Dispatch reports an uncertain hazard. What should the EMT do before arrival?

Build a tentative safety and resource plan from the dispatch information, then verify it on arrival because scene conditions can change. Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.

What is the first decision when the ambulance reaches an emergency scene?

Decide whether the scene is safe enough to enter. If not, stage at a safe location and request the resources that can control the hazard. Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.

How should an EMT choose PPE for a call?

Match PPE to the known or reasonably anticipated hazards before exposure; upgrade it if the scene reveals more risk. Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.

When should an EMT request specialized scene resources?

Request them as soon as the known hazard, access problem, or patient condition indicates a need; do not wait for the situation to overwhelm the crew. Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.

When does scene size-up end?

It does not end at the doorway. Keep reassessing hazards, access, patient count, and resource needs throughout the call. Source: 2021 National EMS Education Standards, amended February 24, 2025.

Whose safety is protected during scene size-up?

Protect yourself and your crew first, then other responders, the patient, bystanders, and the wider scene. Becoming another patient delays care for everyone. Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.

Police have not secured a reported violent scene. Where should EMS wait?

Stage outside the unsafe area and request police assistance. Enter only after the responsible agency reports the location safe under local policy. Source: Workplace Violence.

A fire-damaged building looks unstable. What is the EMT's priority?

Stay outside the collapse hazard and let trained fire or rescue personnel determine access. Structural failure can occur with little warning. Source: Structure Fires.

Why identify an exit path before approaching a volatile scene?

Keep an open route to safety and avoid being isolated with a potentially violent person. Do not let people or equipment block that exit. Source: Violence: Occupational Hazards in Hospitals.

What patient-count question belongs in every initial scene survey?

Ask how many actual and potential patients there are. Compare that count with available crews and transport units immediately. Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.

What does mechanism of injury or nature of illness contribute during scene size-up?

It predicts likely hazards, injuries, illness patterns, and resource needs; it guides assessment but never replaces examining the patient. Source: 2021 National EMS Education Standards, amended February 24, 2025.

Blood or body-fluid contact is likely. What minimum barrier is usually indicated?

Wear intact medical gloves, then add gown, eye protection, or face protection when the task could soil clothing or splash mucous membranes. Source: Standard Precautions for All Patient Care.

Which infection-control baseline applies to every patient?

Use Standard Precautions for every patient, with hand hygiene and exposure-based PPE chosen from the task and anticipated contact. Source: Standard Precautions for All Patient Care.

Which worker-protection control applies after a sharp is used?

Use safe sharps management and disposal. Source: Bloodborne Pathogens: Worker Protections.

A chemical vapor cloud is moving across the road. Where should EMS stage?

Stay well clear and, when terrain and wind can be judged safely, position uphill and upwind while requesting hazmat and traffic-control resources. Use the current ERG and incident command for exact isolation decisions. Source: 2024 Emergency Response Guidebook.

When should an EMT add eye and face protection?

Add it when splashes or sprays to the eyes, nose, or mouth are reasonably anticipated, such as during uncontrolled bleeding or suctioning. Source: Standard Precautions for All Patient Care.

A patient may have an airborne or droplet-spread infection. What should the EMT do?

Add the transmission-based respiratory protection and patient placement required for the suspected route, following current agency infection-control policy. Source: Standard Precautions for All Patient Care.

After occupational exposure to a bloodborne pathogen, what worker-protection measure applies?

Post-exposure evaluation and follow-up. Source: Bloodborne Pathogens: Worker Protections.

What visibility protection belongs at a roadway incident?

Wear ANSI 107 performance Class 2 or 3 high-visibility apparel while within the temporary traffic-control zone. The MUTCD alternative is retroreflective turnout gear for emergency responders directly exposed to flame, fire, heat, or hazardous materials. Source: Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 11th Edition with Revision 1, December 2025.

Dispatch reports a possibly armed person. What is EMS's entry decision?

Do not enter the unsafe location. Stage and request police assistance; enter only when the responsible agency reports the scene safe under local policy. Source: Workplace Violence.

A patient is unconscious inside a tank. Should an untrained EMT enter?

No. Keep others from entering and summon a trained, equipped confined-space rescue team; entry rescue requires specific procedures, tools, and PPE. Source: Working Safely in Confined Spaces.

How should a downed electrical line be treated?

Treat it and anything it touches as energized until the utility confirms it is de-energized and grounded; keep people away and request utility and fire resources. Source: Cleanup Hazards.

Where are the two critical traffic-control locations at a roadway incident?

At the incident scene, where traffic needs clear direction to move safely past responders, and at the end of the traffic queue, where advance warning helps prevent secondary crashes. Monitor the queue and move warning devices as it grows. Source: Responder and Motorist Safety.

Does removing gloves replace hand hygiene?

No. Perform hand hygiene after glove removal and at the other moments required by infection-control policy; gloves can fail or become contaminated during removal. Source: Standard Precautions for All Patient Care.

Smoke is crossing the planned path to a patient. What should EMS do?

Do not enter the smoke unless assigned, trained, and equipped for the required fire response. Reposition to clean air and request fire-rescue access. Source: Classification of Fires; Respiratory Protection To Extinguish Fires.

Several people become ill inside the same enclosed space. Which common hazard should EMS consider?

Consider carbon monoxide, especially when symptoms began after a fuel-burning device ran or improve outside. Keep responders in fresh air, warn occupants to leave if possible, and request emergency response. Source: Preventing Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.

What is the core role of a hazmat awareness-level responder?

Recognize a possible hazardous-substance release, protect the area from a safe position, notify the proper authorities, and take no control action beyond the responder's training. Source: Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response: Preparedness.

What should an EMT do when a weapon is discovered during patient care?

Move to safety, alert the team, and request police assistance. Do not resume care in the unsafe location until the threat is controlled under local policy. Source: Workplace Violence.

Traffic is still flowing beside a crash scene. What resource should EMS request?

Request the traffic-control resource named by local dispatch or incident command—usually law enforcement or a transportation agency. Fire/rescue can provide initial traffic control until law enforcement or DOT arrives. Source: Traffic Incident Management Stakeholders.

What should happen to reusable equipment contaminated during care?

Keep it from clean supplies and reuse, then clean and disinfect it with the approved product and process before returning it to service. Source: Standard Precautions for All Patient Care.

How should an EMT identify hazardous material at a transportation incident?

Gather placard, container, vehicle, shipping-paper, and witness information from a safe location; do not approach merely to read a label. Relay the details to dispatch and hazmat. Source: 2024 Emergency Response Guidebook.

A scene becomes violent after EMS enters. What takes priority?

Leave the unsafe location and request police assistance. Resume care only after the threat is controlled under local policy. Source: Workplace Violence.

An aggressive dog blocks access to the patient. What is the next resource decision?

Keep your distance and do not force entry. Ask the owner to confine the dog or use the locally designated law-enforcement or animal-control resource before entry. Source: Home Healthcare Workers: A Growing Workforce at High Risk for Workplace Violence.

A child is visible in moving floodwater. What may an untrained EMT safely do?

Call trained water-rescue resources and keep untrained people out. Enter or work near floodwater only if trained and assigned, with a Coast Guard-approved personal flotation device and a partner. Source: Hurricane and Flood Key Messages for Employers, Workers, and Volunteers, 2025.

What phase of a transportation hazmat incident is the ERG designed to support?

The initial response phase. Use it to identify early protective actions, then follow incident command and substance-specific technical guidance as the response develops. Source: 2024 Emergency Response Guidebook.

What positioning supports de-escalation with an agitated patient?

Keep enough distance to react, avoid blocking the person's exit, preserve your own exit, and use calm communication while watching for escalating behavior. Source: Violence: Occupational Hazards in Hospitals.

How should severe weather change scene operations?

Reassess floodwater, downed lines, heat or cold, and safe access. Use task-specific controls and PPE, and deploy only trained and equipped personnel for hazardous work. Source: Hurricane and Flood Key Messages for Employers, Workers, and Volunteers, 2025.

A worker has collapsed in an unprotected trench. What should EMS do?

Stay out of the trench, isolate the edge, and request a trained trench-rescue team. An unprotected trench can collapse without warning. Source: Trenching and Excavation Safety.

Who may enter a hazmat danger area?

Only responders trained, assigned, and protected for the role may enter. An EMT credential alone does not authorize hot-zone work. Source: Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response: Preparedness.

When may an EMT enter a violence-related warm zone?

Only as part of the jurisdiction's authorized response, with law-enforcement support and a task-force or command assignment. A warm zone can become unsafe; otherwise remain in cold-zone staging. Source: Civil Unrest Response: Operations.

What comes before detailed individual assessment in primary MCI triage?

Perform the locally adopted global sorting step so responders rapidly organize access to the whole patient population before focused assessment. Source: National Implementation of the Model Uniform Core Criteria for Mass Casualty Incident Triage.

