Git Commands Flashcards: Everyday Workflow, Branching & Recovery
Practice essential Git commands with safe, current examples for staging, commits, branches, remotes, history, undoing changes, and recovery.
Bu deste hakkında
Git commands are easier to remember when the prompt starts with a real situation: inspect a change, stage part of a file, move work onto a branch, update from a remote, or recover a commit that seemed lost.
What this deck practices
- Situation → command: choose a practical Git command or safe command sequence for the state in front of you.
- Command → effect: explain what a command reads or changes, including the working tree, index, branch, remote-tracking refs, or commit history.
- Risk → safer choice: distinguish local cleanup from shared-history changes, and recognize when
restore,revert,reset,reflog, or a force push needs extra care. - Output → next step: read common status, diff, log, bisect, stash, branch, tag, and worktree results well enough to continue.
The sequence starts with repository setup and observation, moves through staging and commits, then adds branches, remotes, integration, history, debugging, undo, and recovery. Related prompt directions are separated so the neighboring card doesn't give away the answer.
This deck covers 36 useful top-level commands with modern porcelain such as git switch and git restore. Common older git checkout and git reset <path> forms appear only as compatibility notes. It excludes hosting-service pull requests, GUIs, credentials, server administration, most low-level plumbing commands, hooks, signing, Git LFS, submodules, partial clones, custom aliases, and exhaustive option catalogs. The practical low-level exceptions are git ls-files, git merge-base, and git rev-parse, which support everyday inspection and comparison tasks.
CC0 applies to the independently authored questions, answers, organization, metadata, and generated cover only to the extent applicable rights exist; it doesn't license Git facts, documentation, names, or trademarks.
Facts and examples were checked against the current official Git documentation and executed in disposable repositories with Git 2.50.1. This is an independent, unofficial educational deck. It isn't affiliated with or endorsed by the Git Project or Software Freedom Conservancy. No documentation prose, logos, command tables, competitor cards, or assessment questions were copied.
Bu destedeki kartlar
Kart 1
Soru
Initialize the current directory as a Git repository.
Cevap
git initcreates the repository metadata in the current directory.git initIt doesn't add or commit the existing files.
Kart 2
Soru
Set the commit email for only the current repository.
Cevap
git config user.email dev@example.comsets a repository-local value.git config user.email dev@example.comOmitting
--globalkeeps other repositories unchanged.Kart 3
Soru
Open the full manual for
git status.Cevap
git help statusopens the command's manual.git help statusUse
git status -hwhen you only need the short option summary in the terminal.Kart 4
Soru
Copy
../origin.gitinto a new local directory namedproject.Cevap
git clone ../origin.git projectcreates the local clone inproject.git clone ../origin.git projectThe clone normally configures the source as the
originremote.Kart 5
Soru
Show tracked changes that haven't been staged.
Cevap
git diffshows the working-tree changes relative to the index.git diffNew untracked files don't appear until Git knows about them.
Kart 6
Soru
Stage
notes.txtfor the next commit.Cevap
git add notes.txtcopies the path's current content into the index.git add notes.txtLater edits to the file stay unstaged until you add them too.
Kart 7
Soru
Inspect which changes are staged, unstaged, or untracked.
Cevap
git statuscompares the working tree and index withHEAD.git statusIt reads repository state; it doesn't modify files or history.
Kart 8
Soru
Record the staged snapshot with the message
Add notes.Cevap
git commit -m "Add notes"creates a commit from the index.git commit -m "Add notes"Unstaged changes aren't included.
Kart 9
Soru
Delete the tracked file
obsolete.txtand stage that deletion.Cevap
git rm obsolete.txtremoves the file and stages the removal.git rm obsolete.txtCommit afterward to record the deletion in history.
Kart 10
Soru
Rename tracked
old-name.txttonotes.txtand stage the change.Cevap
git mv old-name.txt notes.txtmoves the path and updates the index.git mv old-name.txt notes.txtGit records snapshots, so it detects the rename from the resulting content when useful.
Kart 11
Soru
List local branches and show which one is current.
Cevap
git branchlists local branches and marks the current one with*.git branchIt doesn't switch branches.
