Proactive vs Retroactive Interference Flashcards

Question 1

Proactive interference: which learning hinders which memory?

Accepted Answer

Earlier learning hinders learning or recalling later material. The competing material was acquired first.

Question 2

In a memory-interference case, what is the target memory?

Accepted Answer

The information the person is trying to learn or recall. Identify it before deciding the interference direction.

Question 3

Retroactive interference: which learning hinders which memory?

Accepted Answer

Later learning hinders recalling earlier material. The competing material was acquired after the target.

Question 4

In proactive and retroactive interference, what makes a memory earlier or later?

Accepted Answer

When the material was learned. The time of its most recent recall does not set its acquisition order.

Question 5

Eli first learned that a blue badge means the Pine hiking club, then that it means the Tower chess club in a different badge system. Both remain valid. Asked for the hiking club, Tower keeps intruding and blocks recall of Pine. Which interference direction?

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference. The later chess association hinders recall of the earlier hiking association.

Question 6

A grower first learned that tray K held basil, then learned it had been replanted with mint. Asked what tray K holds now, the basil memory intrudes and blocks recall of mint. Which interference direction?

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference. Earlier basil learning hinders recall of the later mint information.

Question 7

Nora learned a shop's old closing bell, then its replacement bell. Nothing is said about whether either memory makes the other harder to recall. Is interference established?

Accepted Answer

No; the blocking relationship is missing. Two learned items alone do not show that either one interferes with the other.

Question 8

What is the term for earlier learning hindering recall of later-learned material?

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference. The hindering memory was acquired before the requested material.

Question 9

Leah first learned to finish a dish with parsley, then learned a revised version with dill. Asked for the revised version, the parsley instruction keeps intruding and blocks recall. What is the target memory?

Accepted Answer

The revised instruction to use dill. It is the information Leah is asked to recall; parsley is the competitor.

Question 10

A pupil learned the kite symbol's meaning on Monday and the leaf symbol's meaning on Tuesday. On Wednesday the pupil recalled kite. Repair: 'Kite is now the later-learned memory.'

Accepted Answer

Kite remains the earlier-learned memory. Recalling it on Wednesday does not change when it was originally acquired.

Question 11

Mika first learned a paint mix with two spoonfuls of white, then a revised mix with four. Asked for the earlier mix, the four-spoon instruction intrudes and blocks recall. Which learned instruction is the competitor?

Accepted Answer

The later instruction to use four spoonfuls of white. It obstructs the requested earlier mix.

Question 12

What is the term for later learning hindering recall of earlier-learned material?

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference. The hindering material was acquired after the requested material.

Question 13

A volunteer first learned that cloths go in the low cabinet, then learned the new rule placing them in the tall cabinet. Asked for the new location, the low-cabinet memory intrudes and blocks recall. Which interference direction?

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference. The earlier location hinders recall of the later location.

Question 14

Rae first learned that the matinee opens with a flute cue, then that the evening show opens with a drum cue. Both cues remain correct for their shows. Asked for the evening cue, the flute cue intrudes and blocks recall. Which interference direction?

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference. The earlier matinee association hinders recall of the later evening association.

Question 15

Repair this rule: 'If a memory-interference prompt mentions an old memory, the answer must be retroactive.'

Accepted Answer

The label depends on which memory obstructs which target. An earlier memory blocking a later target is proactive; a later memory blocking an earlier target is retroactive.

Question 16

A clerk first learned to mark completed forms with a dot, then learned a replacement rule using a tick. Asked how forms were marked under the earlier rule, the tick instruction intrudes and blocks recall. Which interference direction?

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference. The later tick rule hinders recall of the earlier dot rule.

Question 17

A singer first learned to start a song softly, then learned a revised arrangement with a loud start. Asked for the earlier arrangement, the loud start keeps intruding and blocks recall. What is the target memory?

Accepted Answer

The earlier instruction to start softly. The requested arrangement sets the target, even though another arrangement was learned later.

Question 18

A grower first learned that tray K held basil, then learned it had been replanted with mint. Asked what tray K held before replanting, the mint memory intrudes and blocks recall of basil. Which interference direction?

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference. Later mint learning hinders recall of the earlier basil information.

Question 19

Kai learned two associations for a star emblem: Cedar team and Harbor team. Asked for Cedar, Harbor intrudes and blocks recall. The account does not say which association was learned first. Can the direction be classified?

Accepted Answer

Not from this account; acquisition order is missing. The target and competitor are clear, but their earlier/later relationship is unknown.

Question 20

Repair this claim: 'Proactive interference is decided by which response comes to mind first during the test.'

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference is decided by earlier learning obstructing later material. The order in which responses come to mind during a test does not define the label.

Question 21

Sam first learned to stamp bowls before glazing, then learned a revised studio procedure stamping after glazing. Asked for the earlier procedure, the after-glazing instruction intrudes and blocks recall. Which interference direction?

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference. The later procedure hinders recall of the earlier procedure.

Question 22

A maker first learned that the sample called Dawn is wool, then that the sample called Dusk is cotton. Asked for Dusk's fabric, the wool association intrudes and blocks recall of cotton. Which memory is the competitor?

Accepted Answer

The earlier association between Dawn and wool. It obstructs recall of the requested Dusk association.