A patient is pinned in a vehicle. What determines the resource request during size-up?

The known scene hazards and the patient's condition. Request the resources needed to mitigate all facets of the scene under local procedure. Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.

A contaminated patient is walking toward the ambulance. What should the crew prevent?

Prevent contamination from entering the clean treatment area or ambulance. Direct the patient to the designated decontamination process while coordinating urgent medical needs with hazmat command and medical direction. Source: Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response: Preparedness.

A crashed car rests against a utility pole with wires on it. What should occupants be told?

Tell occupants to stay inside and warn everyone away. Call the utility and emergency services; leave only if fire forces evacuation, using the jump-clear and shuffle-away method. Source: What You Need to Know When the Power Goes Out Unexpectedly.

A patient is visible inside a burning structure. What limits the EMT's action?

Remain outside unless assigned, trained, and equipped for interior structural firefighting with the required protective clothing and breathing apparatus. Request fire rescue and receive the patient in a safe area. Source: Classification of Fires; Respiratory Protection To Extinguish Fires.

What happens after global sorting in primary MCI triage?

Rapidly assess each patient with the jurisdiction's triage method, assign a priority, and move on; detailed secondary assessment comes later. Source: National Implementation of the Model Uniform Core Criteria for Mass Casualty Incident Triage.

Which scene clues make carbon monoxide more likely than flu?

More than one person becomes ill, symptoms improve away from the location, illness began after a fuel-burning device ran, or pets are also sick. Source: Preventing Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.

What scene-size-up duty applies when not every patient may be visible?

Investigate the scene to determine potential patients. Do not end patient-count work merely because the first visible patients have been found. Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.

How does pediatric integration change scene-size-up readiness?

Apply scene-size-up to children while recognizing that they require specialized pediatric knowledge, skills, and equipment. Request age-appropriate resources when needed. Source: Pediatric Resources.

Which interventions belong during initial MCI triage?

Only the rapid lifesaving interventions authorized by the local triage method and responder scope; avoid treatment that traps the triage team with one patient. Source: National Implementation of the Model Uniform Core Criteria for Mass Casualty Incident Triage.

No command structure is visible. What should the first arriving person with jurisdictional authority do?

Follow local policy to establish initial command and make that command known. Add only the command functions needed for the incident's current complexity. Source: National Incident Management System, Third Edition.

NREMT EMT Flashcards: Assessment, Treatment & Operations

Study the current NREMT EMT test plan with original flashcards for scene safety, assessment, treatment, transport, and operations.

نوشتهٔ Open Study Contributor

دربارهٔ این دسته

Prepare for the current NREMT EMT certification examination with 360 original flashcards arranged in a practical learning sequence: scene safety and size-up, primary assessment, secondary assessment, treatment and transport, then operations.

The deck practices these mappings: dispatch cues and patient findings to assessment priorities; findings to the next safe EMT-scope action; ordered processes to the next step; presentations to classifications; anatomy and physiology to assessment or treatment relevance; and original micro-scenarios to transport, destination, communication, and resource decisions. It covers 60 scene cards, 148 primary-assessment cards, 25 secondary-assessment cards, 79 treatment cards, and 48 operations cards.

The deck does not reproduce real or recalled exam questions, answer keys, mark schemes, protected curriculum text, competitor deck text, logos, or trade dress. It excludes local-only algorithms, uncertain or disputed doses, advanced-provider and invasive procedures, psychomotor skill validation, and full mock-exam or scenario practice. Where protocols vary, the cards say so and direct the learner to current state and local guidance and medical direction.

Sources include the public NREMT EMT examination specifications, the National EMS Education Standards amended February 24, 2025, the National EMS Scope of Practice Model, current national clinical and resuscitation guidance, and authoritative public safety, pediatric, transport, and operations references. The source links and batch provenance are preserved in the cards and source registry. The deck was reviewed on 2026-09-01.

Only the original card wording and original cover illustration are offered under CC0 1.0. Linked publications, source titles, third-party trademarks, and factual material remain subject to their own rights; CC0 does not relicense them.

This independent, unofficial deck is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by the National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians. See the official NREMT EMT examination page.

کارت‌های این دسته

کارت ۱
پرسش
Dispatch reports an uncertain hazard. What should the EMT do before arrival?
پاسخ
Build a tentative safety and resource plan from the dispatch information, then verify it on arrival because scene conditions can change.

Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.
کارت ۲
پرسش
What is the first decision when the ambulance reaches an emergency scene?
پاسخ
Decide whether the scene is safe enough to enter. If not, stage at a safe location and request the resources that can control the hazard.

Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.
کارت ۳
پرسش
How should an EMT choose PPE for a call?
پاسخ
Match PPE to the known or reasonably anticipated hazards before exposure; upgrade it if the scene reveals more risk.

Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.
کارت ۴
پرسش
When should an EMT request specialized scene resources?
پاسخ
Request them as soon as the known hazard, access problem, or patient condition indicates a need; do not wait for the situation to overwhelm the crew.

Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.
کارت ۵
پرسش
When does scene size-up end?
پاسخ
It does not end at the doorway. Keep reassessing hazards, access, patient count, and resource needs throughout the call.

Source: 2021 National EMS Education Standards, amended February 24, 2025.
کارت ۶
پرسش
Whose safety is protected during scene size-up?
پاسخ
Protect yourself and your crew first, then other responders, the patient, bystanders, and the wider scene. Becoming another patient delays care for everyone.

Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.
کارت ۷
پرسش
Police have not secured a reported violent scene. Where should EMS wait?
پاسخ
Stage outside the unsafe area and request police assistance. Enter only after the responsible agency reports the location safe under local policy.

Source: Workplace Violence.
کارت ۸
پرسش
A fire-damaged building looks unstable. What is the EMT's priority?
پاسخ
Stay outside the collapse hazard and let trained fire or rescue personnel determine access. Structural failure can occur with little warning.

Source: Structure Fires.
کارت ۹
پرسش
Why identify an exit path before approaching a volatile scene?
پاسخ
Keep an open route to safety and avoid being isolated with a potentially violent person. Do not let people or equipment block that exit.

Source: Violence: Occupational Hazards in Hospitals.
کارت ۱۰
پرسش
What patient-count question belongs in every initial scene survey?
پاسخ
Ask how many actual and potential patients there are. Compare that count with available crews and transport units immediately.

Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.
کارت ۱۱
پرسش
What does mechanism of injury or nature of illness contribute during scene size-up?
پاسخ
It predicts likely hazards, injuries, illness patterns, and resource needs; it guides assessment but never replaces examining the patient.

Source: 2021 National EMS Education Standards, amended February 24, 2025.
کارت ۱۲
پرسش
Blood or body-fluid contact is likely. What minimum barrier is usually indicated?
پاسخ
Wear intact medical gloves, then add gown, eye protection, or face protection when the task could soil clothing or splash mucous membranes.

Source: Standard Precautions for All Patient Care.
کارت ۱۳
پرسش
Which infection-control baseline applies to every patient?
پاسخ
Use Standard Precautions for every patient, with hand hygiene and exposure-based PPE chosen from the task and anticipated contact.

Source: Standard Precautions for All Patient Care.
کارت ۱۴
پرسش
Which worker-protection control applies after a sharp is used?
پاسخ
Use safe sharps management and disposal.

Source: Bloodborne Pathogens: Worker Protections.
کارت ۱۵
پرسش
A chemical vapor cloud is moving across the road. Where should EMS stage?
پاسخ
Stay well clear and, when terrain and wind can be judged safely, position uphill and upwind while requesting hazmat and traffic-control resources. Use the current ERG and incident command for exact isolation decisions.

Source: 2024 Emergency Response Guidebook.
کارت ۱۶
پرسش
When should an EMT add eye and face protection?
پاسخ
Add it when splashes or sprays to the eyes, nose, or mouth are reasonably anticipated, such as during uncontrolled bleeding or suctioning.

Source: Standard Precautions for All Patient Care.
کارت ۱۷
پرسش
A patient may have an airborne or droplet-spread infection. What should the EMT do?
پاسخ
Add the transmission-based respiratory protection and patient placement required for the suspected route, following current agency infection-control policy.

Source: Standard Precautions for All Patient Care.
کارت ۱۸
پرسش
After occupational exposure to a bloodborne pathogen, what worker-protection measure applies?
پاسخ
Post-exposure evaluation and follow-up.

Source: Bloodborne Pathogens: Worker Protections.
کارت ۱۹
پرسش
What visibility protection belongs at a roadway incident?
پاسخ
Wear ANSI 107 performance Class 2 or 3 high-visibility apparel while within the temporary traffic-control zone. The MUTCD alternative is retroreflective turnout gear for emergency responders directly exposed to flame, fire, heat, or hazardous materials.

