Operant Conditioning Flashcards: Reinforcement & Punishment

このデッキのカード

1. カード 1

   質問

   What changes through operant conditioning?

   回答

   The future likelihood of a behavior changes through its consequences.

2. カード 2

   質問

   In operant conditioning, what does positive mean?

   回答

   A stimulus is added after the behavior. The word does not mean good or desirable.

3. カード 3

   質問

   What makes a consequence reinforcement?

   回答

   It increases the future likelihood of the behavior it follows.

4. カード 4

   質問

   Before classifying an operant consequence, what behavior should you identify?

   回答

   The specific action by the specific person whose later behavior you are tracking.

5. カード 5

   質問

   In operant conditioning, what does negative mean?

   回答

   A stimulus is removed, prevented, or postponed through the behavior. The word does not mean bad.

6. カード 6

   質問

   What makes a consequence punishment?

   回答

   It decreases the future likelihood of the behavior it follows.

7. カード 7

   質問

   What does it mean for a consequence to be contingent on a behavior?

   回答

   Its occurrence depends on that behavior. Simply happening later does not establish that relationship.

8. カード 8

   質問

   What is positive reinforcement?

   回答

   Adding a stimulus after a behavior makes that behavior more likely in the future.

9. カード 9

   質問

   What is negative punishment?

   回答

   Removing a stimulus after a behavior makes that behavior less likely in the future.

10. カード 10

    質問

    Does an intended reward automatically count as reinforcement?

    回答

    No. It must actually increase the future likelihood of the target behavior.

11. カード 11

    質問

    What is negative reinforcement?

    回答

    Removing or preventing a stimulus through a behavior makes that behavior more likely in the future.

12. カード 12

    質問

    What is positive punishment?

    回答

    Adding a stimulus after a behavior makes that behavior less likely in the future.

13. カード 13

    質問

    In a study game, completing a recall round earns Mira a token. This makes her complete more rounds later. Which operant process is shown?

    回答

    Positive reinforcement. Tokens are added, and completing recall rounds increases.

14. カード 14

    質問

    In a puzzle game, using a shortcut removes a token from Jo’s earned balance. This makes Jo use the shortcut less often. Which operant process is shown?

    回答

    Negative punishment. An earned token is removed, and shortcut use decreases.

15. カード 15

    質問

    A behavior becomes more frequent because it removes an ongoing stimulus. Which operant process is this?

    回答

    Negative reinforcement.

16. カード 16

    質問

    In a simulated task, pressing the striped button adds a bothersome message. As a result, Lee presses it less often in later trials. Which operant process is shown?

    回答

    Positive punishment. The message is added, and pressing the striped button decreases.

17. カード 17

    質問

    A tutor gives Pat a compliment after a practice session. Nothing is known about Pat’s later practice. Can you conclude that practice was reinforced?

    回答

    No. You need evidence that the compliment increased Pat’s later practice; the compliment alone is insufficient.

18. カード 18

    質問

    A behavior becomes more frequent because it produces a stimulus. Which operant process is this?

    回答

    Positive reinforcement.

19. カード 19

    質問

    A behavior becomes less frequent because it causes a stimulus to be taken away. Which operant process is this?

    回答

    Negative punishment.

20. カード 20

    質問

    Selecting a display setting stops a distracting flicker. Because of this relief, Ari selects that setting more often when the flicker returns. Which operant process is shown?

    回答

    Negative reinforcement. The flicker is removed, and selecting the setting increases.

21. カード 21

    質問

    A behavior becomes less frequent because it produces a stimulus. Which operant process is this?

    回答

    Positive punishment.

22. カード 22

    質問

    Sending a draft earns Noor an encouraging reply from a collaborator. Because of those replies, Noor sends drafts more often. Which operant process is shown?

    回答

    Positive reinforcement. Encouraging replies are added, and sending drafts increases.

23. カード 23

    質問

    A consequence is known to increase a behavior, but the account never says what changed in the environment. What can you classify?

    回答

    Reinforcement, but not whether it is positive or negative. You still need to know whether a stimulus was added or removed.

24. カード 24

    質問

    In a game, skipping the tutorial removes access to a favorite avatar. This makes Ren skip tutorials less often. Which operant process is shown?

    回答

    Negative punishment. Access to the avatar is removed, and skipping tutorials decreases.

25. カード 25

    質問

    Submitting a status note stops unwanted reminder messages. This makes Sam submit status notes more often. Which operant process is shown?

    回答

    Negative reinforcement. The reminders stop, and submitting status notes increases.

26. カード 26

    質問

    Uma sends a sketch, receives a reply, and then sends sketches more often because of the replies. What is the target behavior being reinforced?

    回答

    Uma’s sending sketches. Receiving a reply is the consequence, not the target action.

27. カード 27

    質問

    In a simulation, choosing the fast route adds a tedious confirmation task. This makes Alex choose that route less often. Which operant process is shown?

    回答

    Positive punishment. The confirmation task is added, and choosing the fast route decreases.

28. カード 28

    質問

    In a music app, finishing a rhythm exercise plays a melody that Dev enjoys. The melody makes Dev finish exercises more often. Which operant process is shown?

