Employees need AWS access through the company identity provider without separate IAM users. What should provide it?

AWS IAM Identity Center with federation. It gives workforce users centrally managed access and temporary credentials instead of another set of long-term identities.

An EC2 application needs S3 access without stored access keys. What identity should it use?

An IAM role attached through an instance profile. The workload receives rotating temporary credentials, so no long-term secret has to live on the instance.

A company needs a maximum-permissions guardrail across member accounts. Which control fits?

An AWS Organizations service control policy (SCP). An SCP limits what member-account principals can be allowed to do; it does not grant permissions by itself.

How should the root user of a standalone AWS account or Organizations management account be secured?

Use it only for root-required tasks, protect sign-in with MFA, and do not create root access keys. Centralized root access applies to member accounts, so these root credentials still need direct protection.

Which identities can be members of an IAM group?

IAM users only. Groups collect permissions for users; roles and other groups cannot be group members.

An operator in one AWS account needs temporary access to resources in another. What is the standard design?

Assume a cross-account IAM role. The target role trusts the source principal, and the source principal is allowed to call STS to assume it.

A developer may create roles, but those roles must never exceed a fixed permission ceiling. What should constrain them?

An IAM permissions boundary. It caps the permissions an identity-based policy can grant without supplying permissions on its own.

Which service identifies resources shared with principals outside the trusted zone?

IAM Access Analyzer. It analyzes supported resource policies to surface public and cross-account access.

A corporate directory supports SAML 2.0 and staff need console access with existing identities. What access pattern fits?

SAML federation to IAM roles. Authentication stays with the corporate identity provider while AWS issues temporary role credentials.

An S3 bucket must grant another account direct access without sharing credentials. Which policy type can do that?

A resource-based bucket policy. It names the external principal on the resource and avoids distributing the bucket owner's credentials.

Permissions must follow project ownership as resources and staff change. Which authorization model reduces policy churn?

Attribute-based access control using tags. Policy conditions compare principal and resource attributes, so matching tags drive access without one policy per project.

A company wants a governed multi-account landing zone with account provisioning and guardrails. Which service fits?

AWS Control Tower. It sets up and governs a multi-account environment on top of AWS Organizations using an opinionated landing-zone model.

An external CI system supports OIDC and needs AWS API access without stored keys. What should it use?

OIDC federation to an IAM role. Short-lived web-identity credentials remove the need to keep an AWS access key in the CI system.

What credential model distinguishes an IAM role from an IAM user?

A role supplies temporary session credentials. It is assumed when needed rather than owning a permanent password or access key.

An action is allowed by one applicable policy and explicitly denied by another. What is the result?

The request is denied. An applicable explicit deny overrides an allow during policy evaluation.

Who patches the guest operating system on an Amazon EC2 instance?

The customer. AWS secures the underlying cloud infrastructure, while the customer manages the guest OS, applications, and their configuration.

When is an IAM user more defensible than federation for human access?

Only when the access pattern cannot use roles or federation and requires a long-term identity. Treat it as an exception, restrict it tightly, and rotate credentials when required.

A third-party SaaS provider assumes customer roles. What condition helps prevent the confused-deputy problem?

A unique external ID in the role trust policy. It binds the assume-role request to the intended customer relationship.

In one account, an identity policy and a resource policy each grant different actions, with no deny. How are they evaluated?

Their allows are combined. For same-account access, either policy can contribute permission unless another applicable control restricts it.

What AWS infrastructure boundary is designed as an isolated failure domain within a Region?

An Availability Zone. Separate AZs have distinct infrastructure, so spreading components across them reduces dependence on one failure domain.

Where should an application's AWS access key not be stored?

In source code or an application image. Embedded long-term credentials leak through repositories and artifacts; use a workload role and temporary credentials.

Sensitive API calls should work only in sessions authenticated with MFA. How can this be enforced?

Use an IAM policy condition that requires MFA context. The condition narrows the allowed action to sessions that meet the stronger authentication requirement.

How can a team shrink broad permissions using observed API activity?

Generate a policy with IAM Access Analyzer, then review it. Access activity provides evidence for a narrower starting policy, while human review preserves required edge cases.

Can a service control policy grant a member-account role permission to call an API?

No. An SCP defines the outer permission boundary; an IAM or resource policy must still allow the API call.

Security operations should manage an organization-integrated service without daily use of the management account. What should be configured?

A delegated administrator account for that service. It separates operational administration from the highly privileged Organizations management account.

A role session needs fewer permissions than the role normally allows. What can narrow that session?

A session policy. It intersects with the role's permissions and cannot expand beyond what the role already allows.

How does moving from self-managed EC2 databases to a managed database change security responsibility?

AWS takes on more infrastructure and platform operations, but the customer still owns data, identities, and configuration. Managed does not mean responsibility-free.

How should an organization handle root credentials in member accounts after enabling centralized root access?

Remove the member accounts' root credentials and use centrally managed privileged root sessions when needed. Recover a member's credentials only for an exceptional task that still requires direct root sign-in, then remove them again.

Why place production and experimentation in separate AWS accounts instead of only separate VPCs?

Accounts provide a stronger isolation and policy boundary. They separate billing, quotas, identities, and blast radius while organization controls provide central governance.

Which service records account API activity for security investigation and governance?

AWS CloudTrail. Its event history and trails provide evidence of who called supported APIs, from where, and when.

A public web application must keep its EC2 application servers off the internet. What subnet layout fits?

Put the internet-facing load balancer in public subnets and the instances in private subnets. Only the load balancer accepts public traffic; security groups allow the app tier from it.

Which VPC packet filter automatically allows response traffic for an allowed connection?

A security group. It is stateful, so return traffic for an established allowed flow does not need a separate inbound or outbound rule.

A public HTTP application must block SQL injection patterns and abusive request paths. Which service is the direct fit?

AWS WAF. It filters web requests at the application layer using managed or custom rules.

Which service continuously analyzes AWS telemetry for suspicious account and workload activity?

Amazon GuardDuty. It detects threats from sources such as CloudTrail events, VPC flow data, and DNS activity without becoming an inline firewall.

IPv4 instances in a private subnet need outbound internet access but must not accept internet-initiated connections. What should the route use?

A NAT gateway in a public subnet. The private route sends outbound IPv4 traffic through it while the instances remain without direct public ingress.

Which subnet-level control requires explicit rules for both request and response traffic?

A network ACL. It is stateless and evaluates numbered allow and deny rules separately in each direction.

Which managed protection targets distributed denial-of-service attacks against supported AWS edge and load-balancing resources?

AWS Shield. Shield Standard is included for common network and transport attacks; Shield Advanced adds stronger response and protection features for higher-risk workloads.

Which service discovers and reports sensitive data in Amazon S3?

Amazon Macie. It uses managed data identifiers and classification jobs to find sensitive content and risky S3 exposure.

Private subnets need access to a supported AWS API without traversing a NAT gateway or public internet. Which construct fits?

An interface VPC endpoint powered by AWS PrivateLink. It places private endpoint network interfaces in the VPC for the service API.

An application tier should accept traffic only from the load-balancer tier, even as instance IPs change. What rule is best?

Reference the load balancer's security group in the application's inbound rule. Identity by group survives scaling and avoids brittle IP allowlists.

A public load balancer needs a trusted TLS certificate with managed renewal. Which service should issue and manage it?

AWS Certificate Manager (ACM). ACM provisions supported public certificates and handles renewal while they remain correctly associated and eligible.

Which service should assess supported compute workloads and container images for software vulnerabilities?

Amazon Inspector. It continuously scans supported EC2, container image, and Lambda package surfaces and reports prioritized findings.

Private workloads need S3 access without NAT cost or internet routing. Which endpoint type fits?

An S3 gateway endpoint. Route tables direct S3 traffic privately through the endpoint without hourly interface-endpoint charges.

A subnet needs a coarse deny rule for traffic from a known hostile CIDR. Which VPC control can express it?

A network ACL. Unlike security groups, network ACLs support explicit deny rules at the subnet boundary.

How should a global web application filter malicious HTTP requests before they reach the regional origin?

Associate AWS WAF with the CloudFront distribution. Edge filtering blocks matching requests closer to viewers and reduces unwanted origin traffic.

An application needs a database password stored securely and rotated automatically. Which service is designed for it?

AWS Secrets Manager. It stores encrypted secrets and supports managed or Lambda-based rotation workflows.

A branch office needs an encrypted connection to a VPC quickly over existing internet links. Which connection fits?

AWS Site-to-Site VPN. IPsec encrypts traffic over the internet and usually provisions faster than a dedicated private circuit.

Connections to a private instance are timing out. Which record helps determine whether network traffic was accepted or rejected?

VPC Flow Logs. They capture metadata about IP flows for investigation, though not packet payloads.

A service needs very high-performance TCP load balancing and stable IP addresses. Which load balancer fits?

A Network Load Balancer. It operates at Layer 4 and supports static IP addressing while handling connection-oriented traffic at scale.

A team needs hierarchical application configuration and encrypted parameters but no built-in database-secret rotation. Which service fits?

AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store. It suits configuration and secure strings; Secrets Manager is the stronger fit when rotation is the decisive requirement.

Does a dedicated AWS Direct Connect link encrypt traffic by itself?

No. Direct Connect supplies private dedicated connectivity, but encryption needs another mechanism such as IPsec VPN or an applicable MACsec design.

AWS Solutions Architect Associate SAA-C03 Flashcards: Architecture Decisions & Trade-Offs

Review SAA-C03 architecture choices through 300 original cards on security, resilience, performance, and cost trade-offs.

Autor Open Study Contributor

O tej talii

These AWS Solutions Architect Associate flashcards give current SAA-C03 candidates 300 original prompts for choosing among plausible cloud architectures. Each answer names the decision first, then explains the constraint that makes it fit.

What the cards practice

Requirement → architecture choice: choose a service, feature, or pattern from security, resilience, performance, and cost constraints.
Nearby options → decisive trade-off: separate choices such as Multi-AZ from read replicas, queues from event buses, and edge caching from network acceleration.
Failure mode → mitigation: recall the design change that limits a blast radius, preserves work, or meets a recovery target.

The deck deliberately leaves out reverse service-to-definition drills, exhaustive service inventories, copied multiple-choice questions, exam dumps, volatile scheduling and scoring details, hands-on labs, and full practice exams. Those directions either reward glossary recognition or test a different skill.