Source: Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 11th Edition with Revision 1, December 2025.
کارت ۲۰
پرسش
Dispatch reports a possibly armed person. What is EMS's entry decision?
پاسخ
Do not enter the unsafe location. Stage and request police assistance; enter only when the responsible agency reports the scene safe under local policy.

Source: Workplace Violence.
کارت ۲۱
پرسش
A patient is unconscious inside a tank. Should an untrained EMT enter?
پاسخ
No. Keep others from entering and summon a trained, equipped confined-space rescue team; entry rescue requires specific procedures, tools, and PPE.

Source: Working Safely in Confined Spaces.
کارت ۲۲
پرسش
How should a downed electrical line be treated?
پاسخ
Treat it and anything it touches as energized until the utility confirms it is de-energized and grounded; keep people away and request utility and fire resources.

Source: Cleanup Hazards.
کارت ۲۳
پرسش
Where are the two critical traffic-control locations at a roadway incident?
پاسخ
At the incident scene, where traffic needs clear direction to move safely past responders, and at the end of the traffic queue, where advance warning helps prevent secondary crashes. Monitor the queue and move warning devices as it grows.

Source: Responder and Motorist Safety.
کارت ۲۴
پرسش
Does removing gloves replace hand hygiene?
پاسخ
No. Perform hand hygiene after glove removal and at the other moments required by infection-control policy; gloves can fail or become contaminated during removal.

Source: Standard Precautions for All Patient Care.
کارت ۲۵
پرسش
Smoke is crossing the planned path to a patient. What should EMS do?
پاسخ
Do not enter the smoke unless assigned, trained, and equipped for the required fire response. Reposition to clean air and request fire-rescue access.

Source: Classification of Fires; Respiratory Protection To Extinguish Fires.
کارت ۲۶
پرسش
Several people become ill inside the same enclosed space. Which common hazard should EMS consider?
پاسخ
Consider carbon monoxide, especially when symptoms began after a fuel-burning device ran or improve outside. Keep responders in fresh air, warn occupants to leave if possible, and request emergency response.

Source: Preventing Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.
کارت ۲۷
پرسش
What is the core role of a hazmat awareness-level responder?
پاسخ
Recognize a possible hazardous-substance release, protect the area from a safe position, notify the proper authorities, and take no control action beyond the responder's training.

Source: Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response: Preparedness.
کارت ۲۸
پرسش
What should an EMT do when a weapon is discovered during patient care?
پاسخ
Move to safety, alert the team, and request police assistance. Do not resume care in the unsafe location until the threat is controlled under local policy.

Source: Workplace Violence.
کارت ۲۹
پرسش
Traffic is still flowing beside a crash scene. What resource should EMS request?
پاسخ
Request the traffic-control resource named by local dispatch or incident command—usually law enforcement or a transportation agency. Fire/rescue can provide initial traffic control until law enforcement or DOT arrives.

Source: Traffic Incident Management Stakeholders.
کارت ۳۰
پرسش
What should happen to reusable equipment contaminated during care?
پاسخ
Keep it from clean supplies and reuse, then clean and disinfect it with the approved product and process before returning it to service.

Source: Standard Precautions for All Patient Care.
کارت ۳۱
پرسش
How should an EMT identify hazardous material at a transportation incident?
پاسخ
Gather placard, container, vehicle, shipping-paper, and witness information from a safe location; do not approach merely to read a label. Relay the details to dispatch and hazmat.

Source: 2024 Emergency Response Guidebook.
کارت ۳۲
پرسش
A scene becomes violent after EMS enters. What takes priority?
پاسخ
Leave the unsafe location and request police assistance. Resume care only after the threat is controlled under local policy.

Source: Workplace Violence.
کارت ۳۳
پرسش
An aggressive dog blocks access to the patient. What is the next resource decision?
پاسخ
Keep your distance and do not force entry. Ask the owner to confine the dog or use the locally designated law-enforcement or animal-control resource before entry.

Source: Home Healthcare Workers: A Growing Workforce at High Risk for Workplace Violence.
کارت ۳۴
پرسش
A child is visible in moving floodwater. What may an untrained EMT safely do?
پاسخ
Call trained water-rescue resources and keep untrained people out. Enter or work near floodwater only if trained and assigned, with a Coast Guard-approved personal flotation device and a partner.

Source: Hurricane and Flood Key Messages for Employers, Workers, and Volunteers, 2025.
کارت ۳۵
پرسش
What phase of a transportation hazmat incident is the ERG designed to support?
پاسخ
The initial response phase. Use it to identify early protective actions, then follow incident command and substance-specific technical guidance as the response develops.

Source: 2024 Emergency Response Guidebook.
کارت ۳۶
پرسش
What positioning supports de-escalation with an agitated patient?
پاسخ
Keep enough distance to react, avoid blocking the person's exit, preserve your own exit, and use calm communication while watching for escalating behavior.

Source: Violence: Occupational Hazards in Hospitals.
کارت ۳۷
پرسش
How should severe weather change scene operations?
پاسخ
Reassess floodwater, downed lines, heat or cold, and safe access. Use task-specific controls and PPE, and deploy only trained and equipped personnel for hazardous work.

Source: Hurricane and Flood Key Messages for Employers, Workers, and Volunteers, 2025.
کارت ۳۸
پرسش
A worker has collapsed in an unprotected trench. What should EMS do?
پاسخ
Stay out of the trench, isolate the edge, and request a trained trench-rescue team. An unprotected trench can collapse without warning.

Source: Trenching and Excavation Safety.
کارت ۳۹
پرسش
Who may enter a hazmat danger area?
پاسخ
Only responders trained, assigned, and protected for the role may enter. An EMT credential alone does not authorize hot-zone work.

Source: Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response: Preparedness.
کارت ۴۰
پرسش
When may an EMT enter a violence-related warm zone?
پاسخ
Only as part of the jurisdiction's authorized response, with law-enforcement support and a task-force or command assignment. A warm zone can become unsafe; otherwise remain in cold-zone staging.

Source: Civil Unrest Response: Operations.
کارت ۴۱
پرسش
What comes before detailed individual assessment in primary MCI triage?
پاسخ
Perform the locally adopted global sorting step so responders rapidly organize access to the whole patient population before focused assessment.

Source: National Implementation of the Model Uniform Core Criteria for Mass Casualty Incident Triage.
کارت ۴۲
پرسش
A patient is pinned in a vehicle. What determines the resource request during size-up?
پاسخ
The known scene hazards and the patient's condition. Request the resources needed to mitigate all facets of the scene under local procedure.

Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.
کارت ۴۳
پرسش
A contaminated patient is walking toward the ambulance. What should the crew prevent?
پاسخ
Prevent contamination from entering the clean treatment area or ambulance. Direct the patient to the designated decontamination process while coordinating urgent medical needs with hazmat command and medical direction.

Source: Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response: Preparedness.
کارت ۴۴
پرسش
A crashed car rests against a utility pole with wires on it. What should occupants be told?
پاسخ
Tell occupants to stay inside and warn everyone away. Call the utility and emergency services; leave only if fire forces evacuation, using the jump-clear and shuffle-away method.

Source: What You Need to Know When the Power Goes Out Unexpectedly.
کارت ۴۵
پرسش
A patient is visible inside a burning structure. What limits the EMT's action?
پاسخ
Remain outside unless assigned, trained, and equipped for interior structural firefighting with the required protective clothing and breathing apparatus. Request fire rescue and receive the patient in a safe area.

Source: Classification of Fires; Respiratory Protection To Extinguish Fires.
کارت ۴۶
پرسش
What happens after global sorting in primary MCI triage?
پاسخ
Rapidly assess each patient with the jurisdiction's triage method, assign a priority, and move on; detailed secondary assessment comes later.

Source: National Implementation of the Model Uniform Core Criteria for Mass Casualty Incident Triage.
کارت ۴۷
پرسش
Which scene clues make carbon monoxide more likely than flu?
پاسخ
More than one person becomes ill, symptoms improve away from the location, illness began after a fuel-burning device ran, or pets are also sick.

Source: Preventing Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.
کارت ۴۸
پرسش
What scene-size-up duty applies when not every patient may be visible?
پاسخ
Investigate the scene to determine potential patients. Do not end patient-count work merely because the first visible patients have been found.

Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.
کارت ۴۹
پرسش
How does pediatric integration change scene-size-up readiness?
پاسخ
Apply scene-size-up to children while recognizing that they require specialized pediatric knowledge, skills, and equipment. Request age-appropriate resources when needed.

Source: Pediatric Resources.
کارت ۵۰
پرسش
Which interventions belong during initial MCI triage?
پاسخ
Only the rapid lifesaving interventions authorized by the local triage method and responder scope; avoid treatment that traps the triage team with one patient.

Source: National Implementation of the Model Uniform Core Criteria for Mass Casualty Incident Triage.
کارت ۵۱
پرسش
No command structure is visible. What should the first arriving person with jurisdictional authority do?
پاسخ
Follow local policy to establish initial command and make that command known. Add only the command functions needed for the incident's current complexity.

