Anatomical Planes & Joint Movements Flashcards

Question 1

What is the standard anatomical position?

Accepted Answer

Standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides, fingers straight, and palms forward. The feet point forward. This is a reference posture for anatomical descriptions.

Question 2

In anatomy, how does a plane differ from an axis?

Accepted Answer

A plane is an imaginary flat surface. An axis is an imaginary line around which rotation occurs.

Question 3

What portions does a sagittal plane separate?

Accepted Answer

Right and left portions. They need not be equal halves.

Question 4

At the elbow, what does flexion do to the angle between the upper arm and forearm?

Accepted Answer

It decreases the angle by bending the elbow.

Question 5

What portions does a frontal (coronal) plane separate?

Accepted Answer

Front and back portions, also called anterior and posterior portions.

Question 6

From the arm-at-side position, what does shoulder abduction do?

Accepted Answer

It moves the upper arm sideways away from the body's midline.

Question 7

What portions does a transverse (axial) plane separate in an upright body?

Accepted Answer

Upper and lower portions, also called superior and inferior portions.

Question 8

What does elbow extension do from a bent-elbow position?

Accepted Answer

It straightens the elbow, increasing the angle between the upper arm and forearm.

Question 9

What makes a sagittal plane midsagittal (median)?

Accepted Answer

It passes through the body's midline, separating right and left halves.

Question 10

With the upper arm held out to the side, what does shoulder adduction do?

Accepted Answer

It brings the upper arm back toward the body's midline.

Question 11

A vertical section runs front to back and separates right from left. Which anatomical plane is it?

Accepted Answer

A sagittal plane. The section's orientation, not the direction between the separated portions, determines its name.

Question 12

For a simple rotation confined to one plane, how is its axis oriented relative to that plane?

Accepted Answer

Perpendicular to the plane: the axis meets it at a right angle.

Question 13

A vertical section separates the chest-facing part of the trunk from the back-facing part. Which plane is it?

Accepted Answer

A frontal plane, also called a coronal plane.

Question 14

Starting upright with the thigh beside the trunk, the thigh moves forward at the hip while the pelvis stays still. What movement is this?

Accepted Answer

Hip flexion. The thigh moves toward the front of the trunk.

Question 15

An upright body is sectioned horizontally across the waist. Which anatomical plane is used?

Accepted Answer

A transverse plane, also called an axial or horizontal plane.

Question 16

The upper arm stays still while a bent elbow straightens. What movement occurs at the elbow?

Accepted Answer

Extension. The angle between the upper arm and forearm increases.

Question 17

What is a parasagittal plane?

Accepted Answer

A sagittal plane offset from the midline. It is parallel to the median plane and separates unequal right and left portions.

Question 18

With the upper arm at the side in anatomical position, what does medial (internal) shoulder rotation turn?

Accepted Answer

The humerus turns about its long axis so its front surface turns toward the body's midline. The upper arm need not move away from the side.

Question 19

Starting upright with both legs beside each other and the pelvis still, a straight leg moves sideways away from the other leg at the hip. What movement is this?

Accepted Answer

Hip abduction. The thigh moves away from the body's midline.

Question 20

At the ankle, what is dorsiflexion from a neutral foot position?

Accepted Answer

Bringing the top of the foot closer to the front of the lower leg. The foot lifts toward the shin.

Question 21

Does every sagittal section pass through the body's midline?

Accepted Answer

No. Only the midsagittal (median) section does; other sagittal sections can be offset from it.

Question 22

With the upper arm at the side in anatomical position, what does lateral (external) shoulder rotation turn?

Accepted Answer

The humerus turns about its long axis so its front surface turns away from the body's midline.

Question 23

A leg held out to the side returns toward the other leg while the pelvis stays still. What movement occurs at the hip?

Accepted Answer

Adduction. The thigh moves toward the body's midline.

Question 24

At the ankle, what is plantarflexion from a neutral foot position?

Accepted Answer

Pointing the foot away from the shin, as when the whole foot points downward. Curling just the toes is a different movement.