The sequence follows the current four-domain outline: 90 secure cards, 78 resilient cards, 72 high-performing cards, and 60 cost-optimized cards. It starts with identity, policy, network, and data-protection prerequisites; moves through decoupling and recovery; then applies storage, compute, database, networking, analytics, and cost trade-offs. Related variants are separated so one answer does not immediately cue the next.

An AI tool helped draft and sequence the original cards and generated the cover. Every final front and back was manually checked against the current AWS content outline and official service documentation for correctness, relevance, clarity, and one main retrieval target.

The common-knowledge service facts and AWS marks remain Amazon Web Services' property. The CC0 dedication applies only to the original wording, selection, sequence, metadata, and generated cover to the extent those elements can be dedicated. No AWS exam questions, answer keys, mark schemes, or AWS documentation text were copied; scope was checked against the official AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Associate SAA-C03 exam guide. This is an independent, unofficial study resource and is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Amazon Web Services.

Karty w tej talii

Karta 1
Pytanie
Employees need AWS access through the company identity provider without separate IAM users. What should provide it?
Odpowiedź
AWS IAM Identity Center with federation. It gives workforce users centrally managed access and temporary credentials instead of another set of long-term identities.
Karta 2
Pytanie
An EC2 application needs S3 access without stored access keys. What identity should it use?
Odpowiedź
An IAM role attached through an instance profile. The workload receives rotating temporary credentials, so no long-term secret has to live on the instance.
Karta 3
Pytanie
A company needs a maximum-permissions guardrail across member accounts. Which control fits?
Odpowiedź
An AWS Organizations service control policy (SCP). An SCP limits what member-account principals can be allowed to do; it does not grant permissions by itself.
Karta 4
Pytanie
How should the root user of a standalone AWS account or Organizations management account be secured?
Odpowiedź
Use it only for root-required tasks, protect sign-in with MFA, and do not create root access keys. Centralized root access applies to member accounts, so these root credentials still need direct protection.
Karta 5
Pytanie
Which identities can be members of an IAM group?
Odpowiedź
IAM users only. Groups collect permissions for users; roles and other groups cannot be group members.
Karta 6
Pytanie
An operator in one AWS account needs temporary access to resources in another. What is the standard design?
Odpowiedź
Assume a cross-account IAM role. The target role trusts the source principal, and the source principal is allowed to call STS to assume it.
Karta 7
Pytanie
A developer may create roles, but those roles must never exceed a fixed permission ceiling. What should constrain them?
Odpowiedź
An IAM permissions boundary. It caps the permissions an identity-based policy can grant without supplying permissions on its own.
Karta 8
Pytanie
Which service identifies resources shared with principals outside the trusted zone?
Odpowiedź
IAM Access Analyzer. It analyzes supported resource policies to surface public and cross-account access.
Karta 9
Pytanie
A corporate directory supports SAML 2.0 and staff need console access with existing identities. What access pattern fits?
Odpowiedź
SAML federation to IAM roles. Authentication stays with the corporate identity provider while AWS issues temporary role credentials.
Karta 10
Pytanie
An S3 bucket must grant another account direct access without sharing credentials. Which policy type can do that?
Odpowiedź
A resource-based bucket policy. It names the external principal on the resource and avoids distributing the bucket owner's credentials.
Karta 11
Pytanie
Permissions must follow project ownership as resources and staff change. Which authorization model reduces policy churn?
Odpowiedź
Attribute-based access control using tags. Policy conditions compare principal and resource attributes, so matching tags drive access without one policy per project.
Karta 12
Pytanie
A company wants a governed multi-account landing zone with account provisioning and guardrails. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS Control Tower. It sets up and governs a multi-account environment on top of AWS Organizations using an opinionated landing-zone model.
Karta 13
Pytanie
An external CI system supports OIDC and needs AWS API access without stored keys. What should it use?
Odpowiedź
OIDC federation to an IAM role. Short-lived web-identity credentials remove the need to keep an AWS access key in the CI system.
Karta 14
Pytanie
What credential model distinguishes an IAM role from an IAM user?
Odpowiedź
A role supplies temporary session credentials. It is assumed when needed rather than owning a permanent password or access key.
Karta 15
Pytanie
An action is allowed by one applicable policy and explicitly denied by another. What is the result?
Odpowiedź
The request is denied. An applicable explicit deny overrides an allow during policy evaluation.
Karta 16
Pytanie
Who patches the guest operating system on an Amazon EC2 instance?
Odpowiedź
The customer. AWS secures the underlying cloud infrastructure, while the customer manages the guest OS, applications, and their configuration.
Karta 17
Pytanie
When is an IAM user more defensible than federation for human access?
Odpowiedź
Only when the access pattern cannot use roles or federation and requires a long-term identity. Treat it as an exception, restrict it tightly, and rotate credentials when required.
Karta 18
Pytanie
A third-party SaaS provider assumes customer roles. What condition helps prevent the confused-deputy problem?
Odpowiedź
A unique external ID in the role trust policy. It binds the assume-role request to the intended customer relationship.
Karta 19
Pytanie
In one account, an identity policy and a resource policy each grant different actions, with no deny. How are they evaluated?
Odpowiedź
Their allows are combined. For same-account access, either policy can contribute permission unless another applicable control restricts it.
Karta 20
Pytanie
What AWS infrastructure boundary is designed as an isolated failure domain within a Region?
Odpowiedź
An Availability Zone. Separate AZs have distinct infrastructure, so spreading components across them reduces dependence on one failure domain.
Karta 21
Pytanie
Where should an application's AWS access key not be stored?
Odpowiedź
In source code or an application image. Embedded long-term credentials leak through repositories and artifacts; use a workload role and temporary credentials.
Karta 22
Pytanie
Sensitive API calls should work only in sessions authenticated with MFA. How can this be enforced?
Odpowiedź
Use an IAM policy condition that requires MFA context. The condition narrows the allowed action to sessions that meet the stronger authentication requirement.
Karta 23
Pytanie
How can a team shrink broad permissions using observed API activity?
Odpowiedź
Generate a policy with IAM Access Analyzer, then review it. Access activity provides evidence for a narrower starting policy, while human review preserves required edge cases.
Karta 24
Pytanie
Can a service control policy grant a member-account role permission to call an API?
Odpowiedź
No. An SCP defines the outer permission boundary; an IAM or resource policy must still allow the API call.
Karta 25
Pytanie
Security operations should manage an organization-integrated service without daily use of the management account. What should be configured?
Odpowiedź
A delegated administrator account for that service. It separates operational administration from the highly privileged Organizations management account.
Karta 26
Pytanie
A role session needs fewer permissions than the role normally allows. What can narrow that session?
Odpowiedź
A session policy. It intersects with the role's permissions and cannot expand beyond what the role already allows.
Karta 27
Pytanie
How does moving from self-managed EC2 databases to a managed database change security responsibility?
Odpowiedź
AWS takes on more infrastructure and platform operations, but the customer still owns data, identities, and configuration. Managed does not mean responsibility-free.
Karta 28
Pytanie
How should an organization handle root credentials in member accounts after enabling centralized root access?
Odpowiedź
Remove the member accounts' root credentials and use centrally managed privileged root sessions when needed. Recover a member's credentials only for an exceptional task that still requires direct root sign-in, then remove them again.
Karta 29
Pytanie
Why place production and experimentation in separate AWS accounts instead of only separate VPCs?
Odpowiedź
Accounts provide a stronger isolation and policy boundary. They separate billing, quotas, identities, and blast radius while organization controls provide central governance.
Karta 30
Pytanie
Which service records account API activity for security investigation and governance?
Odpowiedź
AWS CloudTrail. Its event history and trails provide evidence of who called supported APIs, from where, and when.
Karta 31
Pytanie
A public web application must keep its EC2 application servers off the internet. What subnet layout fits?
Odpowiedź
Put the internet-facing load balancer in public subnets and the instances in private subnets. Only the load balancer accepts public traffic; security groups allow the app tier from it.
Karta 32
Pytanie
Which VPC packet filter automatically allows response traffic for an allowed connection?
Odpowiedź
A security group. It is stateful, so return traffic for an established allowed flow does not need a separate inbound or outbound rule.
Karta 33
Pytanie
A public HTTP application must block SQL injection patterns and abusive request paths. Which service is the direct fit?
Odpowiedź
AWS WAF. It filters web requests at the application layer using managed or custom rules.
Karta 34
Pytanie
Which service continuously analyzes AWS telemetry for suspicious account and workload activity?
Odpowiedź
Amazon GuardDuty. It detects threats from sources such as CloudTrail events, VPC flow data, and DNS activity without becoming an inline firewall.
Karta 35
Pytanie
IPv4 instances in a private subnet need outbound internet access but must not accept internet-initiated connections. What should the route use?
Odpowiedź
A NAT gateway in a public subnet. The private route sends outbound IPv4 traffic through it while the instances remain without direct public ingress.
Karta 36
Pytanie
Which subnet-level control requires explicit rules for both request and response traffic?
Odpowiedź
A network ACL. It is stateless and evaluates numbered allow and deny rules separately in each direction.
Karta 37
Pytanie
Which managed protection targets distributed denial-of-service attacks against supported AWS edge and load-balancing resources?
Odpowiedź
AWS Shield. Shield Standard is included for common network and transport attacks; Shield Advanced adds stronger response and protection features for higher-risk workloads.
Karta 38
Pytanie
Which service discovers and reports sensitive data in Amazon S3?
Odpowiedź
Amazon Macie. It uses managed data identifiers and classification jobs to find sensitive content and risky S3 exposure.
Karta 39
Pytanie
Private subnets need access to a supported AWS API without traversing a NAT gateway or public internet. Which construct fits?
Odpowiedź
An interface VPC endpoint powered by AWS PrivateLink. It places private endpoint network interfaces in the VPC for the service API.
Karta 40
Pytanie
An application tier should accept traffic only from the load-balancer tier, even as instance IPs change. What rule is best?
Odpowiedź
Reference the load balancer's security group in the application's inbound rule. Identity by group survives scaling and avoids brittle IP allowlists.
Karta 41
Pytanie
A public load balancer needs a trusted TLS certificate with managed renewal. Which service should issue and manage it?
