Employees need AWS access through the company identity provider without separate IAM users. What should provide it?

AWS IAM Identity Center with federation. It gives workforce users centrally managed access and temporary credentials instead of another set of long-term identities.

An EC2 application needs S3 access without stored access keys. What identity should it use?

An IAM role attached through an instance profile. The workload receives rotating temporary credentials, so no long-term secret has to live on the instance.

A company needs a maximum-permissions guardrail across member accounts. Which control fits?

An AWS Organizations service control policy (SCP). An SCP limits what member-account principals can be allowed to do; it does not grant permissions by itself.

How should the root user of a standalone AWS account or Organizations management account be secured?

Use it only for root-required tasks, protect sign-in with MFA, and do not create root access keys. Centralized root access applies to member accounts, so these root credentials still need direct protection.

Which identities can be members of an IAM group?

IAM users only. Groups collect permissions for users; roles and other groups cannot be group members.

An operator in one AWS account needs temporary access to resources in another. What is the standard design?

Assume a cross-account IAM role. The target role trusts the source principal, and the source principal is allowed to call STS to assume it.

A developer may create roles, but those roles must never exceed a fixed permission ceiling. What should constrain them?

An IAM permissions boundary. It caps the permissions an identity-based policy can grant without supplying permissions on its own.

Which service identifies resources shared with principals outside the trusted zone?

IAM Access Analyzer. It analyzes supported resource policies to surface public and cross-account access.

A corporate directory supports SAML 2.0 and staff need console access with existing identities. What access pattern fits?

SAML federation to IAM roles. Authentication stays with the corporate identity provider while AWS issues temporary role credentials.

An S3 bucket must grant another account direct access without sharing credentials. Which policy type can do that?

A resource-based bucket policy. It names the external principal on the resource and avoids distributing the bucket owner's credentials.

Permissions must follow project ownership as resources and staff change. Which authorization model reduces policy churn?

Attribute-based access control using tags. Policy conditions compare principal and resource attributes, so matching tags drive access without one policy per project.

A company wants a governed multi-account landing zone with account provisioning and guardrails. Which service fits?

AWS Control Tower. It sets up and governs a multi-account environment on top of AWS Organizations using an opinionated landing-zone model.

An external CI system supports OIDC and needs AWS API access without stored keys. What should it use?

OIDC federation to an IAM role. Short-lived web-identity credentials remove the need to keep an AWS access key in the CI system.

What credential model distinguishes an IAM role from an IAM user?

A role supplies temporary session credentials. It is assumed when needed rather than owning a permanent password or access key.

An action is allowed by one applicable policy and explicitly denied by another. What is the result?

The request is denied. An applicable explicit deny overrides an allow during policy evaluation.

Who patches the guest operating system on an Amazon EC2 instance?

The customer. AWS secures the underlying cloud infrastructure, while the customer manages the guest OS, applications, and their configuration.

When is an IAM user more defensible than federation for human access?

Only when the access pattern cannot use roles or federation and requires a long-term identity. Treat it as an exception, restrict it tightly, and rotate credentials when required.

A third-party SaaS provider assumes customer roles. What condition helps prevent the confused-deputy problem?

A unique external ID in the role trust policy. It binds the assume-role request to the intended customer relationship.

In one account, an identity policy and a resource policy each grant different actions, with no deny. How are they evaluated?

Their allows are combined. For same-account access, either policy can contribute permission unless another applicable control restricts it.

What AWS infrastructure boundary is designed as an isolated failure domain within a Region?

An Availability Zone. Separate AZs have distinct infrastructure, so spreading components across them reduces dependence on one failure domain.

Where should an application's AWS access key not be stored?

In source code or an application image. Embedded long-term credentials leak through repositories and artifacts; use a workload role and temporary credentials.

Sensitive API calls should work only in sessions authenticated with MFA. How can this be enforced?

Use an IAM policy condition that requires MFA context. The condition narrows the allowed action to sessions that meet the stronger authentication requirement.

How can a team shrink broad permissions using observed API activity?

Generate a policy with IAM Access Analyzer, then review it. Access activity provides evidence for a narrower starting policy, while human review preserves required edge cases.

Can a service control policy grant a member-account role permission to call an API?

No. An SCP defines the outer permission boundary; an IAM or resource policy must still allow the API call.

Security operations should manage an organization-integrated service without daily use of the management account. What should be configured?

A delegated administrator account for that service. It separates operational administration from the highly privileged Organizations management account.

A role session needs fewer permissions than the role normally allows. What can narrow that session?

A session policy. It intersects with the role's permissions and cannot expand beyond what the role already allows.

How does moving from self-managed EC2 databases to a managed database change security responsibility?

AWS takes on more infrastructure and platform operations, but the customer still owns data, identities, and configuration. Managed does not mean responsibility-free.

How should an organization handle root credentials in member accounts after enabling centralized root access?

Remove the member accounts' root credentials and use centrally managed privileged root sessions when needed. Recover a member's credentials only for an exceptional task that still requires direct root sign-in, then remove them again.

Why place production and experimentation in separate AWS accounts instead of only separate VPCs?

Accounts provide a stronger isolation and policy boundary. They separate billing, quotas, identities, and blast radius while organization controls provide central governance.

Which service records account API activity for security investigation and governance?

AWS CloudTrail. Its event history and trails provide evidence of who called supported APIs, from where, and when.

A public web application must keep its EC2 application servers off the internet. What subnet layout fits?

Put the internet-facing load balancer in public subnets and the instances in private subnets. Only the load balancer accepts public traffic; security groups allow the app tier from it.

Which VPC packet filter automatically allows response traffic for an allowed connection?

A security group. It is stateful, so return traffic for an established allowed flow does not need a separate inbound or outbound rule.

A public HTTP application must block SQL injection patterns and abusive request paths. Which service is the direct fit?

AWS WAF. It filters web requests at the application layer using managed or custom rules.

Which service continuously analyzes AWS telemetry for suspicious account and workload activity?

Amazon GuardDuty. It detects threats from sources such as CloudTrail events, VPC flow data, and DNS activity without becoming an inline firewall.

IPv4 instances in a private subnet need outbound internet access but must not accept internet-initiated connections. What should the route use?

A NAT gateway in a public subnet. The private route sends outbound IPv4 traffic through it while the instances remain without direct public ingress.

Which subnet-level control requires explicit rules for both request and response traffic?

A network ACL. It is stateless and evaluates numbered allow and deny rules separately in each direction.

Which managed protection targets distributed denial-of-service attacks against supported AWS edge and load-balancing resources?

AWS Shield. Shield Standard is included for common network and transport attacks; Shield Advanced adds stronger response and protection features for higher-risk workloads.

Which service discovers and reports sensitive data in Amazon S3?

Amazon Macie. It uses managed data identifiers and classification jobs to find sensitive content and risky S3 exposure.

Private subnets need access to a supported AWS API without traversing a NAT gateway or public internet. Which construct fits?

An interface VPC endpoint powered by AWS PrivateLink. It places private endpoint network interfaces in the VPC for the service API.

An application tier should accept traffic only from the load-balancer tier, even as instance IPs change. What rule is best?

Reference the load balancer's security group in the application's inbound rule. Identity by group survives scaling and avoids brittle IP allowlists.

A public load balancer needs a trusted TLS certificate with managed renewal. Which service should issue and manage it?

AWS Certificate Manager (ACM). ACM provisions supported public certificates and handles renewal while they remain correctly associated and eligible.

Which service should assess supported compute workloads and container images for software vulnerabilities?

Amazon Inspector. It continuously scans supported EC2, container image, and Lambda package surfaces and reports prioritized findings.

Private workloads need S3 access without NAT cost or internet routing. Which endpoint type fits?

An S3 gateway endpoint. Route tables direct S3 traffic privately through the endpoint without hourly interface-endpoint charges.

A subnet needs a coarse deny rule for traffic from a known hostile CIDR. Which VPC control can express it?

A network ACL. Unlike security groups, network ACLs support explicit deny rules at the subnet boundary.

How should a global web application filter malicious HTTP requests before they reach the regional origin?

Associate AWS WAF with the CloudFront distribution. Edge filtering blocks matching requests closer to viewers and reduces unwanted origin traffic.

An application needs a database password stored securely and rotated automatically. Which service is designed for it?

AWS Secrets Manager. It stores encrypted secrets and supports managed or Lambda-based rotation workflows.

A branch office needs an encrypted connection to a VPC quickly over existing internet links. Which connection fits?

AWS Site-to-Site VPN. IPsec encrypts traffic over the internet and usually provisions faster than a dedicated private circuit.

Connections to a private instance are timing out. Which record helps determine whether network traffic was accepted or rejected?

VPC Flow Logs. They capture metadata about IP flows for investigation, though not packet payloads.

A service needs very high-performance TCP load balancing and stable IP addresses. Which load balancer fits?

A Network Load Balancer. It operates at Layer 4 and supports static IP addressing while handling connection-oriented traffic at scale.

A team needs hierarchical application configuration and encrypted parameters but no built-in database-secret rotation. Which service fits?

AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store. It suits configuration and secure strings; Secrets Manager is the stronger fit when rotation is the decisive requirement.

Does a dedicated AWS Direct Connect link encrypt traffic by itself?

No. Direct Connect supplies private dedicated connectivity, but encryption needs another mechanism such as IPsec VPN or an applicable MACsec design.

AWS Solutions Architect Associate SAA-C03 Flashcards: Architecture Decisions & Trade-Offs

Review SAA-C03 architecture choices through 300 original cards on security, resilience, performance, and cost trade-offs.

Tác giả Open Study Contributor

Về bộ thẻ này

These AWS Solutions Architect Associate flashcards give current SAA-C03 candidates 300 original prompts for choosing among plausible cloud architectures. Each answer names the decision first, then explains the constraint that makes it fit.

What the cards practice

Requirement → architecture choice: choose a service, feature, or pattern from security, resilience, performance, and cost constraints.
Nearby options → decisive trade-off: separate choices such as Multi-AZ from read replicas, queues from event buses, and edge caching from network acceleration.
Failure mode → mitigation: recall the design change that limits a blast radius, preserves work, or meets a recovery target.

The deck deliberately leaves out reverse service-to-definition drills, exhaustive service inventories, copied multiple-choice questions, exam dumps, volatile scheduling and scoring details, hands-on labs, and full practice exams. Those directions either reward glossary recognition or test a different skill.

The sequence follows the current four-domain outline: 90 secure cards, 78 resilient cards, 72 high-performing cards, and 60 cost-optimized cards. It starts with identity, policy, network, and data-protection prerequisites; moves through decoupling and recovery; then applies storage, compute, database, networking, analytics, and cost trade-offs. Related variants are separated so one answer does not immediately cue the next.

