Employees need AWS access through the company identity provider without separate IAM users. What should provide it?

AWS IAM Identity Center with federation. It gives workforce users centrally managed access and temporary credentials instead of another set of long-term identities.

An EC2 application needs S3 access without stored access keys. What identity should it use?

An IAM role attached through an instance profile. The workload receives rotating temporary credentials, so no long-term secret has to live on the instance.

A company needs a maximum-permissions guardrail across member accounts. Which control fits?

An AWS Organizations service control policy (SCP). An SCP limits what member-account principals can be allowed to do; it does not grant permissions by itself.

How should the root user of a standalone AWS account or Organizations management account be secured?

Use it only for root-required tasks, protect sign-in with MFA, and do not create root access keys. Centralized root access applies to member accounts, so these root credentials still need direct protection.

Which identities can be members of an IAM group?

IAM users only. Groups collect permissions for users; roles and other groups cannot be group members.

An operator in one AWS account needs temporary access to resources in another. What is the standard design?

Assume a cross-account IAM role. The target role trusts the source principal, and the source principal is allowed to call STS to assume it.

A developer may create roles, but those roles must never exceed a fixed permission ceiling. What should constrain them?

An IAM permissions boundary. It caps the permissions an identity-based policy can grant without supplying permissions on its own.

Which service identifies resources shared with principals outside the trusted zone?

IAM Access Analyzer. It analyzes supported resource policies to surface public and cross-account access.

A corporate directory supports SAML 2.0 and staff need console access with existing identities. What access pattern fits?

SAML federation to IAM roles. Authentication stays with the corporate identity provider while AWS issues temporary role credentials.

An S3 bucket must grant another account direct access without sharing credentials. Which policy type can do that?

A resource-based bucket policy. It names the external principal on the resource and avoids distributing the bucket owner's credentials.

Permissions must follow project ownership as resources and staff change. Which authorization model reduces policy churn?

Attribute-based access control using tags. Policy conditions compare principal and resource attributes, so matching tags drive access without one policy per project.

A company wants a governed multi-account landing zone with account provisioning and guardrails. Which service fits?

AWS Control Tower. It sets up and governs a multi-account environment on top of AWS Organizations using an opinionated landing-zone model.

An external CI system supports OIDC and needs AWS API access without stored keys. What should it use?

OIDC federation to an IAM role. Short-lived web-identity credentials remove the need to keep an AWS access key in the CI system.

What credential model distinguishes an IAM role from an IAM user?

A role supplies temporary session credentials. It is assumed when needed rather than owning a permanent password or access key.

An action is allowed by one applicable policy and explicitly denied by another. What is the result?

The request is denied. An applicable explicit deny overrides an allow during policy evaluation.

Who patches the guest operating system on an Amazon EC2 instance?

The customer. AWS secures the underlying cloud infrastructure, while the customer manages the guest OS, applications, and their configuration.

When is an IAM user more defensible than federation for human access?

Only when the access pattern cannot use roles or federation and requires a long-term identity. Treat it as an exception, restrict it tightly, and rotate credentials when required.

A third-party SaaS provider assumes customer roles. What condition helps prevent the confused-deputy problem?

A unique external ID in the role trust policy. It binds the assume-role request to the intended customer relationship.

In one account, an identity policy and a resource policy each grant different actions, with no deny. How are they evaluated?

Their allows are combined. For same-account access, either policy can contribute permission unless another applicable control restricts it.

What AWS infrastructure boundary is designed as an isolated failure domain within a Region?

An Availability Zone. Separate AZs have distinct infrastructure, so spreading components across them reduces dependence on one failure domain.

Where should an application's AWS access key not be stored?

In source code or an application image. Embedded long-term credentials leak through repositories and artifacts; use a workload role and temporary credentials.

Sensitive API calls should work only in sessions authenticated with MFA. How can this be enforced?

Use an IAM policy condition that requires MFA context. The condition narrows the allowed action to sessions that meet the stronger authentication requirement.

How can a team shrink broad permissions using observed API activity?

Generate a policy with IAM Access Analyzer, then review it. Access activity provides evidence for a narrower starting policy, while human review preserves required edge cases.

Can a service control policy grant a member-account role permission to call an API?

No. An SCP defines the outer permission boundary; an IAM or resource policy must still allow the API call.

Security operations should manage an organization-integrated service without daily use of the management account. What should be configured?

A delegated administrator account for that service. It separates operational administration from the highly privileged Organizations management account.

A role session needs fewer permissions than the role normally allows. What can narrow that session?

A session policy. It intersects with the role's permissions and cannot expand beyond what the role already allows.

How does moving from self-managed EC2 databases to a managed database change security responsibility?

AWS takes on more infrastructure and platform operations, but the customer still owns data, identities, and configuration. Managed does not mean responsibility-free.

How should an organization handle root credentials in member accounts after enabling centralized root access?

Remove the member accounts' root credentials and use centrally managed privileged root sessions when needed. Recover a member's credentials only for an exceptional task that still requires direct root sign-in, then remove them again.

Why place production and experimentation in separate AWS accounts instead of only separate VPCs?

Accounts provide a stronger isolation and policy boundary. They separate billing, quotas, identities, and blast radius while organization controls provide central governance.

Which service records account API activity for security investigation and governance?

AWS CloudTrail. Its event history and trails provide evidence of who called supported APIs, from where, and when.

A public web application must keep its EC2 application servers off the internet. What subnet layout fits?

Put the internet-facing load balancer in public subnets and the instances in private subnets. Only the load balancer accepts public traffic; security groups allow the app tier from it.

Which VPC packet filter automatically allows response traffic for an allowed connection?

A security group. It is stateful, so return traffic for an established allowed flow does not need a separate inbound or outbound rule.

A public HTTP application must block SQL injection patterns and abusive request paths. Which service is the direct fit?

AWS WAF. It filters web requests at the application layer using managed or custom rules.

Which service continuously analyzes AWS telemetry for suspicious account and workload activity?

Amazon GuardDuty. It detects threats from sources such as CloudTrail events, VPC flow data, and DNS activity without becoming an inline firewall.

IPv4 instances in a private subnet need outbound internet access but must not accept internet-initiated connections. What should the route use?

A NAT gateway in a public subnet. The private route sends outbound IPv4 traffic through it while the instances remain without direct public ingress.

Which subnet-level control requires explicit rules for both request and response traffic?

A network ACL. It is stateless and evaluates numbered allow and deny rules separately in each direction.

Which managed protection targets distributed denial-of-service attacks against supported AWS edge and load-balancing resources?

AWS Shield. Shield Standard is included for common network and transport attacks; Shield Advanced adds stronger response and protection features for higher-risk workloads.

Which service discovers and reports sensitive data in Amazon S3?

Amazon Macie. It uses managed data identifiers and classification jobs to find sensitive content and risky S3 exposure.

Private subnets need access to a supported AWS API without traversing a NAT gateway or public internet. Which construct fits?

An interface VPC endpoint powered by AWS PrivateLink. It places private endpoint network interfaces in the VPC for the service API.

An application tier should accept traffic only from the load-balancer tier, even as instance IPs change. What rule is best?

Reference the load balancer's security group in the application's inbound rule. Identity by group survives scaling and avoids brittle IP allowlists.

A public load balancer needs a trusted TLS certificate with managed renewal. Which service should issue and manage it?

AWS Certificate Manager (ACM). ACM provisions supported public certificates and handles renewal while they remain correctly associated and eligible.

Which service should assess supported compute workloads and container images for software vulnerabilities?

Amazon Inspector. It continuously scans supported EC2, container image, and Lambda package surfaces and reports prioritized findings.

Private workloads need S3 access without NAT cost or internet routing. Which endpoint type fits?

An S3 gateway endpoint. Route tables direct S3 traffic privately through the endpoint without hourly interface-endpoint charges.

A subnet needs a coarse deny rule for traffic from a known hostile CIDR. Which VPC control can express it?

A network ACL. Unlike security groups, network ACLs support explicit deny rules at the subnet boundary.

How should a global web application filter malicious HTTP requests before they reach the regional origin?

Associate AWS WAF with the CloudFront distribution. Edge filtering blocks matching requests closer to viewers and reduces unwanted origin traffic.

An application needs a database password stored securely and rotated automatically. Which service is designed for it?

AWS Secrets Manager. It stores encrypted secrets and supports managed or Lambda-based rotation workflows.

A branch office needs an encrypted connection to a VPC quickly over existing internet links. Which connection fits?

AWS Site-to-Site VPN. IPsec encrypts traffic over the internet and usually provisions faster than a dedicated private circuit.

Connections to a private instance are timing out. Which record helps determine whether network traffic was accepted or rejected?

VPC Flow Logs. They capture metadata about IP flows for investigation, though not packet payloads.

A service needs very high-performance TCP load balancing and stable IP addresses. Which load balancer fits?

A Network Load Balancer. It operates at Layer 4 and supports static IP addressing while handling connection-oriented traffic at scale.

A team needs hierarchical application configuration and encrypted parameters but no built-in database-secret rotation. Which service fits?

AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store. It suits configuration and secure strings; Secrets Manager is the stronger fit when rotation is the decisive requirement.

Does a dedicated AWS Direct Connect link encrypt traffic by itself?

No. Direct Connect supplies private dedicated connectivity, but encryption needs another mechanism such as IPsec VPN or an applicable MACsec design.

AWS Solutions Architect Associate SAA-C03 Flashcards: Architecture Decisions & Trade-Offs

Review SAA-C03 architecture choices through 300 original cards on security, resilience, performance, and cost trade-offs.

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These AWS Solutions Architect Associate flashcards give current SAA-C03 candidates 300 original prompts for choosing among plausible cloud architectures. Each answer names the decision first, then explains the constraint that makes it fit.

What the cards practice

Requirement → architecture choice: choose a service, feature, or pattern from security, resilience, performance, and cost constraints.
Nearby options → decisive trade-off: separate choices such as Multi-AZ from read replicas, queues from event buses, and edge caching from network acceleration.
Failure mode → mitigation: recall the design change that limits a blast radius, preserves work, or meets a recovery target.

The deck deliberately leaves out reverse service-to-definition drills, exhaustive service inventories, copied multiple-choice questions, exam dumps, volatile scheduling and scoring details, hands-on labs, and full practice exams. Those directions either reward glossary recognition or test a different skill.

The sequence follows the current four-domain outline: 90 secure cards, 78 resilient cards, 72 high-performing cards, and 60 cost-optimized cards. It starts with identity, policy, network, and data-protection prerequisites; moves through decoupling and recovery; then applies storage, compute, database, networking, analytics, and cost trade-offs. Related variants are separated so one answer does not immediately cue the next.