Odpowiedź
AWS Certificate Manager (ACM). ACM provisions supported public certificates and handles renewal while they remain correctly associated and eligible.
Karta 42
Pytanie
Which service should assess supported compute workloads and container images for software vulnerabilities?
Odpowiedź
Amazon Inspector. It continuously scans supported EC2, container image, and Lambda package surfaces and reports prioritized findings.
Karta 43
Pytanie
Private workloads need S3 access without NAT cost or internet routing. Which endpoint type fits?
Odpowiedź
An S3 gateway endpoint. Route tables direct S3 traffic privately through the endpoint without hourly interface-endpoint charges.
Karta 44
Pytanie
A subnet needs a coarse deny rule for traffic from a known hostile CIDR. Which VPC control can express it?
Odpowiedź
A network ACL. Unlike security groups, network ACLs support explicit deny rules at the subnet boundary.
Karta 45
Pytanie
How should a global web application filter malicious HTTP requests before they reach the regional origin?
Odpowiedź
Associate AWS WAF with the CloudFront distribution. Edge filtering blocks matching requests closer to viewers and reduces unwanted origin traffic.
Karta 46
Pytanie
An application needs a database password stored securely and rotated automatically. Which service is designed for it?
Odpowiedź
AWS Secrets Manager. It stores encrypted secrets and supports managed or Lambda-based rotation workflows.
Karta 47
Pytanie
A branch office needs an encrypted connection to a VPC quickly over existing internet links. Which connection fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS Site-to-Site VPN. IPsec encrypts traffic over the internet and usually provisions faster than a dedicated private circuit.
Karta 48
Pytanie
Connections to a private instance are timing out. Which record helps determine whether network traffic was accepted or rejected?
Odpowiedź
VPC Flow Logs. They capture metadata about IP flows for investigation, though not packet payloads.
Karta 49
Pytanie
A service needs very high-performance TCP load balancing and stable IP addresses. Which load balancer fits?
Odpowiedź
A Network Load Balancer. It operates at Layer 4 and supports static IP addressing while handling connection-oriented traffic at scale.
Karta 50
Pytanie
A team needs hierarchical application configuration and encrypted parameters but no built-in database-secret rotation. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store. It suits configuration and secure strings; Secrets Manager is the stronger fit when rotation is the decisive requirement.
Karta 51
Pytanie
Does a dedicated AWS Direct Connect link encrypt traffic by itself?
Odpowiedź
No. Direct Connect supplies private dedicated connectivity, but encryption needs another mechanism such as IPsec VPN or an applicable MACsec design.
Karta 52
Pytanie
A VPC needs centrally managed stateful inspection and domain-aware egress filtering. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS Network Firewall. It provides managed network inspection with stateless and stateful rule groups for routed VPC traffic.
Karta 53
Pytanie
Where can HTTPS be terminated so private HTTP targets do not each manage a public certificate?
Odpowiedź
At an Application Load Balancer HTTPS listener. ACM integrates with the listener, centralizing public TLS while target traffic remains governed inside the VPC.
Karta 54
Pytanie
A consumer web app needs a managed sign-up directory and user authentication tokens. Which component fits?
Odpowiedź
An Amazon Cognito user pool. It manages application users and issues tokens after authentication.
Karta 55
Pytanie
An API Gateway API must be callable only from approved VPCs through private connectivity. Which API type fits?
Odpowiedź
A private API reached through an interface VPC endpoint. Its resource policy can restrict which VPC endpoints or VPCs may invoke it.
Karta 56
Pytanie
A security team must apply common WAF and network protections across many accounts. Which service centralizes those policies?
Odpowiedź
AWS Firewall Manager. It manages supported firewall and protection policies across accounts in AWS Organizations.
Karta 57
Pytanie
How should a workload obtain a secret without placing the value in an AMI or container image?
Odpowiedź
Retrieve it at runtime with a workload role. The image contains no secret, and IAM plus the secret's policy controls access to the current value.
Karta 58
Pytanie
IPv6 workloads need outbound internet access without accepting unsolicited inbound connections. Which gateway fits?
Odpowiedź
An egress-only internet gateway. It supports outbound-initiated IPv6 connectivity while blocking internet-initiated connections to the VPC.
Karta 59
Pytanie
Authenticated mobile users need temporary AWS credentials to access permitted AWS resources. Which component supplies them?
Odpowiedź
An Amazon Cognito identity pool. It exchanges supported identities for temporary role credentials with scoped AWS access.
Karta 60
Pytanie
What routing property makes a VPC subnet public?
Odpowiedź
Its route table has a route to an internet gateway. An instance still needs a public IPv4 address or IPv6 address and permissive controls to communicate directly with the internet.
Karta 61
Pytanie
S3 objects need customer-controlled key permissions and an audit trail of key use. Which server-side encryption option fits?
Odpowiedź
SSE-KMS with a customer managed KMS key. KMS adds key-policy control and CloudTrail-visible cryptographic operations beyond S3-managed keys.
Karta 62
Pytanie
Which S3 control should be the broad guardrail against accidental public buckets and objects?
Odpowiedź
S3 Block Public Access. Apply it at the account and bucket levels where public access is not required, then use explicit private policies.
Karta 63
Pytanie
Which S3 feature helps recover from accidental overwrites and deletes?
Odpowiedź
S3 Versioning. It preserves prior object versions and turns a normal delete into a delete marker instead of immediately erasing older versions.
Karta 64
Pytanie
What happens when an encrypted EBS snapshot creates a new volume?
Odpowiedź
The new volume is encrypted. EBS encryption propagates through snapshots and volumes created from those encrypted snapshots.
Karta 65
Pytanie
What is the mandatory primary authorization document for a KMS key?
Odpowiedź
The KMS key policy. Every KMS key has one, and IAM allows take effect only when the key policy enables that path.
Karta 66
Pytanie
An S3 data lake wants policy-only ownership and no object ACL management. Which setting fits?
Odpowiedź
S3 Object Ownership with Bucket owner enforced. It disables ACLs and makes the bucket owner own uploaded objects, simplifying authorization.
Karta 67
Pytanie
Compliance records must be protected from deletion or overwrite for a retention period. Which S3 feature fits?
Odpowiedź
S3 Object Lock. It provides write-once-read-many retention on versioned objects, with governance or compliance controls.
Karta 68
Pytanie
An unencrypted RDS database must become encrypted without changing it in place. What migration path fits?
Odpowiedź
Snapshot it, copy the snapshot with encryption, and restore a new database. RDS storage encryption is chosen for the new resource rather than toggled on the existing instance.
Karta 69
Pytanie
A large object must be encrypted without sending the whole payload to KMS. Which pattern fits?
Odpowiedź
Envelope encryption. A data key encrypts the payload locally, and the KMS key protects the much smaller data key.
Karta 70
Pytanie
Several applications need different S3 access policies over the same shared dataset. What reduces one giant bucket policy?
Odpowiedź
S3 Access Points. Each access point has its own endpoint and policy, letting access be separated by application or team.
Karta 71
Pytanie
What bucket prerequisite applies to S3 replication?
Odpowiedź
Versioning must be enabled on both source and destination buckets. Replication operates on object versions rather than an unversioned overwrite stream.
Karta 72
Pytanie
An application uses TLS on regional load balancers in two Regions. Where must its ACM certificates be available?
Odpowiedź
In each load balancer's Region. ACM certificates are regional resources for regional services, so each deployment needs an eligible certificate there.
Karta 73
Pytanie
What happens to existing ciphertext when a KMS key's material rotates?
Odpowiedź
It is not re-encrypted. KMS keeps the prior key material so the same logical key can decrypt older ciphertext while new encryption uses current material.
Karta 74
Pytanie
How can a bucket reject requests that do not use TLS?
Odpowiedź
Add a bucket-policy deny conditioned on insecure transport. The explicit deny blocks requests where the secure-transport context is false.
Karta 75
Pytanie
S3 data must have an automatically maintained copy in another Region. Which feature fits?
Odpowiedź
S3 Cross-Region Replication. It asynchronously copies eligible object versions to a bucket in a different Region under configured rules.
Karta 76
Pytanie
Which Region must hold an ACM certificate used by Amazon CloudFront?
Odpowiedź
US East (N. Virginia), us-east-1. CloudFront requires its viewer certificate in that Region even when the origins live elsewhere.
Karta 77
Pytanie
A key type does not support automatic KMS rotation. How can the application rotate it?
Odpowiedź
Create a replacement KMS key and repoint an alias or application configuration. Manual replacement is the rotation path for unsupported key types.
Karta 78
Pytanie
A private S3 object needs temporary download access for one user without making the bucket public. What should be issued?
Odpowiedź
A presigned URL. It delegates time-limited permission derived from the signer's credentials for a specific S3 request.
Karta 79
Pytanie
Separate teams in one Region need automatically replicated S3 copies under different accounts. Which feature fits?
Odpowiedź
S3 Same-Region Replication. It maintains eligible copies between buckets in the same Region, including cross-account destinations.
Karta 80
Pytanie
After a secret rotates, what application design prevents continued use of the old value?
Odpowiedź
Retrieve or refresh the secret at runtime instead of caching it indefinitely. Rotation only helps when consumers adopt the current version safely.
Karta 81
Pytanie
Another account must use a customer managed KMS key. What two authorization sides are required?
Odpowiedź
The key policy must trust the external account, and that account must allow its principal to use the key. Cross-account KMS access needs permission on both sides.
Karta 82
Pytanie
A CloudFront distribution should read from a private S3 origin while direct bucket access stays blocked. Which control fits?
Odpowiedź
CloudFront Origin Access Control (OAC). The bucket policy trusts signed CloudFront origin requests instead of exposing S3 publicly.
Karta 83
Pytanie
Backups must resist deletion or shortened retention, including by privileged operators. Which control fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS Backup Vault Lock in compliance mode after its grace period. It enforces write-once-read-many retention, so even privileged users cannot alter or delete protected recovery points early.
Karta 84
Pytanie
A data owner needs evidence of which S3 objects contain regulated identifiers before tightening access. What should run first?
Odpowiedź
An Amazon Macie sensitive-data discovery job. Classification findings identify likely sensitive objects so controls can follow the data's risk.
Karta 85
Pytanie
A requirement calls for customer-controlled keys in dedicated single-tenant hardware security modules. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS CloudHSM. It provides dedicated HSMs under customer control; KMS is the simpler managed choice when that control boundary is not required.
Karta 86
Pytanie
Records must be retained for a policy period and then deleted automatically. What design principle should drive storage controls?
Odpowiedź
Encode the retention policy in lifecycle and backup controls. Automated transitions, expiration, and locked retention reduce reliance on manual cleanup while matching governance requirements.