Source: National Incident Management System, Third Edition.
کارت ۵۲
پرسش
An overturned tanker has an unreadable placard and a leaking cloud. What is the EMT's first report?
پاسخ
Report the exact location, tanker type, visible release, wind or cloud direction if safely observable, and exposed people; request hazmat and keep the crew away. Do not move closer for the ID number.

Source: 2024 Emergency Response Guidebook.
کارت ۵۳
پرسش
A dramatic crash mechanism is present, but the patient looks well. What should the EMT conclude?
پاسخ
Treat the mechanism as a risk clue, not a diagnosis. Complete the patient assessment and apply current destination and transport protocols to the actual findings.

Source: 2021 National EMS Education Standards, amended February 24, 2025.
کارت ۵۴
پرسش
What do MCI triage categories communicate?
پاسخ
They communicate relative priority for treatment and movement under current resource conditions. Use the locally adopted category names, colors, and decision rules; MUCC supplies a national interoperability benchmark.

Source: National Implementation of the Model Uniform Core Criteria for Mass Casualty Incident Triage.
کارت ۵۵
پرسش
What turns a multiple-patient scene into a mass-casualty response problem?
پاسخ
The patients' needs exceed the immediately available response resources, so ordinary one-patient-at-a-time care must shift to the local MCI plan. The exact trigger is system-defined.

Source: National Implementation of the Model Uniform Core Criteria for Mass Casualty Incident Triage.
کارت ۵۶
پرسش
Should an EMT apply one adult MCI triage threshold to every child?
پاسخ
No. Use the jurisdiction's MCI triage method and its age-related pediatric variations; do not substitute adult thresholds when that method specifies pediatric adjustments.

Source: Model Uniform Core Criteria for Mass Casualty Incident Triage: Addendum to the Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.
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What should guide an early MCI resource request?
پاسخ
Request the resources needed to mitigate the known scene hazards and manage the patient conditions. Refine the request as scene size-up continues.

Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.
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Is an MCI triage priority permanent?
پاسخ
No. Reassess after movement, treatment, delay, or a change in resources because a patient's condition and the incident's priorities can change.

Source: National Implementation of the Model Uniform Core Criteria for Mass Casualty Incident Triage.
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Why keep the incident's triage tag or label with an MCI patient?
پاسخ
It keeps the triage designation with that patient as treatment and transport proceed. Use the incident's designated labeling and tracking process.

Source: Model Uniform Core Criteria for Mass Casualty Incident Triage: Addendum to the Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.
کارت ۶۰
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A daycare bus crash has more children than the first crews can assess. What is the first operational shift?
پاسخ
Protect responders and patients, investigate the potential patient count, triage the patients, and request resources based on hazards and patient conditions. Apply the local MCI and pediatric-triage system.

Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.
کارت ۶۱
پرسش
What is the purpose of the EMT primary assessment?
پاسخ
Find and manage immediate life threats while deciding how urgent the patient is. Do not wait for a complete diagnosis before treating a threat you can correct. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Universal Care, pp. 9–15.
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A life threat appears before the primary assessment sequence is complete. What takes priority?
پاسخ
Treat the life threat immediately, then resume the assessment. The sequence organizes care; it does not justify delaying a lifesaving EMT-scope intervention. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Universal Care, pp. 9–15.
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What should the EMT form from the first look at the patient?
پاسخ
From the first look, identify obvious airway, breathing, circulation, or neurologic threats and judge whether the patient appears stable or critical. Use that impression to set the pace of the primary survey. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Universal Care, pp. 9–15.
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What does AVPU classify during the primary assessment?
پاسخ
Responsiveness: Alert, responds to Verbal stimulus, responds to Painful stimulus, or Unresponsive. A decline from the patient's prior level is a high-priority finding. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Altered Mental Status, pp. 71–73.
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A patient opens their eyes only when spoken to. Which AVPU category applies?
پاسخ
Verbal. The patient is not fully alert and needs prompt evaluation for airway, breathing, perfusion, and reversible causes of altered responsiveness. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Altered Mental Status, pp. 71–73.
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A patient reacts only to an appropriate painful stimulus. Which AVPU category applies?
پاسخ
Pain. Treat this as markedly altered responsiveness and immediately reassess airway protection, ventilation, and perfusion. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Altered Mental Status, pp. 71–73.
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The patient looks critically ill despite a calm complaint. Which signal should set the initial pace?
پاسخ
The critical appearance sets an urgent pace. Start the primary survey and treat airway, breathing, circulation, or neurologic threats as they are found. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Universal Care, pp. 9–15.
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No response to voice or an appropriate painful stimulus: which AVPU category?
پاسخ
Unresponsive. Open and assess the airway, assess breathing and pulse, and begin indicated lifesaving care without delaying for history. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Altered Mental Status, pp. 71–73.
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How should the EMT identify the chief complaint when the patient can answer?
پاسخ
Ask what prompted the call and listen for the patient's main concern in their own words. Then screen immediately for threats that may be more urgent than the stated complaint. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Universal Care, pp. 9–15.
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The patient cannot state a chief complaint. What should guide the primary assessment?
پاسخ
Use the scene, bystander information, general impression, and objective findings while prioritizing immediate threats. Do not delay lifesaving care to force a history. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Universal Care, pp. 9–15.
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Why should the EMT reassess after each primary-assessment intervention?
پاسخ
To confirm that the intervention worked and to catch deterioration or a newly apparent threat. If it failed, correct the problem or escalate resources within scope and protocol. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Universal Care, pp. 9–15.
کارت ۷۲
پرسش
Which three observations make up the Pediatric Assessment Triangle?
پاسخ
Appearance, work of breathing, and circulation to the skin. It is a rapid visual and auditory impression; follow it with hands-on ABC assessment and vital signs. Source: NAEMSP, Prehospital Pediatric Respiratory Distress and Airway Management Training and Education.
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A child's Pediatric Assessment Triangle is abnormal. What is the next step?
پاسخ
Move directly into a hands-on primary assessment and correct immediate airway, breathing, or circulation threats. The triangle identifies urgency; it does not replace ABC assessment. Source: NAEMSP, Prehospital Pediatric Respiratory Distress and Airway Management Training and Education.
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A quiet child has poor eye contact and weak interaction but no dramatic complaint. Which primary-assessment finding matters most?
پاسخ
Abnormal appearance. Poor eye contact and weak interaction make the Pediatric Assessment Triangle abnormal, so move promptly to hands-on airway, breathing, and circulation assessment. Source: NAEMSP, Prehospital Pediatric Respiratory Distress and Airway Management Training and Education.
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After likely carbon-monoxide exposure, a conventional pulse oximeter reads 99%. How should an EMT interpret it?
پاسخ
It does not rule out carbon-monoxide poisoning. A conventional two-wavelength pulse oximeter is inaccurate when carboxyhemoglobin is present, so use the exposure history and clinical findings and obtain CO-specific assessment or definitive evaluation per local protocol. Source: CDC, “Clinical Guidance for Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning”.
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When should an EMT request ALS or another specialized resource during the primary assessment?
پاسخ
As soon as findings show a likely need beyond the crew's capability or scope. Requesting help early should occur alongside immediate BLS care and should not delay transport when transport is the priority. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Universal Care, pp. 9–15.
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پرسش
What primary-assessment findings support a rapid transport decision?
پاسخ
An uncontrolled airway, inadequate ventilation, shock, major hemorrhage, markedly altered mental status, or another time-critical threat supports prompt transport while care continues. Destination and intercept choices follow local protocol and medical direction. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Universal Care, pp. 9–15.
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Why should an acute illness in an older adult prompt an early shock assessment?
پاسخ
Older adults are specifically listed among patients predisposed to medical shock. Check mental status, pulse quality, skin, capillary refill when appropriate, blood pressure, and trend early rather than waiting for hypotension. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
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پرسش
A patient can speak clearly in full sentences. What does that suggest about the airway?
پاسخ
It supports current airway patency and air movement sufficient for speech. Continue assessing breathing, because speech is one airway finding and the patient can deteriorate. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Airway Management, pp. 178–186.
کارت ۸۰
پرسش
Which history or exam findings should trigger a focused check for airway obstruction?
پاسخ
Choking, stridor, a visible foreign body, or airway swelling. Assess patency and air exchange, open or clear the airway as indicated, and reassess. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Airway Management, pp. 178–186.
کارت ۸۱
پرسش
How can positioning help when an airway is difficult to open or breathing mechanics are poor?
پاسخ
Elevating the head or padding the shoulders or occiput can improve airway opening and respiratory mechanics and may limit aspiration. Choose the position that fits the presentation and any trauma concern, then reassess. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Airway Management, pp. 178–186.
کارت ۸۲
پرسش
Why is suctioning a visibly contaminated airway a priority?
پاسخ
Removing blood, vomit, or secretions helps restore patency and limit aspiration. Suction within current training and authorization, reopen or maintain the airway, and reassess breathing. Sources: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Airway Management, pp. 178–186; authorization boundary: NHTSA, 2019 National EMS Scope of Practice Model with August 2021 change notices.
کارت ۸۳
پرسش
In a child with suspected croup, what airway problem does stridor represent?
پاسخ
Upper-airway obstruction. Assess whether stridor occurs at rest, along with air entry, work of breathing, color, and mental status; worsening distress or fatigue requires prompt escalation under protocol. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Pediatric Croup, pp. 155–158.
کارت ۸۴
پرسش
Hoarseness, facial burns, and soot near the mouth: what is the airway priority?
پاسخ
Suspect a developing inhalation airway injury. Support airway and breathing, request advanced-airway capability early, and transport promptly rather than waiting for complete obstruction. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Airway Management, pp. 178–186.
کارت ۸۵
پرسش
Snoring respirations in an unresponsive patient point to what airway problem?
پاسخ
Partial upper-airway obstruction, often from relaxed soft tissue. Open or reposition the airway and reassess air movement; account for possible trauma when choosing the maneuver. Sources: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Airway Management, pp. 178–186; authorization boundary: NHTSA, 2019 National EMS Scope of Practice Model with August 2021 change notices.
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پرسش
When is a jaw-thrust the initial basic airway-opening choice?
پاسخ
Use it first when traumatic spinal injury is suspected while maintaining manual stabilization. If it does not open the airway, airway patency takes priority; use an effective opening maneuver and follow local protocol. Sources: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Airway Management, pp. 178–186; authorization boundary: NHTSA, 2019 National EMS Scope of Practice Model with August 2021 change notices.
کارت ۸۷
پرسش
What is the purpose of manual inline stabilization while the airway is assessed after trauma?
پاسخ
Limit unnecessary cervical-spine movement while the EMT evaluates and manages airway and breathing. It is a motion-restriction aid, not proof of injury and not a reason to accept an obstructed airway. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Airway Management, pp. 178–186.
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پرسش
What do gurgling respirations and visible fluid in the mouth suggest?
پاسخ
Blood, vomit, or secretions are contaminating the upper airway and may obstruct airflow or be aspirated. Treat this as an immediate airway threat and reassess patency continuously. Sources: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Airway Management, pp. 178–186; authorization boundary: NHTSA, 2019 National EMS Scope of Practice Model with August 2021 change notices.
کارت ۸۹
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What must an EMT assess before selecting a basic airway adjunct?
پاسخ
Assess responsiveness, gag reflex and tolerance, airway anatomy or trauma, and whether manual opening alone maintains patency. Choose only an adjunct that fits those findings and local authorization, then reassess after placement. Sources: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Airway Management, pp. 178–186; authorization boundary: NHTSA, 2019 National EMS Scope of Practice Model with August 2021 change notices.
کارت ۹۰
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When may a nasopharyngeal airway be useful?
پاسخ