Kart 12
Soru
Switch the working tree to the existing branch
feature/login.Cevap
git switch feature/loginswitches to that branch.git switch feature/loginGit updates the index and working tree, and refuses if the switch would overwrite local work. Older instructions often use
git checkoutfor branch switching;switchstates the intent more clearly.Kart 13
Soru
Show every configured remote with its fetch and push URL.
Cevap
git remote -vlists remote names and URLs.git remote -vA remote name such as
originis a local shortcut, not a special server type.Kart 14
Soru
Read a compact one-line commit history.
Cevap
git log --onelineprints one abbreviated entry per commit.git log --onelineThe newest reachable commit appears first.
Kart 15
Soru
Discard unstaged edits to tracked
notes.txt.Cevap
git restore notes.txtreplaces the working-tree file with the indexed version.git restore notes.txtThis is destructive for those unstaged edits. Check
git diff -- notes.txtfirst when unsure.Kart 16
Soru
Clone
../origin.gitwhile naming the local directorysandbox.Cevap
git clone ../origin.git sandboxseparates the source location from the local directory name.git clone ../origin.git sandboxRun it from the parent directory where
sandboxshould be created.Kart 17
Soru
Read the effective commit email in the current repository.
Cevap
git config --get user.emailprints the selected configuration value.git config --get user.emailRepository-local configuration overrides a global value.
Kart 18
Soru
Get a compact status that still shows branch information.
Cevap
git status --short --branchprints the branch line plus two-column path states.git status --short --branchThe left column describes the index; the right column describes the working tree.
Kart 19
Soru
Review what is staged for the next commit.
Cevap
git diff --stagedcompares the index withHEAD.git diff --staged--cachedis the common equivalent spelling.Kart 20
Soru
Interactively stage selected hunks from
notes.txt.Cevap
git add -p notes.txtlets you accept or reject each patch hunk.git add -p notes.txtThis is useful when one file contains changes for more than one commit.
Kart 21
Soru
Open the configured editor to write a commit message for the staged snapshot.
Cevap
git commitopens the commit-message editor.git commitGit still commits only the staged content.
Kart 22
Soru
Stop tracking
local.envbut keep the file in the working tree.Cevap
git rm --cached local.envstages removal from the index without deleting the local file.git rm --cached local.envAdd the path to an ignore rule if it shouldn't be staged again.
Kart 23
Soru
Create
feature/loginat the current commit without switching to it.Cevap
git branch feature/logincreates the branch reference.git branch feature/loginUse
git switch -c feature/loginwhen you want to create and switch in one step.Kart 24
Soru
Add
../upstream.gitas a remote namedupstream.Cevap
git remote add upstream ../upstream.gitstores that remote configuration.git remote add upstream ../upstream.gitIt doesn't fetch any refs until you run
git fetch upstream.Kart 25
Soru
View a compact decorated commit graph across all local refs.
Cevap
git log --oneline --graph --decorate --allcombines history, topology, and ref names.git log --oneline --graph --decorate --allIt is a read-only way to understand how branches relate.
Kart 26
Soru
Inspect the current commit's metadata and patch.
Cevap
git show HEADdisplays the commit and its changes.git show HEADReplace
HEADwith another revision when needed.Kart 27
Soru
Create
feature/searchat the current commit and switch to it.Cevap
git switch -c feature/searchcreates and checks out the branch.git switch -c feature/searchNew commits now advance
feature/search.Kart 28
Soru
List the paths currently known to the index.
Cevap
git ls-filesprints tracked and staged paths.git ls-filesIt is more precise than a filesystem listing when you need Git's view.
Kart 29
Soru
Refresh remote-tracking refs from
originwithout integrating them.Cevap
git fetch origindownloads objects and updatesorigin/*refs.git fetch originYour current branch and working tree stay in place.
Kart 30
Soru
Unstage
notes.txtwhile keeping its working-tree edits.Cevap
git restore --staged notes.txtrestores the index entry fromHEADby default.git restore --staged notes.txtThe file's edited content remains in the working tree.
Kart 31
Soru
Temporarily store tracked work with the label
WIP login.Cevap
git stash push -m "WIP login"saves tracked staged and unstaged changes, then cleans them from the worktree.git stash push -m "WIP login"Untracked files stay put unless you add
-u.Kart 32
Soru
Check how the current branch differs from its configured upstream.