Karta 87
Pytanie
A company needs centrally governed backup schedules and retention across supported services and accounts. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS Backup with organization backup policies. It centralizes plans, vaults, monitoring, and policy-based protection for supported resources.
Karta 88
Pytanie
A shared data lake needs table-, column-, and row-level permissions across analytics services. Which service should govern it?
Odpowiedź
AWS Lake Formation. It centralizes fine-grained data-lake permissions instead of relying only on broad S3 access.
Karta 89
Pytanie
An application encrypts in one Region and must decrypt in another without a cross-Region KMS call. Which key design fits?
Odpowiedź
Related KMS multi-Region keys. Their interoperable key material supports regional cryptographic operations, while policies and grants remain regional.
Karta 90
Pytanie
How can an auditor detect whether delivered CloudTrail log files were changed or deleted?
Odpowiedź
Enable CloudTrail log file integrity validation. Digest files provide a cryptographic chain that can validate delivered log-file integrity.
Karta 91
Pytanie
A web tier must add and remove instances freely as traffic changes. What application property makes this safe?
Odpowiedź
Keep the web tier stateless. Store sessions and durable data outside individual instances so any healthy instance can serve any request.
Karta 92
Pytanie
Requests for /orders and /images must scale as separate target groups behind one endpoint. Which component fits?
Odpowiedź
An Application Load Balancer with path-based rules. Layer 7 routing sends each path to its own independently scalable target group.
Karta 93
Pytanie
A team needs a managed public API front door with authorization, throttling, and request routing. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon API Gateway. It provides the API layer without requiring the team to run and scale gateway servers.
Karta 94
Pytanie
A producer spikes faster than workers can process jobs, but accepted work must not be lost. What should separate them?
Odpowiedź
An Amazon SQS queue. The durable buffer absorbs the spike and lets consumers drain work at their own rate.
Karta 95
Pytanie
One event must be delivered to several independent queues for parallel processing. Which messaging pattern fits?
Odpowiedź
Publish to an Amazon SNS topic subscribed by multiple SQS queues. Each consumer gets its own durable copy and failure boundary.
Karta 96
Pytanie
Events from many sources must reach different targets based on fields in each event. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon EventBridge. Event-bus rules match event patterns and route selected events to targets without point-to-point integrations.
Karta 97
Pytanie
A business process needs branching, retries, timeouts, and visible state across several services. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS Step Functions. A state machine makes workflow control explicit instead of burying orchestration in custom glue code.
Karta 98
Pytanie
Short event-driven code must scale without server management and sits idle between requests. Which compute model fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS Lambda. It provisions execution capacity on demand and charges for requests and execution instead of continuously running servers.
Karta 99
Pytanie
A long-running container needs custom runtime dependencies, but the team does not want to manage cluster instances. Which compute option fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS Fargate with Amazon ECS or EKS. Fargate supplies task or pod compute while the team keeps the container model.
Karta 100
Pytanie
A relational database is healthy but read traffic overwhelms the writer. What should absorb the reads?
Odpowiedź
One or more read replicas. Applications route read-only queries to asynchronously replicated instances, leaving writes on the source.
Karta 101
Pytanie
Which storage type fits durable, massively scalable files accessed through APIs rather than mounted as a disk?
Odpowiedź
Object storage with Amazon S3. Objects live in buckets and are addressed by keys, which suits static assets, backups, and data lakes.
Karta 102
Pytanie
Many Linux instances across Availability Zones need a shared managed NFS file system. Which storage service fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon EFS. It provides elastic regional file storage that multiple clients can mount concurrently.
Karta 103
Pytanie
A database on one EC2 instance needs low-latency persistent block storage. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon EBS. It presents durable block volumes to EC2 and supports volume types tuned for different IOPS and throughput needs.
Karta 104
Pytanie
A team wants AWS-native container orchestration and has no Kubernetes requirement. Which managed orchestrator is simpler?
Odpowiedź
Amazon ECS. EKS is the fit when Kubernetes APIs and ecosystem compatibility are requirements; otherwise ECS removes that control-plane complexity.
Karta 105
Pytanie
The same database records are requested repeatedly with low-latency requirements. What layer reduces database load?
Odpowiedź
An in-memory cache such as Amazon ElastiCache. Serving hot data from memory cuts repeated database reads when the application can tolerate cache semantics.
Karta 106
Pytanie
Global users repeatedly download cacheable content from one regional origin. What should serve it closer to them?
Odpowiedź
Amazon CloudFront. Edge caching reduces origin load and viewer latency for cacheable responses.
Karta 107
Pytanie
Why split a system into independently deployable services around clear business capabilities?
Odpowiedź
To isolate change, failure, and scaling boundaries. A service can evolve or scale without forcing the whole application to move together, provided its interface stays stable.
Karta 108
Pytanie
What should exceed a queue worker's normal processing time so another worker does not immediately receive the same in-flight job?
Odpowiedź
The SQS visibility timeout. It temporarily hides a received message, but the worker must still delete it after success.
Karta 109
Pytanie
A downstream processor is slower than incoming work. Which signal should often drive worker scaling?
Odpowiedź
Queue backlog relative to processing capacity. Scaling on depth or age of work responds to actual pressure better than producer CPU alone.
Karta 110
Pytanie
A standard queue can deliver a message more than once. What property must the consumer have?
Odpowiedź
Idempotency. Reprocessing the same operation identifier should not create a second business effect.
Karta 111
Pytanie
A public API must protect a backend from sudden request floods while returning controlled errors. What should the front door enforce?
Odpowiedź
API Gateway throttling and quotas. They bound request rates before excess traffic consumes backend capacity.
Karta 112
Pytanie
Partners must upload files over SFTP while data lands in managed AWS storage. Which service avoids running SFTP servers?
Odpowiedź
AWS Transfer Family. It provides managed file-transfer protocol endpoints backed by services such as Amazon S3 or EFS.
Karta 113
Pytanie
When are containers a better fit than functions for a new service?
Odpowiedź
When the workload needs a portable custom runtime, persistent process, or execution shape that does not fit function limits. Containers trade some simplicity for more runtime control.
Karta 114
Pytanie
An asynchronous function invocation keeps failing after retries. Where should the failed event go for recovery?
Odpowiedź
An on-failure destination or dead-letter target. Preserving the event outside the function makes the failure inspectable and replayable.
Karta 115
Pytanie
Queue consumers make too many empty receive calls. Which setting reduces them?
Odpowiedź
SQS long polling. A receive request waits briefly for a message, reducing empty responses and needless API calls.
Karta 116
Pytanie
Several topic subscribers need only the events relevant to them. What prevents every subscriber from processing every message?
Odpowiedź
SNS subscription filter policies. Each subscription selects messages by attributes or message-body fields before delivery.
Karta 117
Pytanie
A team needs to reprocess past application events after deploying a corrected consumer. Which feature fits?
Odpowiedź
EventBridge archive and replay. The archive retains matching events and can resend a chosen time range to its source event bus.
Karta 118
Pytanie
A workflow can run for hours and needs durable, auditable execution with non-idempotent steps. Which workflow type fits?
Odpowiedź
A Step Functions Standard Workflow. It supports long-running stateful orchestration and an exactly-once execution model unless retries are configured.
Karta 119
Pytanie
One HTTP load balancer must route to EC2 instances, containers by IP, and Lambda targets. Which load balancer supports that model?
Odpowiedź
An Application Load Balancer. Its target groups support multiple target types while listener rules keep routing at Layer 7.
Karta 120
Pytanie
Many short-lived functions cause a relational database connection storm. What managed layer should pool connections?
Odpowiedź
Amazon RDS Proxy. It shares and reuses database connections, protecting the database from bursts of client sessions.
Karta 121
Pytanie
Existing applications use standard message-broker APIs and must decouple without a messaging rewrite. Which managed service fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon MQ. It runs managed ActiveMQ or RabbitMQ brokers for applications that need familiar broker protocols and APIs rather than a cloud-native queue redesign.
Karta 122
Pytanie
A key-value workload needs managed horizontal scaling and single-digit-millisecond access without database servers. Which database fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon DynamoDB. Its partitioned serverless design scales key-value and document access without instance management.
Karta 123
Pytanie
A workflow must pause until a human or external system reports completion. Which orchestration pattern fits?
Odpowiedź
A Step Functions callback with a task token. The workflow persists its state and resumes only when the external actor returns the token.
Karta 124
Pytanie
Why should presentation, application, and data tiers have separate scaling boundaries?
Odpowiedź
Each tier can match its own bottleneck and failure pattern. Scaling the whole stack together wastes capacity and increases coupling.
Karta 125
Pytanie
Jobs for each customer must stay ordered and duplicate sends should be suppressed within the queue's deduplication model. Which queue type fits?
Odpowiedź
An SQS FIFO queue with a message group per ordering boundary. FIFO preserves order within a group and supports deduplication, with less throughput flexibility than a standard queue.
Karta 126
Pytanie
Why prefer a purpose-built managed service over one generic database for every workload?
Odpowiedź
Its data model and operational behavior match the access pattern. Better fit can reduce custom code, scaling friction, and failure modes.
Karta 127
Pytanie
Traffic growth is unpredictable and downtime for resizing is unacceptable. Which scaling direction is the better default?
Odpowiedź
Horizontal scaling. Adding replaceable instances avoids one ever-larger machine and supports elastic capacity across failure domains.
Karta 128
Pytanie
A very high-volume, short, idempotent event workflow needs lower orchestration overhead. Which workflow type fits?
Odpowiedź
A Step Functions Express Workflow. It is designed for high-rate, short executions and uses at-least-once semantics for asynchronous runs.
Karta 129
Pytanie
A few malformed messages repeatedly fail and block useful retry capacity. Where should they be isolated?
Odpowiedź
In an SQS dead-letter queue. A redrive policy moves repeatedly failing messages aside for inspection instead of cycling them forever.
Karta 130
Pytanie
A regional web application must survive one Availability Zone failing. What baseline topology fits?
Odpowiedź
An Application Load Balancer and Auto Scaling group spanning at least two AZs. Healthy capacity remains reachable when one AZ is unavailable.
