Example:** Interviews were an appropriate method for exploring personal experience. ### Карточка 234 **Вопрос** quote **Ответ** **Meaning:** To repeat someone's exact words and identify their source. **Collocation:** quote directly **Example:** The essay quotes directly from the explorer's journal. ### Карточка 235 **Вопрос** uncertainty **Ответ** **Meaning:** A lack of complete knowledge or confidence about what will happen. **Collocation:** policy uncertainty **Example:** Policy uncertainty delayed investment in new infrastructure. ### Карточка 236 **Вопрос** sustain **Ответ** **Meaning:** To keep a process or condition continuing over time. **Collocation:** sustain growth **Example:** Limited water supplies cannot sustain rapid population growth. ### Карточка 237 **Вопрос** combine **Ответ** **Meaning:** To join two or more things into one whole or shared action. **Collocation:** combine methods **Example:** The study combined interviews with direct observation. ### Карточка 238 **Вопрос** complex **Ответ** **Meaning:** Made of many connected parts and therefore difficult to understand or manage. **Collocation:** complex issue **Example:** Water rights became a complex issue involving law, ecology, and local custom. ### Карточка 239 **Вопрос** specify **Ответ** **Meaning:** To state something precisely and explicitly. **Collocation:** specify the conditions **Example:** The protocol specifies the conditions required for storage. ### Карточка 240 **Вопрос** refer **Ответ** **Meaning:** To mention, direct attention to, or use a source of information. **Collocation:** refer to evidence **Example:** The author refers to archaeological evidence from the northern coast. ### Карточка 241 **Вопрос** transform **Ответ** **Meaning:** To change something greatly in form, structure, or character. **Collocation:** transform a system **Example:** Digital records transformed the hospital's information system. ### Карточка 242 **Вопрос** adopt **Ответ** **Meaning:** To begin using an idea, policy, or method. **Collocation:** adopt a policy **Example:** Several cities adopted a policy of free weekend transit. ### Карточка 243 **Вопрос** consistent **Ответ** **Meaning:** Remaining in agreement, form, or quality across cases or time. **Collocation:** consistent result **Example:** The three laboratories reported consistent results. ### Карточка 244 **Вопрос** study **Ответ** **Meaning:** To investigate or learn about a subject carefully. **Collocation:** study a phenomenon **Example:** The team studied the phenomenon under controlled conditions. ### Карточка 245 **Вопрос** reflect **Ответ** **Meaning:** To show, express, or be a result of something. **Collocation:** reflect a change **Example:** The revised map reflects changes in the river's course. ### Карточка 246 **Вопрос** comprise **Ответ** **Meaning:** To be made up of all the stated parts. **Collocation:** comprise three sections **Example:** The final report comprises three sections and an appendix. ### Карточка 247 **Вопрос** vary **Ответ** **Meaning:** To differ or change across cases, places, or time. **Collocation:** vary considerably **Example:** Rainfall totals vary considerably across the island. ### Карточка 248 **Вопрос** advocate **Ответ** **Meaning:** To publicly support a policy, idea, or course of action. **Collocation:** advocate reform **Example:** Several researchers advocated reform of the approval process. ### Карточка 249 **Вопрос** systematic **Ответ** **Meaning:** Done according to an organized and consistent method. **Collocation:** systematic review **Example:** A systematic review compared evidence from forty studies. ### Карточка 250 **Вопрос** critical **Ответ** **Meaning:** Essential to the success or outcome of something. **Collocation:** critical factor **Example:** Reliable storage is a critical factor in the vaccine program. ### Карточка 251 **Вопрос** consist **Ответ** **Meaning:** To be made of particular parts or elements. **Collocation:** consist of **Example:** The sample consisted of soil from twelve sites. ### Карточка 252 **Вопрос** state **Ответ** **Meaning:** To express something clearly in speech or writing. **Collocation:** clearly state **Example:** The introduction clearly states the study's main question. ### Карточка 253 **Вопрос** allocate **Ответ** **Meaning:** To distribute money, time, or resources for a particular purpose. **Collocation:** allocate resources **Example:** The agency allocated more resources to preventive care. ### Карточка 254 **Вопрос** yield **Ответ** **Meaning:** To produce a result or amount. **Collocation:** yield results **Example:** The second search yielded more reliable results. ### Карточка 255 **Вопрос** equivalent **Ответ** **Meaning:** Equal in value, meaning, function, or effect. **Collocation:** roughly equivalent **Example:** The two measures produced roughly equivalent estimates. ### Карточка 256 **Вопрос** constitute **Ответ** **Meaning:** To form or make up a whole or a stated share of it. **Collocation:** constitute a majority **Example:** Small businesses constitute a majority of employers in the district. ### Карточка 257 **Вопрос** suggest **Ответ** **Meaning:** To offer an idea or indicate a possible conclusion without proving it. **Collocation:** evidence suggests **Example:** The evidence suggests that the settlement was occupied year-round. ### Карточка 258 **Вопрос** experimental **Ответ** **Meaning:** Used to test a new idea or based on an experiment. **Collocation:** experimental method **Example:** The team used an experimental method to remove salt from the soil. ### Карточка 259 **Вопрос** enable **Ответ** **Meaning:** To make an action or result possible. **Collocation:** enable access **Example:** Digital copies enabled access to records from remote towns. ### Карточка 260 **Вопрос** excessive **Ответ** **Meaning:** Greater than is reasonable, necessary, or safe. **Collocation:** excessive use **Example:** Excessive use of fertilizer damaged nearby streams. ### Карточка 261 **Вопрос** construct **Ответ** **Meaning:** To build or form something by joining parts. **Collocation:** construct a model **Example:** Students constructed a model of the river basin. ### Карточка 262 **Вопрос** rapid **Ответ** **Meaning:** Happening or changing in a short time. **Collocation:** rapid growth **Example:** Rapid growth placed pressure on the city's water supply. ### Карточка 263 **Вопрос** random **Ответ** **Meaning:** Chosen or occurring without a predictable pattern or deliberate selection. **Collocation:** random sample **Example:** The researchers drew a random sample from the full list of households. ### Карточка 264 **Вопрос** summarize **Ответ** **Meaning:** To give the main points in a shorter form. **Collocation:** summarize the findings **Example:** The final paragraph summarizes the findings without adding new claims. ### Карточка 265 **Вопрос** govern **Ответ** **Meaning:** To control, regulate, or determine how a group or process operates. **Collocation:** rules govern **Example:** Clear rules govern how the shared laboratory may be used. ### Карточка 266 **Вопрос** contain **Ответ** **Meaning:** To have something inside or include it as a part. **Collocation:** contain evidence **Example:** The oldest layer contains evidence of repeated flooding. ### Карточка 267 **Вопрос** relative **Ответ** **Meaning:** Considered in comparison with something else rather than alone. **Collocation:** relative importance **Example:** The study compares the relative importance of rainfall and soil type. ### Карточка 268 **Вопрос** representative **Ответ** **Meaning:** Typical of a larger group and suitable for standing in for it. **Collocation:** representative example **Example:** The chosen village is a representative example of settlement along the river. ### Карточка 269 **Вопрос** support **Ответ** **Meaning:** To provide evidence, strength, or assistance for something. **Collocation:** support a conclusion **Example:** The observations support the conclusion that the species is nocturnal. ### Карточка 270 **Вопрос** progressive **Ответ** **Meaning:** Developing gradually through a series of stages. **Collocation:** progressive decline **Example:** The archive documents a progressive decline in the lake's water level. ### Карточка 271 **Вопрос** convert **Ответ** **Meaning:** To change something from one form, function, or system into another. **Collocation:** convert energy **Example:** Solar cells convert light energy into electricity. ### Карточка 272 **Вопрос** impose **Ответ** **Meaning:** To officially require a rule, limit, duty, or cost. **Collocation:** impose restrictions **Example:** The city imposed restrictions on construction near the shoreline. ### Карточка 273 **Вопрос** significant **Ответ** **Meaning:** Large or important enough to matter. **Collocation:** significant change **Example:** The policy produced a significant change in weekday bus use. ### Карточка 274 **Вопрос** explicit **Ответ** **Meaning:** Stated clearly and directly, with no need for inference. **Collocation:** explicit statement **Example:** The report makes an explicit statement about its data limitations. ### Карточка 275 **Вопрос** scientific **Ответ** **Meaning:** Related to the systematic study of the natural or social world through evidence. **Collocation:** scientific evidence **Example:** The regulation was revised in response to new scientific evidence. ### Карточка 276 **Вопрос** subsequent **Ответ** **Meaning:** Happening or existing after the event already mentioned. **Collocation:** subsequent study **Example:** A subsequent study repeated the test with a larger sample. ### Карточка 277 **Вопрос** participate **Ответ** **Meaning:** To take part in an activity, process, or event. **Collocation:** participate in research **Example:** More than two hundred residents agreed to participate in the research. ### Карточка 278 **Вопрос** correspond **Ответ** **Meaning:** To match, agree with, or be closely connected to something. **Collocation:** correspond closely **Example:** The tree-ring record corresponds closely with measured rainfall. ### Карточка 279 **Вопрос** logical **Ответ** **Meaning:** Following a clear and valid pattern of reasoning. **Collocation:** logical conclusion **Example:** The evidence led to the logical conclusion that the river had changed course. ### Карточка 280 **Вопрос** theoretical **Ответ** **Meaning:** Based on ideas or principles rather than direct observation or practical testing. **Collocation:** theoretical model **Example:** The observed pattern matched the theoretical model. ### Карточка 281 **Вопрос** similar **Ответ** **Meaning:** Alike in important ways, though not identical. **Collocation:** broadly similar **Example:** The two regions have broadly similar rainfall patterns. ### Карточка 282 **Вопрос** successive **Ответ** **Meaning:** Following one after another in a sequence. **Collocation:** successive generations **Example:** Successive generations adapted the building to new uses. ### Карточка 283 **Вопрос** incorporate **Ответ** **Meaning:** To include something as part of a larger whole. **Collocation:** incorporate feedback **Example:** The revised plan incorporates feedback from local residents. ### Карточка 284 **Вопрос** rational **Ответ** **Meaning:** Based on reason and evidence rather than impulse. **Collocation:** rational explanation **Example:** The apparent pattern has a rational explanation based on sampling methods. ### Карточка 285 **Вопрос** accurately **Ответ** **Meaning:** In a way that is correct and free from important error. **Collocation:** accurately measure **Example:** The device can accurately measure very small changes in pressure. ### Карточка 286 **Вопрос** sufficient **Ответ** **Meaning:** As much as is needed for a particular purpose. **Collocation:** sufficient evidence **Example:** The available evidence was sufficient to reject the first explanation. ### Карточка 287 **Вопрос** increasingly **Ответ** **Meaning:** To a growing degree or with greater frequency over time. **Collocation:** increasingly common **Example:** Shared research facilities are increasingly common at smaller universities. ### Карточка 288 **Вопрос** preserve **Ответ** **Meaning:** To protect something from loss, damage, or major change. **Collocation:** preserve cultural heritage **Example:** The archive helped preserve the community's cultural heritage. ### Карточка 289 **Вопрос** relevant **Ответ** **Meaning:** Directly connected to the question or subject being considered. **Collocation:** relevant evidence **Example:** The review excluded studies that did not provide relevant evidence. ### Карточка 290 **Вопрос** approximately **Ответ** **Meaning:** Close to an amount or value but not exactly equal to it. **Collocation:** approximately equal **Example:** The two study groups were approximately equal in size. ### Карточка 291 **Вопрос** integrate **Ответ** **Meaning:** To combine parts so they work together as a whole. **Collocation:** integrate data **Example:** The platform integrates data from satellites and ground sensors. ### Карточка 292 **Вопрос** suitable **Ответ** **Meaning:** Right or acceptable for a particular purpose or situation. **Collocation:** suitable method **Example:** Satellite imaging was the most suitable method for the remote region. ### Карточка 293 **Вопрос** regulate **Ответ** **Meaning:** To control an activity or process through rules or adjustments. **Collocation:** regulate an industry **Example:** The agency regulates the industry through regular inspections. ### Карточка 294 **Вопрос** consequently **Ответ** **Meaning:** As a result of what was just stated. **Collocation:** consequently reduce **Example:** The new filter removes more particles and consequently reduces treatment costs. ### Карточка 295 **Вопрос** clearly **Ответ** **Meaning:** In a way that is easy to understand, see, or recognize. **Collocation:** clearly indicate **Example:** The results clearly indicate that the second filter removed more particles. ### Карточка 296 **Вопрос** independently **Ответ** **Meaning:** Without relying on another person, source, or result. **Collocation:** independently verify **Example:** A second laboratory independently verified the result. ### Карточка 297 **Вопрос** maintain **Ответ** **Meaning:** To keep something in a particular condition or continue it over time. **Collocation:** maintain water quality **Example:** The wetland helps maintain water quality during heavy rain. ### Карточка 298 **Вопрос** undertake **Ответ** **Meaning:** To accept responsibility for and begin a task or project. **Collocation:** undertake research **Example:** The university undertook research on affordable housing materials. ### Карточка 299 **Вопрос** valuable **Ответ** **Meaning:** Very useful, important, or worth having. **Collocation:** valuable information **Example:** The interviews provided valuable information about informal trade routes. ### Карточка 300 **Вопрос** ultimately **Ответ** **Meaning:** Finally, after all stages or factors have been considered. **Collocation:** ultimately depend on **Example:** The project's success ultimately depends on reliable local funding. --- *[Открыть оформленную HTML\-версию этой страницы]()* *ИИ-агенты могут создать аккаунт пользователя в этом сервисе, начиная с `GET 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