Question 25

With the elbow bent at a right angle and the forearm pointing forward, what does forearm pronation do from a thumb-up position?

Accepted Answer

It rotates the forearm so the palm turns downward. The upper arm stays still and the wrist does not bend.

Question 26

The upper arm stays at the side, the elbow is bent at a right angle, and the forearm points forward. The hand swings toward the abdomen as the humerus turns. What shoulder movement is this?

Accepted Answer

Medial (internal) rotation. The humerus rotates at the shoulder; the elbow keeps its bend.

Question 27

What is inversion of the foot from a neutral sole-down position?

Accepted Answer

Turning the sole toward the body's midline. This involves joints of the foot, including the subtalar joint.

Question 28

What is elevation of the scapula (shoulder blade)?

Accepted Answer

Moving the shoulder blade upward on the chest wall.

Question 29

With the elbow bent at a right angle and the forearm pointing forward, what does forearm supination do from a thumb-up position?

Accepted Answer

It rotates the forearm so the palm turns upward. The upper arm stays still and the wrist does not bend.

Question 30

The upper arm stays at the side, the elbow is bent at a right angle, and the forearm points forward. The hand swings away from the abdomen as the humerus turns. What shoulder movement is this?

Accepted Answer

Lateral (external) rotation. The humerus rotates at the shoulder; the elbow keeps its bend.

Question 31

What is eversion of the foot from a neutral sole-down position?

Accepted Answer

Turning the sole away from the body's midline. This involves joints of the foot, including the subtalar joint.

Question 32

What is depression of the scapula (shoulder blade)?

Accepted Answer

Moving the shoulder blade downward on the chest wall.

Question 33

What is opposition of the thumb?

Accepted Answer

Moving the thumb across the palm and turning its pad toward a finger pad on the same hand. The thumb's base joint contributes to this combined movement.

Question 34

With the elbow bent at a right angle and the upper arm still, the forearm turns from palm-up to palm-down. What movement is this?

Accepted Answer

Forearm pronation. The radius rotates relative to the ulna; the change is not produced by bending the wrist.

Question 35

What is scapular protraction?

Accepted Answer

Moving the shoulder blade forward around the chest wall and away from the spine. This is also called scapular abduction.

Question 36

What is circumduction at the shoulder?

Accepted Answer

A combined movement in which the arm sweeps a cone and the hand traces a circle. It blends flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction.

Question 37

What is reposition of the thumb after opposition?

Accepted Answer

Returning the thumb from across the palm toward its resting anatomical position beside the hand.

Question 38

With the elbow bent at a right angle and the upper arm still, the forearm turns from palm-down to palm-up. What movement is this?

Accepted Answer

Forearm supination. The radius rotates relative to the ulna; the wrist need not bend.

Question 39

What is scapular retraction?

Accepted Answer

Moving the shoulder blade backward around the chest wall toward the spine. This is also called scapular adduction.

Question 40

With the lower leg still and the foot initially at a right angle to it, the forefoot lifts toward the shin at the ankle. What movement is this?

Accepted Answer

Dorsiflexion. The top of the foot approaches the front of the lower leg.

Question 41

From an open hand, the thumb moves across the palm until its pad faces and touches the little-finger pad. What thumb movement is this?

Accepted Answer

Opposition. The thumb combines movement across the palm with rotation to face the finger pad.

Question 42

With the lower leg still and the sole initially facing down, the foot tilts so the sole faces inward toward the other foot. What movement is this?

Accepted Answer

Inversion. The defining change is the inward turn of the sole.

Question 43

From a relaxed shoulder position, both shoulder blades move upward during a shrug. What scapular movement is this?

Accepted Answer

Elevation. The shoulder blades move upward on the chest wall.

Question 44

With the lower leg still and the foot initially at a right angle to it, the whole foot points away from the shin at the ankle. What movement is this?

Accepted Answer

Plantarflexion. The movement is at the ankle, not just a curl of the toes.

Question 45

The thumb starts across the palm after touching a finger pad, then returns beside the hand. What movement is this?

Accepted Answer

Reposition. It reverses opposition.