Karta 131
Pytanie
A relational database needs automatic failover inside one Region, not read scaling. Which deployment fits?
Odpowiedź
An RDS Multi-AZ DB instance deployment. Its synchronous standby is for high availability and cannot serve read traffic.
Karta 132
Pytanie
DNS must direct users to a standby endpoint only when the primary becomes unhealthy. Which routing policy fits?
Odpowiedź
Route 53 failover routing. Health evaluation controls an active-passive DNS response between primary and secondary records.
Karta 133
Pytanie
Which disaster-recovery pattern costs least during normal operation but usually has the longest recovery time?
Odpowiedź
Backup and restore. Only protected data and recovery artifacts are maintained until a disaster requires rebuilding the environment.
Karta 134
Pytanie
Which S3 class characteristic protects ordinary regional objects from a single Availability Zone loss?
Odpowiedź
Storage across multiple Availability Zones. Regional S3 classes redundantly store data across AZs; a one-zone class deliberately trades that resilience for cost or latency goals.
Karta 135
Pytanie
An EC2 instance fails health checks in an Auto Scaling group. What resilience behavior should follow?
Odpowiedź
Auto Scaling replaces the unhealthy instance. Desired capacity is maintained with a new instance instead of preserving a broken server.
Karta 136
Pytanie
A key-value application needs active-active writes in multiple Regions with managed replication. Which feature fits?
Odpowiedź
DynamoDB global tables. Multi-Region replicas accept local reads and writes and replicate changes between participating Regions.
Karta 137
Pytanie
Which recovery objective states the maximum acceptable time to restore service after disruption?
Odpowiedź
Recovery Time Objective (RTO). It sets the downtime target that the recovery architecture and runbook must meet.
Karta 138
Pytanie
A secondary Region should keep only core data and critical services ready, then scale the rest after a disaster. Which DR pattern fits?
Odpowiedź
Pilot light. A minimal live core shortens recovery compared with backup-and-restore while keeping steady-state cost below a warm standby.
Karta 139
Pytanie
How should a team recover consistently from a damaged server fleet without repairing instances by hand?
Odpowiedź
Replace the fleet from versioned immutable images and infrastructure definitions. Rebuilding known-good instances is more predictable than repairing drifted servers in place.
Karta 140
Pytanie
Users should resolve to the deployed Region that currently offers them the lowest network latency. Which DNS policy fits?
Odpowiedź
Route 53 latency-based routing. It selects among regional endpoints using AWS latency measurements and can combine that choice with health evaluation.
Karta 141
Pytanie
Which recovery objective states the maximum acceptable amount of data loss measured in time?
Odpowiedź
Recovery Point Objective (RPO). It determines how current replicated or backed-up data must be at recovery.
Karta 142
Pytanie
An Aurora cluster needs faster failover and read scaling. What should be added across Availability Zones?
Odpowiedź
Aurora Replicas in multiple AZs. Readers serve read traffic and provide promotion targets if the writer fails.
Karta 143
Pytanie
A smaller but fully functional copy runs in another Region and scales up during disaster. Which DR pattern is this?
Odpowiedź
Warm standby. The secondary environment already serves the complete workload at reduced capacity, trading higher steady cost for faster recovery.
Karta 144
Pytanie
What artifact lets a team rebuild network and compute resources consistently in a recovery Region?
Odpowiedź
Version-controlled infrastructure as code, such as AWS CloudFormation templates. A declared environment can be recreated and reviewed instead of reconstructed from memory.
Karta 145
Pytanie
A DNS failover record should stop returning an unhealthy external endpoint. What must inform routing?
Odpowiedź
A Route 53 health check associated with the record. DNS failover needs endpoint health evidence rather than a static primary designation.
Karta 146
Pytanie
How should critical backups be protected from compromise of the workload account?
Odpowiedź
Copy them into a separately controlled backup account. Cross-account isolation reduces the chance that one compromised administrator can destroy production and recovery copies.
Karta 147
Pytanie
Which multi-Region pattern offers the lowest failover delay but usually the highest complexity and steady cost?
Odpowiedź
Active-active. Multiple Regions serve traffic simultaneously, so recovery avoids starting a cold stack but requires distributed data and conflict handling.
Karta 148
Pytanie
A DR Region has infrastructure templates but insufficient service quota for recovery capacity. What is the design flaw?
Odpowiedź
The recovery plan cannot meet its intended scale. Quotas are regional constraints and must be raised and tested before an incident.
Karta 149
Pytanie
A service-level requirement is based on successful checkout rate, not server CPU. What should alerting monitor?
Odpowiedź
A metric tied to successful checkouts. Business-outcome signals expose availability loss that infrastructure utilization alone can miss.
Karta 150
Pytanie
A request crosses several services and intermittently slows down. Which service helps locate the slow segment?
Odpowiedź
AWS X-Ray. Distributed traces connect service calls and latency so the bottleneck can be isolated across the request path.
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Karta 151
Pytanie
A downstream dependency is failing and retries are exhausting every caller. Which application pattern limits the cascade?
Odpowiedź
A circuit breaker. It stops repeated calls to the unhealthy dependency for a period, preserving caller resources and allowing recovery.
Karta 152
Pytanie
A regional disaster must not remove both the primary S3 dataset and its recovery copy. Where should replication send it?
Odpowiedź
To a bucket in another Region. Cross-Region Replication separates the copy from a regional failure boundary, subject to replication timing and configuration.
Karta 153
Pytanie
An EBS recovery volume is needed in another Region. What must happen to its snapshot first?
Odpowiedź
Copy the snapshot to the target Region. EBS snapshots are regional resources even though their data is stored redundantly within the Region.
Karta 154
Pytanie
How can relational database clients reduce connection disruption during failover?
Odpowiedź
Connect through Amazon RDS Proxy. The proxy pools connections and can redirect them to the new database instance while shielding clients from some failover handling.
Karta 155
Pytanie
Which Aurora endpoint should an application use for writes so failover does not require a configured instance hostname change?
Odpowiedź
The cluster writer endpoint. It follows the current primary instance as Aurora promotes a replacement writer.
Karta 156
Pytanie
A global TCP application needs fixed anycast IP addresses and rapid routing away from unhealthy regional endpoints. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS Global Accelerator. It routes traffic over the AWS global network to healthy endpoints while keeping stable client-facing IPs.
Karta 157
Pytanie
A distribution should use a secondary origin when the primary returns configured failure responses. Which feature fits?
Odpowiedź
CloudFront origin failover with an origin group. CloudFront can retry eligible requests against the secondary origin based on selected status codes.
Karta 158
Pytanie
A global application needs one S3 access endpoint with routing across replicated buckets in multiple Regions. Which feature fits?
Odpowiedź
An S3 Multi-Region Access Point. It provides a global endpoint and can route requests among participating regional buckets.
Karta 159
Pytanie
A DynamoDB table must be restored to a recent second within its supported recovery window after accidental writes. Which feature fits?
Odpowiedź
Point-in-time recovery. It provides continuous backups and restores the table to a new table at a chosen recoverable time.
Karta 160
Pytanie
Why is a successful backup job not enough evidence for disaster readiness?
Odpowiedź
Recovery requires tested restores. A restore exercise validates permissions, dependencies, timing, data integrity, and the runbook against the stated RTO and RPO.
Karta 161
Pytanie
Why is deploying stateless compute in two Regions insufficient for regional recovery?
Odpowiedź
The application's state and dependencies also need a recovery design. Data replication, secrets, configuration, DNS, and quotas determine whether the second Region can actually serve.
Karta 162
Pytanie
How does a load balancer reduce the impact of one broken target?
Odpowiedź
It stops routing new requests to targets that fail health checks. Redundant healthy targets must still exist in other failure domains.
Karta 163
Pytanie
Many clients retry a throttled service at the same time. Which retry strategy avoids another synchronized surge?
Odpowiedź
Exponential backoff with jitter. Increasing delays reduce pressure, and randomness spreads retries instead of aligning them.
Karta 164
Pytanie
Which service assesses an application's resilience posture against defined recovery targets?
Odpowiedź
AWS Resilience Hub. It evaluates supported application resources and recommends resilience improvements and tests.
Karta 165
Pytanie
How does a durable queue keep a temporary consumer outage from becoming a producer outage?
Odpowiedź
It accepts and retains work while consumers are unavailable. Producers no longer need every consumer to respond synchronously.
Karta 166
Pytanie
What usually happens to steady-state cost as a DR design moves from backup-and-restore toward active-active?
Odpowiedź
Cost rises as recovery capacity stays more ready. Faster RTO generally requires more live infrastructure, replication, and operational complexity before a disaster.
Karta 167
Pytanie
A backup must remain recoverable after a regional disruption. Which copy strategy fits?
Odpowiedź
Maintain a backup copy in another Region. Regional separation protects recovery data from sharing the production Region's failure boundary.
Karta 168
Pytanie
A relational database needs automatic failover and readable standby capacity across three Availability Zones. Which RDS deployment fits?
Odpowiedź
An RDS Multi-AZ DB cluster. Its writer and two readable instances span three AZs, combining high availability with read capacity unlike a Multi-AZ DB instance's non-readable standby.
Karta 169
Pytanie
What should drive the first choice among object, file, and block storage?
Odpowiedź
The workload's access protocol and sharing pattern. Object storage uses API-addressed objects, file storage provides a shared hierarchy, and block storage presents volumes to compute.
Karta 170
Pytanie
A very large object must upload to S3 quickly and recover efficiently from a network interruption. Which upload method fits?
Odpowiedź
Multipart upload. Parts transfer independently and in parallel, and only failed parts need to be retried.
Karta 171
Pytanie
A general EC2 workload needs SSD block storage with performance provisioned independently of capacity. Which volume type fits?
Odpowiedź
EBS gp3. It is the general-purpose SSD choice and lets IOPS and throughput be tuned without inflating volume size solely for performance.
Karta 172
Pytanie
A shared file workload has unpredictable throughput bursts and should not manage provisioned throughput. Which EFS mode fits?
Odpowiedź
EFS Elastic Throughput. It automatically adjusts throughput to workload activity, trading manual capacity planning for usage-based scaling.
Karta 173
Pytanie
An HPC job needs a high-throughput parallel file system that can process data from S3. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon FSx for Lustre. It provides a managed parallel file system for compute-intensive workloads and integrates with S3 datasets.
Karta 174
Pytanie
An EC2 workload needs the lowest-latency temporary scratch space and can rebuild all data after host loss. Which storage fits?
Odpowiedź