Cevap
git status --branchreports ahead, behind, or diverged state when an upstream exists.git status --branchIt doesn't contact the remote, so fetch first when freshness matters.
Kart 33
Soru
Compare the snapshots at
mainandfeature/login.Cevap
git diff main feature/loginshows changes needed to turn the first tree into the second.git diff main feature/loginThis compares the two named tips, not their merge base.
Kart 34
Soru
Stage all additions, modifications, and deletions in the current repository.
Cevap
git add -Aupdates the index for every path in scope.git add -AReview
git diff --stagedbefore committing a broad change.Kart 35
Soru
Replace the current local commit with a corrected snapshot but keep its message.
Cevap
git commit --amend --no-editcreates a replacement commit from the current index.git commit --amend --no-editAmending rewrites the commit ID. Avoid it after sharing the commit unless the team expects a history update.
Kart 36
Soru
Rename the current branch to
feature/auth.Cevap
git branch -m feature/authrenames the checked-out branch.git branch -m feature/authIf the old name was already pushed, coordinate the remote rename separately.
Kart 37
Soru
Return to the branch you were on immediately before this one.
Cevap
git switch -switches to the previously checked-out branch.git switch -It is handy for moving between two branches.
Kart 38
Soru
Integrate
feature/logininto the current branch.Cevap
git merge feature/loginjoins the named branch into the current branch.git merge feature/loginThe result may be a fast-forward, merge commit, or conflict, depending on history and options.
Kart 39
Soru
Fetch only the
mainbranch fromorigin.Cevap
git fetch origin maindownloads that branch and records the fetched tip inFETCH_HEAD.git fetch origin mainIt doesn't merge or move your current branch.
Kart 40
Soru
Update the current branch only when the remote change can fast-forward it.
Cevap
git pull --ff-onlyfetches, then refuses to create a merge commit or rebase.git pull --ff-onlyA refusal leaves the divergent histories for you to inspect.
Kart 41
Soru
Push the current branch
feature/logintoorigin.Cevap
git push origin feature/loginupdates the same-named remote branch.git push origin feature/loginIt doesn't configure an upstream unless your settings do that automatically.
Kart 42
Soru
Read commits that changed
notes.txt.Cevap
git log -- notes.txtlimits history to commits affecting that path.git log -- notes.txtThe
--separates revisions and options from the path.Kart 43
Soru
Print
notes.txtexactly as it exists inHEADwithout switching commits.Cevap
git show HEAD:notes.txtreads the blob at that revision and path.git show HEAD:notes.txtThis doesn't modify the working-tree file.
Kart 44
Soru
Search tracked working-tree files for the text
TODO, including unstaged edits.Cevap
git grep TODOsearches tracked files in the working tree, including their unstaged content.git grep TODOIt skips untracked files by default.
Kart 45
Soru
Show the commit and author associated with each line of
notes.txt.Cevap
git blame notes.txtannotates each line with its last recorded change.git blame notes.txtUse it as a history lead, not as proof that one person owns the current behavior.
Kart 46
Soru
Move the current branch back one commit while keeping the changes unstaged.
Cevap
git reset HEAD~1performs the default mixed reset.git reset HEAD~1It rewrites the local branch tip but leaves the changed files in the working tree.
Kart 47
Soru
Stash tracked and untracked work together with the label
WIP search.Cevap
git stash push -u -m "WIP search"includes untracked files.git stash push -u -m "WIP search"Ignored files still stay out unless you deliberately use the stronger
--alloption.Kart 48
Soru
List local tags whose names start with
v1..Cevap
git tag --list "v1.*"filters the local tag names.git tag --list "v1.*"Listing tags doesn't contact a remote.
Kart 49
Soru
Resolve
HEADto its full object ID.Cevap
git rev-parse HEADprints the object name selected by the revision.git rev-parse HEADThis is useful in scripts that need an exact commit ID.
Kart 50
Soru
Review prose edits as changed words instead of whole lines.
Cevap
git diff --word-diffhighlights inline word-level changes.git diff --word-diffIt changes the display only; repository state stays untouched.
Kart 51
Soru
Integrate
feature/loginonly if the current branch can fast-forward.Cevap
git merge --ff-only feature/loginrefuses histories that require a merge commit.git merge --ff-only feature/loginThe refusal is a safety check, not a partial merge.