It may help a patient who needs a basic airway adjunct but retains a gag reflex or cannot tolerate an oral airway. Screen for contraindications and use it only when authorized by state and local protocol. Sources: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Airway Management, pp. 178–186; authorization boundary: NHTSA, 2019 National EMS Scope of Practice Model with August 2021 change notices.
کارت ۹۱
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Why must the EMT reassess after placing a basic airway adjunct?
پاسخ
An adjunct can be poorly sized, displaced, not tolerated, or insufficient. Confirm patency, chest movement, air entry, and the patient's response; reposition or remove it if indicated. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Airway Management, pp. 178–186.
کارت ۹۲
پرسش
Which assessment pattern makes an EMT classify an unresponsive adult as being in cardiac arrest?
پاسخ
Absent or abnormal breathing—only gasping—plus no definite pulse within 10 seconds. The classification comes from the combined breathing-and-pulse assessment, not from unresponsiveness alone. Source: AHA, 2025 Adult Basic Life Support Algorithm for Healthcare Professionals.
کارت ۹۳
پرسش
During rescue breathing for an adult with a definite pulse, when should the EMT recheck the pulse?
پاسخ
About every 2 minutes, and sooner if the patient's condition changes. If the pulse is lost, move to the cardiac-arrest CPR and AED pathway. Source: AHA, 2025 Adult Basic Life Support Algorithm for Healthcare Professionals.
کارت ۹۴
پرسش
Why are occasional gasps not normal breathing in an unresponsive adult?
پاسخ
Agonal gasps can occur during cardiac arrest and do not provide effective ventilation. Check for a definite pulse within 10 seconds and start CPR if no pulse is definitely felt. Source: AHA, 2025 Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۹۵
پرسش
What defines severe foreign-body airway obstruction in a responsive adult?
پاسخ
The patient cannot move enough air to speak, cough effectively, or breathe normally and may show worsening color or responsiveness. Begin the current severe-obstruction sequence rather than waiting for complete collapse. Source: AHA, 2025 Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines — Foreign-Body Airway Obstruction.
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پرسش
A choking adult can speak and cough forcefully. How should the obstruction be classified?
پاسخ
Classify it as mild foreign-body airway obstruction. Encourage continued coughing and watch continuously for a weaker cough, loss of speech or breathing, worsening color, or reduced responsiveness; begin the severe-obstruction response immediately if those appear. Source: AHA, 2025 Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines — Foreign-Body Airway Obstruction.
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پرسش
Does late pregnancy change how an EMT classifies foreign-body airway obstruction severity?
پاسخ
No. Classify severity from airflow—whether the patient can cough forcefully, speak, and breathe. Pregnancy changes maneuver selection if the obstruction is severe and abdominal thrusts cannot be used; it does not turn an effective cough into severe obstruction. Source: AHA, 2025 Adult Foreign-Body Airway Obstruction Algorithm.
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پرسش
An adult collapses while eating after suddenly losing the ability to speak or cough. What airway cause should the EMT suspect?
پاسخ
Suspect foreign-body airway obstruction from the abrupt choking history and loss of effective speech, cough, and air movement. Start the unresponsive BLS assessment and resuscitation sequence immediately; do not delay CPR while trying to prove the cause or locate an unseen object. Source: AHA, 2025 Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines — Foreign-Body Airway Obstruction.
کارت ۹۹
پرسش
Which findings mark severe foreign-body airway obstruction in a responsive infant?
پاسخ
An ineffective or absent cough or cry, little or no air movement, cyanosis, or declining responsiveness indicates severe obstruction. A strong cough or cry with effective air movement indicates mild obstruction; monitor closely for deterioration. Source: AHA/AAP, 2025 Pediatric Basic Life Support Algorithms.
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پرسش
What change shows that a child's mild foreign-body airway obstruction is becoming severe?
پاسخ
The cough becomes weak or absent, speech or crying and effective breathing are lost, color worsens, or responsiveness decreases. Begin the current severe-obstruction response immediately when that change appears; do not wait for complete unresponsiveness. Source: AHA/AAP, 2025 Pediatric Basic Life Support Algorithms.
کارت ۱۰۱
پرسش
An infant or child becomes unresponsive from severe foreign-body airway obstruction. Should the EMT pause for a pulse check before compressions?
پاسخ
No. The pediatric FBAO algorithm treats loss of responsiveness as the transition directly to CPR beginning with compressions; it does not insert a pulse check before compressions. Source: AHA/AAP, 2025 Pediatric Basic Life Support Guidelines — Foreign-Body Airway Obstruction.
کارت ۱۰۲
پرسش
Why may an infant need padding under the shoulders for airway positioning?
پاسخ
The relatively large occiput can flex the neck when the infant lies flat. A small shoulder roll can help place the head in a neutral position without overextending the neck. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Airway Management, pp. 178–186.
کارت ۱۰۳
پرسش
Why can modest airway swelling become critical faster in a young child?
پاسخ
A young child has a smaller airway, so swelling can produce clinically important narrowing quickly. Worsening stridor, work of breathing, air entry, or appearance makes the problem time-critical. Source: NAEMSP, Prehospital Pediatric Respiratory Distress and Airway Management Training and Education.
کارت ۱۰۴
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How does a relatively large tongue affect a young child's airway assessment?
پاسخ
It makes soft-tissue obstruction more likely when muscle tone falls. Use neutral positioning, open the airway, and select a correctly sized basic adjunct when indicated. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Airway Management, pp. 178–186.
کارت ۱۰۵
پرسش
Why can severe facial trauma cause progressive airway loss even before apnea develops?
پاسخ
Blood, swelling, displaced tissue, or loose teeth can progressively narrow the airway and make a mask seal or ventilation difficult. Trend patency, air entry, bleeding, and mental status while preparing the needed airway resources. Sources: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Airway Management, pp. 178–186; authorization boundary: NHTSA, 2019 National EMS Scope of Practice Model with August 2021 change notices.
کارت ۱۰۶
پرسش
After an allergen exposure, which findings suggest that the upper airway is becoming involved?
پاسخ
Lip or facial swelling and a sensation that the throat is closing. Treat those as part of a possible systemic allergic reaction and assess voice, air movement, breathing, and perfusion immediately. Source: AHA/Red Cross, 2024 First Aid Guidelines — Anaphylaxis.
کارت ۱۰۷
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In a child, can stridor and wheezing always be assigned to only one airway region?
پاسخ
No. Stridor directs attention to the upper airway and wheezing to the lower airway, but conditions such as anaphylaxis or bronchiolitis can affect both regions. Assess the whole presentation before choosing protocol-authorized care. Source: NAEMSP, Prehospital Pediatric Respiratory Distress and Airway Management Training and Education.
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Ventilation versus oxygenation: what is the difference?
پاسخ
Ventilation is movement of air into and out of the lungs; oxygenation is delivery of oxygen into the blood. Assess both, because supplemental oxygen does not correct inadequate air movement. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Airway Management, pp. 178–186.
کارت ۱۰۹
پرسش
Why must ventilation, oxygenation, and perfusion be assessed together?
پاسخ
Air movement alone does not establish adequate respiratory support. Assess ventilation by rate, pattern, effort, and air exchange; assess oxygenation with clinical findings and pulse oximetry; and assess whether circulation can deliver oxygenated blood. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Airway Management, pp. 178–186.
کارت ۱۱۰
پرسش
Which three features determine whether breathing is adequate?
پاسخ
Rate, depth, and effort—interpreted with chest rise, air entry, skin signs, mental status, and age. A number alone cannot establish adequate breathing. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Respiratory Distress, pp. 190–195.
کارت ۱۱۱
پرسش
Which findings make breathing inadequate even if a respiratory rate is present?
پاسخ
Poor chest rise, shallow or irregular breaths, little air movement, marked effort or fatigue, worsening mental status, or poor color can show inadequate breathing. Support ventilation promptly when the patient cannot maintain it. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Respiratory Distress, pp. 190–195.
کارت ۱۱۲
پرسش
An unresponsive adult has a definite pulse but no normal breathing. Which arrest state does the assessment indicate?
پاسخ
Respiratory arrest, not cardiac arrest. The definite pulse separates the two pathways; continue frequent reassessment because the pulse can be lost. Source: AHA, 2025 Adult Basic Life Support Algorithm for Healthcare Professionals.
کارت ۱۱۳
پرسش
What separates respiratory failure from respiratory distress during the primary assessment?
پاسخ
In respiratory failure, the patient can no longer maintain effective ventilation and oxygenation: air movement or chest rise becomes inadequate, mental status or color worsens, or fatigue and irregular breathing appear. Respiratory distress can still have increased effort with effective ventilation. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Respiratory Distress, pp. 190–195.
کارت ۱۱۴
پرسش
What does falling mental status add to the interpretation of slow, shallow breathing?
پاسخ
It indicates worsening respiratory failure and increasing risk that the patient cannot protect the airway. Classify breathing from the whole pattern rather than the respiratory rate alone. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Respiratory Distress, pp. 190–195.
کارت ۱۱۵
پرسش
Bag-mask breaths produce no visible chest rise. Which correctable problems should the EMT reassess first?
پاسخ
Recheck airway position and patency, mask seal, bag-and-valve function, and whether an obstruction or leak is preventing air entry. Correct the cause rather than simply squeezing the bag harder. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Airway Management, pp. 178–186.
کارت ۱۱۶
پرسش
Why can excessive positive-pressure ventilation worsen circulation?
پاسخ
Too much pressure or rate raises intrathoracic pressure, which can reduce venous return and cardiac output. Ventilate only enough for visible chest rise at the recommended rate. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Airway Management, pp. 178–186.
کارت ۱۱۷
پرسش
How should pulse oximetry be used in the primary assessment?
پاسخ
Use pulse oximetry as an adjunct to respiratory rate, pattern, effort, air exchange, mental status, and skin findings—not as a substitute for them. Confirm that the reading is plausible and follow state and local authorization. Sources: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Airway Management, pp. 178–186; authorization boundary: NHTSA, 2019 National EMS Scope of Practice Model with August 2021 change notices.
کارت ۱۱۸
پرسش
How should cyanosis be used in a respiratory-distress assessment?
پاسخ
Treat it as one sign within the full pattern. Record skin color together with air entry, breath sounds, rate and effort, oxygen saturation, and mental status, then reassess after care. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Respiratory Distress, pp. 190–195.
کارت ۱۱۹
پرسش
Retractions or accessory-muscle use indicate what breathing classification?
پاسخ