An AI tool helped draft and sequence the original cards and generated the cover. Every final front and back was manually checked against the current AWS content outline and official service documentation for correctness, relevance, clarity, and one main retrieval target.

The common-knowledge service facts and AWS marks remain Amazon Web Services' property. The CC0 dedication applies only to the original wording, selection, sequence, metadata, and generated cover to the extent those elements can be dedicated. No AWS exam questions, answer keys, mark schemes, or AWS documentation text were copied; scope was checked against the official AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Associate SAA-C03 exam guide. This is an independent, unofficial study resource and is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Amazon Web Services.

Tämän pakan kortit

Kortti 1
Kysymys
Employees need AWS access through the company identity provider without separate IAM users. What should provide it?
Vastaus
AWS IAM Identity Center with federation. It gives workforce users centrally managed access and temporary credentials instead of another set of long-term identities.
Kortti 2
Kysymys
An EC2 application needs S3 access without stored access keys. What identity should it use?
Vastaus
An IAM role attached through an instance profile. The workload receives rotating temporary credentials, so no long-term secret has to live on the instance.
Kortti 3
Kysymys
A company needs a maximum-permissions guardrail across member accounts. Which control fits?
Vastaus
An AWS Organizations service control policy (SCP). An SCP limits what member-account principals can be allowed to do; it does not grant permissions by itself.
Kortti 4
Kysymys
How should the root user of a standalone AWS account or Organizations management account be secured?
Vastaus
Use it only for root-required tasks, protect sign-in with MFA, and do not create root access keys. Centralized root access applies to member accounts, so these root credentials still need direct protection.
Kortti 5
Kysymys
Which identities can be members of an IAM group?
Vastaus
IAM users only. Groups collect permissions for users; roles and other groups cannot be group members.
Kortti 6
Kysymys
An operator in one AWS account needs temporary access to resources in another. What is the standard design?
Vastaus
Assume a cross-account IAM role. The target role trusts the source principal, and the source principal is allowed to call STS to assume it.
Kortti 7
Kysymys
A developer may create roles, but those roles must never exceed a fixed permission ceiling. What should constrain them?
Vastaus
An IAM permissions boundary. It caps the permissions an identity-based policy can grant without supplying permissions on its own.
Kortti 8
Kysymys
Which service identifies resources shared with principals outside the trusted zone?
Vastaus
IAM Access Analyzer. It analyzes supported resource policies to surface public and cross-account access.
Kortti 9
Kysymys
A corporate directory supports SAML 2.0 and staff need console access with existing identities. What access pattern fits?
Vastaus
SAML federation to IAM roles. Authentication stays with the corporate identity provider while AWS issues temporary role credentials.
Kortti 10
Kysymys
An S3 bucket must grant another account direct access without sharing credentials. Which policy type can do that?
Vastaus
A resource-based bucket policy. It names the external principal on the resource and avoids distributing the bucket owner's credentials.
Kortti 11
Kysymys
Permissions must follow project ownership as resources and staff change. Which authorization model reduces policy churn?
Vastaus
Attribute-based access control using tags. Policy conditions compare principal and resource attributes, so matching tags drive access without one policy per project.
Kortti 12
Kysymys
A company wants a governed multi-account landing zone with account provisioning and guardrails. Which service fits?
Vastaus
AWS Control Tower. It sets up and governs a multi-account environment on top of AWS Organizations using an opinionated landing-zone model.
Kortti 13
Kysymys
An external CI system supports OIDC and needs AWS API access without stored keys. What should it use?
Vastaus
OIDC federation to an IAM role. Short-lived web-identity credentials remove the need to keep an AWS access key in the CI system.
Kortti 14
Kysymys
What credential model distinguishes an IAM role from an IAM user?
Vastaus
A role supplies temporary session credentials. It is assumed when needed rather than owning a permanent password or access key.
Kortti 15
Kysymys
An action is allowed by one applicable policy and explicitly denied by another. What is the result?
Vastaus
The request is denied. An applicable explicit deny overrides an allow during policy evaluation.
Kortti 16
Kysymys
Who patches the guest operating system on an Amazon EC2 instance?
Vastaus
The customer. AWS secures the underlying cloud infrastructure, while the customer manages the guest OS, applications, and their configuration.
Kortti 17
Kysymys
When is an IAM user more defensible than federation for human access?
Vastaus
Only when the access pattern cannot use roles or federation and requires a long-term identity. Treat it as an exception, restrict it tightly, and rotate credentials when required.
Kortti 18
Kysymys
A third-party SaaS provider assumes customer roles. What condition helps prevent the confused-deputy problem?
Vastaus
A unique external ID in the role trust policy. It binds the assume-role request to the intended customer relationship.
Kortti 19
Kysymys
In one account, an identity policy and a resource policy each grant different actions, with no deny. How are they evaluated?
Vastaus
Their allows are combined. For same-account access, either policy can contribute permission unless another applicable control restricts it.
Kortti 20
Kysymys
What AWS infrastructure boundary is designed as an isolated failure domain within a Region?
Vastaus
An Availability Zone. Separate AZs have distinct infrastructure, so spreading components across them reduces dependence on one failure domain.
Kortti 21
Kysymys
Where should an application's AWS access key not be stored?
Vastaus
In source code or an application image. Embedded long-term credentials leak through repositories and artifacts; use a workload role and temporary credentials.
Kortti 22
Kysymys
Sensitive API calls should work only in sessions authenticated with MFA. How can this be enforced?
Vastaus
Use an IAM policy condition that requires MFA context. The condition narrows the allowed action to sessions that meet the stronger authentication requirement.
Kortti 23
Kysymys
How can a team shrink broad permissions using observed API activity?
Vastaus
Generate a policy with IAM Access Analyzer, then review it. Access activity provides evidence for a narrower starting policy, while human review preserves required edge cases.
Kortti 24
Kysymys
Can a service control policy grant a member-account role permission to call an API?
Vastaus
No. An SCP defines the outer permission boundary; an IAM or resource policy must still allow the API call.
Kortti 25
Kysymys
Security operations should manage an organization-integrated service without daily use of the management account. What should be configured?
Vastaus
A delegated administrator account for that service. It separates operational administration from the highly privileged Organizations management account.
Kortti 26
Kysymys
A role session needs fewer permissions than the role normally allows. What can narrow that session?
Vastaus
A session policy. It intersects with the role's permissions and cannot expand beyond what the role already allows.
Kortti 27
Kysymys
How does moving from self-managed EC2 databases to a managed database change security responsibility?
Vastaus
AWS takes on more infrastructure and platform operations, but the customer still owns data, identities, and configuration. Managed does not mean responsibility-free.
Kortti 28
Kysymys
How should an organization handle root credentials in member accounts after enabling centralized root access?
Vastaus
Remove the member accounts' root credentials and use centrally managed privileged root sessions when needed. Recover a member's credentials only for an exceptional task that still requires direct root sign-in, then remove them again.
Kortti 29
Kysymys
Why place production and experimentation in separate AWS accounts instead of only separate VPCs?
Vastaus
Accounts provide a stronger isolation and policy boundary. They separate billing, quotas, identities, and blast radius while organization controls provide central governance.
Kortti 30
Kysymys
Which service records account API activity for security investigation and governance?
Vastaus
AWS CloudTrail. Its event history and trails provide evidence of who called supported APIs, from where, and when.
Kortti 31
Kysymys
A public web application must keep its EC2 application servers off the internet. What subnet layout fits?
Vastaus
Put the internet-facing load balancer in public subnets and the instances in private subnets. Only the load balancer accepts public traffic; security groups allow the app tier from it.
Kortti 32
Kysymys
Which VPC packet filter automatically allows response traffic for an allowed connection?
Vastaus
A security group. It is stateful, so return traffic for an established allowed flow does not need a separate inbound or outbound rule.
Kortti 33
Kysymys
A public HTTP application must block SQL injection patterns and abusive request paths. Which service is the direct fit?
Vastaus
AWS WAF. It filters web requests at the application layer using managed or custom rules.
Kortti 34
Kysymys
Which service continuously analyzes AWS telemetry for suspicious account and workload activity?
Vastaus
Amazon GuardDuty. It detects threats from sources such as CloudTrail events, VPC flow data, and DNS activity without becoming an inline firewall.
Kortti 35
Kysymys
IPv4 instances in a private subnet need outbound internet access but must not accept internet-initiated connections. What should the route use?
Vastaus
A NAT gateway in a public subnet. The private route sends outbound IPv4 traffic through it while the instances remain without direct public ingress.
Kortti 36
Kysymys
Which subnet-level control requires explicit rules for both request and response traffic?
Vastaus
A network ACL. It is stateless and evaluates numbered allow and deny rules separately in each direction.
Kortti 37
Kysymys
Which managed protection targets distributed denial-of-service attacks against supported AWS edge and load-balancing resources?
Vastaus
AWS Shield. Shield Standard is included for common network and transport attacks; Shield Advanced adds stronger response and protection features for higher-risk workloads.
Kortti 38
Kysymys
Which service discovers and reports sensitive data in Amazon S3?
Vastaus
Amazon Macie. It uses managed data identifiers and classification jobs to find sensitive content and risky S3 exposure.
Kortti 39
Kysymys
Private subnets need access to a supported AWS API without traversing a NAT gateway or public internet. Which construct fits?
Vastaus
An interface VPC endpoint powered by AWS PrivateLink. It places private endpoint network interfaces in the VPC for the service API.
Kortti 40
Kysymys
An application tier should accept traffic only from the load-balancer tier, even as instance IPs change. What rule is best?
Vastaus
Reference the load balancer's security group in the application's inbound rule. Identity by group survives scaling and avoids brittle IP allowlists.
Kortti 41
Kysymys
A public load balancer needs a trusted TLS certificate with managed renewal. Which service should issue and manage it?
Vastaus
AWS Certificate Manager (ACM). ACM provisions supported public certificates and handles renewal while they remain correctly associated and eligible.
Kortti 42
Kysymys