Question 23

A helper first learned that bread deliveries arrive on Tuesday, then learned that the schedule changed to Friday. Asked for the current day, Tuesday intrudes and blocks recall of Friday. Which interference direction?

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference. The earlier Tuesday schedule hinders recall of the later Friday schedule.

Question 24

Eli first learned that a blue badge means the Pine hiking club, then that it means the Tower chess club in a different badge system. Both remain valid. Asked for the chess club, Pine keeps intruding and blocks recall of Tower. Which interference direction?

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference. The earlier hiking association hinders recall of the later chess association.

Question 25

A dancer first learned a left-step ending, then a revised right-step ending. Asked for the earlier ending, the right step intrudes and blocks recall. Repair: 'This is proactive because the left step is old.'

Accepted Answer

This is retroactive interference. The later right-step learning obstructs the requested earlier left-step ending.

Question 26

Jo first learned that a circle token means rest in a travel game, then that it means swap in a puzzle game. Both meanings remain valid in their games. Asked for the travel-game meaning, swap intrudes and blocks recall of rest. Which interference direction?

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference. The later puzzle-game association hinders recall of the earlier travel-game association.

Question 27

A student first learned that a triangle marks a campsite on one map key, then that a triangle marks a lookout on another. Asked for the second map's meaning, campsite intrudes and blocks recall. What is the target memory?

Accepted Answer

The second map's association between triangle and lookout. The requested map key identifies the target.

Question 28

A volunteer first learned that cloths go in the low cabinet, then learned the new rule placing them in the tall cabinet. Asked for the earlier location, the tall-cabinet memory intrudes and blocks recall. Which interference direction?

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference. The later location hinders recall of the earlier location.

Question 29

A learner first learned Elm for a square symbol, then Bay for the same symbol in another chart. The account says the associations interfere but never specifies which chart's meaning is being recalled. Can you assign one direction?

Accepted Answer

Not from this account; the requested target is missing. You need to know which association obstructs recall of which other association.

Question 30

Rae first learned that the matinee opens with a flute cue, then that the evening show opens with a drum cue. Both cues remain correct for their shows. Asked for the matinee cue, the drum cue intrudes and blocks recall. Which interference direction?

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference. The later evening association hinders recall of the earlier matinee association.

Question 31

Repair this claim: 'Forgetting something learned yesterday proves retroactive interference.'

Accepted Answer

Forgetting alone does not prove retroactive interference. You need evidence that later-learned material hinders recall of that earlier target.

Question 32

A packer first learned to fold a label inward, then a replacement method folding it outward. Asked for the new method, the inward fold intrudes and blocks recall. Which learned method is the competitor?

Accepted Answer

The earlier inward-fold method. It obstructs recall of the later outward-fold method.

Question 33

A clerk first learned to mark completed forms with a dot, then learned a replacement rule using a tick. Asked how forms are marked under the new rule, the dot instruction intrudes and blocks recall. Which interference direction?

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference. The earlier dot rule hinders recall of the later tick rule.

Question 34

A visitor never heard or learned the name of an exhibit. Asked for its name, the visitor cannot give it. Does this establish proactive or retroactive interference?

Accepted Answer

Neither direction is established. There is no learned target memory in the account, so the failure does not demonstrate one memory blocking another.

Question 35

Repair this claim: 'Retroactive interference means earlier learning blocks recall of later learning.'

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference means later learning blocks recall of earlier learning. The claimed direction was reversed.

Question 36

Sam first learned to stamp bowls before glazing, then learned a revised studio procedure stamping after glazing. Asked for the revised procedure, the before-glazing instruction intrudes and blocks recall. Which interference direction?

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference. The earlier procedure hinders recall of the later procedure.

Question 37

A baker first learned a round-loaf pattern, then an oval-loaf pattern. Asked for each in turn, the baker recalls both accurately and without difficulty; neither memory obstructs the other. Which interference direction is shown here?

Accepted Answer

Neither. This account explicitly describes successful recall without obstruction, so it shows neither proactive nor retroactive interference.

Question 38

Repair this claim: 'Proactive or retroactive interference requires the competing fact to have become false.'

Accepted Answer

Both facts can remain valid. Interference concerns one learned association obstructing the requested other association, with direction set by acquisition order.

Question 39

A helper first learned that bread deliveries arrive on Tuesday, then learned that the schedule changed to Friday. Asked for the former delivery day, Friday intrudes and blocks recall of Tuesday. Which interference direction?

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference. The later Friday schedule hinders recall of the earlier Tuesday schedule.

Question 40

Repair this claim: 'Learning two similar facts automatically establishes memory interference.'

Accepted Answer

Interference also requires one learned item to hinder learning or recall of the other. Similarity and two learning events alone do not establish that relationship.

Question 41

Jo first learned that a circle token means rest in a travel game, then that it means swap in a puzzle game. Both meanings remain valid in their games. Asked for the puzzle-game meaning, rest intrudes and blocks recall of swap. Which interference direction?

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference. The earlier travel-game association hinders recall of the later puzzle-game association.

Question 42

A pupil first learned a red flag for Group A, then a green flag for Group B. Asked for Group B's flag, the pupil says red. Nothing establishes why the answer was wrong. Is proactive interference proved?

Accepted Answer

No; the cause of the error is not established. Red matches earlier learning, but the account does not show that this memory obstructed recall of green.

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Proactive vs Retroactive Interference Flashcards