EC2 instance store. It is physically attached ephemeral block storage, so performance is high but data does not survive every stop, termination, or host failure.
Karta 175
Pytanie
On-premises file clients need low-latency cached access while durable objects live in S3. Which hybrid service fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon S3 File Gateway. It exposes file protocols locally, caches hot data, and stores files as S3 objects.
Karta 176
Pytanie
A large active NFS dataset must move repeatedly to AWS over the network with parallel transfer and verification. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS DataSync. It accelerates and automates online data movement between supported storage systems with integrity checks.
Karta 177
Pytanie
Users far from one S3 bucket need faster long-distance uploads over the public internet. Which feature may help?
Odpowiedź
S3 Transfer Acceleration. It accepts traffic at nearby edge locations and carries it over the AWS network to the bucket; measure it because benefit depends on the path.
Karta 178
Pytanie
A latency-sensitive database needs sustained high IOPS and durability beyond general-purpose SSD. Which EBS family fits?
Odpowiedź
Provisioned IOPS SSD, typically io2. It is designed for demanding transactional workloads that need predictable provisioned I/O performance.
Karta 179
Pytanie
Windows applications need a managed shared file system with SMB and Active Directory integration. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon FSx for Windows File Server. It supplies Windows-native file semantics and managed integration instead of adapting an NFS service.
Karta 180
Pytanie
A large sequential workload needs high-throughput HDD block storage rather than low-latency transactional IOPS. Which EBS type fits?
Odpowiedź
Throughput Optimized HDD (st1). It targets frequently accessed, throughput-intensive sequential data such as logs and big-data workloads.
Karta 181
Pytanie
Clients repeatedly need different portions of a very large S3 object. What request pattern avoids downloading it all?
Odpowiedź
Parallel or selective byte-range GET requests. Fetching only required ranges can increase aggregate throughput and reduce unnecessary transfer.
Karta 182
Pytanie
One EBS volume cannot provide enough aggregate throughput, and the application can tolerate losing the stripe if one volume fails. Which layout increases performance?
Odpowiedź
RAID 0 across multiple EBS volumes. Striping aggregates performance but adds no redundancy, so durable recovery must come from elsewhere.
Karta 183
Pytanie
A CPU-bound batch workload has little memory pressure. Which EC2 instance family category fits first?
Odpowiedź
Compute optimized. Its resource balance favors processor performance instead of paying for memory or storage the workload does not need.
Karta 184
Pytanie
An Auto Scaling group should keep average CPU near a chosen utilization as load changes. Which policy fits?
Odpowiedź
Target tracking scaling. It adjusts desired capacity to keep the selected metric near its target, like a thermostat.
Karta 185
Pytanie
A Lambda function is CPU-bound and needs to finish faster. Which configuration should be tested first?
Odpowiedź
Increase the function's memory setting. Lambda allocates more CPU with more memory, so profiling several sizes reveals the best latency and cost point.
Karta 186
Pytanie
Tightly coupled EC2 nodes need the lowest possible inter-instance network latency in one Availability Zone. Which placement strategy fits?
Odpowiedź
A cluster placement group. It packs supported instances close together for high-throughput, low-latency networking, trading away AZ-level distribution.
Karta 187
Pytanie
An in-memory analytics engine holds a very large working set in RAM. Which EC2 category fits?
Odpowiedź
Memory optimized. These instances provide a higher memory-to-compute ratio for large in-memory datasets.
Karta 188
Pytanie
One function must guarantee capacity while preventing it from consuming all account concurrency. Which setting helps?
Odpowiedź
Reserved concurrency. It guarantees up to the reserved amount for that function and also caps its maximum concurrent executions.
Karta 189
Pytanie
Thousands of queued container jobs need managed scheduling onto dynamically provisioned compute. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS Batch. It queues and schedules batch jobs while managing compute environments based on job requirements.
Karta 190
Pytanie
A group should add much more capacity for a severe alarm breach than for a small breach. Which policy fits?
Odpowiedź
Step scaling. Different breach ranges trigger different capacity adjustments, matching response size to observed pressure.
Karta 191
Pytanie
A machine-learning training job needs GPUs or purpose-built accelerators. Which EC2 category fits?
Odpowiedź
Accelerated computing instances. Their attached accelerators outperform general-purpose CPUs for supported graphics, inference, and training workloads.
Karta 192
Pytanie
A team needs managed clusters for Apache Spark and Hadoop processing over large datasets. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon EMR. It provisions and manages big-data frameworks while retaining control over cluster sizing and engines.
Karta 193
Pytanie
A container service has no host-management requirement and each task needs a defined CPU and memory shape. Which launch model fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS Fargate. Tasks receive requested serverless container capacity without choosing or maintaining EC2 hosts.
Karta 194
Pytanie
Scale-out is slow because instances spend several minutes installing software before joining service. Which feature can reduce launch latency?
Odpowiedź
An EC2 Auto Scaling warm pool. Pre-initialized instances wait in a reusable state so they can enter service faster during scale-out.
Karta 195
Pytanie
A distributed database needs very high local I/O throughput and large instance-attached datasets. Which EC2 category fits?
Odpowiedź
Storage optimized. These instances balance compute with high sequential or random I/O for data-intensive local storage workloads.
Karta 196
Pytanie
A supported Linux workload can run on Arm and needs better price-performance. Which processor family should be benchmarked?
Odpowiedź
AWS Graviton-based instances. Native Arm-compatible applications can gain price-performance benefits, but dependencies should be verified and measured.
Karta 197
Pytanie
Users in one metropolitan area need single-digit-millisecond access to compute that still uses AWS services and APIs. Which placement may fit?
Odpowiedź
An AWS Local Zone. It places selected resources closer to that population than the parent Region, when the required services are available there.
Karta 198
Pytanie
A transactional application needs SQL joins, referential integrity, and a familiar relational engine. Which managed database family fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon RDS or Amazon Aurora. Relational services preserve SQL and transaction semantics while AWS manages common database operations.
Karta 199
Pytanie
What key-design property prevents a high-throughput DynamoDB table from concentrating traffic on one partition?
Odpowiedź
A high-cardinality partition key with traffic spread across values. Even distribution lets DynamoDB use partitioned capacity instead of creating a hot key.
Karta 200
Pytanie
An application can tolerate stale data and wants to offload repeated relational reads. Which pattern fits?
Odpowiedź
Cache-aside with Amazon ElastiCache. The application checks the cache first, loads misses from the database, and controls invalidation.
Karta 201
Pytanie
A workload stores flexible JSON-like documents and needs MongoDB-compatible APIs on a managed service. Which database fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility). Its document model suits nested semi-structured records when relational joins are not the core access pattern.
Karta 202
Pytanie
A MySQL-compatible workload needs managed read scaling and fast replica promotion. Which database design fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon Aurora with Aurora Replicas. Readers share the cluster storage layer, serve read traffic, and act as failover targets.
Karta 203
Pytanie
A DynamoDB application needs microsecond read latency for eventually consistent hot keys without application-managed cache logic. Which feature fits?
Odpowiedź
DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX). It is an API-compatible in-memory cache for DynamoDB reads.
Karta 204
Pytanie
A fraud system must traverse many relationships among accounts, devices, and transactions. Which database type fits?
Odpowiedź
A graph database such as Amazon Neptune. Graph-native relationships and traversals avoid forcing connected data into join-heavy tables.
Karta 205
Pytanie
A company needs complex SQL analytics across large structured datasets with many joins. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon Redshift. Its columnar data-warehouse architecture is optimized for analytical queries rather than row-by-row transactional access.
Karta 206
Pytanie
Why should an application avoid routing read-after-write requests to an ordinary RDS read replica?
Odpowiedź
Replication is asynchronous, so the replica may lag. Strongly current reads should use the writer unless the engine and design provide another consistency guarantee.
Karta 207
Pytanie
A DynamoDB table needs an additional query pattern on a different partition key. What should be added?
Odpowiedź
A global secondary index. It provides another partition-and-sort-key view that can be queried without scanning the base table.
Karta 208
Pytanie
An application needs full-text search and near-real-time log analytics. Which managed engine fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon OpenSearch Service. It indexes documents for search, aggregation, and operational analytics rather than primary relational transactions.
Karta 209
Pytanie
A microservice needs a durable primary database with in-memory access and Redis-compatible APIs. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon MemoryDB. It combines an in-memory data model with Multi-AZ durability, unlike using an ephemeral cache as the system of record.
Karta 210
Pytanie
A bursty serverless application spends too much database capacity on opening relational connections. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon RDS Proxy. Connection pooling and reuse let many clients share fewer database connections.
Karta 211
Pytanie
An application needs Cassandra-compatible wide-column storage without provisioning or operating database nodes. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon Keyspaces (for Apache Cassandra). It provides managed, serverless Cassandra-compatible tables that scale without cluster administration.
Karta 212
Pytanie
Which Aurora endpoint distributes new read-only connections among available replicas?
Odpowiedź
The reader endpoint. It balances connections across Aurora Replicas; it does not split individual queries from one connection.
Karta 213
Pytanie
A load balancer must route HTTP requests by host name, path, and header. Which type fits?
Odpowiedź
An Application Load Balancer. Layer 7 listener rules understand HTTP request attributes and route them to target groups.
Karta 214
Pytanie
A website serves the same static objects to users worldwide. Which service lowers latency and origin traffic?
Odpowiedź
Amazon CloudFront. Edge locations cache objects close to viewers and fetch misses from the origin.
Karta 215
Pytanie
Dozens of VPCs and on-premises networks need transitive hub-and-spoke connectivity. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS Transit Gateway. It replaces a growing mesh of point-to-point connections with a regional routing hub.
Karta 216
Pytanie
A hybrid workload needs more consistent private network performance than internet-based VPN alone. Which connection fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS Direct Connect. A dedicated connection provides a private path with more predictable network behavior than the public internet.
Karta 217
Pytanie