An AI tool helped draft and sequence the original cards and generated the cover. Every final front and back was manually checked against the current AWS content outline and official service documentation for correctness, relevance, clarity, and one main retrieval target.

The common-knowledge service facts and AWS marks remain Amazon Web Services' property. The CC0 dedication applies only to the original wording, selection, sequence, metadata, and generated cover to the extent those elements can be dedicated. No AWS exam questions, answer keys, mark schemes, or AWS documentation text were copied; scope was checked against the official AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Associate SAA-C03 exam guide. This is an independent, unofficial study resource and is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Amazon Web Services.

Thẻ trong bộ này

Thẻ 1
Câu hỏi
Employees need AWS access through the company identity provider without separate IAM users. What should provide it?
Câu trả lời
AWS IAM Identity Center with federation. It gives workforce users centrally managed access and temporary credentials instead of another set of long-term identities.
Thẻ 2
Câu hỏi
An EC2 application needs S3 access without stored access keys. What identity should it use?
Câu trả lời
An IAM role attached through an instance profile. The workload receives rotating temporary credentials, so no long-term secret has to live on the instance.
Thẻ 3
Câu hỏi
A company needs a maximum-permissions guardrail across member accounts. Which control fits?
Câu trả lời
An AWS Organizations service control policy (SCP). An SCP limits what member-account principals can be allowed to do; it does not grant permissions by itself.
Thẻ 4
Câu hỏi
How should the root user of a standalone AWS account or Organizations management account be secured?
Câu trả lời
Use it only for root-required tasks, protect sign-in with MFA, and do not create root access keys. Centralized root access applies to member accounts, so these root credentials still need direct protection.
Thẻ 5
Câu hỏi
Which identities can be members of an IAM group?
Câu trả lời
IAM users only. Groups collect permissions for users; roles and other groups cannot be group members.
Thẻ 6
Câu hỏi
An operator in one AWS account needs temporary access to resources in another. What is the standard design?
Câu trả lời
Assume a cross-account IAM role. The target role trusts the source principal, and the source principal is allowed to call STS to assume it.
Thẻ 7
Câu hỏi
A developer may create roles, but those roles must never exceed a fixed permission ceiling. What should constrain them?
Câu trả lời
An IAM permissions boundary. It caps the permissions an identity-based policy can grant without supplying permissions on its own.
Thẻ 8
Câu hỏi
Which service identifies resources shared with principals outside the trusted zone?
Câu trả lời
IAM Access Analyzer. It analyzes supported resource policies to surface public and cross-account access.
Thẻ 9
Câu hỏi
A corporate directory supports SAML 2.0 and staff need console access with existing identities. What access pattern fits?
Câu trả lời
SAML federation to IAM roles. Authentication stays with the corporate identity provider while AWS issues temporary role credentials.
Thẻ 10
Câu hỏi
An S3 bucket must grant another account direct access without sharing credentials. Which policy type can do that?
Câu trả lời
A resource-based bucket policy. It names the external principal on the resource and avoids distributing the bucket owner's credentials.
Thẻ 11
Câu hỏi
Permissions must follow project ownership as resources and staff change. Which authorization model reduces policy churn?
Câu trả lời
Attribute-based access control using tags. Policy conditions compare principal and resource attributes, so matching tags drive access without one policy per project.
Thẻ 12
Câu hỏi
A company wants a governed multi-account landing zone with account provisioning and guardrails. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS Control Tower. It sets up and governs a multi-account environment on top of AWS Organizations using an opinionated landing-zone model.
Thẻ 13
Câu hỏi
An external CI system supports OIDC and needs AWS API access without stored keys. What should it use?
Câu trả lời
OIDC federation to an IAM role. Short-lived web-identity credentials remove the need to keep an AWS access key in the CI system.
Thẻ 14
Câu hỏi
What credential model distinguishes an IAM role from an IAM user?
Câu trả lời
A role supplies temporary session credentials. It is assumed when needed rather than owning a permanent password or access key.
Thẻ 15
Câu hỏi
An action is allowed by one applicable policy and explicitly denied by another. What is the result?
Câu trả lời
The request is denied. An applicable explicit deny overrides an allow during policy evaluation.
Thẻ 16
Câu hỏi
Who patches the guest operating system on an Amazon EC2 instance?
Câu trả lời
The customer. AWS secures the underlying cloud infrastructure, while the customer manages the guest OS, applications, and their configuration.
Thẻ 17
Câu hỏi
When is an IAM user more defensible than federation for human access?
Câu trả lời
Only when the access pattern cannot use roles or federation and requires a long-term identity. Treat it as an exception, restrict it tightly, and rotate credentials when required.
Thẻ 18
Câu hỏi
A third-party SaaS provider assumes customer roles. What condition helps prevent the confused-deputy problem?
Câu trả lời
A unique external ID in the role trust policy. It binds the assume-role request to the intended customer relationship.
Thẻ 19
Câu hỏi
In one account, an identity policy and a resource policy each grant different actions, with no deny. How are they evaluated?
Câu trả lời
Their allows are combined. For same-account access, either policy can contribute permission unless another applicable control restricts it.
Thẻ 20
Câu hỏi
What AWS infrastructure boundary is designed as an isolated failure domain within a Region?
Câu trả lời
An Availability Zone. Separate AZs have distinct infrastructure, so spreading components across them reduces dependence on one failure domain.
Thẻ 21
Câu hỏi
Where should an application's AWS access key not be stored?
Câu trả lời
In source code or an application image. Embedded long-term credentials leak through repositories and artifacts; use a workload role and temporary credentials.
Thẻ 22
Câu hỏi
Sensitive API calls should work only in sessions authenticated with MFA. How can this be enforced?
Câu trả lời
Use an IAM policy condition that requires MFA context. The condition narrows the allowed action to sessions that meet the stronger authentication requirement.
Thẻ 23
Câu hỏi
How can a team shrink broad permissions using observed API activity?
Câu trả lời
Generate a policy with IAM Access Analyzer, then review it. Access activity provides evidence for a narrower starting policy, while human review preserves required edge cases.
Thẻ 24
Câu hỏi
Can a service control policy grant a member-account role permission to call an API?
Câu trả lời
No. An SCP defines the outer permission boundary; an IAM or resource policy must still allow the API call.
Thẻ 25
Câu hỏi
Security operations should manage an organization-integrated service without daily use of the management account. What should be configured?
Câu trả lời
A delegated administrator account for that service. It separates operational administration from the highly privileged Organizations management account.
Thẻ 26
Câu hỏi
A role session needs fewer permissions than the role normally allows. What can narrow that session?
Câu trả lời
A session policy. It intersects with the role's permissions and cannot expand beyond what the role already allows.
Thẻ 27
Câu hỏi
How does moving from self-managed EC2 databases to a managed database change security responsibility?
Câu trả lời
AWS takes on more infrastructure and platform operations, but the customer still owns data, identities, and configuration. Managed does not mean responsibility-free.
Thẻ 28
Câu hỏi
How should an organization handle root credentials in member accounts after enabling centralized root access?
Câu trả lời
Remove the member accounts' root credentials and use centrally managed privileged root sessions when needed. Recover a member's credentials only for an exceptional task that still requires direct root sign-in, then remove them again.
Thẻ 29
Câu hỏi
Why place production and experimentation in separate AWS accounts instead of only separate VPCs?
Câu trả lời
Accounts provide a stronger isolation and policy boundary. They separate billing, quotas, identities, and blast radius while organization controls provide central governance.
Thẻ 30
Câu hỏi
Which service records account API activity for security investigation and governance?
Câu trả lời
AWS CloudTrail. Its event history and trails provide evidence of who called supported APIs, from where, and when.
Thẻ 31
Câu hỏi
A public web application must keep its EC2 application servers off the internet. What subnet layout fits?
Câu trả lời
Put the internet-facing load balancer in public subnets and the instances in private subnets. Only the load balancer accepts public traffic; security groups allow the app tier from it.
Thẻ 32
Câu hỏi
Which VPC packet filter automatically allows response traffic for an allowed connection?
Câu trả lời
A security group. It is stateful, so return traffic for an established allowed flow does not need a separate inbound or outbound rule.
Thẻ 33
Câu hỏi
A public HTTP application must block SQL injection patterns and abusive request paths. Which service is the direct fit?
Câu trả lời
AWS WAF. It filters web requests at the application layer using managed or custom rules.
Thẻ 34
Câu hỏi
Which service continuously analyzes AWS telemetry for suspicious account and workload activity?
Câu trả lời
Amazon GuardDuty. It detects threats from sources such as CloudTrail events, VPC flow data, and DNS activity without becoming an inline firewall.
Thẻ 35
Câu hỏi
IPv4 instances in a private subnet need outbound internet access but must not accept internet-initiated connections. What should the route use?
Câu trả lời
A NAT gateway in a public subnet. The private route sends outbound IPv4 traffic through it while the instances remain without direct public ingress.
Thẻ 36
Câu hỏi
Which subnet-level control requires explicit rules for both request and response traffic?
Câu trả lời
A network ACL. It is stateless and evaluates numbered allow and deny rules separately in each direction.
Thẻ 37
Câu hỏi
Which managed protection targets distributed denial-of-service attacks against supported AWS edge and load-balancing resources?
Câu trả lời
AWS Shield. Shield Standard is included for common network and transport attacks; Shield Advanced adds stronger response and protection features for higher-risk workloads.
Thẻ 38
Câu hỏi
Which service discovers and reports sensitive data in Amazon S3?
Câu trả lời
Amazon Macie. It uses managed data identifiers and classification jobs to find sensitive content and risky S3 exposure.
Thẻ 39
Câu hỏi
Private subnets need access to a supported AWS API without traversing a NAT gateway or public internet. Which construct fits?
Câu trả lời
An interface VPC endpoint powered by AWS PrivateLink. It places private endpoint network interfaces in the VPC for the service API.
Thẻ 40
Câu hỏi
An application tier should accept traffic only from the load-balancer tier, even as instance IPs change. What rule is best?
Câu trả lời
Reference the load balancer's security group in the application's inbound rule. Identity by group survives scaling and avoids brittle IP allowlists.
Thẻ 41
Câu hỏi
A public load balancer needs a trusted TLS certificate with managed renewal. Which service should issue and manage it?
Câu trả lời
AWS Certificate Manager (ACM). ACM provisions supported public certificates and handles renewal while they remain correctly associated and eligible.
Thẻ 42
Câu hỏi
Which service should assess supported compute workloads and container images for software vulnerabilities?
Câu trả lời