Kart 52
Soru
Fetch
originand remove remote-tracking refs that the remote no longer has.Cevap
git fetch --prune originrefreshes refs and prunes staleorigin/*names.git fetch --prune originIt doesn't delete local branches.
Kart 53
Soru
List commits reachable from
feature/loginbut not frommain.Cevap
git log main..feature/login --onelineshows that one-sided revision range.git log main..feature/login --onelineThe order around
..matters.Kart 54
Soru
Replace working-tree
notes.txtwith its version fromHEAD~1.Cevap
git restore --source=HEAD~1 notes.txtcopies the older blob into the working tree.git restore --source=HEAD~1 notes.txtThis overwrites current unstaged edits to
notes.txt. Diff, copy, or otherwise protect wanted edits first; then review and stage the restored version if you want to keep it.Kart 55
Soru
Create branch
hotfixin an additional working tree at../hotfix.Cevap
git worktree add ../hotfix -b hotfixcreates the branch and checks it out there.git worktree add ../hotfix -b hotfixThe original working tree stays on its current branch.
Kart 56
Soru
Push
feature/loginand configureorigin/feature/loginas its upstream.Cevap
git push -u origin feature/loginpushes the branch and records upstream tracking.git push -u origin feature/loginLater
git status,git pull, andgit pushcan use that relationship.Kart 57
Soru
Follow likely moved or copied lines while blaming
notes.txt.Cevap
git blame -M -C notes.txtadds move and copy detection heuristics.git blame -M -C notes.txtThe result is still a clue for investigation, not an ownership verdict.
Kart 58
Soru
Replay the current branch's local commits on top of
main.Cevap
git rebase mainrewrites those commits onto the new base.git rebase mainUse it on unshared work, or coordinate before rewriting commits other people may use.
Kart 59
Soru
Move the branch back one commit while keeping all reverted changes staged.
Cevap
git reset --soft HEAD~1movesHEADbut leaves the index and working tree intact.git reset --soft HEAD~1This rewrites the local branch tip and is best kept to unshared history.
Kart 60
Soru
Create an annotated release tag
v1.0.0at the current commit.Cevap
git tag -a v1.0.0 -m "Release 1.0.0"creates a tag object with a message.git tag -a v1.0.0 -m "Release 1.0.0"Tags aren't pushed automatically unless you push them explicitly.
Kart 61
Soru
Start a regression search with
HEADknown bad andHEAD~4known good.Cevap
git bisect start, followed by bad and good boundaries, begins binary search through the range.git bisect start git bisect bad HEAD git bisect good HEAD~4Git checks out a midpoint for you to test.
Kart 62
Soru
Fetch the upstream branch, then replay local commits on top of it.
Cevap
git pull --rebasecombines fetch with a rebase-based integration.git pull --rebaseIt rewrites local commits, so inspect the branch and keep shared-history expectations in mind.
Kart 63
Soru
Commit the staged update as
Update noteswhile leaving unstaged edits out.Cevap
git commit -m "Update notes"records the index, not every working-tree edit.git commit -m "Update notes"Review both
git diff --stagedandgit diffwhen the split matters.Kart 64
Soru
Undo the current non-merge commit with a new commit instead of moving the branch backward.
Cevap
git revert HEADapplies the inverse of the current non-merge commit and records it as a new commit.git revert HEADFor a merge commit, inspect its parents and use the mainline form taught later:
git revert -m <parent-number> <merge-commit>. Revert preserves shared history, which usually makes it safer than reset for published commits.Kart 65
Soru
Delete the fully merged local branch
feature/login.Cevap
git branch -d feature/logindeletes the branch only when Git considers it merged.git branch -d feature/loginThe lowercase
-dguard helps prevent accidental loss of unmerged branch tips.Kart 66
Soru
Inspect
HEAD~1without moving any branch name.Cevap
git switch --detach HEAD~1checks out the commit in detached-HEAD mode.git switch --detach HEAD~1Create a branch before leaving if you make commits you want to keep.
Kart 67
Soru
Find one best common ancestor of
mainandfeature/login.Cevap
git merge-base main feature/loginprints one best merge base.git merge-base main feature/loginCriss-cross histories can have multiple equally best bases. Use
git merge-base --all main feature/loginwhen every best base matters; without--all, Git chooses one unspecified best base.Kart 68
Soru
Print the top-level directory of the current working tree.