A global application sends non-cacheable TCP traffic to healthy regional endpoints and needs stable anycast IPs. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS Global Accelerator. It improves the network path to regional endpoints without caching application content.
Karta 218
Pytanie
A service needs extreme TCP or UDP connection performance without HTTP-aware routing. Which load balancer fits?
Odpowiedź
A Network Load Balancer. It operates at Layer 4 and preserves a transport-level model instead of inspecting HTTP paths.
Karta 219
Pytanie
Which DNS policy chooses among regional endpoints by expected user latency?
Odpowiedź
Route 53 latency-based routing. It answers with the Region AWS expects to provide the lowest latency for the requester.
Karta 220
Pytanie
Two VPCs need direct private connectivity, with no requirement for transitive routing or a central hub. Which option fits?
Odpowiedź
VPC peering. It creates direct private routes between the two VPCs, but peering relationships are not transitive.
Karta 221
Pytanie
What placement principle reduces latency between compute and a regional data store?
Odpowiedź
Keep dependent resources in the same Region and, when the service model permits, avoid unnecessary AZ crossings. Data locality shortens the network path and can also reduce transfer cost.
Karta 222
Pytanie
A hybrid connection is needed quickly while a dedicated circuit is being provisioned. Which option provides the faster setup?
Odpowiedź
AWS Site-to-Site VPN. It uses internet connectivity and can serve as the initial or backup path while Direct Connect is arranged.
Karta 223
Pytanie
Third-party virtual firewalls must scale transparently in the network path. Which load balancer fits?
Odpowiedź
A Gateway Load Balancer. It distributes traffic across virtual network appliances while preserving an inline service-insertion model.
Karta 224
Pytanie
Should a dynamic non-HTTP application choose a CDN cache or a global network accelerator?
Odpowiedź
Choose the accelerator when traffic is non-cacheable and needs optimized routing; choose the CDN for cacheable HTTP content. The decisive constraint is caching and protocol behavior, not simply global users.
Karta 225
Pytanie
A provider must expose one service privately to many consumer VPCs without routing entire networks together. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS PrivateLink. Consumers use interface endpoints to reach the service privately without transitive VPC connectivity.
Karta 226
Pytanie
A growing multi-account network needs centrally planned, non-overlapping IP address allocation. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon VPC IP Address Manager (IPAM). It plans, tracks, and monitors address space across accounts and Regions.
Karta 227
Pytanie
Which service moves large datasets online between on-premises storage and S3, EFS, or FSx with scheduling and verification?
Odpowiedź
AWS DataSync. It automates parallel transfer and integrity validation for supported storage endpoints.
Karta 228
Pytanie
Analysts need occasional SQL queries directly over files in S3 without running a database cluster. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon Athena. It performs serverless SQL queries on data in place and charges by query work such as bytes scanned.
Karta 229
Pytanie
Multiple applications need to process the same ordered stream of real-time records independently. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon Kinesis Data Streams. Consumers read retained stream records independently, with ordering maintained within each shard.
Karta 230
Pytanie
A team needs serverless data discovery, a central catalog, and managed ETL jobs. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS Glue. Crawlers and the Data Catalog describe datasets, while Glue jobs transform and load them without a persistent cluster.
Karta 231
Pytanie
An on-premises application needs iSCSI block volumes backed by cloud storage. Which hybrid service fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS Storage Gateway Volume Gateway. It presents local iSCSI volumes while integrating the data with AWS-managed cloud storage and snapshots.
Karta 232
Pytanie
Business users need managed interactive dashboards over AWS data sources. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon Quick Sight, part of Amazon Quick. It provides managed business-intelligence analysis and published interactive dashboards rather than a data-processing engine.
Karta 233
Pytanie
Athena queries usually filter by date, but every query scans the whole S3 dataset. What layout change helps?
Odpowiedź
Partition the dataset by the common date filter and query those partitions. Partition pruning limits the files scanned for each request.
Karta 234
Pytanie
Streaming records should land in S3 or another supported destination with managed buffering and delivery. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon Data Firehose. It buffers, optionally transforms, and delivers streaming data without consumer fleet management.
Karta 235
Pytanie
A team must upload data from its own storage devices through a high-speed AWS facility instead of ordering an AWS transfer device. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS Data Transfer Terminal. The team reserves a secure, network-ready physical location, brings its own devices, and transfers data to AWS over the facility's connection.
Karta 236
Pytanie
A data team needs Apache Spark clusters with control over versions, instances, and tuning. Which service fits better than a simple ETL job?
Odpowiedź
Amazon EMR. It provides managed big-data clusters when framework control and large-scale distributed processing are decisive.
Karta 237
Pytanie
A BI team needs repeatable complex joins across a large centralized analytical warehouse. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon Redshift. It is built for structured warehouse analytics and high-throughput SQL reporting.
Karta 238
Pytanie
Athena queries read only a few columns from a large S3 dataset. Which file format usually reduces scanned data?
Odpowiedź
A compressed columnar format such as Parquet. Column pruning and compression avoid reading irrelevant row fields.
Karta 239
Pytanie
External partners use SFTP, but files must arrive directly in S3. Which managed endpoint fits?
Odpowiedź
AWS Transfer Family. It supports familiar managed file-transfer protocols while using AWS storage as the backend.
Karta 240
Pytanie
An application requires Apache Kafka APIs and ecosystem compatibility without operating Kafka brokers alone. Which service fits?
Odpowiedź
Amazon Managed Streaming for Apache Kafka (Amazon MSK). It preserves Kafka compatibility while AWS manages broker infrastructure tasks.
Karta 241
Pytanie
S3 access patterns are unknown and change over time, but objects need millisecond access when active. Which class fits?
Odpowiedź
S3 Intelligent-Tiering. It moves objects among access tiers based on observed use, adding a monitoring fee while avoiding retrieval fees for its automatic low-latency tiers.
Karta 242
Pytanie
A fault-tolerant batch fleet can checkpoint and lose instances with short notice. Which purchase option offers the largest discount potential?
Odpowiedź
EC2 Spot Instances. They use spare capacity at a discount, and the workload must handle interruption and capacity changes.
Karta 243
Pytanie
A new DynamoDB workload has unpredictable traffic and no reliable capacity forecast. Which mode fits first?
Odpowiedź
On-demand capacity mode. It automatically handles request volume without capacity planning, trading convenience for a higher per-request price than well-used provisioned capacity.
Karta 244
Pytanie
Private instances send heavy S3 traffic through a NAT gateway. What network change removes that NAT processing path?
Odpowiedź
Add an S3 gateway VPC endpoint and route S3 traffic through it. Gateway endpoints have no hourly or data-processing charge and keep traffic on the AWS network.
Karta 245
Pytanie
Long-lived data is rarely read, must survive an Availability Zone loss, and needs millisecond retrieval. Which S3 class fits?
Odpowiedź
S3 Standard-Infrequent Access. It stores data across multiple AZs with lower storage cost, balanced by retrieval charges and minimum-duration rules.
Karta 246
Pytanie
Compute usage is steady, but the team wants flexibility across eligible instance families, Regions, and EC2, Lambda, or Fargate. Which discount model fits?
Odpowiedź
A Compute Savings Plan. The organization commits to an hourly spend level and receives discounted eligible compute usage with broad service and configuration flexibility.
Karta 247
Pytanie
A DynamoDB workload has stable, predictable traffic that consistently uses reserved throughput. Which mode can cost less?
Odpowiedź
Provisioned capacity mode with appropriate scaling. Paying for planned read and write capacity can beat on-demand pricing when utilization is predictable.
Karta 248
Pytanie
Two chatty EC2 tiers do not need AZ separation from each other, and cross-AZ transfer dominates cost. What placement can help?
Odpowiedź
Keep the chatty path in the same Availability Zone where resilience requirements allow. Cross-AZ architecture improves failure isolation but can add data-transfer charges.
Karta 249
Pytanie
Infrequently accessed S3 data is recreatable and may be lost with one Availability Zone. Which class can cut cost?
Odpowiedź
S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access. It keeps data in one AZ, so it suits replaceable data rather than the only copy of critical records.
Karta 250
Pytanie
A stable EC2 workload needs both a billing discount and reserved capacity in one specific Availability Zone. Which Reserved Instance scope fits?
Odpowiedź
A zonal Reserved Instance. It reserves matching capacity in the chosen AZ and provides the discount there; a regional Reserved Instance provides AZ flexibility but does not reserve capacity.
Karta 251
Pytanie
A large DynamoDB table stores infrequently accessed historical data, and storage cost dominates request cost. Which table class may fit?
Odpowiedź
DynamoDB Standard-Infrequent Access. It lowers storage cost while raising request cost, so it fits storage-heavy, low-access tables.
Karta 252
Pytanie
Global users repeatedly download the same public objects from a regional origin. What can reduce origin transfer and requests?
Odpowiedź
Cache the objects with Amazon CloudFront. A high cache-hit ratio serves viewers from edge locations and reduces repeated origin delivery.
Karta 253
Pytanie
Archive data is read about quarterly but still needs millisecond retrieval. Which S3 class fits?
Odpowiedź
S3 Glacier Instant Retrieval. It lowers storage cost for rarely accessed archives while preserving real-time access, with retrieval and minimum-duration charges.
Karta 254
Pytanie
A new workload is short-lived, cannot be interrupted, and has unknown steady demand. Which EC2 purchase option avoids commitment?
Odpowiedź
On-Demand Instances. They provide full flexibility without a term commitment, making them suitable while demand is uncertain.
Karta 255
Pytanie
A relational workload is intermittent and must scale database capacity without manual instance changes. Which option fits?
Odpowiedź
Aurora Serverless v2. It adjusts Aurora capacity in fine-grained steps, which suits variable demand that would leave provisioned instances idle.
Karta 256
Pytanie
What is the main trade-off between one shared NAT gateway and one NAT gateway per Availability Zone?
Odpowiedź
A shared gateway can cost less, while per-AZ gateways improve fault isolation and avoid cross-AZ routing for local private subnets. Choose from availability and traffic economics together.
Karta 257
Pytanie
Archives are read roughly yearly and can wait minutes or hours for restore. Which S3 class fits?
Odpowiedź
S3 Glacier Flexible Retrieval. It trades immediate access for lower archive storage cost and several retrieval-speed options.
Karta 258
Pytanie
An EC2 fleet averages low CPU and memory use for months. What should happen before buying a larger commitment?
Odpowiedź
Right-size the instances using measured utilization. Commitments discount usage, but they do not fix paying for capacity the workload never needs.
Karta 259
Pytanie