Amazon Inspector. It continuously scans supported EC2, container image, and Lambda package surfaces and reports prioritized findings.
Thẻ 43
Câu hỏi
Private workloads need S3 access without NAT cost or internet routing. Which endpoint type fits?
Câu trả lời
An S3 gateway endpoint. Route tables direct S3 traffic privately through the endpoint without hourly interface-endpoint charges.
Thẻ 44
Câu hỏi
A subnet needs a coarse deny rule for traffic from a known hostile CIDR. Which VPC control can express it?
Câu trả lời
A network ACL. Unlike security groups, network ACLs support explicit deny rules at the subnet boundary.
Thẻ 45
Câu hỏi
How should a global web application filter malicious HTTP requests before they reach the regional origin?
Câu trả lời
Associate AWS WAF with the CloudFront distribution. Edge filtering blocks matching requests closer to viewers and reduces unwanted origin traffic.
Thẻ 46
Câu hỏi
An application needs a database password stored securely and rotated automatically. Which service is designed for it?
Câu trả lời
AWS Secrets Manager. It stores encrypted secrets and supports managed or Lambda-based rotation workflows.
Thẻ 47
Câu hỏi
A branch office needs an encrypted connection to a VPC quickly over existing internet links. Which connection fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS Site-to-Site VPN. IPsec encrypts traffic over the internet and usually provisions faster than a dedicated private circuit.
Thẻ 48
Câu hỏi
Connections to a private instance are timing out. Which record helps determine whether network traffic was accepted or rejected?
Câu trả lời
VPC Flow Logs. They capture metadata about IP flows for investigation, though not packet payloads.
Thẻ 49
Câu hỏi
A service needs very high-performance TCP load balancing and stable IP addresses. Which load balancer fits?
Câu trả lời
A Network Load Balancer. It operates at Layer 4 and supports static IP addressing while handling connection-oriented traffic at scale.
Thẻ 50
Câu hỏi
A team needs hierarchical application configuration and encrypted parameters but no built-in database-secret rotation. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store. It suits configuration and secure strings; Secrets Manager is the stronger fit when rotation is the decisive requirement.
Thẻ 51
Câu hỏi
Does a dedicated AWS Direct Connect link encrypt traffic by itself?
Câu trả lời
No. Direct Connect supplies private dedicated connectivity, but encryption needs another mechanism such as IPsec VPN or an applicable MACsec design.
Thẻ 52
Câu hỏi
A VPC needs centrally managed stateful inspection and domain-aware egress filtering. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS Network Firewall. It provides managed network inspection with stateless and stateful rule groups for routed VPC traffic.
Thẻ 53
Câu hỏi
Where can HTTPS be terminated so private HTTP targets do not each manage a public certificate?
Câu trả lời
At an Application Load Balancer HTTPS listener. ACM integrates with the listener, centralizing public TLS while target traffic remains governed inside the VPC.
Thẻ 54
Câu hỏi
A consumer web app needs a managed sign-up directory and user authentication tokens. Which component fits?
Câu trả lời
An Amazon Cognito user pool. It manages application users and issues tokens after authentication.
Thẻ 55
Câu hỏi
An API Gateway API must be callable only from approved VPCs through private connectivity. Which API type fits?
Câu trả lời
A private API reached through an interface VPC endpoint. Its resource policy can restrict which VPC endpoints or VPCs may invoke it.
Thẻ 56
Câu hỏi
A security team must apply common WAF and network protections across many accounts. Which service centralizes those policies?
Câu trả lời
AWS Firewall Manager. It manages supported firewall and protection policies across accounts in AWS Organizations.
Thẻ 57
Câu hỏi
How should a workload obtain a secret without placing the value in an AMI or container image?
Câu trả lời
Retrieve it at runtime with a workload role. The image contains no secret, and IAM plus the secret's policy controls access to the current value.
Thẻ 58
Câu hỏi
IPv6 workloads need outbound internet access without accepting unsolicited inbound connections. Which gateway fits?
Câu trả lời
An egress-only internet gateway. It supports outbound-initiated IPv6 connectivity while blocking internet-initiated connections to the VPC.
Thẻ 59
Câu hỏi
Authenticated mobile users need temporary AWS credentials to access permitted AWS resources. Which component supplies them?
Câu trả lời
An Amazon Cognito identity pool. It exchanges supported identities for temporary role credentials with scoped AWS access.
Thẻ 60
Câu hỏi
What routing property makes a VPC subnet public?
Câu trả lời
Its route table has a route to an internet gateway. An instance still needs a public IPv4 address or IPv6 address and permissive controls to communicate directly with the internet.
Thẻ 61
Câu hỏi
S3 objects need customer-controlled key permissions and an audit trail of key use. Which server-side encryption option fits?
Câu trả lời
SSE-KMS with a customer managed KMS key. KMS adds key-policy control and CloudTrail-visible cryptographic operations beyond S3-managed keys.
Thẻ 62
Câu hỏi
Which S3 control should be the broad guardrail against accidental public buckets and objects?
Câu trả lời
S3 Block Public Access. Apply it at the account and bucket levels where public access is not required, then use explicit private policies.
Thẻ 63
Câu hỏi
Which S3 feature helps recover from accidental overwrites and deletes?
Câu trả lời
S3 Versioning. It preserves prior object versions and turns a normal delete into a delete marker instead of immediately erasing older versions.
Thẻ 64
Câu hỏi
What happens when an encrypted EBS snapshot creates a new volume?
Câu trả lời
The new volume is encrypted. EBS encryption propagates through snapshots and volumes created from those encrypted snapshots.
Thẻ 65
Câu hỏi
What is the mandatory primary authorization document for a KMS key?
Câu trả lời
The KMS key policy. Every KMS key has one, and IAM allows take effect only when the key policy enables that path.
Thẻ 66
Câu hỏi
An S3 data lake wants policy-only ownership and no object ACL management. Which setting fits?
Câu trả lời
S3 Object Ownership with Bucket owner enforced. It disables ACLs and makes the bucket owner own uploaded objects, simplifying authorization.
Thẻ 67
Câu hỏi
Compliance records must be protected from deletion or overwrite for a retention period. Which S3 feature fits?
Câu trả lời
S3 Object Lock. It provides write-once-read-many retention on versioned objects, with governance or compliance controls.
Thẻ 68
Câu hỏi
An unencrypted RDS database must become encrypted without changing it in place. What migration path fits?
Câu trả lời
Snapshot it, copy the snapshot with encryption, and restore a new database. RDS storage encryption is chosen for the new resource rather than toggled on the existing instance.
Thẻ 69
Câu hỏi
A large object must be encrypted without sending the whole payload to KMS. Which pattern fits?
Câu trả lời
Envelope encryption. A data key encrypts the payload locally, and the KMS key protects the much smaller data key.
Thẻ 70
Câu hỏi
Several applications need different S3 access policies over the same shared dataset. What reduces one giant bucket policy?
Câu trả lời
S3 Access Points. Each access point has its own endpoint and policy, letting access be separated by application or team.
Thẻ 71
Câu hỏi
What bucket prerequisite applies to S3 replication?
Câu trả lời
Versioning must be enabled on both source and destination buckets. Replication operates on object versions rather than an unversioned overwrite stream.
Thẻ 72
Câu hỏi
An application uses TLS on regional load balancers in two Regions. Where must its ACM certificates be available?
Câu trả lời
In each load balancer's Region. ACM certificates are regional resources for regional services, so each deployment needs an eligible certificate there.
Thẻ 73
Câu hỏi
What happens to existing ciphertext when a KMS key's material rotates?
Câu trả lời
It is not re-encrypted. KMS keeps the prior key material so the same logical key can decrypt older ciphertext while new encryption uses current material.
Thẻ 74
Câu hỏi
How can a bucket reject requests that do not use TLS?
Câu trả lời
Add a bucket-policy deny conditioned on insecure transport. The explicit deny blocks requests where the secure-transport context is false.
Thẻ 75
Câu hỏi
S3 data must have an automatically maintained copy in another Region. Which feature fits?
Câu trả lời
S3 Cross-Region Replication. It asynchronously copies eligible object versions to a bucket in a different Region under configured rules.
Thẻ 76
Câu hỏi
Which Region must hold an ACM certificate used by Amazon CloudFront?
Câu trả lời
US East (N. Virginia), us-east-1. CloudFront requires its viewer certificate in that Region even when the origins live elsewhere.
Thẻ 77
Câu hỏi
A key type does not support automatic KMS rotation. How can the application rotate it?
Câu trả lời
Create a replacement KMS key and repoint an alias or application configuration. Manual replacement is the rotation path for unsupported key types.
Thẻ 78
Câu hỏi
A private S3 object needs temporary download access for one user without making the bucket public. What should be issued?
Câu trả lời
A presigned URL. It delegates time-limited permission derived from the signer's credentials for a specific S3 request.
Thẻ 79
Câu hỏi
Separate teams in one Region need automatically replicated S3 copies under different accounts. Which feature fits?
Câu trả lời
S3 Same-Region Replication. It maintains eligible copies between buckets in the same Region, including cross-account destinations.
Thẻ 80
Câu hỏi
After a secret rotates, what application design prevents continued use of the old value?
Câu trả lời
Retrieve or refresh the secret at runtime instead of caching it indefinitely. Rotation only helps when consumers adopt the current version safely.
Thẻ 81
Câu hỏi
Another account must use a customer managed KMS key. What two authorization sides are required?
Câu trả lời
The key policy must trust the external account, and that account must allow its principal to use the key. Cross-account KMS access needs permission on both sides.
Thẻ 82
Câu hỏi
A CloudFront distribution should read from a private S3 origin while direct bucket access stays blocked. Which control fits?
Câu trả lời
CloudFront Origin Access Control (OAC). The bucket policy trusts signed CloudFront origin requests instead of exposing S3 publicly.
Thẻ 83
Câu hỏi
Backups must resist deletion or shortened retention, including by privileged operators. Which control fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS Backup Vault Lock in compliance mode after its grace period. It enforces write-once-read-many retention, so even privileged users cannot alter or delete protected recovery points early.
Thẻ 84
Câu hỏi
A data owner needs evidence of which S3 objects contain regulated identifiers before tightening access. What should run first?
Câu trả lời
An Amazon Macie sensitive-data discovery job. Classification findings identify likely sensitive objects so controls can follow the data's risk.
Thẻ 85
Câu hỏi
A requirement calls for customer-controlled keys in dedicated single-tenant hardware security modules. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS CloudHSM. It provides dedicated HSMs under customer control; KMS is the simpler managed choice when that control boundary is not required.
Thẻ 86
Câu hỏi
Records must be retained for a policy period and then deleted automatically. What design principle should drive storage controls?
Câu trả lời
Encode the retention policy in lifecycle and backup controls. Automated transitions, expiration, and locked retention reduce reliance on manual cleanup while matching governance requirements.
Thẻ 87
Câu hỏi
A company needs centrally governed backup schedules and retention across supported services and accounts. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS Backup with organization backup policies. It centralizes plans, vaults, monitoring, and policy-based protection for supported resources.