Which service should assess supported compute workloads and container images for software vulnerabilities?
Vastaus
Amazon Inspector. It continuously scans supported EC2, container image, and Lambda package surfaces and reports prioritized findings.
Kortti 43
Kysymys
Private workloads need S3 access without NAT cost or internet routing. Which endpoint type fits?
Vastaus
An S3 gateway endpoint. Route tables direct S3 traffic privately through the endpoint without hourly interface-endpoint charges.
Kortti 44
Kysymys
A subnet needs a coarse deny rule for traffic from a known hostile CIDR. Which VPC control can express it?
Vastaus
A network ACL. Unlike security groups, network ACLs support explicit deny rules at the subnet boundary.
Kortti 45
Kysymys
How should a global web application filter malicious HTTP requests before they reach the regional origin?
Vastaus
Associate AWS WAF with the CloudFront distribution. Edge filtering blocks matching requests closer to viewers and reduces unwanted origin traffic.
Kortti 46
Kysymys
An application needs a database password stored securely and rotated automatically. Which service is designed for it?
Vastaus
AWS Secrets Manager. It stores encrypted secrets and supports managed or Lambda-based rotation workflows.
Kortti 47
Kysymys
A branch office needs an encrypted connection to a VPC quickly over existing internet links. Which connection fits?
Vastaus
AWS Site-to-Site VPN. IPsec encrypts traffic over the internet and usually provisions faster than a dedicated private circuit.
Kortti 48
Kysymys
Connections to a private instance are timing out. Which record helps determine whether network traffic was accepted or rejected?
Vastaus
VPC Flow Logs. They capture metadata about IP flows for investigation, though not packet payloads.
Kortti 49
Kysymys
A service needs very high-performance TCP load balancing and stable IP addresses. Which load balancer fits?
Vastaus
A Network Load Balancer. It operates at Layer 4 and supports static IP addressing while handling connection-oriented traffic at scale.
Kortti 50
Kysymys
A team needs hierarchical application configuration and encrypted parameters but no built-in database-secret rotation. Which service fits?
Vastaus
AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store. It suits configuration and secure strings; Secrets Manager is the stronger fit when rotation is the decisive requirement.
Kortti 51
Kysymys
Does a dedicated AWS Direct Connect link encrypt traffic by itself?
Vastaus
No. Direct Connect supplies private dedicated connectivity, but encryption needs another mechanism such as IPsec VPN or an applicable MACsec design.
Kortti 52
Kysymys
A VPC needs centrally managed stateful inspection and domain-aware egress filtering. Which service fits?
Vastaus
AWS Network Firewall. It provides managed network inspection with stateless and stateful rule groups for routed VPC traffic.
Kortti 53
Kysymys
Where can HTTPS be terminated so private HTTP targets do not each manage a public certificate?
Vastaus
At an Application Load Balancer HTTPS listener. ACM integrates with the listener, centralizing public TLS while target traffic remains governed inside the VPC.
Kortti 54
Kysymys
A consumer web app needs a managed sign-up directory and user authentication tokens. Which component fits?
Vastaus
An Amazon Cognito user pool. It manages application users and issues tokens after authentication.
Kortti 55
Kysymys
An API Gateway API must be callable only from approved VPCs through private connectivity. Which API type fits?
Vastaus
A private API reached through an interface VPC endpoint. Its resource policy can restrict which VPC endpoints or VPCs may invoke it.
Kortti 56
Kysymys
A security team must apply common WAF and network protections across many accounts. Which service centralizes those policies?
Vastaus
AWS Firewall Manager. It manages supported firewall and protection policies across accounts in AWS Organizations.
Kortti 57
Kysymys
How should a workload obtain a secret without placing the value in an AMI or container image?
Vastaus
Retrieve it at runtime with a workload role. The image contains no secret, and IAM plus the secret's policy controls access to the current value.
Kortti 58
Kysymys
IPv6 workloads need outbound internet access without accepting unsolicited inbound connections. Which gateway fits?
Vastaus
An egress-only internet gateway. It supports outbound-initiated IPv6 connectivity while blocking internet-initiated connections to the VPC.
Kortti 59
Kysymys
Authenticated mobile users need temporary AWS credentials to access permitted AWS resources. Which component supplies them?
Vastaus
An Amazon Cognito identity pool. It exchanges supported identities for temporary role credentials with scoped AWS access.
Kortti 60
Kysymys
What routing property makes a VPC subnet public?
Vastaus
Its route table has a route to an internet gateway. An instance still needs a public IPv4 address or IPv6 address and permissive controls to communicate directly with the internet.
Kortti 61
Kysymys
S3 objects need customer-controlled key permissions and an audit trail of key use. Which server-side encryption option fits?
Vastaus
SSE-KMS with a customer managed KMS key. KMS adds key-policy control and CloudTrail-visible cryptographic operations beyond S3-managed keys.
Kortti 62
Kysymys
Which S3 control should be the broad guardrail against accidental public buckets and objects?
Vastaus
S3 Block Public Access. Apply it at the account and bucket levels where public access is not required, then use explicit private policies.
Kortti 63
Kysymys
Which S3 feature helps recover from accidental overwrites and deletes?
Vastaus
S3 Versioning. It preserves prior object versions and turns a normal delete into a delete marker instead of immediately erasing older versions.
Kortti 64
Kysymys
What happens when an encrypted EBS snapshot creates a new volume?
Vastaus
The new volume is encrypted. EBS encryption propagates through snapshots and volumes created from those encrypted snapshots.
Kortti 65
Kysymys
What is the mandatory primary authorization document for a KMS key?
Vastaus
The KMS key policy. Every KMS key has one, and IAM allows take effect only when the key policy enables that path.
Kortti 66
Kysymys
An S3 data lake wants policy-only ownership and no object ACL management. Which setting fits?
Vastaus
S3 Object Ownership with Bucket owner enforced. It disables ACLs and makes the bucket owner own uploaded objects, simplifying authorization.
Kortti 67
Kysymys
Compliance records must be protected from deletion or overwrite for a retention period. Which S3 feature fits?
Vastaus
S3 Object Lock. It provides write-once-read-many retention on versioned objects, with governance or compliance controls.
Kortti 68
Kysymys
An unencrypted RDS database must become encrypted without changing it in place. What migration path fits?
Vastaus
Snapshot it, copy the snapshot with encryption, and restore a new database. RDS storage encryption is chosen for the new resource rather than toggled on the existing instance.
Kortti 69
Kysymys
A large object must be encrypted without sending the whole payload to KMS. Which pattern fits?
Vastaus
Envelope encryption. A data key encrypts the payload locally, and the KMS key protects the much smaller data key.
Kortti 70
Kysymys
Several applications need different S3 access policies over the same shared dataset. What reduces one giant bucket policy?
Vastaus
S3 Access Points. Each access point has its own endpoint and policy, letting access be separated by application or team.
Kortti 71
Kysymys
What bucket prerequisite applies to S3 replication?
Vastaus
Versioning must be enabled on both source and destination buckets. Replication operates on object versions rather than an unversioned overwrite stream.
Kortti 72
Kysymys
An application uses TLS on regional load balancers in two Regions. Where must its ACM certificates be available?
Vastaus
In each load balancer's Region. ACM certificates are regional resources for regional services, so each deployment needs an eligible certificate there.
Kortti 73
Kysymys
What happens to existing ciphertext when a KMS key's material rotates?
Vastaus
It is not re-encrypted. KMS keeps the prior key material so the same logical key can decrypt older ciphertext while new encryption uses current material.
Kortti 74
Kysymys
How can a bucket reject requests that do not use TLS?
Vastaus
Add a bucket-policy deny conditioned on insecure transport. The explicit deny blocks requests where the secure-transport context is false.
Kortti 75
Kysymys
S3 data must have an automatically maintained copy in another Region. Which feature fits?
Vastaus
S3 Cross-Region Replication. It asynchronously copies eligible object versions to a bucket in a different Region under configured rules.
Kortti 76
Kysymys
Which Region must hold an ACM certificate used by Amazon CloudFront?
Vastaus
US East (N. Virginia), us-east-1. CloudFront requires its viewer certificate in that Region even when the origins live elsewhere.
Kortti 77
Kysymys
A key type does not support automatic KMS rotation. How can the application rotate it?
Vastaus
Create a replacement KMS key and repoint an alias or application configuration. Manual replacement is the rotation path for unsupported key types.
Kortti 78
Kysymys
A private S3 object needs temporary download access for one user without making the bucket public. What should be issued?
Vastaus
A presigned URL. It delegates time-limited permission derived from the signer's credentials for a specific S3 request.
Kortti 79
Kysymys
Separate teams in one Region need automatically replicated S3 copies under different accounts. Which feature fits?
Vastaus
S3 Same-Region Replication. It maintains eligible copies between buckets in the same Region, including cross-account destinations.
Kortti 80
Kysymys
After a secret rotates, what application design prevents continued use of the old value?
Vastaus
Retrieve or refresh the secret at runtime instead of caching it indefinitely. Rotation only helps when consumers adopt the current version safely.
Kortti 81
Kysymys
Another account must use a customer managed KMS key. What two authorization sides are required?
Vastaus
The key policy must trust the external account, and that account must allow its principal to use the key. Cross-account KMS access needs permission on both sides.
Kortti 82
Kysymys
A CloudFront distribution should read from a private S3 origin while direct bucket access stays blocked. Which control fits?
Vastaus
CloudFront Origin Access Control (OAC). The bucket policy trusts signed CloudFront origin requests instead of exposing S3 publicly.
Kortti 83
Kysymys
Backups must resist deletion or shortened retention, including by privileged operators. Which control fits?
Vastaus
AWS Backup Vault Lock in compliance mode after its grace period. It enforces write-once-read-many retention, so even privileged users cannot alter or delete protected recovery points early.
Kortti 84
Kysymys
A data owner needs evidence of which S3 objects contain regulated identifiers before tightening access. What should run first?
Vastaus
An Amazon Macie sensitive-data discovery job. Classification findings identify likely sensitive objects so controls can follow the data's risk.
Kortti 85
Kysymys
A requirement calls for customer-controlled keys in dedicated single-tenant hardware security modules. Which service fits?
Vastaus
AWS CloudHSM. It provides dedicated HSMs under customer control; KMS is the simpler managed choice when that control boundary is not required.
Kortti 86
Kysymys
Records must be retained for a policy period and then deleted automatically. What design principle should drive storage controls?
Vastaus
Encode the retention policy in lifecycle and backup controls. Automated transitions, expiration, and locked retention reduce reliance on manual cleanup while matching governance requirements.
Kortti 87
Kysymys
A company needs centrally governed backup schedules and retention across supported services and accounts. Which service fits?