    回答

    Positive reinforcement. The melody is presented, and finishing exercises increases.

29. カード 29

    質問

    In a simulated task, touching the red tile switches off music the participant enjoys. As a result, red-tile touches decrease. Which operant process is shown?

    回答

    Negative punishment. Enjoyed music is removed, and touching the red tile decreases.

30. カード 30

    質問

    A bonus is added after each completed task, but it has no effect on later task completion. Has a reinforcing effect been demonstrated?

    回答

    No. A bonus counts as a reinforcer for that behavior only if it increases the behavior’s future likelihood.

31. カード 31

    質問

    Closing a blind removes glare from a screen. This relief makes Kit close the blind more often when glare appears. Which operant process is shown?

    回答

    Negative reinforcement. Glare is removed, and closing the blind increases.

32. カード 32

    質問

    At a voluntary workshop, speaking up brings public applause. For Dana, the applause causes speaking up to decrease over later sessions. Which operant process is shown?

    回答

    Positive punishment. Applause is added, and Dana’s speaking up decreases, even though applause is often intended as a reward.

33. カード 33

    質問

    Turning a dial removes an irritating tone, making future dial turns more frequent. What is removed in this negative reinforcement example?

    回答

    The tone. Negative refers to removal of the stimulus, not removal of the dial-turning behavior.

34. カード 34

    質問

    What separates negative reinforcement from negative punishment when both remove a stimulus?

    回答

    The effect on the target behavior: it increases with negative reinforcement and decreases with negative punishment.

35. カード 35

    質問

    A group responds to Morgan’s interruptions with attention. That added attention makes Morgan interrupt more often. Which operant process is shown?

    回答

    Positive reinforcement. Attention is added and interruptions increase; reinforcement can strengthen an unwanted behavior.

36. カード 36

    質問

    In a cooperative board game, claiming an extra turn costs Nia her next turn. This makes Nia claim extra turns less often. Which operant process is shown?

    回答

    Negative punishment. Access to the next turn is removed, and claiming extra turns decreases.

37. カード 37

    質問

    Moving a desk fan away removes an annoying hum. This makes Jules move the fan away more often when the hum returns. Which operant process is shown?

    回答

    Negative reinforcement. The hum is removed, and moving the fan away increases.

38. カード 38

    質問

    After a move in a simulation, a tone is added and a token is removed. The move then decreases. Can you assign one positive-or-negative punishment label from this account?

    回答

    No. The decrease is linked to a combined consequence. You need to isolate whether the added tone, the removed token, or both caused it.

39. カード 39

    質問

    After Taylor shares an unfinished design, a peer adds blunt criticism. The criticism makes Taylor share unfinished designs less often. Which operant process is shown?

    回答

    Positive punishment. Criticism is added, and sharing unfinished designs decreases.

40. カード 40

    質問

    How do negative reinforcement and positive punishment differ on both classification axes?

    回答

    Negative reinforcement removes a stimulus and increases behavior. Positive punishment adds a stimulus and decreases behavior.

41. カード 41

    質問

    Bea asks Sol for a file; Sol sends it. Receiving the file makes Bea ask again more often in similar situations. For Bea’s asking, which operant process is shown?

    回答

    Positive reinforcement. Bea gains the requested file, and Bea’s asking increases.

42. カード 42

    質問

    Practice rises during the same week that badges are introduced. Other conditions also change. Does this alone prove the badges reinforced practice?

    回答

    No. The timing alone does not establish that the badges caused the increase. Other changes could explain it.

43. カード 43

    質問

    The same added comment increases one person’s participation and decreases another’s. Must it have the same operant function for both?

    回答

    No. It is positive reinforcement for the first person and positive punishment for the second; function depends on the effect on each person’s behavior.

44. カード 44

    質問

    After a token is offered, a participant presses a key once. Is that single response enough to show that tokens increased key pressing?

    回答

    No. One response does not establish an increase in future key pressing compared with its previous level.

45. カード 45

    質問

    Sol sends Bea a file; Bea’s repeated requests stop. Ending those requests makes Sol send files more readily next time. For Sol’s sending, which operant process is shown?

    回答

    Negative reinforcement. Repeated requests are removed, and Sol’s sending increases.

46. カード 46

    質問

    How do positive reinforcement and negative punishment differ on both classification axes?

    回答

    Positive reinforcement adds a stimulus and increases behavior. Negative punishment removes a stimulus and decreases behavior.

47. カード 47

    質問

    Extra pop-ups follow opening a reference panel, and completed exercises later increase. Why is that insufficient to classify the pop-ups as punishment of opening the panel?

    回答

    The stated outcome tracks a different behavior. You need evidence that the pop-ups reduced opening the panel; more completed exercises does not establish that.

48. カード 48

    質問

    A speaker is given extra attention meant to discourage off-topic remarks. Instead, that attention makes the remarks more frequent. How should the consequence be classified?

    回答

    Positive reinforcement. Added attention increases the target behavior, regardless of the intention to discourage it.

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Operant Conditioning Flashcards: Reinforcement & Punishment

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