Thẻ 88
Câu hỏi
A shared data lake needs table-, column-, and row-level permissions across analytics services. Which service should govern it?
Câu trả lời
AWS Lake Formation. It centralizes fine-grained data-lake permissions instead of relying only on broad S3 access.
Thẻ 89
Câu hỏi
An application encrypts in one Region and must decrypt in another without a cross-Region KMS call. Which key design fits?
Câu trả lời
Related KMS multi-Region keys. Their interoperable key material supports regional cryptographic operations, while policies and grants remain regional.
Thẻ 90
Câu hỏi
How can an auditor detect whether delivered CloudTrail log files were changed or deleted?
Câu trả lời
Enable CloudTrail log file integrity validation. Digest files provide a cryptographic chain that can validate delivered log-file integrity.
Thẻ 91
Câu hỏi
A web tier must add and remove instances freely as traffic changes. What application property makes this safe?
Câu trả lời
Keep the web tier stateless. Store sessions and durable data outside individual instances so any healthy instance can serve any request.
Thẻ 92
Câu hỏi
Requests for /orders and /images must scale as separate target groups behind one endpoint. Which component fits?
Câu trả lời
An Application Load Balancer with path-based rules. Layer 7 routing sends each path to its own independently scalable target group.
Thẻ 93
Câu hỏi
A team needs a managed public API front door with authorization, throttling, and request routing. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon API Gateway. It provides the API layer without requiring the team to run and scale gateway servers.
Thẻ 94
Câu hỏi
A producer spikes faster than workers can process jobs, but accepted work must not be lost. What should separate them?
Câu trả lời
An Amazon SQS queue. The durable buffer absorbs the spike and lets consumers drain work at their own rate.
Thẻ 95
Câu hỏi
One event must be delivered to several independent queues for parallel processing. Which messaging pattern fits?
Câu trả lời
Publish to an Amazon SNS topic subscribed by multiple SQS queues. Each consumer gets its own durable copy and failure boundary.
Thẻ 96
Câu hỏi
Events from many sources must reach different targets based on fields in each event. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon EventBridge. Event-bus rules match event patterns and route selected events to targets without point-to-point integrations.
Thẻ 97
Câu hỏi
A business process needs branching, retries, timeouts, and visible state across several services. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS Step Functions. A state machine makes workflow control explicit instead of burying orchestration in custom glue code.
Thẻ 98
Câu hỏi
Short event-driven code must scale without server management and sits idle between requests. Which compute model fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS Lambda. It provisions execution capacity on demand and charges for requests and execution instead of continuously running servers.
Thẻ 99
Câu hỏi
A long-running container needs custom runtime dependencies, but the team does not want to manage cluster instances. Which compute option fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS Fargate with Amazon ECS or EKS. Fargate supplies task or pod compute while the team keeps the container model.
Thẻ 100
Câu hỏi
A relational database is healthy but read traffic overwhelms the writer. What should absorb the reads?
Câu trả lời
One or more read replicas. Applications route read-only queries to asynchronously replicated instances, leaving writes on the source.
Thẻ 101
Câu hỏi
Which storage type fits durable, massively scalable files accessed through APIs rather than mounted as a disk?
Câu trả lời
Object storage with Amazon S3. Objects live in buckets and are addressed by keys, which suits static assets, backups, and data lakes.
Thẻ 102
Câu hỏi
Many Linux instances across Availability Zones need a shared managed NFS file system. Which storage service fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon EFS. It provides elastic regional file storage that multiple clients can mount concurrently.
Thẻ 103
Câu hỏi
A database on one EC2 instance needs low-latency persistent block storage. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon EBS. It presents durable block volumes to EC2 and supports volume types tuned for different IOPS and throughput needs.
Thẻ 104
Câu hỏi
A team wants AWS-native container orchestration and has no Kubernetes requirement. Which managed orchestrator is simpler?
Câu trả lời
Amazon ECS. EKS is the fit when Kubernetes APIs and ecosystem compatibility are requirements; otherwise ECS removes that control-plane complexity.
Thẻ 105
Câu hỏi
The same database records are requested repeatedly with low-latency requirements. What layer reduces database load?
Câu trả lời
An in-memory cache such as Amazon ElastiCache. Serving hot data from memory cuts repeated database reads when the application can tolerate cache semantics.
Thẻ 106
Câu hỏi
Global users repeatedly download cacheable content from one regional origin. What should serve it closer to them?
Câu trả lời
Amazon CloudFront. Edge caching reduces origin load and viewer latency for cacheable responses.
Thẻ 107
Câu hỏi
Why split a system into independently deployable services around clear business capabilities?
Câu trả lời
To isolate change, failure, and scaling boundaries. A service can evolve or scale without forcing the whole application to move together, provided its interface stays stable.
Thẻ 108
Câu hỏi
What should exceed a queue worker's normal processing time so another worker does not immediately receive the same in-flight job?
Câu trả lời
The SQS visibility timeout. It temporarily hides a received message, but the worker must still delete it after success.
Thẻ 109
Câu hỏi
A downstream processor is slower than incoming work. Which signal should often drive worker scaling?
Câu trả lời
Queue backlog relative to processing capacity. Scaling on depth or age of work responds to actual pressure better than producer CPU alone.
Thẻ 110
Câu hỏi
A standard queue can deliver a message more than once. What property must the consumer have?
Câu trả lời
Idempotency. Reprocessing the same operation identifier should not create a second business effect.
Thẻ 111
Câu hỏi
A public API must protect a backend from sudden request floods while returning controlled errors. What should the front door enforce?
Câu trả lời
API Gateway throttling and quotas. They bound request rates before excess traffic consumes backend capacity.
Thẻ 112
Câu hỏi
Partners must upload files over SFTP while data lands in managed AWS storage. Which service avoids running SFTP servers?
Câu trả lời
AWS Transfer Family. It provides managed file-transfer protocol endpoints backed by services such as Amazon S3 or EFS.
Thẻ 113
Câu hỏi
When are containers a better fit than functions for a new service?
Câu trả lời
When the workload needs a portable custom runtime, persistent process, or execution shape that does not fit function limits. Containers trade some simplicity for more runtime control.
Thẻ 114
Câu hỏi
An asynchronous function invocation keeps failing after retries. Where should the failed event go for recovery?
Câu trả lời
An on-failure destination or dead-letter target. Preserving the event outside the function makes the failure inspectable and replayable.
Thẻ 115
Câu hỏi
Queue consumers make too many empty receive calls. Which setting reduces them?
Câu trả lời
SQS long polling. A receive request waits briefly for a message, reducing empty responses and needless API calls.
Thẻ 116
Câu hỏi
Several topic subscribers need only the events relevant to them. What prevents every subscriber from processing every message?
Câu trả lời
SNS subscription filter policies. Each subscription selects messages by attributes or message-body fields before delivery.
Thẻ 117
Câu hỏi
A team needs to reprocess past application events after deploying a corrected consumer. Which feature fits?
Câu trả lời
EventBridge archive and replay. The archive retains matching events and can resend a chosen time range to its source event bus.
Thẻ 118
Câu hỏi
A workflow can run for hours and needs durable, auditable execution with non-idempotent steps. Which workflow type fits?
Câu trả lời
A Step Functions Standard Workflow. It supports long-running stateful orchestration and an exactly-once execution model unless retries are configured.
Thẻ 119
Câu hỏi
One HTTP load balancer must route to EC2 instances, containers by IP, and Lambda targets. Which load balancer supports that model?
Câu trả lời
An Application Load Balancer. Its target groups support multiple target types while listener rules keep routing at Layer 7.
Thẻ 120
Câu hỏi
Many short-lived functions cause a relational database connection storm. What managed layer should pool connections?
Câu trả lời
Amazon RDS Proxy. It shares and reuses database connections, protecting the database from bursts of client sessions.
Thẻ 121
Câu hỏi
Existing applications use standard message-broker APIs and must decouple without a messaging rewrite. Which managed service fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon MQ. It runs managed ActiveMQ or RabbitMQ brokers for applications that need familiar broker protocols and APIs rather than a cloud-native queue redesign.
Thẻ 122
Câu hỏi
A key-value workload needs managed horizontal scaling and single-digit-millisecond access without database servers. Which database fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon DynamoDB. Its partitioned serverless design scales key-value and document access without instance management.
Thẻ 123
Câu hỏi
A workflow must pause until a human or external system reports completion. Which orchestration pattern fits?
Câu trả lời
A Step Functions callback with a task token. The workflow persists its state and resumes only when the external actor returns the token.
Thẻ 124
Câu hỏi
Why should presentation, application, and data tiers have separate scaling boundaries?
Câu trả lời
Each tier can match its own bottleneck and failure pattern. Scaling the whole stack together wastes capacity and increases coupling.
Thẻ 125
Câu hỏi
Jobs for each customer must stay ordered and duplicate sends should be suppressed within the queue's deduplication model. Which queue type fits?
Câu trả lời
An SQS FIFO queue with a message group per ordering boundary. FIFO preserves order within a group and supports deduplication, with less throughput flexibility than a standard queue.
Thẻ 126
Câu hỏi
Why prefer a purpose-built managed service over one generic database for every workload?
Câu trả lời
Its data model and operational behavior match the access pattern. Better fit can reduce custom code, scaling friction, and failure modes.
Thẻ 127
Câu hỏi
Traffic growth is unpredictable and downtime for resizing is unacceptable. Which scaling direction is the better default?
Câu trả lời
Horizontal scaling. Adding replaceable instances avoids one ever-larger machine and supports elastic capacity across failure domains.
Thẻ 128
Câu hỏi
A very high-volume, short, idempotent event workflow needs lower orchestration overhead. Which workflow type fits?
Câu trả lời
A Step Functions Express Workflow. It is designed for high-rate, short executions and uses at-least-once semantics for asynchronous runs.
Thẻ 129
Câu hỏi
A few malformed messages repeatedly fail and block useful retry capacity. Where should they be isolated?
Câu trả lời
In an SQS dead-letter queue. A redrive policy moves repeatedly failing messages aside for inspection instead of cycling them forever.
Thẻ 130
Câu hỏi
A regional web application must survive one Availability Zone failing. What baseline topology fits?
Câu trả lời
An Application Load Balancer and Auto Scaling group spanning at least two AZs. Healthy capacity remains reachable when one AZ is unavailable.
Thẻ 131
Câu hỏi
A relational database needs automatic failover inside one Region, not read scaling. Which deployment fits?
Câu trả lời
An RDS Multi-AZ DB instance deployment. Its synchronous standby is for high availability and cannot serve read traffic.