Question 46

With the lower leg still and the sole initially facing down, the foot tilts so the sole faces outward, away from the other foot. What movement is this?

Accepted Answer

Eversion. The defining change is the outward turn of the sole.

Question 47

After a shrug, the raised shoulder blades move downward toward their relaxed position. What scapular movement is this?

Accepted Answer

Depression. The shoulder blades move downward on the chest wall.

Question 48

With the trunk still and elbow straight, the arm starts slightly away from the side and sweeps a cone while the hand traces a circle. What combined shoulder movement is this?

Accepted Answer

Circumduction. Several angular movements combine into the circular path.

Question 49

From a relaxed position, the shoulder blades slide forward around the ribs and farther from the spine. What scapular movement is this?

Accepted Answer

Protraction. The shoulder blades spread apart around the chest wall.

Question 50

With the thigh still, a straight knee bends so the heel approaches the back of the thigh. What knee movement is this?

Accepted Answer

Flexion. The angle between the thigh and lower leg decreases.

Question 51

Standing upright with the upper arm vertical at the side, the elbow bends so the forearm swings directly forward and upward. In which principal plane does this motion occur?

Accepted Answer

The sagittal plane. The described path stays in a vertical front-to-back plane.

Question 52

Why does a change in palm direction alone fail to prove that forearm pronation occurred?

Accepted Answer

Shoulder rotation can also change palm direction. Identify whether the forearm rotates relative to the upper arm or the humerus rotates at the shoulder.

Question 53

From a forward, rounded position, the shoulder blades move back toward the spine. What scapular movement is this?

Accepted Answer

Retraction. The shoulder blades move closer together.

Question 54

With the thigh still, a bent knee straightens toward its usual upright alignment. What knee movement is this?

Accepted Answer

Extension. The angle between the thigh and lower leg increases.

Question 55

Standing upright, the upper arm moves directly sideways from the body's side, without moving forward or backward. Which principal plane describes this abduction?

Accepted Answer

The frontal (coronal) plane. The described path is side-to-side in a vertical plane.

Question 56

Why is a whole-body exercise name usually insufficient to assign one anatomical plane to it?

Accepted Answer

Different joints can move in different planes, and the path can change with technique. Specify the joint, starting position, and movement path first.

Question 57

Standing upright, the upper arm remains vertical at the side while the humerus turns about its long axis. Which principal plane describes that rotation?

Accepted Answer

The transverse plane. The rotational motion is around a vertical axis, with circular paths in horizontal planes.

Question 58

How does shoulder circumduction differ from rotation of the humerus about its long axis?

Accepted Answer

Circumduction sweeps the arm through a cone. Axial rotation turns the humerus around its own length, without requiring that cone-shaped sweep.

Question 59

With an upright lower leg held still and the foot initially at a right angle to it, the foot lifts toward the shin without turning the sole inward or outward. Which principal plane describes this motion?

Accepted Answer

The sagittal plane. The specified dorsiflexion follows a front-to-back vertical plane.

Question 60

Does “supine” name the same thing as “forearm supination”?

Accepted Answer

No. Supine describes a face-up body position; forearm supination names a rotation of the forearm.

Question 61

How does foot inversion differ from ankle plantarflexion?

Accepted Answer

Inversion turns the sole inward. Plantarflexion points the foot away from the shin. Name the movement from the change described, not from the word “ankle” alone.

Question 62

Does flexion always move a limb segment toward the front of the body?

Accepted Answer

No. For example, with the thigh fixed in an upright position, knee flexion carries the lower leg backward. Name the joint and its motion.

Question 63

Starting upright with the thigh beside the trunk and the pelvis still, the thigh moves directly forward at the hip without drifting sideways. Which principal plane describes this flexion?

Accepted Answer

The sagittal plane. The specified movement remains in a front-to-back vertical plane.

Question 64

Is scapular abduction the same movement as abduction of the upper arm at the shoulder joint?

Accepted Answer

No. Scapular abduction is protraction of the shoulder blade around the chest wall. Shoulder-joint abduction moves the humerus away from the body's midline.

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Anatomical Planes & Joint Movements Flashcards