Vastaus
AWS Backup with organization backup policies. It centralizes plans, vaults, monitoring, and policy-based protection for supported resources.
Kortti 88
Kysymys
A shared data lake needs table-, column-, and row-level permissions across analytics services. Which service should govern it?
Vastaus
AWS Lake Formation. It centralizes fine-grained data-lake permissions instead of relying only on broad S3 access.
Kortti 89
Kysymys
An application encrypts in one Region and must decrypt in another without a cross-Region KMS call. Which key design fits?
Vastaus
Related KMS multi-Region keys. Their interoperable key material supports regional cryptographic operations, while policies and grants remain regional.
Kortti 90
Kysymys
How can an auditor detect whether delivered CloudTrail log files were changed or deleted?
Vastaus
Enable CloudTrail log file integrity validation. Digest files provide a cryptographic chain that can validate delivered log-file integrity.
Kortti 91
Kysymys
A web tier must add and remove instances freely as traffic changes. What application property makes this safe?
Vastaus
Keep the web tier stateless. Store sessions and durable data outside individual instances so any healthy instance can serve any request.
Kortti 92
Kysymys
Requests for /orders and /images must scale as separate target groups behind one endpoint. Which component fits?
Vastaus
An Application Load Balancer with path-based rules. Layer 7 routing sends each path to its own independently scalable target group.
Kortti 93
Kysymys
A team needs a managed public API front door with authorization, throttling, and request routing. Which service fits?
Vastaus
Amazon API Gateway. It provides the API layer without requiring the team to run and scale gateway servers.
Kortti 94
Kysymys
A producer spikes faster than workers can process jobs, but accepted work must not be lost. What should separate them?
Vastaus
An Amazon SQS queue. The durable buffer absorbs the spike and lets consumers drain work at their own rate.
Kortti 95
Kysymys
One event must be delivered to several independent queues for parallel processing. Which messaging pattern fits?
Vastaus
Publish to an Amazon SNS topic subscribed by multiple SQS queues. Each consumer gets its own durable copy and failure boundary.
Kortti 96
Kysymys
Events from many sources must reach different targets based on fields in each event. Which service fits?
Vastaus
Amazon EventBridge. Event-bus rules match event patterns and route selected events to targets without point-to-point integrations.
Kortti 97
Kysymys
A business process needs branching, retries, timeouts, and visible state across several services. Which service fits?
Vastaus
AWS Step Functions. A state machine makes workflow control explicit instead of burying orchestration in custom glue code.
Kortti 98
Kysymys
Short event-driven code must scale without server management and sits idle between requests. Which compute model fits?
Vastaus
AWS Lambda. It provisions execution capacity on demand and charges for requests and execution instead of continuously running servers.
Kortti 99
Kysymys
A long-running container needs custom runtime dependencies, but the team does not want to manage cluster instances. Which compute option fits?
Vastaus
AWS Fargate with Amazon ECS or EKS. Fargate supplies task or pod compute while the team keeps the container model.
Kortti 100
Kysymys
A relational database is healthy but read traffic overwhelms the writer. What should absorb the reads?
Vastaus
One or more read replicas. Applications route read-only queries to asynchronously replicated instances, leaving writes on the source.
Kortti 101
Kysymys
Which storage type fits durable, massively scalable files accessed through APIs rather than mounted as a disk?
Vastaus
Object storage with Amazon S3. Objects live in buckets and are addressed by keys, which suits static assets, backups, and data lakes.
Kortti 102
Kysymys
Many Linux instances across Availability Zones need a shared managed NFS file system. Which storage service fits?
Vastaus
Amazon EFS. It provides elastic regional file storage that multiple clients can mount concurrently.
Kortti 103
Kysymys
A database on one EC2 instance needs low-latency persistent block storage. Which service fits?
Vastaus
Amazon EBS. It presents durable block volumes to EC2 and supports volume types tuned for different IOPS and throughput needs.
Kortti 104
Kysymys
A team wants AWS-native container orchestration and has no Kubernetes requirement. Which managed orchestrator is simpler?
Vastaus
Amazon ECS. EKS is the fit when Kubernetes APIs and ecosystem compatibility are requirements; otherwise ECS removes that control-plane complexity.
Kortti 105
Kysymys
The same database records are requested repeatedly with low-latency requirements. What layer reduces database load?
Vastaus
An in-memory cache such as Amazon ElastiCache. Serving hot data from memory cuts repeated database reads when the application can tolerate cache semantics.
Kortti 106
Kysymys
Global users repeatedly download cacheable content from one regional origin. What should serve it closer to them?
Vastaus
Amazon CloudFront. Edge caching reduces origin load and viewer latency for cacheable responses.
Kortti 107
Kysymys
Why split a system into independently deployable services around clear business capabilities?
Vastaus
To isolate change, failure, and scaling boundaries. A service can evolve or scale without forcing the whole application to move together, provided its interface stays stable.
Kortti 108
Kysymys
What should exceed a queue worker's normal processing time so another worker does not immediately receive the same in-flight job?
Vastaus
The SQS visibility timeout. It temporarily hides a received message, but the worker must still delete it after success.
Kortti 109
Kysymys
A downstream processor is slower than incoming work. Which signal should often drive worker scaling?
Vastaus
Queue backlog relative to processing capacity. Scaling on depth or age of work responds to actual pressure better than producer CPU alone.
Kortti 110
Kysymys
A standard queue can deliver a message more than once. What property must the consumer have?
Vastaus
Idempotency. Reprocessing the same operation identifier should not create a second business effect.
Kortti 111
Kysymys
A public API must protect a backend from sudden request floods while returning controlled errors. What should the front door enforce?
Vastaus
API Gateway throttling and quotas. They bound request rates before excess traffic consumes backend capacity.
Kortti 112
Kysymys
Partners must upload files over SFTP while data lands in managed AWS storage. Which service avoids running SFTP servers?
Vastaus
AWS Transfer Family. It provides managed file-transfer protocol endpoints backed by services such as Amazon S3 or EFS.
Kortti 113
Kysymys
When are containers a better fit than functions for a new service?
Vastaus
When the workload needs a portable custom runtime, persistent process, or execution shape that does not fit function limits. Containers trade some simplicity for more runtime control.
Kortti 114
Kysymys
An asynchronous function invocation keeps failing after retries. Where should the failed event go for recovery?
Vastaus
An on-failure destination or dead-letter target. Preserving the event outside the function makes the failure inspectable and replayable.
Kortti 115
Kysymys
Queue consumers make too many empty receive calls. Which setting reduces them?
Vastaus
SQS long polling. A receive request waits briefly for a message, reducing empty responses and needless API calls.
Kortti 116
Kysymys
Several topic subscribers need only the events relevant to them. What prevents every subscriber from processing every message?
Vastaus
SNS subscription filter policies. Each subscription selects messages by attributes or message-body fields before delivery.
Kortti 117
Kysymys
A team needs to reprocess past application events after deploying a corrected consumer. Which feature fits?
Vastaus
EventBridge archive and replay. The archive retains matching events and can resend a chosen time range to its source event bus.
Kortti 118
Kysymys
A workflow can run for hours and needs durable, auditable execution with non-idempotent steps. Which workflow type fits?
Vastaus
A Step Functions Standard Workflow. It supports long-running stateful orchestration and an exactly-once execution model unless retries are configured.
Kortti 119
Kysymys
One HTTP load balancer must route to EC2 instances, containers by IP, and Lambda targets. Which load balancer supports that model?
Vastaus
An Application Load Balancer. Its target groups support multiple target types while listener rules keep routing at Layer 7.
Kortti 120
Kysymys
Many short-lived functions cause a relational database connection storm. What managed layer should pool connections?
Vastaus
Amazon RDS Proxy. It shares and reuses database connections, protecting the database from bursts of client sessions.
Kortti 121
Kysymys
Existing applications use standard message-broker APIs and must decouple without a messaging rewrite. Which managed service fits?
Vastaus
Amazon MQ. It runs managed ActiveMQ or RabbitMQ brokers for applications that need familiar broker protocols and APIs rather than a cloud-native queue redesign.
Kortti 122
Kysymys
A key-value workload needs managed horizontal scaling and single-digit-millisecond access without database servers. Which database fits?
Vastaus
Amazon DynamoDB. Its partitioned serverless design scales key-value and document access without instance management.
Kortti 123
Kysymys
A workflow must pause until a human or external system reports completion. Which orchestration pattern fits?
Vastaus
A Step Functions callback with a task token. The workflow persists its state and resumes only when the external actor returns the token.
Kortti 124
Kysymys
Why should presentation, application, and data tiers have separate scaling boundaries?
Vastaus
Each tier can match its own bottleneck and failure pattern. Scaling the whole stack together wastes capacity and increases coupling.
Kortti 125
Kysymys
Jobs for each customer must stay ordered and duplicate sends should be suppressed within the queue's deduplication model. Which queue type fits?
Vastaus
An SQS FIFO queue with a message group per ordering boundary. FIFO preserves order within a group and supports deduplication, with less throughput flexibility than a standard queue.
Kortti 126
Kysymys
Why prefer a purpose-built managed service over one generic database for every workload?
Vastaus
Its data model and operational behavior match the access pattern. Better fit can reduce custom code, scaling friction, and failure modes.
Kortti 127
Kysymys
Traffic growth is unpredictable and downtime for resizing is unacceptable. Which scaling direction is the better default?
Vastaus
Horizontal scaling. Adding replaceable instances avoids one ever-larger machine and supports elastic capacity across failure domains.
Kortti 128
Kysymys
A very high-volume, short, idempotent event workflow needs lower orchestration overhead. Which workflow type fits?
Vastaus
A Step Functions Express Workflow. It is designed for high-rate, short executions and uses at-least-once semantics for asynchronous runs.
Kortti 129
Kysymys
A few malformed messages repeatedly fail and block useful retry capacity. Where should they be isolated?
Vastaus
In an SQS dead-letter queue. A redrive policy moves repeatedly failing messages aside for inspection instead of cycling them forever.
Kortti 130
Kysymys
A regional web application must survive one Availability Zone failing. What baseline topology fits?
Vastaus
An Application Load Balancer and Auto Scaling group spanning at least two AZs. Healthy capacity remains reachable when one AZ is unavailable.
Kortti 131
Kysymys
A relational database needs automatic failover inside one Region, not read scaling. Which deployment fits?
Vastaus
An RDS Multi-AZ DB instance deployment. Its synchronous standby is for high availability and cannot serve read traffic.