Thẻ 132
Câu hỏi
DNS must direct users to a standby endpoint only when the primary becomes unhealthy. Which routing policy fits?
Câu trả lời
Route 53 failover routing. Health evaluation controls an active-passive DNS response between primary and secondary records.
Thẻ 133
Câu hỏi
Which disaster-recovery pattern costs least during normal operation but usually has the longest recovery time?
Câu trả lời
Backup and restore. Only protected data and recovery artifacts are maintained until a disaster requires rebuilding the environment.
Thẻ 134
Câu hỏi
Which S3 class characteristic protects ordinary regional objects from a single Availability Zone loss?
Câu trả lời
Storage across multiple Availability Zones. Regional S3 classes redundantly store data across AZs; a one-zone class deliberately trades that resilience for cost or latency goals.
Thẻ 135
Câu hỏi
An EC2 instance fails health checks in an Auto Scaling group. What resilience behavior should follow?
Câu trả lời
Auto Scaling replaces the unhealthy instance. Desired capacity is maintained with a new instance instead of preserving a broken server.
Thẻ 136
Câu hỏi
A key-value application needs active-active writes in multiple Regions with managed replication. Which feature fits?
Câu trả lời
DynamoDB global tables. Multi-Region replicas accept local reads and writes and replicate changes between participating Regions.
Thẻ 137
Câu hỏi
Which recovery objective states the maximum acceptable time to restore service after disruption?
Câu trả lời
Recovery Time Objective (RTO). It sets the downtime target that the recovery architecture and runbook must meet.
Thẻ 138
Câu hỏi
A secondary Region should keep only core data and critical services ready, then scale the rest after a disaster. Which DR pattern fits?
Câu trả lời
Pilot light. A minimal live core shortens recovery compared with backup-and-restore while keeping steady-state cost below a warm standby.
Thẻ 139
Câu hỏi
How should a team recover consistently from a damaged server fleet without repairing instances by hand?
Câu trả lời
Replace the fleet from versioned immutable images and infrastructure definitions. Rebuilding known-good instances is more predictable than repairing drifted servers in place.
Thẻ 140
Câu hỏi
Users should resolve to the deployed Region that currently offers them the lowest network latency. Which DNS policy fits?
Câu trả lời
Route 53 latency-based routing. It selects among regional endpoints using AWS latency measurements and can combine that choice with health evaluation.
Thẻ 141
Câu hỏi
Which recovery objective states the maximum acceptable amount of data loss measured in time?
Câu trả lời
Recovery Point Objective (RPO). It determines how current replicated or backed-up data must be at recovery.
Thẻ 142
Câu hỏi
An Aurora cluster needs faster failover and read scaling. What should be added across Availability Zones?
Câu trả lời
Aurora Replicas in multiple AZs. Readers serve read traffic and provide promotion targets if the writer fails.
Thẻ 143
Câu hỏi
A smaller but fully functional copy runs in another Region and scales up during disaster. Which DR pattern is this?
Câu trả lời
Warm standby. The secondary environment already serves the complete workload at reduced capacity, trading higher steady cost for faster recovery.
Thẻ 144
Câu hỏi
What artifact lets a team rebuild network and compute resources consistently in a recovery Region?
Câu trả lời
Version-controlled infrastructure as code, such as AWS CloudFormation templates. A declared environment can be recreated and reviewed instead of reconstructed from memory.
Thẻ 145
Câu hỏi
A DNS failover record should stop returning an unhealthy external endpoint. What must inform routing?
Câu trả lời
A Route 53 health check associated with the record. DNS failover needs endpoint health evidence rather than a static primary designation.
Thẻ 146
Câu hỏi
How should critical backups be protected from compromise of the workload account?
Câu trả lời
Copy them into a separately controlled backup account. Cross-account isolation reduces the chance that one compromised administrator can destroy production and recovery copies.
Thẻ 147
Câu hỏi
Which multi-Region pattern offers the lowest failover delay but usually the highest complexity and steady cost?
Câu trả lời
Active-active. Multiple Regions serve traffic simultaneously, so recovery avoids starting a cold stack but requires distributed data and conflict handling.
Thẻ 148
Câu hỏi
A DR Region has infrastructure templates but insufficient service quota for recovery capacity. What is the design flaw?
Câu trả lời
The recovery plan cannot meet its intended scale. Quotas are regional constraints and must be raised and tested before an incident.
Thẻ 149
Câu hỏi
A service-level requirement is based on successful checkout rate, not server CPU. What should alerting monitor?
Câu trả lời
A metric tied to successful checkouts. Business-outcome signals expose availability loss that infrastructure utilization alone can miss.
Thẻ 150
Câu hỏi
A request crosses several services and intermittently slows down. Which service helps locate the slow segment?
Câu trả lời
AWS X-Ray. Distributed traces connect service calls and latency so the bottleneck can be isolated across the request path.
300 thẻ
AWS Solutions Architect Associate SAA-C03 Flashcards: Architecture Decisions & Trade-Offs
Học bộ thẻ này miễn phí
Nibomo sẽ mở ra để bạn bắt đầu học.
Thẻ 151
Câu hỏi
A downstream dependency is failing and retries are exhausting every caller. Which application pattern limits the cascade?
Câu trả lời
A circuit breaker. It stops repeated calls to the unhealthy dependency for a period, preserving caller resources and allowing recovery.
Thẻ 152
Câu hỏi
A regional disaster must not remove both the primary S3 dataset and its recovery copy. Where should replication send it?
Câu trả lời
To a bucket in another Region. Cross-Region Replication separates the copy from a regional failure boundary, subject to replication timing and configuration.
Thẻ 153
Câu hỏi
An EBS recovery volume is needed in another Region. What must happen to its snapshot first?
Câu trả lời
Copy the snapshot to the target Region. EBS snapshots are regional resources even though their data is stored redundantly within the Region.
Thẻ 154
Câu hỏi
How can relational database clients reduce connection disruption during failover?
Câu trả lời
Connect through Amazon RDS Proxy. The proxy pools connections and can redirect them to the new database instance while shielding clients from some failover handling.
Thẻ 155
Câu hỏi
Which Aurora endpoint should an application use for writes so failover does not require a configured instance hostname change?
Câu trả lời
The cluster writer endpoint. It follows the current primary instance as Aurora promotes a replacement writer.
Thẻ 156
Câu hỏi
A global TCP application needs fixed anycast IP addresses and rapid routing away from unhealthy regional endpoints. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS Global Accelerator. It routes traffic over the AWS global network to healthy endpoints while keeping stable client-facing IPs.
Thẻ 157
Câu hỏi
A distribution should use a secondary origin when the primary returns configured failure responses. Which feature fits?
Câu trả lời
CloudFront origin failover with an origin group. CloudFront can retry eligible requests against the secondary origin based on selected status codes.
Thẻ 158
Câu hỏi
A global application needs one S3 access endpoint with routing across replicated buckets in multiple Regions. Which feature fits?
Câu trả lời
An S3 Multi-Region Access Point. It provides a global endpoint and can route requests among participating regional buckets.
Thẻ 159
Câu hỏi
A DynamoDB table must be restored to a recent second within its supported recovery window after accidental writes. Which feature fits?
Câu trả lời
Point-in-time recovery. It provides continuous backups and restores the table to a new table at a chosen recoverable time.
Thẻ 160
Câu hỏi
Why is a successful backup job not enough evidence for disaster readiness?
Câu trả lời
Recovery requires tested restores. A restore exercise validates permissions, dependencies, timing, data integrity, and the runbook against the stated RTO and RPO.
Thẻ 161
Câu hỏi
Why is deploying stateless compute in two Regions insufficient for regional recovery?
Câu trả lời
The application's state and dependencies also need a recovery design. Data replication, secrets, configuration, DNS, and quotas determine whether the second Region can actually serve.
Thẻ 162
Câu hỏi
How does a load balancer reduce the impact of one broken target?
Câu trả lời
It stops routing new requests to targets that fail health checks. Redundant healthy targets must still exist in other failure domains.
Thẻ 163
Câu hỏi
Many clients retry a throttled service at the same time. Which retry strategy avoids another synchronized surge?
Câu trả lời
Exponential backoff with jitter. Increasing delays reduce pressure, and randomness spreads retries instead of aligning them.
Thẻ 164
Câu hỏi
Which service assesses an application's resilience posture against defined recovery targets?
Câu trả lời
AWS Resilience Hub. It evaluates supported application resources and recommends resilience improvements and tests.
Thẻ 165
Câu hỏi
How does a durable queue keep a temporary consumer outage from becoming a producer outage?
Câu trả lời
It accepts and retains work while consumers are unavailable. Producers no longer need every consumer to respond synchronously.
Thẻ 166
Câu hỏi
What usually happens to steady-state cost as a DR design moves from backup-and-restore toward active-active?
Câu trả lời
Cost rises as recovery capacity stays more ready. Faster RTO generally requires more live infrastructure, replication, and operational complexity before a disaster.
Thẻ 167
Câu hỏi
A backup must remain recoverable after a regional disruption. Which copy strategy fits?
Câu trả lời
Maintain a backup copy in another Region. Regional separation protects recovery data from sharing the production Region's failure boundary.
Thẻ 168
Câu hỏi
A relational database needs automatic failover and readable standby capacity across three Availability Zones. Which RDS deployment fits?
Câu trả lời
An RDS Multi-AZ DB cluster. Its writer and two readable instances span three AZs, combining high availability with read capacity unlike a Multi-AZ DB instance's non-readable standby.
Thẻ 169
Câu hỏi
What should drive the first choice among object, file, and block storage?
Câu trả lời
The workload's access protocol and sharing pattern. Object storage uses API-addressed objects, file storage provides a shared hierarchy, and block storage presents volumes to compute.
Thẻ 170
Câu hỏi
A very large object must upload to S3 quickly and recover efficiently from a network interruption. Which upload method fits?
Câu trả lời
Multipart upload. Parts transfer independently and in parallel, and only failed parts need to be retried.
Thẻ 171
Câu hỏi
A general EC2 workload needs SSD block storage with performance provisioned independently of capacity. Which volume type fits?
Câu trả lời
EBS gp3. It is the general-purpose SSD choice and lets IOPS and throughput be tuned without inflating volume size solely for performance.
Thẻ 172
Câu hỏi
A shared file workload has unpredictable throughput bursts and should not manage provisioned throughput. Which EFS mode fits?
Câu trả lời
EFS Elastic Throughput. It automatically adjusts throughput to workload activity, trading manual capacity planning for usage-based scaling.
Thẻ 173
Câu hỏi
An HPC job needs a high-throughput parallel file system that can process data from S3. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon FSx for Lustre. It provides a managed parallel file system for compute-intensive workloads and integrates with S3 datasets.
Thẻ 174
Câu hỏi
An EC2 workload needs the lowest-latency temporary scratch space and can rebuild all data after host loss. Which storage fits?
Câu trả lời
EC2 instance store. It is physically attached ephemeral block storage, so performance is high but data does not survive every stop, termination, or host failure.