Cevap
git rev-parse --show-toplevelresolves the repository root path.git rev-parse --show-toplevelIt fails outside a working tree, which is useful in scripts that require one.
Kart 69
Soru
Inspect recent local movements of
HEAD.Cevap
git reflog --onelineshows the local reference-update history in compact form.git reflog --onelineIt can reveal commits hidden by reset or rebase while their objects still exist.
Kart 70
Soru
List stashes, then summarize the newest stash's changed paths.
Cevap
git stash listnames the entries, andgit stash show --stat stash@{0}summarizes the newest one.git stash list git stash show --stat stash@{0}Neither command removes or applies the stash.
Kart 71
Soru
Apply the tip commit from
feature/loginwithout conflicts and record where it came from.Cevap
git cherry-pick -x feature/loginapplies the commit and, when it applies without conflicts, adds a source-commit line to the message.git cherry-pick -x feature/loginUse
-xwhen the trace is useful and the picked commit is public enough to name.Kart 72
Soru
Preview which untracked files under
scratch/Git would delete.Cevap
git clean -nd -- scratch/performs a scoped dry run.git clean -nd -- scratch/Run the preview before replacing
-nwith-f; ignored files aren't included here.Kart 73
Soru
Identify conflicted paths after a merge stops.
Cevap
git status --shortmarks unmerged paths with combinations such asUU.git status --shortResolve each path, stage the result, then complete the merge commit—or abort the merge.
Kart 74
Soru
Continue a rebase after resolving and staging its conflicts.
Cevap
git rebase --continuerecords the resolved step and moves to the next commit.git rebase --continueIf the resolution is wrong or the rewrite is no longer wanted, abort instead.
Kart 75
Soru
List every working tree attached to the repository.
Cevap
git worktree listshows each path, checked-out commit, and branch when attached.git worktree listA branch normally can't be checked out in two worktrees at once.
Kart 76
Soru
Fetch and integrate the upstream with merge semantics rather than rebase.
Cevap
git pull --no-rebasefetches, then merges the selected upstream.git pull --no-rebaseUse an explicit policy so the integration behavior isn't a surprise.
Kart 77
Soru
Interactively discard selected unstaged hunks from
notes.txt.Cevap
git restore -p notes.txtasks which working-tree hunks to restore from the index.git restore -p notes.txtAccepted hunks are discarded, so review each prompt carefully.
Kart 78
Soru
Delete the remote branch
feature/loginfromorigin.Cevap
git push origin --delete feature/loginremoves that remote ref.git push origin --delete feature/loginIt doesn't delete anyone's local branch or existing commits immediately.
Kart 79
Soru
Mark
HEAD~4as a known good boundary during a bisect session.Cevap
git bisect good HEAD~4tells Git that the named commit doesn't contain the bug.git bisect good HEAD~4Git uses good and bad boundaries to choose the next midpoint.
Kart 80
Soru
Delete the local tag
v1.0.0.Cevap
git tag -d v1.0.0removes the local tag reference.git tag -d v1.0.0A remote copy, if any, needs a separate remote update.
Kart 81
Soru
Move the branch back one commit and discard the index and working-tree changes.
Cevap
git reset --hard HEAD~1makes the branch, index, and tracked working tree matchHEAD~1.git reset --hard HEAD~1This is destructive. It can also delete or overwrite untracked files or directories that obstruct paths tracked by the target commit. Confirm the target and move wanted work first.
Kart 82
Soru
Give the current commit a human-readable name based on reachable tags.
Cevap
git describe --tags --alwaysuses the nearest tag when possible and falls back to an object name.git describe --tags --alwaysIt reads history without creating or moving a tag.
Kart 83
Soru
Continue a cherry-pick after resolving and staging its conflicts.
Cevap
git cherry-pick --continuefinishes the current picked commit.git cherry-pick --continueGit may continue to another commit if the original request included a sequence.
Kart 84
Soru
Delete ordinary, non-ignored untracked files and directories only under
scratch/.Cevap
git clean -fd -- scratch/removes ordinary, non-ignored untracked files and directories under that path.git clean -fd -- scratch/It leaves ignored content and nested Git repositories in place. This can't be recovered through normal Git history, so run the matching dry run first.