Kortti 132
Kysymys
DNS must direct users to a standby endpoint only when the primary becomes unhealthy. Which routing policy fits?
Vastaus
Route 53 failover routing. Health evaluation controls an active-passive DNS response between primary and secondary records.
Kortti 133
Kysymys
Which disaster-recovery pattern costs least during normal operation but usually has the longest recovery time?
Vastaus
Backup and restore. Only protected data and recovery artifacts are maintained until a disaster requires rebuilding the environment.
Kortti 134
Kysymys
Which S3 class characteristic protects ordinary regional objects from a single Availability Zone loss?
Vastaus
Storage across multiple Availability Zones. Regional S3 classes redundantly store data across AZs; a one-zone class deliberately trades that resilience for cost or latency goals.
Kortti 135
Kysymys
An EC2 instance fails health checks in an Auto Scaling group. What resilience behavior should follow?
Vastaus
Auto Scaling replaces the unhealthy instance. Desired capacity is maintained with a new instance instead of preserving a broken server.
Kortti 136
Kysymys
A key-value application needs active-active writes in multiple Regions with managed replication. Which feature fits?
Vastaus
DynamoDB global tables. Multi-Region replicas accept local reads and writes and replicate changes between participating Regions.
Kortti 137
Kysymys
Which recovery objective states the maximum acceptable time to restore service after disruption?
Vastaus
Recovery Time Objective (RTO). It sets the downtime target that the recovery architecture and runbook must meet.
Kortti 138
Kysymys
A secondary Region should keep only core data and critical services ready, then scale the rest after a disaster. Which DR pattern fits?
Vastaus
Pilot light. A minimal live core shortens recovery compared with backup-and-restore while keeping steady-state cost below a warm standby.
Kortti 139
Kysymys
How should a team recover consistently from a damaged server fleet without repairing instances by hand?
Vastaus
Replace the fleet from versioned immutable images and infrastructure definitions. Rebuilding known-good instances is more predictable than repairing drifted servers in place.
Kortti 140
Kysymys
Users should resolve to the deployed Region that currently offers them the lowest network latency. Which DNS policy fits?
Vastaus
Route 53 latency-based routing. It selects among regional endpoints using AWS latency measurements and can combine that choice with health evaluation.
Kortti 141
Kysymys
Which recovery objective states the maximum acceptable amount of data loss measured in time?
Vastaus
Recovery Point Objective (RPO). It determines how current replicated or backed-up data must be at recovery.
Kortti 142
Kysymys
An Aurora cluster needs faster failover and read scaling. What should be added across Availability Zones?
Vastaus
Aurora Replicas in multiple AZs. Readers serve read traffic and provide promotion targets if the writer fails.
Kortti 143
Kysymys
A smaller but fully functional copy runs in another Region and scales up during disaster. Which DR pattern is this?
Vastaus
Warm standby. The secondary environment already serves the complete workload at reduced capacity, trading higher steady cost for faster recovery.
Kortti 144
Kysymys
What artifact lets a team rebuild network and compute resources consistently in a recovery Region?
Vastaus
Version-controlled infrastructure as code, such as AWS CloudFormation templates. A declared environment can be recreated and reviewed instead of reconstructed from memory.
Kortti 145
Kysymys
A DNS failover record should stop returning an unhealthy external endpoint. What must inform routing?
Vastaus
A Route 53 health check associated with the record. DNS failover needs endpoint health evidence rather than a static primary designation.
Kortti 146
Kysymys
How should critical backups be protected from compromise of the workload account?
Vastaus
Copy them into a separately controlled backup account. Cross-account isolation reduces the chance that one compromised administrator can destroy production and recovery copies.
Kortti 147
Kysymys
Which multi-Region pattern offers the lowest failover delay but usually the highest complexity and steady cost?
Vastaus
Active-active. Multiple Regions serve traffic simultaneously, so recovery avoids starting a cold stack but requires distributed data and conflict handling.
Kortti 148
Kysymys
A DR Region has infrastructure templates but insufficient service quota for recovery capacity. What is the design flaw?
Vastaus
The recovery plan cannot meet its intended scale. Quotas are regional constraints and must be raised and tested before an incident.
Kortti 149
Kysymys
A service-level requirement is based on successful checkout rate, not server CPU. What should alerting monitor?
Vastaus
A metric tied to successful checkouts. Business-outcome signals expose availability loss that infrastructure utilization alone can miss.
Kortti 150
Kysymys
A request crosses several services and intermittently slows down. Which service helps locate the slow segment?
Vastaus
AWS X-Ray. Distributed traces connect service calls and latency so the bottleneck can be isolated across the request path.
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AWS Solutions Architect Associate SAA-C03 Flashcards: Architecture Decisions & Trade-Offs
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Kortti 151
Kysymys
A downstream dependency is failing and retries are exhausting every caller. Which application pattern limits the cascade?
Vastaus
A circuit breaker. It stops repeated calls to the unhealthy dependency for a period, preserving caller resources and allowing recovery.
Kortti 152
Kysymys
A regional disaster must not remove both the primary S3 dataset and its recovery copy. Where should replication send it?
Vastaus
To a bucket in another Region. Cross-Region Replication separates the copy from a regional failure boundary, subject to replication timing and configuration.
Kortti 153
Kysymys
An EBS recovery volume is needed in another Region. What must happen to its snapshot first?
Vastaus
Copy the snapshot to the target Region. EBS snapshots are regional resources even though their data is stored redundantly within the Region.
Kortti 154
Kysymys
How can relational database clients reduce connection disruption during failover?
Vastaus
Connect through Amazon RDS Proxy. The proxy pools connections and can redirect them to the new database instance while shielding clients from some failover handling.
Kortti 155
Kysymys
Which Aurora endpoint should an application use for writes so failover does not require a configured instance hostname change?
Vastaus
The cluster writer endpoint. It follows the current primary instance as Aurora promotes a replacement writer.
Kortti 156
Kysymys
A global TCP application needs fixed anycast IP addresses and rapid routing away from unhealthy regional endpoints. Which service fits?
Vastaus
AWS Global Accelerator. It routes traffic over the AWS global network to healthy endpoints while keeping stable client-facing IPs.
Kortti 157
Kysymys
A distribution should use a secondary origin when the primary returns configured failure responses. Which feature fits?
Vastaus
CloudFront origin failover with an origin group. CloudFront can retry eligible requests against the secondary origin based on selected status codes.
Kortti 158
Kysymys
A global application needs one S3 access endpoint with routing across replicated buckets in multiple Regions. Which feature fits?
Vastaus
An S3 Multi-Region Access Point. It provides a global endpoint and can route requests among participating regional buckets.
Kortti 159
Kysymys
A DynamoDB table must be restored to a recent second within its supported recovery window after accidental writes. Which feature fits?
Vastaus
Point-in-time recovery. It provides continuous backups and restores the table to a new table at a chosen recoverable time.
Kortti 160
Kysymys
Why is a successful backup job not enough evidence for disaster readiness?
Vastaus
Recovery requires tested restores. A restore exercise validates permissions, dependencies, timing, data integrity, and the runbook against the stated RTO and RPO.
Kortti 161
Kysymys
Why is deploying stateless compute in two Regions insufficient for regional recovery?
Vastaus
The application's state and dependencies also need a recovery design. Data replication, secrets, configuration, DNS, and quotas determine whether the second Region can actually serve.
Kortti 162
Kysymys
How does a load balancer reduce the impact of one broken target?
Vastaus
It stops routing new requests to targets that fail health checks. Redundant healthy targets must still exist in other failure domains.
Kortti 163
Kysymys
Many clients retry a throttled service at the same time. Which retry strategy avoids another synchronized surge?
Vastaus
Exponential backoff with jitter. Increasing delays reduce pressure, and randomness spreads retries instead of aligning them.
Kortti 164
Kysymys
Which service assesses an application's resilience posture against defined recovery targets?
Vastaus
AWS Resilience Hub. It evaluates supported application resources and recommends resilience improvements and tests.
Kortti 165
Kysymys
How does a durable queue keep a temporary consumer outage from becoming a producer outage?
Vastaus
It accepts and retains work while consumers are unavailable. Producers no longer need every consumer to respond synchronously.
Kortti 166
Kysymys
What usually happens to steady-state cost as a DR design moves from backup-and-restore toward active-active?
Vastaus
Cost rises as recovery capacity stays more ready. Faster RTO generally requires more live infrastructure, replication, and operational complexity before a disaster.
Kortti 167
Kysymys
A backup must remain recoverable after a regional disruption. Which copy strategy fits?
Vastaus
Maintain a backup copy in another Region. Regional separation protects recovery data from sharing the production Region's failure boundary.
Kortti 168
Kysymys
A relational database needs automatic failover and readable standby capacity across three Availability Zones. Which RDS deployment fits?
Vastaus
An RDS Multi-AZ DB cluster. Its writer and two readable instances span three AZs, combining high availability with read capacity unlike a Multi-AZ DB instance's non-readable standby.
Kortti 169
Kysymys
What should drive the first choice among object, file, and block storage?
Vastaus
The workload's access protocol and sharing pattern. Object storage uses API-addressed objects, file storage provides a shared hierarchy, and block storage presents volumes to compute.
Kortti 170
Kysymys
A very large object must upload to S3 quickly and recover efficiently from a network interruption. Which upload method fits?
Vastaus
Multipart upload. Parts transfer independently and in parallel, and only failed parts need to be retried.
Kortti 171
Kysymys
A general EC2 workload needs SSD block storage with performance provisioned independently of capacity. Which volume type fits?
Vastaus
EBS gp3. It is the general-purpose SSD choice and lets IOPS and throughput be tuned without inflating volume size solely for performance.
Kortti 172
Kysymys
A shared file workload has unpredictable throughput bursts and should not manage provisioned throughput. Which EFS mode fits?
Vastaus
EFS Elastic Throughput. It automatically adjusts throughput to workload activity, trading manual capacity planning for usage-based scaling.
Kortti 173
Kysymys
An HPC job needs a high-throughput parallel file system that can process data from S3. Which service fits?
Vastaus
Amazon FSx for Lustre. It provides a managed parallel file system for compute-intensive workloads and integrates with S3 datasets.
Kortti 174
Kysymys
An EC2 workload needs the lowest-latency temporary scratch space and can rebuild all data after host loss. Which storage fits?
Vastaus