Thẻ 175
Câu hỏi
On-premises file clients need low-latency cached access while durable objects live in S3. Which hybrid service fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon S3 File Gateway. It exposes file protocols locally, caches hot data, and stores files as S3 objects.
Thẻ 176
Câu hỏi
A large active NFS dataset must move repeatedly to AWS over the network with parallel transfer and verification. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS DataSync. It accelerates and automates online data movement between supported storage systems with integrity checks.
Thẻ 177
Câu hỏi
Users far from one S3 bucket need faster long-distance uploads over the public internet. Which feature may help?
Câu trả lời
S3 Transfer Acceleration. It accepts traffic at nearby edge locations and carries it over the AWS network to the bucket; measure it because benefit depends on the path.
Thẻ 178
Câu hỏi
A latency-sensitive database needs sustained high IOPS and durability beyond general-purpose SSD. Which EBS family fits?
Câu trả lời
Provisioned IOPS SSD, typically io2. It is designed for demanding transactional workloads that need predictable provisioned I/O performance.
Thẻ 179
Câu hỏi
Windows applications need a managed shared file system with SMB and Active Directory integration. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon FSx for Windows File Server. It supplies Windows-native file semantics and managed integration instead of adapting an NFS service.
Thẻ 180
Câu hỏi
A large sequential workload needs high-throughput HDD block storage rather than low-latency transactional IOPS. Which EBS type fits?
Câu trả lời
Throughput Optimized HDD (st1). It targets frequently accessed, throughput-intensive sequential data such as logs and big-data workloads.
Thẻ 181
Câu hỏi
Clients repeatedly need different portions of a very large S3 object. What request pattern avoids downloading it all?
Câu trả lời
Parallel or selective byte-range GET requests. Fetching only required ranges can increase aggregate throughput and reduce unnecessary transfer.
Thẻ 182
Câu hỏi
One EBS volume cannot provide enough aggregate throughput, and the application can tolerate losing the stripe if one volume fails. Which layout increases performance?
Câu trả lời
RAID 0 across multiple EBS volumes. Striping aggregates performance but adds no redundancy, so durable recovery must come from elsewhere.
Thẻ 183
Câu hỏi
A CPU-bound batch workload has little memory pressure. Which EC2 instance family category fits first?
Câu trả lời
Compute optimized. Its resource balance favors processor performance instead of paying for memory or storage the workload does not need.
Thẻ 184
Câu hỏi
An Auto Scaling group should keep average CPU near a chosen utilization as load changes. Which policy fits?
Câu trả lời
Target tracking scaling. It adjusts desired capacity to keep the selected metric near its target, like a thermostat.
Thẻ 185
Câu hỏi
A Lambda function is CPU-bound and needs to finish faster. Which configuration should be tested first?
Câu trả lời
Increase the function's memory setting. Lambda allocates more CPU with more memory, so profiling several sizes reveals the best latency and cost point.
Thẻ 186
Câu hỏi
Tightly coupled EC2 nodes need the lowest possible inter-instance network latency in one Availability Zone. Which placement strategy fits?
Câu trả lời
A cluster placement group. It packs supported instances close together for high-throughput, low-latency networking, trading away AZ-level distribution.
Thẻ 187
Câu hỏi
An in-memory analytics engine holds a very large working set in RAM. Which EC2 category fits?
Câu trả lời
Memory optimized. These instances provide a higher memory-to-compute ratio for large in-memory datasets.
Thẻ 188
Câu hỏi
One function must guarantee capacity while preventing it from consuming all account concurrency. Which setting helps?
Câu trả lời
Reserved concurrency. It guarantees up to the reserved amount for that function and also caps its maximum concurrent executions.
Thẻ 189
Câu hỏi
Thousands of queued container jobs need managed scheduling onto dynamically provisioned compute. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS Batch. It queues and schedules batch jobs while managing compute environments based on job requirements.
Thẻ 190
Câu hỏi
A group should add much more capacity for a severe alarm breach than for a small breach. Which policy fits?
Câu trả lời
Step scaling. Different breach ranges trigger different capacity adjustments, matching response size to observed pressure.
Thẻ 191
Câu hỏi
A machine-learning training job needs GPUs or purpose-built accelerators. Which EC2 category fits?
Câu trả lời
Accelerated computing instances. Their attached accelerators outperform general-purpose CPUs for supported graphics, inference, and training workloads.
Thẻ 192
Câu hỏi
A team needs managed clusters for Apache Spark and Hadoop processing over large datasets. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon EMR. It provisions and manages big-data frameworks while retaining control over cluster sizing and engines.
Thẻ 193
Câu hỏi
A container service has no host-management requirement and each task needs a defined CPU and memory shape. Which launch model fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS Fargate. Tasks receive requested serverless container capacity without choosing or maintaining EC2 hosts.
Thẻ 194
Câu hỏi
Scale-out is slow because instances spend several minutes installing software before joining service. Which feature can reduce launch latency?
Câu trả lời
An EC2 Auto Scaling warm pool. Pre-initialized instances wait in a reusable state so they can enter service faster during scale-out.
Thẻ 195
Câu hỏi
A distributed database needs very high local I/O throughput and large instance-attached datasets. Which EC2 category fits?
Câu trả lời
Storage optimized. These instances balance compute with high sequential or random I/O for data-intensive local storage workloads.
Thẻ 196
Câu hỏi
A supported Linux workload can run on Arm and needs better price-performance. Which processor family should be benchmarked?
Câu trả lời
AWS Graviton-based instances. Native Arm-compatible applications can gain price-performance benefits, but dependencies should be verified and measured.
Thẻ 197
Câu hỏi
Users in one metropolitan area need single-digit-millisecond access to compute that still uses AWS services and APIs. Which placement may fit?
Câu trả lời
An AWS Local Zone. It places selected resources closer to that population than the parent Region, when the required services are available there.
Thẻ 198
Câu hỏi
A transactional application needs SQL joins, referential integrity, and a familiar relational engine. Which managed database family fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon RDS or Amazon Aurora. Relational services preserve SQL and transaction semantics while AWS manages common database operations.
Thẻ 199
Câu hỏi
What key-design property prevents a high-throughput DynamoDB table from concentrating traffic on one partition?
Câu trả lời
A high-cardinality partition key with traffic spread across values. Even distribution lets DynamoDB use partitioned capacity instead of creating a hot key.
Thẻ 200
Câu hỏi
An application can tolerate stale data and wants to offload repeated relational reads. Which pattern fits?
Câu trả lời
Cache-aside with Amazon ElastiCache. The application checks the cache first, loads misses from the database, and controls invalidation.
Thẻ 201
Câu hỏi
A workload stores flexible JSON-like documents and needs MongoDB-compatible APIs on a managed service. Which database fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility). Its document model suits nested semi-structured records when relational joins are not the core access pattern.
Thẻ 202
Câu hỏi
A MySQL-compatible workload needs managed read scaling and fast replica promotion. Which database design fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon Aurora with Aurora Replicas. Readers share the cluster storage layer, serve read traffic, and act as failover targets.
Thẻ 203
Câu hỏi
A DynamoDB application needs microsecond read latency for eventually consistent hot keys without application-managed cache logic. Which feature fits?
Câu trả lời
DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX). It is an API-compatible in-memory cache for DynamoDB reads.
Thẻ 204
Câu hỏi
A fraud system must traverse many relationships among accounts, devices, and transactions. Which database type fits?
Câu trả lời
A graph database such as Amazon Neptune. Graph-native relationships and traversals avoid forcing connected data into join-heavy tables.
Thẻ 205
Câu hỏi
A company needs complex SQL analytics across large structured datasets with many joins. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon Redshift. Its columnar data-warehouse architecture is optimized for analytical queries rather than row-by-row transactional access.
Thẻ 206
Câu hỏi
Why should an application avoid routing read-after-write requests to an ordinary RDS read replica?
Câu trả lời
Replication is asynchronous, so the replica may lag. Strongly current reads should use the writer unless the engine and design provide another consistency guarantee.
Thẻ 207
Câu hỏi
A DynamoDB table needs an additional query pattern on a different partition key. What should be added?
Câu trả lời
A global secondary index. It provides another partition-and-sort-key view that can be queried without scanning the base table.
Thẻ 208
Câu hỏi
An application needs full-text search and near-real-time log analytics. Which managed engine fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon OpenSearch Service. It indexes documents for search, aggregation, and operational analytics rather than primary relational transactions.
Thẻ 209
Câu hỏi
A microservice needs a durable primary database with in-memory access and Redis-compatible APIs. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon MemoryDB. It combines an in-memory data model with Multi-AZ durability, unlike using an ephemeral cache as the system of record.
Thẻ 210
Câu hỏi
A bursty serverless application spends too much database capacity on opening relational connections. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon RDS Proxy. Connection pooling and reuse let many clients share fewer database connections.
Thẻ 211
Câu hỏi
An application needs Cassandra-compatible wide-column storage without provisioning or operating database nodes. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon Keyspaces (for Apache Cassandra). It provides managed, serverless Cassandra-compatible tables that scale without cluster administration.
Thẻ 212
Câu hỏi
Which Aurora endpoint distributes new read-only connections among available replicas?
Câu trả lời
The reader endpoint. It balances connections across Aurora Replicas; it does not split individual queries from one connection.
Thẻ 213
Câu hỏi
A load balancer must route HTTP requests by host name, path, and header. Which type fits?
Câu trả lời
An Application Load Balancer. Layer 7 listener rules understand HTTP request attributes and route them to target groups.
Thẻ 214
Câu hỏi
A website serves the same static objects to users worldwide. Which service lowers latency and origin traffic?
Câu trả lời
Amazon CloudFront. Edge locations cache objects close to viewers and fetch misses from the origin.
Thẻ 215
Câu hỏi
Dozens of VPCs and on-premises networks need transitive hub-and-spoke connectivity. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS Transit Gateway. It replaces a growing mesh of point-to-point connections with a regional routing hub.
Thẻ 216
Câu hỏi
A hybrid workload needs more consistent private network performance than internet-based VPN alone. Which connection fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS Direct Connect. A dedicated connection provides a private path with more predictable network behavior than the public internet.
Thẻ 217
Câu hỏi
A global application sends non-cacheable TCP traffic to healthy regional endpoints and needs stable anycast IPs. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS Global Accelerator. It improves the network path to regional endpoints without caching application content.