Increased work of breathing and respiratory distress. Assess air movement and fatigue immediately because effort can fall as the patient progresses toward respiratory failure. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Respiratory Distress, pp. 190–195.
کارت ۱۲۰
پرسش
Severe dyspnea with barely audible breath sounds: reassuring or ominous?
پاسخ
Ominous. Very little air movement can mean severe obstruction or fatigue; support ventilation as needed, give protocol-authorized care, and arrange rapid transport with advanced resources. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Respiratory Distress, pp. 190–195.
کارت ۱۲۱
پرسش
New unequal chest rise or breath sounds after trauma: what does it change?
پاسخ
It raises concern for a serious unilateral chest injury and increases transport and advanced-resource urgency. Support oxygenation and ventilation while looking for worsening perfusion. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — General Trauma Management, pp. 208–213.
کارت ۱۲۲
پرسش
Trauma patient with one-sided absent breath sounds, severe distress, and poor perfusion: what priority?
پاسخ
Treat the combination as an immediate life threat: support ventilation and oxygenation, request higher-level help, and transport rapidly. Needle decompression is not in the national EMT minimum competencies and requires the applicable higher-level state and local authorization. Sources: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — General Trauma Management, pp. 208–213; authorization boundary: NHTSA, 2019 National EMS Scope of Practice Model with August 2021 change notices.
کارت ۱۲۳
پرسش
Open chest wound in a spontaneously breathing patient: what must the EMT watch after applying the protocol-approved dressing?
پاسخ
Watch continuously for worsening breathing. If symptoms worsen after covering the wound, manage the dressing according to current local protocol while supporting breathing and transporting rapidly. Source: AHA/Red Cross, 2024 First Aid Guidelines — Open Chest Wounds.
کارت ۱۲۴
پرسش
Paradoxical chest-wall movement with inadequate breathing: what comes first?
پاسخ
Support ventilation and oxygenation and transport rapidly. Paradoxical movement with inadequate breathing is a life threat; continue reassessment and use the locally authorized trauma approach. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — General Trauma Management, pp. 208–213.
کارت ۱۲۵
پرسش
In the medical shock framework, which shock category includes tension pneumothorax?
پاسخ
Obstructive shock. The NASEMSO model lists tension pneumothorax as a potential obstructive cause; use the trauma pathway instead when acute injury is suspected. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
کارت ۱۲۶
پرسش
A wheezing patient becomes quiet, exhausted, and difficult to arouse. What does the quieter chest mean?
پاسخ
Likely worsening respiratory failure, not improvement. Support ventilation, give protocol-authorized treatment, request advanced help, and transport rapidly. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Respiratory Distress, pp. 190–195.
کارت ۱۲۷
پرسش
Wheezing most directly suggests narrowing in which part of the airway?
پاسخ
The lower airways. Judge severity by air movement, effort, speech, mental status, and fatigue; loud wheezing alone does not measure severity. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Respiratory Distress, pp. 190–195.
کارت ۱۲۸
پرسش
Crackles with dyspnea change which part of the respiratory assessment?
پاسخ
They are abnormal breath sounds that require assessment of overall air entry, oxygenation, work of breathing, mental status, and perfusion. Treat the patient’s actual respiratory compromise rather than diagnosing from the sound alone. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Respiratory Distress, pp. 190–195.
کارت ۱۲۹
پرسش
Intercostal or subcostal retractions in a child mean what?
پاسخ
The child is using extra effort to breathe. Assess air entry, respiratory rate, color, appearance, and fatigue at once; escalating retractions can precede failure. Source: NAEMSP, Prehospital Pediatric Respiratory Distress and Airway Management Training and Education.
کارت ۱۳۰
پرسش
Nasal flaring in an infant or young child indicates what?
پاسخ
Increased work of breathing. It belongs with the whole pediatric assessment—appearance, air entry, retractions, rate, color, and fatigue—not as an isolated diagnosis. Source: NAEMSP, Prehospital Pediatric Respiratory Distress and Airway Management Training and Education.
کارت ۱۳۱
پرسش
Grunting in a sick infant signals what breathing concern?
پاسخ
Significant respiratory distress. Treat grunting as an urgent warning and assess air entry, work of breathing, color, appearance, and fatigue for progression toward failure. Source: NAEMSP, Prehospital Pediatric Respiratory Distress and Airway Management Training and Education.
کارت ۱۳۲
پرسش
Head bobbing with each breath in an infant: what does it imply?
پاسخ
Marked accessory-muscle use and serious respiratory distress. Prepare to support ventilation if chest rise, air entry, appearance, or responsiveness worsens. Source: NAEMSP, Prehospital Pediatric Respiratory Distress and Airway Management Training and Education.
کارت ۱۳۳
پرسش
A child with suspected croup becomes drowsy as breath sounds and stridor decrease. Improvement or failure?
پاسخ
Impending respiratory failure. In suspected croup, fatigue or another mental-status change together with decreasing breath sounds and decreasing stridor is ominous; support ventilation as needed and escalate transport and resources immediately. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Pediatric Croup, pp. 155–158.
کارت ۱۳۴
پرسش
Child with bradycardia, poor perfusion, and ineffective breathing: what comes first at EMT level?
پاسخ
Open the airway and provide effective ventilation with oxygen while monitoring the pulse and arranging advanced care. Pediatric bradycardia with compromise is often driven by hypoxia, so correct oxygenation and ventilation promptly. Source: AHA/AAP, 2025 Pediatric Bradycardia With a Pulse Algorithm.
کارت ۱۳۵
پرسش
Which pulse sites are used for an infant versus a child during pediatric BLS assessment?
پاسخ
Use the brachial pulse for an infant and the carotid or femoral pulse for a child. Check while assessing breathing and follow the current pediatric BLS decision path if no definite pulse is present. Source: AHA/AAP, 2025 Pediatric Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۱۳۶
پرسش
Which combined findings make an EMT classify an infant or child as being in cardiac arrest?
پاسخ
Unresponsiveness, absent or abnormal breathing—including gasping—and no definite pulse within 10 seconds. These findings establish pediatric cardiac-arrest recognition; do not extend an uncertain pulse check. Source: AHA/AAP, 2025 Pediatric Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۱۳۷
پرسش
Why should pediatric respiratory rate be interpreted by age and clinical condition?
پاسخ
Normal rates change with age, and fever, fear, pain, or illness can change the number. Classify breathing with depth, effort, air entry, appearance, and trend rather than a single cutoff. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Respiratory Distress, pp. 190–195.
کارت ۱۳۸
پرسش
What bag-mask finding should prompt an EMT to switch from one-rescuer to two-rescuer technique when trained help is available?
پاسخ
An inadequate mask seal or ineffective chest rise despite airway repositioning. A second rescuer can separate seal and airway control from bag compression; reassess chest rise after the change. Source: AHA, 2025 Adult Basic Life Support — Bag-Mask Ventilation.
کارت ۱۳۹
پرسش
Which anatomy distinction matters when assessing a patient who breathes through a neck stoma?
پاسخ
A total laryngectomy permanently separates the lungs from the mouth and nose, while a tracheostomy may retain an upper-airway connection. Use the patient's history, device information, and clinical response to guide assessment under local protocol. Sources: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Tracheostomy Management, pp. 203–207; authorization boundary: NHTSA, 2019 National EMS Scope of Practice Model with August 2021 change notices.
کارت ۱۴۰
پرسش
Should every breathing patient automatically receive maximum-flow oxygen?
پاسخ
No. Give oxygen for suspected hypoxemia or other protocol-defined indications and titrate to the patient's condition and current local guideline. Do not let oxygen delay ventilation when breathing is inadequate. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Respiratory Distress, pp. 190–195.
کارت ۱۴۱
پرسش
Which three components are required for adequate perfusion?
پاسخ
Adequate circulating volume, effective cardiac output, and an unobstructed vascular system with appropriate tone are all needed. Failure through volume loss, pump failure, abnormal vessel tone, or mechanical obstruction can produce shock. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
کارت ۱۴۲
پرسش
What should the EMT describe when assessing a pulse during the primary assessment?
پاسخ
Rate, rhythm, and quality, along with the site used and the patient's other perfusion findings. A pulse is one part of the circulation picture, not a complete shock assessment. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
کارت ۱۴۳
پرسش
A central pulse is present but peripheral pulses are weak or absent. What does that suggest?
پاسخ
Reduced peripheral perfusion. Treat it as part of a shock pattern and check mental status, skin, capillary refill when appropriate, blood pressure, bleeding, and trend. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
کارت ۱۴۴
پرسش
Which skin findings help the EMT judge perfusion?
پاسخ
Color, temperature, moisture, and changes from the patient's baseline. Interpret them with pulse quality, mental status, bleeding, and blood pressure rather than in isolation. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
کارت ۱۴۵
پرسش
How should capillary refill be used in a perfusion assessment?
پاسخ
Use it as one perfusion finding, especially in children. Pair it with mental status, pulse quality, skin findings, blood pressure, and trend; capillary refill alone does not determine whether shock is present. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
کارت ۱۴۶
پرسش
Can a patient be in shock with a normal blood pressure?
پاسخ
Yes. After serious trauma, compensated shock may not produce hypotension until severe blood loss has occurred. Trend mental status, breathing, pulse quality, skin, capillary refill, and blood pressure while controlling hemorrhage and transporting rapidly. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — General Trauma Management, pp. 208–213.
کارت ۱۴۷
پرسش
What defines compensated shock?
پاسخ
Perfusion is impaired while compensatory responses still preserve blood pressure. Treat the cause and transport before hypotension and worsening organ perfusion signal decompensation. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
کارت ۱۴۸
پرسش
What does hypotension plus worsening mental status suggest in a patient with shock signs?
پاسخ
Decompensated shock: compensation is failing and vital-organ perfusion is worsening. Prioritize immediate cause-directed BLS care, rapid transport, and advanced resources. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
کارت ۱۴۹
پرسش
What are the four broad physiologic classes of shock?
پاسخ
Hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic, and obstructive. The class points to the failed component—volume, vessel tone, pump, or blocked circulation—and helps choose the next safe action. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
کارت ۱۵۰
پرسش
Severe nontraumatic gastrointestinal bleeding reduces perfusion through which shock mechanism?
پاسخ
Hypovolemic shock. Blood loss reduces circulating volume; look for the full poor-perfusion pattern, including mental-status change, abnormal breathing, weak pulses, capillary-refill change, and cool or mottled skin. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
کارت ۱۵۱
پرسش
Loss of vascular tone causes which broad shock class?
پاسخ
Distributive shock. Loss of vascular tone produces inadequate perfusion; current EMS guidance includes septic, anaphylactic, and neurogenic causes. Support ABCs and follow cause-specific protocol. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
کارت ۱۵۲
پرسش
Pump failure causes which broad shock class?