EC2 instance store. It is physically attached ephemeral block storage, so performance is high but data does not survive every stop, termination, or host failure.
Kortti 175
Kysymys
On-premises file clients need low-latency cached access while durable objects live in S3. Which hybrid service fits?
Vastaus
Amazon S3 File Gateway. It exposes file protocols locally, caches hot data, and stores files as S3 objects.
Kortti 176
Kysymys
A large active NFS dataset must move repeatedly to AWS over the network with parallel transfer and verification. Which service fits?
Vastaus
AWS DataSync. It accelerates and automates online data movement between supported storage systems with integrity checks.
Kortti 177
Kysymys
Users far from one S3 bucket need faster long-distance uploads over the public internet. Which feature may help?
Vastaus
S3 Transfer Acceleration. It accepts traffic at nearby edge locations and carries it over the AWS network to the bucket; measure it because benefit depends on the path.
Kortti 178
Kysymys
A latency-sensitive database needs sustained high IOPS and durability beyond general-purpose SSD. Which EBS family fits?
Vastaus
Provisioned IOPS SSD, typically io2. It is designed for demanding transactional workloads that need predictable provisioned I/O performance.
Kortti 179
Kysymys
Windows applications need a managed shared file system with SMB and Active Directory integration. Which service fits?
Vastaus
Amazon FSx for Windows File Server. It supplies Windows-native file semantics and managed integration instead of adapting an NFS service.
Kortti 180
Kysymys
A large sequential workload needs high-throughput HDD block storage rather than low-latency transactional IOPS. Which EBS type fits?
Vastaus
Throughput Optimized HDD (st1). It targets frequently accessed, throughput-intensive sequential data such as logs and big-data workloads.
Kortti 181
Kysymys
Clients repeatedly need different portions of a very large S3 object. What request pattern avoids downloading it all?
Vastaus
Parallel or selective byte-range GET requests. Fetching only required ranges can increase aggregate throughput and reduce unnecessary transfer.
Kortti 182
Kysymys
One EBS volume cannot provide enough aggregate throughput, and the application can tolerate losing the stripe if one volume fails. Which layout increases performance?
Vastaus
RAID 0 across multiple EBS volumes. Striping aggregates performance but adds no redundancy, so durable recovery must come from elsewhere.
Kortti 183
Kysymys
A CPU-bound batch workload has little memory pressure. Which EC2 instance family category fits first?
Vastaus
Compute optimized. Its resource balance favors processor performance instead of paying for memory or storage the workload does not need.
Kortti 184
Kysymys
An Auto Scaling group should keep average CPU near a chosen utilization as load changes. Which policy fits?
Vastaus
Target tracking scaling. It adjusts desired capacity to keep the selected metric near its target, like a thermostat.
Kortti 185
Kysymys
A Lambda function is CPU-bound and needs to finish faster. Which configuration should be tested first?
Vastaus
Increase the function's memory setting. Lambda allocates more CPU with more memory, so profiling several sizes reveals the best latency and cost point.
Kortti 186
Kysymys
Tightly coupled EC2 nodes need the lowest possible inter-instance network latency in one Availability Zone. Which placement strategy fits?
Vastaus
A cluster placement group. It packs supported instances close together for high-throughput, low-latency networking, trading away AZ-level distribution.
Kortti 187
Kysymys
An in-memory analytics engine holds a very large working set in RAM. Which EC2 category fits?
Vastaus
Memory optimized. These instances provide a higher memory-to-compute ratio for large in-memory datasets.
Kortti 188
Kysymys
One function must guarantee capacity while preventing it from consuming all account concurrency. Which setting helps?
Vastaus
Reserved concurrency. It guarantees up to the reserved amount for that function and also caps its maximum concurrent executions.
Kortti 189
Kysymys
Thousands of queued container jobs need managed scheduling onto dynamically provisioned compute. Which service fits?
Vastaus
AWS Batch. It queues and schedules batch jobs while managing compute environments based on job requirements.
Kortti 190
Kysymys
A group should add much more capacity for a severe alarm breach than for a small breach. Which policy fits?
Vastaus
Step scaling. Different breach ranges trigger different capacity adjustments, matching response size to observed pressure.
Kortti 191
Kysymys
A machine-learning training job needs GPUs or purpose-built accelerators. Which EC2 category fits?
Vastaus
Accelerated computing instances. Their attached accelerators outperform general-purpose CPUs for supported graphics, inference, and training workloads.
Kortti 192
Kysymys
A team needs managed clusters for Apache Spark and Hadoop processing over large datasets. Which service fits?
Vastaus
Amazon EMR. It provisions and manages big-data frameworks while retaining control over cluster sizing and engines.
Kortti 193
Kysymys
A container service has no host-management requirement and each task needs a defined CPU and memory shape. Which launch model fits?
Vastaus
AWS Fargate. Tasks receive requested serverless container capacity without choosing or maintaining EC2 hosts.
Kortti 194
Kysymys
Scale-out is slow because instances spend several minutes installing software before joining service. Which feature can reduce launch latency?
Vastaus
An EC2 Auto Scaling warm pool. Pre-initialized instances wait in a reusable state so they can enter service faster during scale-out.
Kortti 195
Kysymys
A distributed database needs very high local I/O throughput and large instance-attached datasets. Which EC2 category fits?
Vastaus
Storage optimized. These instances balance compute with high sequential or random I/O for data-intensive local storage workloads.
Kortti 196
Kysymys
A supported Linux workload can run on Arm and needs better price-performance. Which processor family should be benchmarked?
Vastaus
AWS Graviton-based instances. Native Arm-compatible applications can gain price-performance benefits, but dependencies should be verified and measured.
Kortti 197
Kysymys
Users in one metropolitan area need single-digit-millisecond access to compute that still uses AWS services and APIs. Which placement may fit?
Vastaus
An AWS Local Zone. It places selected resources closer to that population than the parent Region, when the required services are available there.
Kortti 198
Kysymys
A transactional application needs SQL joins, referential integrity, and a familiar relational engine. Which managed database family fits?
Vastaus
Amazon RDS or Amazon Aurora. Relational services preserve SQL and transaction semantics while AWS manages common database operations.
Kortti 199
Kysymys
What key-design property prevents a high-throughput DynamoDB table from concentrating traffic on one partition?
Vastaus
A high-cardinality partition key with traffic spread across values. Even distribution lets DynamoDB use partitioned capacity instead of creating a hot key.
Kortti 200
Kysymys
An application can tolerate stale data and wants to offload repeated relational reads. Which pattern fits?
Vastaus
Cache-aside with Amazon ElastiCache. The application checks the cache first, loads misses from the database, and controls invalidation.
Kortti 201
Kysymys
A workload stores flexible JSON-like documents and needs MongoDB-compatible APIs on a managed service. Which database fits?
Vastaus
Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility). Its document model suits nested semi-structured records when relational joins are not the core access pattern.
Kortti 202
Kysymys
A MySQL-compatible workload needs managed read scaling and fast replica promotion. Which database design fits?
Vastaus
Amazon Aurora with Aurora Replicas. Readers share the cluster storage layer, serve read traffic, and act as failover targets.
Kortti 203
Kysymys
A DynamoDB application needs microsecond read latency for eventually consistent hot keys without application-managed cache logic. Which feature fits?
Vastaus
DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX). It is an API-compatible in-memory cache for DynamoDB reads.
Kortti 204
Kysymys
A fraud system must traverse many relationships among accounts, devices, and transactions. Which database type fits?
Vastaus
A graph database such as Amazon Neptune. Graph-native relationships and traversals avoid forcing connected data into join-heavy tables.
Kortti 205
Kysymys
A company needs complex SQL analytics across large structured datasets with many joins. Which service fits?
Vastaus
Amazon Redshift. Its columnar data-warehouse architecture is optimized for analytical queries rather than row-by-row transactional access.
Kortti 206
Kysymys
Why should an application avoid routing read-after-write requests to an ordinary RDS read replica?
Vastaus
Replication is asynchronous, so the replica may lag. Strongly current reads should use the writer unless the engine and design provide another consistency guarantee.
Kortti 207
Kysymys
A DynamoDB table needs an additional query pattern on a different partition key. What should be added?
Vastaus
A global secondary index. It provides another partition-and-sort-key view that can be queried without scanning the base table.
Kortti 208
Kysymys
An application needs full-text search and near-real-time log analytics. Which managed engine fits?
Vastaus
Amazon OpenSearch Service. It indexes documents for search, aggregation, and operational analytics rather than primary relational transactions.
Kortti 209
Kysymys
A microservice needs a durable primary database with in-memory access and Redis-compatible APIs. Which service fits?
Vastaus
Amazon MemoryDB. It combines an in-memory data model with Multi-AZ durability, unlike using an ephemeral cache as the system of record.
Kortti 210
Kysymys
A bursty serverless application spends too much database capacity on opening relational connections. Which service fits?
Vastaus
Amazon RDS Proxy. Connection pooling and reuse let many clients share fewer database connections.
Kortti 211
Kysymys
An application needs Cassandra-compatible wide-column storage without provisioning or operating database nodes. Which service fits?
Vastaus
Amazon Keyspaces (for Apache Cassandra). It provides managed, serverless Cassandra-compatible tables that scale without cluster administration.
Kortti 212
Kysymys
Which Aurora endpoint distributes new read-only connections among available replicas?
Vastaus
The reader endpoint. It balances connections across Aurora Replicas; it does not split individual queries from one connection.
Kortti 213
Kysymys
A load balancer must route HTTP requests by host name, path, and header. Which type fits?
Vastaus
An Application Load Balancer. Layer 7 listener rules understand HTTP request attributes and route them to target groups.
Kortti 214
Kysymys
A website serves the same static objects to users worldwide. Which service lowers latency and origin traffic?
Vastaus
Amazon CloudFront. Edge locations cache objects close to viewers and fetch misses from the origin.
Kortti 215
Kysymys
Dozens of VPCs and on-premises networks need transitive hub-and-spoke connectivity. Which service fits?
Vastaus
AWS Transit Gateway. It replaces a growing mesh of point-to-point connections with a regional routing hub.
Kortti 216
Kysymys
A hybrid workload needs more consistent private network performance than internet-based VPN alone. Which connection fits?
Vastaus
AWS Direct Connect. A dedicated connection provides a private path with more predictable network behavior than the public internet.
Kortti 217
Kysymys
A global application sends non-cacheable TCP traffic to healthy regional endpoints and needs stable anycast IPs. Which service fits?
Vastaus
AWS Global Accelerator. It improves the network path to regional endpoints without caching application content.