Thẻ 218
Câu hỏi
A service needs extreme TCP or UDP connection performance without HTTP-aware routing. Which load balancer fits?
Câu trả lời
A Network Load Balancer. It operates at Layer 4 and preserves a transport-level model instead of inspecting HTTP paths.
Thẻ 219
Câu hỏi
Which DNS policy chooses among regional endpoints by expected user latency?
Câu trả lời
Route 53 latency-based routing. It answers with the Region AWS expects to provide the lowest latency for the requester.
Thẻ 220
Câu hỏi
Two VPCs need direct private connectivity, with no requirement for transitive routing or a central hub. Which option fits?
Câu trả lời
VPC peering. It creates direct private routes between the two VPCs, but peering relationships are not transitive.
Thẻ 221
Câu hỏi
What placement principle reduces latency between compute and a regional data store?
Câu trả lời
Keep dependent resources in the same Region and, when the service model permits, avoid unnecessary AZ crossings. Data locality shortens the network path and can also reduce transfer cost.
Thẻ 222
Câu hỏi
A hybrid connection is needed quickly while a dedicated circuit is being provisioned. Which option provides the faster setup?
Câu trả lời
AWS Site-to-Site VPN. It uses internet connectivity and can serve as the initial or backup path while Direct Connect is arranged.
Thẻ 223
Câu hỏi
Third-party virtual firewalls must scale transparently in the network path. Which load balancer fits?
Câu trả lời
A Gateway Load Balancer. It distributes traffic across virtual network appliances while preserving an inline service-insertion model.
Thẻ 224
Câu hỏi
Should a dynamic non-HTTP application choose a CDN cache or a global network accelerator?
Câu trả lời
Choose the accelerator when traffic is non-cacheable and needs optimized routing; choose the CDN for cacheable HTTP content. The decisive constraint is caching and protocol behavior, not simply global users.
Thẻ 225
Câu hỏi
A provider must expose one service privately to many consumer VPCs without routing entire networks together. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS PrivateLink. Consumers use interface endpoints to reach the service privately without transitive VPC connectivity.
Thẻ 226
Câu hỏi
A growing multi-account network needs centrally planned, non-overlapping IP address allocation. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon VPC IP Address Manager (IPAM). It plans, tracks, and monitors address space across accounts and Regions.
Thẻ 227
Câu hỏi
Which service moves large datasets online between on-premises storage and S3, EFS, or FSx with scheduling and verification?
Câu trả lời
AWS DataSync. It automates parallel transfer and integrity validation for supported storage endpoints.
Thẻ 228
Câu hỏi
Analysts need occasional SQL queries directly over files in S3 without running a database cluster. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon Athena. It performs serverless SQL queries on data in place and charges by query work such as bytes scanned.
Thẻ 229
Câu hỏi
Multiple applications need to process the same ordered stream of real-time records independently. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon Kinesis Data Streams. Consumers read retained stream records independently, with ordering maintained within each shard.
Thẻ 230
Câu hỏi
A team needs serverless data discovery, a central catalog, and managed ETL jobs. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS Glue. Crawlers and the Data Catalog describe datasets, while Glue jobs transform and load them without a persistent cluster.
Thẻ 231
Câu hỏi
An on-premises application needs iSCSI block volumes backed by cloud storage. Which hybrid service fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS Storage Gateway Volume Gateway. It presents local iSCSI volumes while integrating the data with AWS-managed cloud storage and snapshots.
Thẻ 232
Câu hỏi
Business users need managed interactive dashboards over AWS data sources. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon Quick Sight, part of Amazon Quick. It provides managed business-intelligence analysis and published interactive dashboards rather than a data-processing engine.
Thẻ 233
Câu hỏi
Athena queries usually filter by date, but every query scans the whole S3 dataset. What layout change helps?
Câu trả lời
Partition the dataset by the common date filter and query those partitions. Partition pruning limits the files scanned for each request.
Thẻ 234
Câu hỏi
Streaming records should land in S3 or another supported destination with managed buffering and delivery. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon Data Firehose. It buffers, optionally transforms, and delivers streaming data without consumer fleet management.
Thẻ 235
Câu hỏi
A team must upload data from its own storage devices through a high-speed AWS facility instead of ordering an AWS transfer device. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS Data Transfer Terminal. The team reserves a secure, network-ready physical location, brings its own devices, and transfers data to AWS over the facility's connection.
Thẻ 236
Câu hỏi
A data team needs Apache Spark clusters with control over versions, instances, and tuning. Which service fits better than a simple ETL job?
Câu trả lời
Amazon EMR. It provides managed big-data clusters when framework control and large-scale distributed processing are decisive.
Thẻ 237
Câu hỏi
A BI team needs repeatable complex joins across a large centralized analytical warehouse. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon Redshift. It is built for structured warehouse analytics and high-throughput SQL reporting.
Thẻ 238
Câu hỏi
Athena queries read only a few columns from a large S3 dataset. Which file format usually reduces scanned data?
Câu trả lời
A compressed columnar format such as Parquet. Column pruning and compression avoid reading irrelevant row fields.
Thẻ 239
Câu hỏi
External partners use SFTP, but files must arrive directly in S3. Which managed endpoint fits?
Câu trả lời
AWS Transfer Family. It supports familiar managed file-transfer protocols while using AWS storage as the backend.
Thẻ 240
Câu hỏi
An application requires Apache Kafka APIs and ecosystem compatibility without operating Kafka brokers alone. Which service fits?
Câu trả lời
Amazon Managed Streaming for Apache Kafka (Amazon MSK). It preserves Kafka compatibility while AWS manages broker infrastructure tasks.
Thẻ 241
Câu hỏi
S3 access patterns are unknown and change over time, but objects need millisecond access when active. Which class fits?
Câu trả lời
S3 Intelligent-Tiering. It moves objects among access tiers based on observed use, adding a monitoring fee while avoiding retrieval fees for its automatic low-latency tiers.
Thẻ 242
Câu hỏi
A fault-tolerant batch fleet can checkpoint and lose instances with short notice. Which purchase option offers the largest discount potential?
Câu trả lời
EC2 Spot Instances. They use spare capacity at a discount, and the workload must handle interruption and capacity changes.
Thẻ 243
Câu hỏi
A new DynamoDB workload has unpredictable traffic and no reliable capacity forecast. Which mode fits first?
Câu trả lời
On-demand capacity mode. It automatically handles request volume without capacity planning, trading convenience for a higher per-request price than well-used provisioned capacity.
Thẻ 244
Câu hỏi
Private instances send heavy S3 traffic through a NAT gateway. What network change removes that NAT processing path?
Câu trả lời
Add an S3 gateway VPC endpoint and route S3 traffic through it. Gateway endpoints have no hourly or data-processing charge and keep traffic on the AWS network.
Thẻ 245
Câu hỏi
Long-lived data is rarely read, must survive an Availability Zone loss, and needs millisecond retrieval. Which S3 class fits?
Câu trả lời
S3 Standard-Infrequent Access. It stores data across multiple AZs with lower storage cost, balanced by retrieval charges and minimum-duration rules.
Thẻ 246
Câu hỏi
Compute usage is steady, but the team wants flexibility across eligible instance families, Regions, and EC2, Lambda, or Fargate. Which discount model fits?
Câu trả lời
A Compute Savings Plan. The organization commits to an hourly spend level and receives discounted eligible compute usage with broad service and configuration flexibility.
Thẻ 247
Câu hỏi
A DynamoDB workload has stable, predictable traffic that consistently uses reserved throughput. Which mode can cost less?
Câu trả lời
Provisioned capacity mode with appropriate scaling. Paying for planned read and write capacity can beat on-demand pricing when utilization is predictable.
Thẻ 248
Câu hỏi
Two chatty EC2 tiers do not need AZ separation from each other, and cross-AZ transfer dominates cost. What placement can help?
Câu trả lời
Keep the chatty path in the same Availability Zone where resilience requirements allow. Cross-AZ architecture improves failure isolation but can add data-transfer charges.
Thẻ 249
Câu hỏi
Infrequently accessed S3 data is recreatable and may be lost with one Availability Zone. Which class can cut cost?
Câu trả lời
S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access. It keeps data in one AZ, so it suits replaceable data rather than the only copy of critical records.
Thẻ 250
Câu hỏi
A stable EC2 workload needs both a billing discount and reserved capacity in one specific Availability Zone. Which Reserved Instance scope fits?
Câu trả lời
A zonal Reserved Instance. It reserves matching capacity in the chosen AZ and provides the discount there; a regional Reserved Instance provides AZ flexibility but does not reserve capacity.
Thẻ 251
Câu hỏi
A large DynamoDB table stores infrequently accessed historical data, and storage cost dominates request cost. Which table class may fit?
Câu trả lời
DynamoDB Standard-Infrequent Access. It lowers storage cost while raising request cost, so it fits storage-heavy, low-access tables.
Thẻ 252
Câu hỏi
Global users repeatedly download the same public objects from a regional origin. What can reduce origin transfer and requests?
Câu trả lời
Cache the objects with Amazon CloudFront. A high cache-hit ratio serves viewers from edge locations and reduces repeated origin delivery.
Thẻ 253
Câu hỏi
Archive data is read about quarterly but still needs millisecond retrieval. Which S3 class fits?
Câu trả lời
S3 Glacier Instant Retrieval. It lowers storage cost for rarely accessed archives while preserving real-time access, with retrieval and minimum-duration charges.
Thẻ 254
Câu hỏi
A new workload is short-lived, cannot be interrupted, and has unknown steady demand. Which EC2 purchase option avoids commitment?
Câu trả lời
On-Demand Instances. They provide full flexibility without a term commitment, making them suitable while demand is uncertain.
Thẻ 255
Câu hỏi
A relational workload is intermittent and must scale database capacity without manual instance changes. Which option fits?
Câu trả lời
Aurora Serverless v2. It adjusts Aurora capacity in fine-grained steps, which suits variable demand that would leave provisioned instances idle.
Thẻ 256
Câu hỏi
What is the main trade-off between one shared NAT gateway and one NAT gateway per Availability Zone?
Câu trả lời
A shared gateway can cost less, while per-AZ gateways improve fault isolation and avoid cross-AZ routing for local private subnets. Choose from availability and traffic economics together.
Thẻ 257
Câu hỏi
Archives are read roughly yearly and can wait minutes or hours for restore. Which S3 class fits?
Câu trả lời
S3 Glacier Flexible Retrieval. It trades immediate access for lower archive storage cost and several retrieval-speed options.
Thẻ 258
Câu hỏi
An EC2 fleet averages low CPU and memory use for months. What should happen before buying a larger commitment?
Câu trả lời
Right-size the instances using measured utilization. Commitments discount usage, but they do not fix paying for capacity the workload never needs.
Thẻ 259
Câu hỏi
An RDS database has a stable multi-year production baseline. Which purchase choice can discount its instance cost?