Kart 85
Soru
Apply the inverse of the current non-merge commit to the index and working tree without committing yet.
Cevap
git revert --no-commit HEADprepares the inverse of the current non-merge commit for inspection.git revert --no-commit HEADFor a merge commit, inspect its parents and use the mainline form taught later:
git revert -m <parent-number> <merge-commit>. You can combine or edit the prepared change before creating a commit.Kart 86
Soru
Apply the newest stash while keeping it in the stash list.
Cevap
git stash apply stash@{0}reapplies the entry without dropping it.git stash apply stash@{0}Use
poponly when you want a successful apply to remove the entry automatically.Kart 87
Soru
Create branch
recoveredat the previous recorded location ofHEAD.Cevap
git branch recovered HEAD@{1}gives the reflog entry a durable branch name.git branch recovered HEAD@{1}Inspect the entry first; reflog positions change as new reference updates happen.
Kart 88
Soru
Abandon the current conflicted merge and return to its pre-merge state.
Cevap
git merge --abortstops the in-progress merge.git merge --abortUncommitted changes that predated the merge can make exact reconstruction harder, so start risky merges from a clear state.
Kart 89
Soru
Unstage
notes.txtwith the older path-specific reset form.Cevap
git reset HEAD -- notes.txtresets only the index entry and keeps working-tree edits.git reset HEAD -- notes.txtModern instructions usually prefer
git restore --staged notes.txtfor this job.Kart 90
Soru
Remove the clean linked working tree at
../hotfix.Cevap
git worktree remove ../hotfixremoves that working tree and its administrative record.git worktree remove ../hotfixIt refuses a dirty working tree unless you force it; inspect and save work instead of forcing by habit.
Kart 91
Soru
Force-update
feature/loginonly if its remote tip matches your localorigin/feature/loginexpectation.Cevap
git push --force-with-lease origin feature/logincompares the remote branch with the local remote-tracking ref before force-updating.git push --force-with-lease origin feature/loginBackground or automatic fetches can move that local ref and weaken the check. Inspect the fetched tip, coordinate the rewrite, and use an explicit
<ref>:<expect>lease when exact protection matters.Kart 92
Soru
Abandon the current rebase and restore the branch to its pre-rebase state.
Cevap
git rebase --abortstops the rewrite and restores the original branch tip.git rebase --abortUse it when the conflict resolution or rewrite plan isn't worth continuing.
Kart 93
Soru
Revert the current merge commit while keeping its first parent as the mainline.
Cevap
git revert -m 1 HEADcreates an inverse change relative to parent 1.git revert -m 1 HEADChoosing the wrong mainline changes the meaning, so inspect the merge's parents first. Its ancestors remain integrated in history, which means a later merge may not restore the reverted tree changes automatically.
Kart 94
Soru
End a bisect session and return to the branch or commit checked out before it.
Cevap
git bisect resetrestores the pre-bisect checkout.git bisect resetRun it after identifying the first bad commit or when abandoning the search.
Kart 95
Soru
Read the reflog specifically for
HEAD.Cevap
git reflog show HEADdisplays local movements recorded forHEAD.git reflog show HEADReflogs are local recovery records; they aren't a shared remote audit log.
Kart 96
Soru
Abandon the current conflicted cherry-pick.
Cevap
git cherry-pick --abortrestores the state from before the cherry-pick sequence.git cherry-pick --abortUse it instead of stacking unrelated cleanup commands onto a failed pick.
Kart 97
Soru
Interactively edit the last three local commits before sharing them.
Cevap
git rebase -i HEAD~3opens a plan for reordering, editing, squashing, or dropping those commits.git rebase -i HEAD~3Every changed commit gets a new ID. Keep interactive rebase to unshared work unless everyone has coordinated.
Kart 98
Soru
Run
./test.shautomatically at each midpoint of an active bisect.Cevap
git bisect run ./test.shclassifies commits from the script's exit status.git bisect run ./test.shThe test must be deterministic: exit 0 for good, 1–127 except 125 for bad, and 125 to skip an untestable commit.
98 kart
Git Commands Flashcards: Everyday Workflow, Branching & Recovery
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