Kortti 218
Kysymys
A service needs extreme TCP or UDP connection performance without HTTP-aware routing. Which load balancer fits?
Vastaus
A Network Load Balancer. It operates at Layer 4 and preserves a transport-level model instead of inspecting HTTP paths.
Kortti 219
Kysymys
Which DNS policy chooses among regional endpoints by expected user latency?
Vastaus
Route 53 latency-based routing. It answers with the Region AWS expects to provide the lowest latency for the requester.
Kortti 220
Kysymys
Two VPCs need direct private connectivity, with no requirement for transitive routing or a central hub. Which option fits?
Vastaus
VPC peering. It creates direct private routes between the two VPCs, but peering relationships are not transitive.
Kortti 221
Kysymys
What placement principle reduces latency between compute and a regional data store?
Vastaus
Keep dependent resources in the same Region and, when the service model permits, avoid unnecessary AZ crossings. Data locality shortens the network path and can also reduce transfer cost.
Kortti 222
Kysymys
A hybrid connection is needed quickly while a dedicated circuit is being provisioned. Which option provides the faster setup?
Vastaus
AWS Site-to-Site VPN. It uses internet connectivity and can serve as the initial or backup path while Direct Connect is arranged.
Kortti 223
Kysymys
Third-party virtual firewalls must scale transparently in the network path. Which load balancer fits?
Vastaus
A Gateway Load Balancer. It distributes traffic across virtual network appliances while preserving an inline service-insertion model.
Kortti 224
Kysymys
Should a dynamic non-HTTP application choose a CDN cache or a global network accelerator?
Vastaus
Choose the accelerator when traffic is non-cacheable and needs optimized routing; choose the CDN for cacheable HTTP content. The decisive constraint is caching and protocol behavior, not simply global users.
Kortti 225
Kysymys
A provider must expose one service privately to many consumer VPCs without routing entire networks together. Which service fits?
Vastaus
AWS PrivateLink. Consumers use interface endpoints to reach the service privately without transitive VPC connectivity.
Kortti 226
Kysymys
A growing multi-account network needs centrally planned, non-overlapping IP address allocation. Which service fits?
Vastaus
Amazon VPC IP Address Manager (IPAM). It plans, tracks, and monitors address space across accounts and Regions.
Kortti 227
Kysymys
Which service moves large datasets online between on-premises storage and S3, EFS, or FSx with scheduling and verification?
Vastaus
AWS DataSync. It automates parallel transfer and integrity validation for supported storage endpoints.
Kortti 228
Kysymys
Analysts need occasional SQL queries directly over files in S3 without running a database cluster. Which service fits?
Vastaus
Amazon Athena. It performs serverless SQL queries on data in place and charges by query work such as bytes scanned.
Kortti 229
Kysymys
Multiple applications need to process the same ordered stream of real-time records independently. Which service fits?
Vastaus
Amazon Kinesis Data Streams. Consumers read retained stream records independently, with ordering maintained within each shard.
Kortti 230
Kysymys
A team needs serverless data discovery, a central catalog, and managed ETL jobs. Which service fits?
Vastaus
AWS Glue. Crawlers and the Data Catalog describe datasets, while Glue jobs transform and load them without a persistent cluster.
Kortti 231
Kysymys
An on-premises application needs iSCSI block volumes backed by cloud storage. Which hybrid service fits?
Vastaus
AWS Storage Gateway Volume Gateway. It presents local iSCSI volumes while integrating the data with AWS-managed cloud storage and snapshots.
Kortti 232
Kysymys
Business users need managed interactive dashboards over AWS data sources. Which service fits?
Vastaus
Amazon Quick Sight, part of Amazon Quick. It provides managed business-intelligence analysis and published interactive dashboards rather than a data-processing engine.
Kortti 233
Kysymys
Athena queries usually filter by date, but every query scans the whole S3 dataset. What layout change helps?
Vastaus
Partition the dataset by the common date filter and query those partitions. Partition pruning limits the files scanned for each request.
Kortti 234
Kysymys
Streaming records should land in S3 or another supported destination with managed buffering and delivery. Which service fits?
Vastaus
Amazon Data Firehose. It buffers, optionally transforms, and delivers streaming data without consumer fleet management.
Kortti 235
Kysymys
A team must upload data from its own storage devices through a high-speed AWS facility instead of ordering an AWS transfer device. Which service fits?
Vastaus
AWS Data Transfer Terminal. The team reserves a secure, network-ready physical location, brings its own devices, and transfers data to AWS over the facility's connection.
Kortti 236
Kysymys
A data team needs Apache Spark clusters with control over versions, instances, and tuning. Which service fits better than a simple ETL job?
Vastaus
Amazon EMR. It provides managed big-data clusters when framework control and large-scale distributed processing are decisive.
Kortti 237
Kysymys
A BI team needs repeatable complex joins across a large centralized analytical warehouse. Which service fits?
Vastaus
Amazon Redshift. It is built for structured warehouse analytics and high-throughput SQL reporting.
Kortti 238
Kysymys
Athena queries read only a few columns from a large S3 dataset. Which file format usually reduces scanned data?
Vastaus
A compressed columnar format such as Parquet. Column pruning and compression avoid reading irrelevant row fields.
Kortti 239
Kysymys
External partners use SFTP, but files must arrive directly in S3. Which managed endpoint fits?
Vastaus
AWS Transfer Family. It supports familiar managed file-transfer protocols while using AWS storage as the backend.
Kortti 240
Kysymys
An application requires Apache Kafka APIs and ecosystem compatibility without operating Kafka brokers alone. Which service fits?
Vastaus
Amazon Managed Streaming for Apache Kafka (Amazon MSK). It preserves Kafka compatibility while AWS manages broker infrastructure tasks.
Kortti 241
Kysymys
S3 access patterns are unknown and change over time, but objects need millisecond access when active. Which class fits?
Vastaus
S3 Intelligent-Tiering. It moves objects among access tiers based on observed use, adding a monitoring fee while avoiding retrieval fees for its automatic low-latency tiers.
Kortti 242
Kysymys
A fault-tolerant batch fleet can checkpoint and lose instances with short notice. Which purchase option offers the largest discount potential?
Vastaus
EC2 Spot Instances. They use spare capacity at a discount, and the workload must handle interruption and capacity changes.
Kortti 243
Kysymys
A new DynamoDB workload has unpredictable traffic and no reliable capacity forecast. Which mode fits first?
Vastaus
On-demand capacity mode. It automatically handles request volume without capacity planning, trading convenience for a higher per-request price than well-used provisioned capacity.
Kortti 244
Kysymys
Private instances send heavy S3 traffic through a NAT gateway. What network change removes that NAT processing path?
Vastaus
Add an S3 gateway VPC endpoint and route S3 traffic through it. Gateway endpoints have no hourly or data-processing charge and keep traffic on the AWS network.
Kortti 245
Kysymys
Long-lived data is rarely read, must survive an Availability Zone loss, and needs millisecond retrieval. Which S3 class fits?
Vastaus
S3 Standard-Infrequent Access. It stores data across multiple AZs with lower storage cost, balanced by retrieval charges and minimum-duration rules.
Kortti 246
Kysymys
Compute usage is steady, but the team wants flexibility across eligible instance families, Regions, and EC2, Lambda, or Fargate. Which discount model fits?
Vastaus
A Compute Savings Plan. The organization commits to an hourly spend level and receives discounted eligible compute usage with broad service and configuration flexibility.
Kortti 247
Kysymys
A DynamoDB workload has stable, predictable traffic that consistently uses reserved throughput. Which mode can cost less?
Vastaus
Provisioned capacity mode with appropriate scaling. Paying for planned read and write capacity can beat on-demand pricing when utilization is predictable.
Kortti 248
Kysymys
Two chatty EC2 tiers do not need AZ separation from each other, and cross-AZ transfer dominates cost. What placement can help?
Vastaus
Keep the chatty path in the same Availability Zone where resilience requirements allow. Cross-AZ architecture improves failure isolation but can add data-transfer charges.
Kortti 249
Kysymys
Infrequently accessed S3 data is recreatable and may be lost with one Availability Zone. Which class can cut cost?
Vastaus
S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access. It keeps data in one AZ, so it suits replaceable data rather than the only copy of critical records.
Kortti 250
Kysymys
A stable EC2 workload needs both a billing discount and reserved capacity in one specific Availability Zone. Which Reserved Instance scope fits?
Vastaus
A zonal Reserved Instance. It reserves matching capacity in the chosen AZ and provides the discount there; a regional Reserved Instance provides AZ flexibility but does not reserve capacity.
Kortti 251
Kysymys
A large DynamoDB table stores infrequently accessed historical data, and storage cost dominates request cost. Which table class may fit?
Vastaus
DynamoDB Standard-Infrequent Access. It lowers storage cost while raising request cost, so it fits storage-heavy, low-access tables.
Kortti 252
Kysymys
Global users repeatedly download the same public objects from a regional origin. What can reduce origin transfer and requests?
Vastaus
Cache the objects with Amazon CloudFront. A high cache-hit ratio serves viewers from edge locations and reduces repeated origin delivery.
Kortti 253
Kysymys
Archive data is read about quarterly but still needs millisecond retrieval. Which S3 class fits?
Vastaus
S3 Glacier Instant Retrieval. It lowers storage cost for rarely accessed archives while preserving real-time access, with retrieval and minimum-duration charges.
Kortti 254
Kysymys
A new workload is short-lived, cannot be interrupted, and has unknown steady demand. Which EC2 purchase option avoids commitment?
Vastaus
On-Demand Instances. They provide full flexibility without a term commitment, making them suitable while demand is uncertain.
Kortti 255
Kysymys
A relational workload is intermittent and must scale database capacity without manual instance changes. Which option fits?
Vastaus
Aurora Serverless v2. It adjusts Aurora capacity in fine-grained steps, which suits variable demand that would leave provisioned instances idle.
Kortti 256
Kysymys
What is the main trade-off between one shared NAT gateway and one NAT gateway per Availability Zone?
Vastaus
A shared gateway can cost less, while per-AZ gateways improve fault isolation and avoid cross-AZ routing for local private subnets. Choose from availability and traffic economics together.
Kortti 257
Kysymys
Archives are read roughly yearly and can wait minutes or hours for restore. Which S3 class fits?
Vastaus
S3 Glacier Flexible Retrieval. It trades immediate access for lower archive storage cost and several retrieval-speed options.
Kortti 258
Kysymys
An EC2 fleet averages low CPU and memory use for months. What should happen before buying a larger commitment?
Vastaus
Right-size the instances using measured utilization. Commitments discount usage, but they do not fix paying for capacity the workload never needs.
Kortti 259
Kysymys
An RDS database has a stable multi-year production baseline. Which purchase choice can discount its instance cost?
Vastaus
Reserved DB instances. A term commitment discounts predictable RDS instance usage, after the database has been right-sized.