Câu trả lời
Reserved DB instances. A term commitment discounts predictable RDS instance usage, after the database has been right-sized.
Thẻ 260
Câu hỏi
When can an interface VPC endpoint cost more than keeping low-volume service traffic on an existing NAT path?
Câu trả lời
When endpoint hourly and data-processing charges exceed the avoided NAT and transfer cost. Private routing is valuable, but endpoint count and traffic volume still matter.
Thẻ 261
Câu hỏi
Compliance archives are almost never read and can tolerate the longest restore time. Which S3 class minimizes storage cost?
Câu trả lời
S3 Glacier Deep Archive. It is the lowest-cost S3 archive tier for very rare access, with long minimum duration and hours-scale retrieval.
Thẻ 262
Câu hỏi
Traffic varies through the day and idle EC2 instances dominate cost. Which capacity strategy fits?
Câu trả lời
Auto Scaling with sensible minimum and maximum capacity. Matching instance count to demand removes idle capacity while preserving required headroom.
Thẻ 263
Câu hỏi
An RDS instance has consistently low CPU, memory, and I/O demand. What should reduce cost before changing engines?
Câu trả lời
Right-size the DB instance and storage to measured needs. A smaller supported configuration removes idle capacity with less migration risk than an engine redesign.
Thẻ 264
Câu hỏi
When can a dedicated hybrid link become economical compared with internet VPN?
Câu trả lời
When sustained data volume, required consistency, or private connectivity justifies its port and provider costs. VPN usually has a lower entry cost for modest or temporary traffic.
Thẻ 265
Câu hỏi
Objects become cold predictably after 30 days and expire after a policy period. What should automate the change?
Câu trả lời
An S3 Lifecycle rule. It transitions eligible objects to cheaper classes and expires them on a schedule without manual jobs.
Thẻ 266
Câu hỏi
A small event handler runs for seconds a few times per hour. Which compute model avoids paying for an idle server?
Câu trả lời
AWS Lambda. Request-based execution suits intermittent work when the function limits and event model fit.
Thẻ 267
Câu hỏi
When is a cache more cost-effective than adding another relational read replica?
Câu trả lời
When many requests reuse the same hot data and can tolerate cache freshness rules. A cache can remove repeated reads; a replica is better for broad SQL read scaling.
Thẻ 268
Câu hỏi
A small branch sends modest traffic to AWS and does not need a dedicated circuit. Which connection is the lower-entry-cost fit?
Câu trả lời
AWS Site-to-Site VPN. It uses the internet and avoids dedicated-link provisioning, with less predictable performance than Direct Connect.
Thẻ 269
Câu hỏi
A general SSD volume is overprovisioned only because its older type ties performance to size. Which EBS type can decouple them?
Câu trả lời
EBS gp3. Capacity, IOPS, and throughput can be tuned independently, which avoids buying unused storage just to reach performance targets.
Thẻ 270
Câu hỏi
A small container workload has irregular demand and the team cannot keep EC2 hosts well utilized. Which launch model may cost less operationally?
Câu trả lời
AWS Fargate. Per-task capacity avoids an idle host fleet, though steady high utilization should be compared with optimized EC2 capacity.
Thẻ 271
Câu hỏi
Automated database backups are kept far longer than the business recovery policy requires. What should change?
Câu trả lời
Align backup retention with the validated recovery requirement. Extra retention adds storage cost without value when legal, audit, and recovery needs do not require it.
Thẻ 272
Câu hỏi
When does Transit Gateway usually justify its attachment and processing charges over many peerings?
Câu trả lời
When centralized, transitive connectivity replaces a complex VPC and hybrid mesh. The operational simplicity can outweigh service charges at larger network scale.
Thẻ 273
Câu hỏi
Which EBS type is cost-effective for large, frequently accessed sequential workloads that need throughput rather than transactional IOPS?
Câu trả lời
Throughput Optimized HDD (st1). It fits big sequential scans such as logs or data processing, not boot volumes or small random I/O.
Thẻ 274
Câu hỏi
A Linux application and its dependencies support Arm. What compute change should be benchmarked for price-performance?
Câu trả lời
Move to Graviton-based instances or runtimes. AWS-designed Arm processors can improve price-performance when the software stack is compatible.
Thẻ 275
Câu hỏi
A relational database is write-bound, while read replicas sit mostly idle. What does that imply?
Câu trả lời
Read replicas do not address the actual bottleneck and may be removable. They scale reads; write capacity needs another design or database choice.
Thẻ 276
Câu hỏi
Three VPCs need a few direct, non-transitive private links. Which connectivity can avoid a paid routing hub?
Câu trả lời
VPC peering. A small set of direct relationships can be simpler and cheaper, but the design becomes hard to manage as the mesh grows.
Thẻ 277
Câu hỏi
Most files in an EFS file system go untouched after a few weeks. What should reduce storage cost automatically?
Câu trả lời
EFS lifecycle management. It moves inactive files to lower-cost EFS storage classes according to the configured policy.
Thẻ 278
Câu hỏi
Capacity demand rises at the same known time every weekday. Which scaling method can add capacity before the rise?
Câu trả lời
Scheduled scaling. A recurring action changes desired or boundary capacity at the known time instead of waiting for utilization to climb.
Thẻ 279
Câu hỏi
Which managed service moves database data with ongoing replication to reduce migration downtime?
Câu trả lời
AWS Database Migration Service (AWS DMS). It copies data and can keep source and target synchronized during a migration.
Thẻ 280
Câu hỏi
Private workloads reach DynamoDB through a NAT gateway. Which endpoint can remove that path without hourly endpoint charges?
Câu trả lời
A DynamoDB gateway VPC endpoint. Route-table entries keep supported traffic private and avoid NAT processing for that service.
Thẻ 281
Câu hỏi
Old EBS snapshots accumulate after every backup cycle. What policy prevents indefinite spend?
Câu trả lời
An automated retention policy that expires unneeded snapshots. Recovery requirements should set how many copies and ages remain, rather than keeping every snapshot.
Thẻ 282
Câu hỏi
Demand follows a recurring pattern but its required capacity changes over time. Which scaling method forecasts it?
Câu trả lời
Predictive scaling. It analyzes historical load and schedules capacity ahead of forecast demand, while dynamic scaling can handle deviations.
Thẻ 283
Câu hỏi
A database migration changes from one engine family to another and the schema is incompatible. What tool handles much of the conversion?
Câu trả lời
AWS DMS Schema Conversion. It converts schema objects and much database code for a heterogeneous migration; AWS DMS then moves and replicates the data.
Thẻ 284
Câu hỏi
What is the first architecture question when network transfer becomes a major AWS bill item?
Câu trả lời
Why is the data crossing a Region, Availability Zone, or internet boundary? Removing unnecessary movement often beats negotiating around the same inefficient path.
Thẻ 285
Câu hỏi
A data publisher wants approved external users to pay request and download charges for a shared S3 dataset. Which feature fits?
Câu trả lời
S3 Requester Pays. Authenticated requesters identify themselves as the payer, while the bucket owner still pays storage charges.
Thẻ 286
Câu hỏi
Development instances sit unused every night and weekend. What is the simplest cost control?
Câu trả lời
Stop or scale them down on a schedule. Non-production availability requirements rarely justify paying for full capacity when nobody uses it.
Thẻ 287
Câu hỏi
Expired session records should leave a DynamoDB table automatically without a cleanup fleet. Which feature fits?
Câu trả lời
DynamoDB Time to Live (TTL). An expiry attribute marks items for background deletion without consuming application write capacity for each cleanup.
Thẻ 288
Câu hỏi
Millions of tiny payloads create high request overhead and poor network efficiency. What transport change can help?
Câu trả lời
Batch and compress data where latency requirements allow. Fewer larger transfers reduce per-request overhead and bytes moved.
Thẻ 289
Câu hỏi
What decides between DataSync and Data Transfer Terminal for a large migration using customer-owned storage devices?
Câu trả lời
Whether the source network can meet the deadline and cost target. Use DataSync remotely over a suitable network; use Data Transfer Terminal when bringing the devices to a high-speed AWS facility is the better transfer path.
Thẻ 290
Câu hỏi
How should a Spot fleet reduce the chance that one capacity pool interrupts all workers?
Câu trả lời
Diversify across instance types and Availability Zones. More eligible pools improve the fleet's chance of finding spare capacity and surviving a constrained pool.
Thẻ 291
Câu hỏi
How can choosing a purpose-built database reduce total cost even when its unit price is not the lowest?
Câu trả lời
It removes mismatched infrastructure and custom workaround code. The right data model can need fewer resources and less operations work for the required access pattern.
Thẻ 292
Câu hỏi
A metered downstream API can process a fixed rate, but clients create expensive bursts. What control protects cost and capacity?
Câu trả lời
Throttle requests and buffer acceptable asynchronous work. A rate boundary prevents uncontrolled consumption while a queue preserves work that need not finish immediately.
Thẻ 293
Câu hỏi
A provisioned file system has far more capacity and throughput than monitoring shows it uses. What is the first cost action?
Câu trả lời
Right-size it against measured demand and headroom. Paying for unused provisioned capacity is avoidable when a smaller setting still meets performance and growth requirements.
Thẻ 294
Câu hỏi
Which service recommends rightsizing for supported compute resources from utilization data?
Câu trả lời
AWS Compute Optimizer. It analyzes metrics and recommends configurations, which should still be checked against workload constraints.
Thẻ 295
Câu hỏi
An RDS database grows unpredictably, and permanently overallocating storage wastes money. Which feature helps?
Câu trả lời
RDS storage autoscaling. It increases allocated storage when needed within a configured maximum, reducing the need for a large speculative allocation.
Thẻ 296
Câu hỏi
A dedicated connection is provisioned far above observed peak throughput. What should happen before renewal?
Câu trả lời
Right-size bandwidth against measured demand and required headroom. Excess fixed capacity adds cost without improving an unconstrained workload.
Thẻ 297
Câu hỏi
Which service feature gives organization-wide S3 usage and activity metrics to find cost and protection opportunities?
Câu trả lời
S3 Storage Lens. Its aggregated metrics and recommendations expose storage patterns that can guide lifecycle, cleanup, and protection changes.
Thẻ 298
Câu hỏi
A large in-memory application needs long idle periods but expensive startup from scratch. Which EC2 state may balance cost and restart time?
Câu trả lời
EC2 hibernation. It saves RAM state to the encrypted root EBS volume and stops instance compute billing, subject to hibernation requirements and storage cost.
Thẻ 299
Câu hỏi
What evidence should drive a database cost change: list price alone or workload metrics plus access patterns?
Câu trả lời
Workload metrics plus access patterns. Capacity, consistency, latency, availability, and operational needs determine whether a cheaper-looking engine is actually cheaper to run.
Thẻ 300
Câu hỏi
How can a company identify which applications drive shared network and transfer spend?
Câu trả lời
Use consistent cost allocation tags and detailed billing data. Ownership metadata lets Cost Explorer or the Cost and Usage Report attribute spend before teams optimize it.

Blue geometric architecture hub linked to a shield, layered blocks, a speed gauge, and a bar chart.

300 thẻ