An RDS database has a stable multi-year production baseline. Which purchase choice can discount its instance cost?
Odpowiedź
Reserved DB instances. A term commitment discounts predictable RDS instance usage, after the database has been right-sized.
Karta 260
Pytanie
When can an interface VPC endpoint cost more than keeping low-volume service traffic on an existing NAT path?
Odpowiedź
When endpoint hourly and data-processing charges exceed the avoided NAT and transfer cost. Private routing is valuable, but endpoint count and traffic volume still matter.
Karta 261
Pytanie
Compliance archives are almost never read and can tolerate the longest restore time. Which S3 class minimizes storage cost?
Odpowiedź
S3 Glacier Deep Archive. It is the lowest-cost S3 archive tier for very rare access, with long minimum duration and hours-scale retrieval.
Karta 262
Pytanie
Traffic varies through the day and idle EC2 instances dominate cost. Which capacity strategy fits?
Odpowiedź
Auto Scaling with sensible minimum and maximum capacity. Matching instance count to demand removes idle capacity while preserving required headroom.
Karta 263
Pytanie
An RDS instance has consistently low CPU, memory, and I/O demand. What should reduce cost before changing engines?
Odpowiedź
Right-size the DB instance and storage to measured needs. A smaller supported configuration removes idle capacity with less migration risk than an engine redesign.
Karta 264
Pytanie
When can a dedicated hybrid link become economical compared with internet VPN?
Odpowiedź
When sustained data volume, required consistency, or private connectivity justifies its port and provider costs. VPN usually has a lower entry cost for modest or temporary traffic.
Karta 265
Pytanie
Objects become cold predictably after 30 days and expire after a policy period. What should automate the change?
Odpowiedź
An S3 Lifecycle rule. It transitions eligible objects to cheaper classes and expires them on a schedule without manual jobs.
Karta 266
Pytanie
A small event handler runs for seconds a few times per hour. Which compute model avoids paying for an idle server?
Odpowiedź
AWS Lambda. Request-based execution suits intermittent work when the function limits and event model fit.
Karta 267
Pytanie
When is a cache more cost-effective than adding another relational read replica?
Odpowiedź
When many requests reuse the same hot data and can tolerate cache freshness rules. A cache can remove repeated reads; a replica is better for broad SQL read scaling.
Karta 268
Pytanie
A small branch sends modest traffic to AWS and does not need a dedicated circuit. Which connection is the lower-entry-cost fit?
Odpowiedź
AWS Site-to-Site VPN. It uses the internet and avoids dedicated-link provisioning, with less predictable performance than Direct Connect.
Karta 269
Pytanie
A general SSD volume is overprovisioned only because its older type ties performance to size. Which EBS type can decouple them?
Odpowiedź
EBS gp3. Capacity, IOPS, and throughput can be tuned independently, which avoids buying unused storage just to reach performance targets.
Karta 270
Pytanie
A small container workload has irregular demand and the team cannot keep EC2 hosts well utilized. Which launch model may cost less operationally?
Odpowiedź
AWS Fargate. Per-task capacity avoids an idle host fleet, though steady high utilization should be compared with optimized EC2 capacity.
Karta 271
Pytanie
Automated database backups are kept far longer than the business recovery policy requires. What should change?
Odpowiedź
Align backup retention with the validated recovery requirement. Extra retention adds storage cost without value when legal, audit, and recovery needs do not require it.
Karta 272
Pytanie
When does Transit Gateway usually justify its attachment and processing charges over many peerings?
Odpowiedź
When centralized, transitive connectivity replaces a complex VPC and hybrid mesh. The operational simplicity can outweigh service charges at larger network scale.
Karta 273
Pytanie
Which EBS type is cost-effective for large, frequently accessed sequential workloads that need throughput rather than transactional IOPS?
Odpowiedź
Throughput Optimized HDD (st1). It fits big sequential scans such as logs or data processing, not boot volumes or small random I/O.
Karta 274
Pytanie
A Linux application and its dependencies support Arm. What compute change should be benchmarked for price-performance?
Odpowiedź
Move to Graviton-based instances or runtimes. AWS-designed Arm processors can improve price-performance when the software stack is compatible.
Karta 275
Pytanie
A relational database is write-bound, while read replicas sit mostly idle. What does that imply?
Odpowiedź
Read replicas do not address the actual bottleneck and may be removable. They scale reads; write capacity needs another design or database choice.
Karta 276
Pytanie
Three VPCs need a few direct, non-transitive private links. Which connectivity can avoid a paid routing hub?
Odpowiedź
VPC peering. A small set of direct relationships can be simpler and cheaper, but the design becomes hard to manage as the mesh grows.
Karta 277
Pytanie
Most files in an EFS file system go untouched after a few weeks. What should reduce storage cost automatically?
Odpowiedź
EFS lifecycle management. It moves inactive files to lower-cost EFS storage classes according to the configured policy.
Karta 278
Pytanie
Capacity demand rises at the same known time every weekday. Which scaling method can add capacity before the rise?
Odpowiedź
Scheduled scaling. A recurring action changes desired or boundary capacity at the known time instead of waiting for utilization to climb.
Karta 279
Pytanie
Which managed service moves database data with ongoing replication to reduce migration downtime?
Odpowiedź
AWS Database Migration Service (AWS DMS). It copies data and can keep source and target synchronized during a migration.
Karta 280
Pytanie
Private workloads reach DynamoDB through a NAT gateway. Which endpoint can remove that path without hourly endpoint charges?
Odpowiedź
A DynamoDB gateway VPC endpoint. Route-table entries keep supported traffic private and avoid NAT processing for that service.
Karta 281
Pytanie
Old EBS snapshots accumulate after every backup cycle. What policy prevents indefinite spend?
Odpowiedź
An automated retention policy that expires unneeded snapshots. Recovery requirements should set how many copies and ages remain, rather than keeping every snapshot.
Karta 282
Pytanie
Demand follows a recurring pattern but its required capacity changes over time. Which scaling method forecasts it?
Odpowiedź
Predictive scaling. It analyzes historical load and schedules capacity ahead of forecast demand, while dynamic scaling can handle deviations.
Karta 283
Pytanie
A database migration changes from one engine family to another and the schema is incompatible. What tool handles much of the conversion?
Odpowiedź
AWS DMS Schema Conversion. It converts schema objects and much database code for a heterogeneous migration; AWS DMS then moves and replicates the data.
Karta 284
Pytanie
What is the first architecture question when network transfer becomes a major AWS bill item?
Odpowiedź
Why is the data crossing a Region, Availability Zone, or internet boundary? Removing unnecessary movement often beats negotiating around the same inefficient path.
Karta 285
Pytanie
A data publisher wants approved external users to pay request and download charges for a shared S3 dataset. Which feature fits?
Odpowiedź
S3 Requester Pays. Authenticated requesters identify themselves as the payer, while the bucket owner still pays storage charges.
Karta 286
Pytanie
Development instances sit unused every night and weekend. What is the simplest cost control?
Odpowiedź
Stop or scale them down on a schedule. Non-production availability requirements rarely justify paying for full capacity when nobody uses it.
Karta 287
Pytanie
Expired session records should leave a DynamoDB table automatically without a cleanup fleet. Which feature fits?
Odpowiedź
DynamoDB Time to Live (TTL). An expiry attribute marks items for background deletion without consuming application write capacity for each cleanup.
Karta 288
Pytanie
Millions of tiny payloads create high request overhead and poor network efficiency. What transport change can help?
Odpowiedź
Batch and compress data where latency requirements allow. Fewer larger transfers reduce per-request overhead and bytes moved.
Karta 289
Pytanie
What decides between DataSync and Data Transfer Terminal for a large migration using customer-owned storage devices?
Odpowiedź
Whether the source network can meet the deadline and cost target. Use DataSync remotely over a suitable network; use Data Transfer Terminal when bringing the devices to a high-speed AWS facility is the better transfer path.
Karta 290
Pytanie
How should a Spot fleet reduce the chance that one capacity pool interrupts all workers?
Odpowiedź
Diversify across instance types and Availability Zones. More eligible pools improve the fleet's chance of finding spare capacity and surviving a constrained pool.
Karta 291
Pytanie
How can choosing a purpose-built database reduce total cost even when its unit price is not the lowest?
Odpowiedź
It removes mismatched infrastructure and custom workaround code. The right data model can need fewer resources and less operations work for the required access pattern.
Karta 292
Pytanie
A metered downstream API can process a fixed rate, but clients create expensive bursts. What control protects cost and capacity?
Odpowiedź
Throttle requests and buffer acceptable asynchronous work. A rate boundary prevents uncontrolled consumption while a queue preserves work that need not finish immediately.
Karta 293
Pytanie
A provisioned file system has far more capacity and throughput than monitoring shows it uses. What is the first cost action?
Odpowiedź
Right-size it against measured demand and headroom. Paying for unused provisioned capacity is avoidable when a smaller setting still meets performance and growth requirements.
Karta 294
Pytanie
Which service recommends rightsizing for supported compute resources from utilization data?
Odpowiedź
AWS Compute Optimizer. It analyzes metrics and recommends configurations, which should still be checked against workload constraints.
Karta 295
Pytanie
An RDS database grows unpredictably, and permanently overallocating storage wastes money. Which feature helps?
Odpowiedź
RDS storage autoscaling. It increases allocated storage when needed within a configured maximum, reducing the need for a large speculative allocation.
Karta 296
Pytanie
A dedicated connection is provisioned far above observed peak throughput. What should happen before renewal?
Odpowiedź
Right-size bandwidth against measured demand and required headroom. Excess fixed capacity adds cost without improving an unconstrained workload.
Karta 297
Pytanie
Which service feature gives organization-wide S3 usage and activity metrics to find cost and protection opportunities?
Odpowiedź
S3 Storage Lens. Its aggregated metrics and recommendations expose storage patterns that can guide lifecycle, cleanup, and protection changes.
Karta 298
Pytanie
A large in-memory application needs long idle periods but expensive startup from scratch. Which EC2 state may balance cost and restart time?
Odpowiedź
EC2 hibernation. It saves RAM state to the encrypted root EBS volume and stops instance compute billing, subject to hibernation requirements and storage cost.
Karta 299
Pytanie
What evidence should drive a database cost change: list price alone or workload metrics plus access patterns?
Odpowiedź
Workload metrics plus access patterns. Capacity, consistency, latency, availability, and operational needs determine whether a cheaper-looking engine is actually cheaper to run.
Karta 300
Pytanie
How can a company identify which applications drive shared network and transfer spend?
Odpowiedź
Use consistent cost allocation tags and detailed billing data. Ownership metadata lets Cost Explorer or the Cost and Usage Report attribute spend before teams optimize it.

Blue geometric architecture hub linked to a shield, layered blocks, a speed gauge, and a bar chart.

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