Kortti 260
Kysymys
When can an interface VPC endpoint cost more than keeping low-volume service traffic on an existing NAT path?
Vastaus
When endpoint hourly and data-processing charges exceed the avoided NAT and transfer cost. Private routing is valuable, but endpoint count and traffic volume still matter.
Kortti 261
Kysymys
Compliance archives are almost never read and can tolerate the longest restore time. Which S3 class minimizes storage cost?
Vastaus
S3 Glacier Deep Archive. It is the lowest-cost S3 archive tier for very rare access, with long minimum duration and hours-scale retrieval.
Kortti 262
Kysymys
Traffic varies through the day and idle EC2 instances dominate cost. Which capacity strategy fits?
Vastaus
Auto Scaling with sensible minimum and maximum capacity. Matching instance count to demand removes idle capacity while preserving required headroom.
Kortti 263
Kysymys
An RDS instance has consistently low CPU, memory, and I/O demand. What should reduce cost before changing engines?
Vastaus
Right-size the DB instance and storage to measured needs. A smaller supported configuration removes idle capacity with less migration risk than an engine redesign.
Kortti 264
Kysymys
When can a dedicated hybrid link become economical compared with internet VPN?
Vastaus
When sustained data volume, required consistency, or private connectivity justifies its port and provider costs. VPN usually has a lower entry cost for modest or temporary traffic.
Kortti 265
Kysymys
Objects become cold predictably after 30 days and expire after a policy period. What should automate the change?
Vastaus
An S3 Lifecycle rule. It transitions eligible objects to cheaper classes and expires them on a schedule without manual jobs.
Kortti 266
Kysymys
A small event handler runs for seconds a few times per hour. Which compute model avoids paying for an idle server?
Vastaus
AWS Lambda. Request-based execution suits intermittent work when the function limits and event model fit.
Kortti 267
Kysymys
When is a cache more cost-effective than adding another relational read replica?
Vastaus
When many requests reuse the same hot data and can tolerate cache freshness rules. A cache can remove repeated reads; a replica is better for broad SQL read scaling.
Kortti 268
Kysymys
A small branch sends modest traffic to AWS and does not need a dedicated circuit. Which connection is the lower-entry-cost fit?
Vastaus
AWS Site-to-Site VPN. It uses the internet and avoids dedicated-link provisioning, with less predictable performance than Direct Connect.
Kortti 269
Kysymys
A general SSD volume is overprovisioned only because its older type ties performance to size. Which EBS type can decouple them?
Vastaus
EBS gp3. Capacity, IOPS, and throughput can be tuned independently, which avoids buying unused storage just to reach performance targets.
Kortti 270
Kysymys
A small container workload has irregular demand and the team cannot keep EC2 hosts well utilized. Which launch model may cost less operationally?
Vastaus
AWS Fargate. Per-task capacity avoids an idle host fleet, though steady high utilization should be compared with optimized EC2 capacity.
Kortti 271
Kysymys
Automated database backups are kept far longer than the business recovery policy requires. What should change?
Vastaus
Align backup retention with the validated recovery requirement. Extra retention adds storage cost without value when legal, audit, and recovery needs do not require it.
Kortti 272
Kysymys
When does Transit Gateway usually justify its attachment and processing charges over many peerings?
Vastaus
When centralized, transitive connectivity replaces a complex VPC and hybrid mesh. The operational simplicity can outweigh service charges at larger network scale.
Kortti 273
Kysymys
Which EBS type is cost-effective for large, frequently accessed sequential workloads that need throughput rather than transactional IOPS?
Vastaus
Throughput Optimized HDD (st1). It fits big sequential scans such as logs or data processing, not boot volumes or small random I/O.
Kortti 274
Kysymys
A Linux application and its dependencies support Arm. What compute change should be benchmarked for price-performance?
Vastaus
Move to Graviton-based instances or runtimes. AWS-designed Arm processors can improve price-performance when the software stack is compatible.
Kortti 275
Kysymys
A relational database is write-bound, while read replicas sit mostly idle. What does that imply?
Vastaus
Read replicas do not address the actual bottleneck and may be removable. They scale reads; write capacity needs another design or database choice.
Kortti 276
Kysymys
Three VPCs need a few direct, non-transitive private links. Which connectivity can avoid a paid routing hub?
Vastaus
VPC peering. A small set of direct relationships can be simpler and cheaper, but the design becomes hard to manage as the mesh grows.
Kortti 277
Kysymys
Most files in an EFS file system go untouched after a few weeks. What should reduce storage cost automatically?
Vastaus
EFS lifecycle management. It moves inactive files to lower-cost EFS storage classes according to the configured policy.
Kortti 278
Kysymys
Capacity demand rises at the same known time every weekday. Which scaling method can add capacity before the rise?
Vastaus
Scheduled scaling. A recurring action changes desired or boundary capacity at the known time instead of waiting for utilization to climb.
Kortti 279
Kysymys
Which managed service moves database data with ongoing replication to reduce migration downtime?
Vastaus
AWS Database Migration Service (AWS DMS). It copies data and can keep source and target synchronized during a migration.
Kortti 280
Kysymys
Private workloads reach DynamoDB through a NAT gateway. Which endpoint can remove that path without hourly endpoint charges?
Vastaus
A DynamoDB gateway VPC endpoint. Route-table entries keep supported traffic private and avoid NAT processing for that service.
Kortti 281
Kysymys
Old EBS snapshots accumulate after every backup cycle. What policy prevents indefinite spend?
Vastaus
An automated retention policy that expires unneeded snapshots. Recovery requirements should set how many copies and ages remain, rather than keeping every snapshot.
Kortti 282
Kysymys
Demand follows a recurring pattern but its required capacity changes over time. Which scaling method forecasts it?
Vastaus
Predictive scaling. It analyzes historical load and schedules capacity ahead of forecast demand, while dynamic scaling can handle deviations.
Kortti 283
Kysymys
A database migration changes from one engine family to another and the schema is incompatible. What tool handles much of the conversion?
Vastaus
AWS DMS Schema Conversion. It converts schema objects and much database code for a heterogeneous migration; AWS DMS then moves and replicates the data.
Kortti 284
Kysymys
What is the first architecture question when network transfer becomes a major AWS bill item?
Vastaus
Why is the data crossing a Region, Availability Zone, or internet boundary? Removing unnecessary movement often beats negotiating around the same inefficient path.
Kortti 285
Kysymys
A data publisher wants approved external users to pay request and download charges for a shared S3 dataset. Which feature fits?
Vastaus
S3 Requester Pays. Authenticated requesters identify themselves as the payer, while the bucket owner still pays storage charges.
Kortti 286
Kysymys
Development instances sit unused every night and weekend. What is the simplest cost control?
Vastaus
Stop or scale them down on a schedule. Non-production availability requirements rarely justify paying for full capacity when nobody uses it.
Kortti 287
Kysymys
Expired session records should leave a DynamoDB table automatically without a cleanup fleet. Which feature fits?
Vastaus
DynamoDB Time to Live (TTL). An expiry attribute marks items for background deletion without consuming application write capacity for each cleanup.
Kortti 288
Kysymys
Millions of tiny payloads create high request overhead and poor network efficiency. What transport change can help?
Vastaus
Batch and compress data where latency requirements allow. Fewer larger transfers reduce per-request overhead and bytes moved.
Kortti 289
Kysymys
What decides between DataSync and Data Transfer Terminal for a large migration using customer-owned storage devices?
Vastaus
Whether the source network can meet the deadline and cost target. Use DataSync remotely over a suitable network; use Data Transfer Terminal when bringing the devices to a high-speed AWS facility is the better transfer path.
Kortti 290
Kysymys
How should a Spot fleet reduce the chance that one capacity pool interrupts all workers?
Vastaus
Diversify across instance types and Availability Zones. More eligible pools improve the fleet's chance of finding spare capacity and surviving a constrained pool.
Kortti 291
Kysymys
How can choosing a purpose-built database reduce total cost even when its unit price is not the lowest?
Vastaus
It removes mismatched infrastructure and custom workaround code. The right data model can need fewer resources and less operations work for the required access pattern.
Kortti 292
Kysymys
A metered downstream API can process a fixed rate, but clients create expensive bursts. What control protects cost and capacity?
Vastaus
Throttle requests and buffer acceptable asynchronous work. A rate boundary prevents uncontrolled consumption while a queue preserves work that need not finish immediately.
Kortti 293
Kysymys
A provisioned file system has far more capacity and throughput than monitoring shows it uses. What is the first cost action?
Vastaus
Right-size it against measured demand and headroom. Paying for unused provisioned capacity is avoidable when a smaller setting still meets performance and growth requirements.
Kortti 294
Kysymys
Which service recommends rightsizing for supported compute resources from utilization data?
Vastaus
AWS Compute Optimizer. It analyzes metrics and recommends configurations, which should still be checked against workload constraints.
Kortti 295
Kysymys
An RDS database grows unpredictably, and permanently overallocating storage wastes money. Which feature helps?
Vastaus
RDS storage autoscaling. It increases allocated storage when needed within a configured maximum, reducing the need for a large speculative allocation.
Kortti 296
Kysymys
A dedicated connection is provisioned far above observed peak throughput. What should happen before renewal?
Vastaus
Right-size bandwidth against measured demand and required headroom. Excess fixed capacity adds cost without improving an unconstrained workload.
Kortti 297
Kysymys
Which service feature gives organization-wide S3 usage and activity metrics to find cost and protection opportunities?
Vastaus
S3 Storage Lens. Its aggregated metrics and recommendations expose storage patterns that can guide lifecycle, cleanup, and protection changes.
Kortti 298
Kysymys
A large in-memory application needs long idle periods but expensive startup from scratch. Which EC2 state may balance cost and restart time?
Vastaus
EC2 hibernation. It saves RAM state to the encrypted root EBS volume and stops instance compute billing, subject to hibernation requirements and storage cost.
Kortti 299
Kysymys
What evidence should drive a database cost change: list price alone or workload metrics plus access patterns?
Vastaus
Workload metrics plus access patterns. Capacity, consistency, latency, availability, and operational needs determine whether a cheaper-looking engine is actually cheaper to run.
Kortti 300
Kysymys
How can a company identify which applications drive shared network and transfer spend?
Vastaus
Use consistent cost allocation tags and detailed billing data. Ownership metadata lets Cost Explorer or the Cost and Usage Report attribute spend before teams optimize it.

Blue geometric architecture hub linked to a shield, layered blocks, a speed gauge, and a bar chart.

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