پاسخ
Cardiogenic shock. Pump failure can combine poor perfusion with findings such as dyspnea, chest discomfort, or abnormal lung sounds. Support ABCs and transport promptly. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
کارت ۱۵۳
پرسش
A mechanical block to blood flow causes which broad shock class?
پاسخ
Obstructive shock. A mechanical obstruction to circulation—such as tension pneumothorax—can cause poor perfusion despite circulating blood volume. Recognize the pattern and escalate rapidly. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
کارت ۱۵۴
پرسش
Can heart rate alone classify shock in a child?
پاسخ
No. Interpret heart rate by age and with mental status, pulse quality, skin, capillary refill, blood pressure, and clinical context. Current model guidance warns that tachycardia can be a late sign in children. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
کارت ۱۵۵
پرسش
What does hypotension usually mean in a child with other shock signs?
پاسخ
Late, decompensated shock until proven otherwise. Begin immediate EMT-scope treatment, transport rapidly, and request advanced help; do not wait for another pressure reading to act. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
کارت ۱۵۶
پرسش
In most adults, what is usually the first vital-sign clue to compensated medical shock?
پاسخ
Tachycardia. It may persist for hours during compensation; hypotension marks uncompensated shock, so interpret the rate with the rest of the perfusion assessment. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
کارت ۱۵۷
پرسش
Which findings make external bleeding life-threatening during the primary assessment?
پاسخ
Blood pooling on the ground, rapid flow or spurting, bleeding that continues despite direct pressure, or systemic symptoms such as drowsiness, dizziness, chest pain, or loss of consciousness. Source: AHA/Red Cross, 2024 First Aid Guidelines — Severe External Bleeding.
کارت ۱۵۸
پرسش
Why is a commercial tourniquet preferred over an improvised one for life-threatening extremity bleeding?
پاسخ
Commercial devices are more reliable at producing arterial compression and eliminating distal flow. Improvised devices may be less effective and can cause more tissue injury, so use the protocol-approved commercial device when available. Source: AHA/Red Cross, 2024 First Aid Guidelines — Life-Threatening Extremity Bleeding.
کارت ۱۵۹
پرسش
After direct pressure controls severe external bleeding, what is the role of a pressure dressing?
پاسخ
It may maintain bleeding cessation. A pressure dressing does not replace initial direct manual pressure or the need to reassess for renewed bleeding. Source: AHA/Red Cross, 2024 First Aid Guidelines — Severe External Bleeding.
کارت ۱۶۰
پرسش
Should an EMT rely on a proximal pressure point to control life-threatening limb bleeding?
پاسخ
No. Evidence for brachial or femoral pressure-point compression is uncertain, and the effect can be difficult to sustain. Use the protocol-approved direct-pressure and tourniquet pathway instead. Source: AHA/Red Cross, 2024 First Aid Guidelines — Severe External Bleeding.
کارت ۱۶۱
پرسش
Why should major external bleeding be controlled before completing a head-to-toe exam?
پاسخ
Life-threatening blood loss can kill within minutes and is immediately correctable. Control it when found, then continue the primary assessment and expose only as needed to find other threats. Source: AHA/Red Cross, 2024 First Aid Guidelines — External Bleeding Control.
کارت ۱۶۲
پرسش
Shock signs after blunt trauma with little visible blood: what should the EMT suspect?
پاسخ
Concealed internal bleeding until proven otherwise. Support ABCs, prevent heat loss, minimize scene delay, and transport rapidly under the trauma system protocol. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — General Trauma Management, pp. 208–213.
کارت ۱۶۳
پرسش
Which regions should be checked for concealed traumatic injury when shock signs are present?
پاسخ
Rapidly assess the chest, abdomen, pelvis, back, and extremities while controlling external bleeding and preserving warmth. Shock with the right mechanism warrants rapid transport even when little blood is visible. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — General Trauma Management, pp. 208–213.
کارت ۱۶۴
پرسش
Why can a pregnant patient lose significant blood before blood pressure falls?
پاسخ
Pregnancy increases circulating volume, so shock recognition and a blood-pressure fall may be delayed despite significant bleeding. Give weight to mechanism, pulse, skin, mental status, pain, and trend; transport urgently when bleeding is suspected. Source: NCBI Bookshelf, Pregnancy Trauma — Hematologic Changes.
کارت ۱۶۵
پرسش
After facial trauma, which medication history belongs in the assessment and handoff?
پاسخ
Ask specifically about anticoagulant and antiplatelet use, document it, and report it with the injury findings. Continue airway, bleeding, mental-status, and ventilation reassessment during transport. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Facial/Dental Trauma, pp. 230–232.
کارت ۱۶۶
پرسش
What do cool, pale, or clammy skin findings suggest in a patient with possible shock?
پاسخ
They support poor peripheral perfusion when they fit the rest of the presentation. Interpret them with mental status, pulse quality, capillary refill when appropriate, blood pressure, and trend. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
کارت ۱۶۷
پرسش
What does a rapid, weak pulse add to a shock assessment?
پاسخ
It supports impaired perfusion when it appears with other findings. Look for the cause and combine pulse quality with mental status, skin, capillary refill when appropriate, blood pressure, and trend. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
کارت ۱۶۸
پرسش
New confusion and weak pulses develop during a large nontraumatic gastrointestinal bleed. What is the priority?
پاسخ
Treat worsening hypovolemic shock as the immediate concern. Support ABCs, trend perfusion, provide advanced hospital notification, and prioritize transport while requesting higher-level help under local protocol. Sources: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110; NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Universal Care, pp. 9–15.
کارت ۱۶۹
پرسش
Can pulse location alone complete the perfusion assessment?
پاسخ
No. Assess measured blood pressure when feasible together with mental status, pulse quality, skin, capillary refill when appropriate, bleeding, and trend—without delaying urgent care. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
کارت ۱۷۰
پرسش
Why should raised legs not be a universal position for every patient with shock signs?
پاسخ
Any circulatory benefit may be temporary, and trauma, breathing difficulty, pain, or worsening symptoms can make leg elevation inappropriate. Consider it only for selected nontraumatic shock under current protocol, and return the patient supine if symptoms worsen. Source: AHA/Red Cross, 2024 First Aid Guidelines — Position for Shock.
کارت ۱۷۱
پرسش
Why is preventing heat loss part of shock care?
پاسخ
Cold stress worsens physiologic strain and hypothermia is associated with worse outcomes in ill or injured patients. Insulate the patient from the environment and ground without delaying definitive care. Source: AHA/Red Cross, 2024 First Aid Guidelines — General Approach.
کارت ۱۷۲
پرسش
A patient with suspected hypoglycemia is not fully awake or cannot swallow. Is oral glucose appropriate?
پاسخ
No. Oral glucose can cause choking or aspiration when the patient is not awake or cannot swallow. Support the ABCs, request appropriate resources, and follow local protocol for other care. Source: AHA/Red Cross, 2024 First Aid Guidelines — First Aid for Hypoglycemia.
کارت ۱۷۳
پرسش
Uncontrolled internal bleeding is suspected. What is the definitive EMT priority?
پاسخ
Rapid transport to appropriate definitive care while supporting airway, breathing, circulation, and temperature. Scene interventions cannot stop most internal hemorrhage, so avoid avoidable delay. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — General Trauma Management, pp. 208–213.
کارت ۱۷۴
پرسش
Shock is present and the cause may require care beyond EMT scope. What resource decision belongs in the primary assessment?
پاسخ
Request ALS or other appropriate support early while continuing BLS care and transport planning. Follow local intercept rules; do not keep a critical patient on scene solely to wait for ALS. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Universal Care, pp. 9–15.
کارت ۱۷۵
پرسش
What must be checked after a tourniquet or packed wound is applied?
پاسخ
Confirm that life-threatening bleeding has stopped, secure the intervention, and keep checking for renewed bleeding and shock. Source: AHA/Red Cross, 2024 First Aid Guidelines — External Bleeding Control.
کارت ۱۷۶
پرسش
Which adult cardiac-arrest rhythms can a defibrillator shock?
پاسخ
Ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia. The AED analyzes the rhythm and advises a shock; asystole and pulseless electrical activity are not shockable. Source: AHA, 2025 Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines — Defibrillation.
کارت ۱۷۷
پرسش
What is the purpose of the disability step in a rapid primary assessment?
پاسخ
Identify an immediate neurologic or metabolic threat through responsiveness, mental status, pupils, movement, and focused screening without delaying ABC care. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Altered Mental Status, pp. 71–73.
کارت ۱۷۸
پرسش
Should a detailed Glasgow Coma Scale score delay airway or ventilation care?
پاسخ
No. Correct immediate airway, breathing, and circulation threats first. Obtain and trend a Glasgow Coma Scale score when it will not delay lifesaving care or urgent transport. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Altered Mental Status, pp. 71–73.
کارت ۱۷۹
پرسش
After a head injury, when should the EMT recheck the pupils?
پاسخ
Establish pupil size and reaction to light as a baseline, then reassess the pupils if mentation decreases. Trend that finding with the neurologic status and other trauma findings. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Head Injury, pp. 233–237.
کارت ۱۸۰
پرسش
Sudden facial droop, one-sided arm weakness, or abnormal speech: what primary-assessment priority?
پاسخ
Suspect acute stroke, check glucose without delaying care, and activate the local stroke pathway. For witnessed symptoms record onset; if unwitnessed, record discovery time and last known well separately while transporting promptly. Source: AHA/ASA, 2026 Guideline for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke.
۳۶۰ کارت
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کارت ۱۸۱
پرسش
For suspected stroke, how do witnessed onset, discovery time, and last known well differ?
پاسخ
Witnessed onset is when symptoms were seen to begin; discovery time is when the deficits were first found; last known well is the last time the patient was confirmed at baseline without the current symptoms. Record the relevant times without delaying transport. Source: AHA/ASA, 2026 Guideline for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke.
کارت ۱۸۲
پرسش
Can an adult FAST screen by itself rule out stroke in a child?
پاسخ
No. Adult stroke scales are not validated to capture the broad pediatric presentation. Sudden focal deficits, altered mental status, severe headache, vomiting with neurologic signs, or seizure can still require urgent pediatric stroke evaluation. Source: AHA/Red Cross, 2024 First Aid Guidelines — Recognition of Stroke in Children.
کارت ۱۸۳
پرسش
A patient is actively seizing. What comes first in the primary assessment?
پاسخ
Protect the patient from immediate injury, maintain airway access, and assess breathing and perfusion. Do not place objects in the mouth or restrain convulsive movement; add protocol-authorized care. Source: CDC, First Aid for Seizures (May 15, 2024).
کارت ۱۸۴
پرسش
The convulsion has stopped, but the patient remains unresponsive. What should the EMT reassess first?
پاسخ
Reassess airway patency, breathing adequacy, pulse, and perfusion first. Then check glucose when authorized, look for injury or another cause, and trend mental status rather than assuming every persistent deficit is routine recovery. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Seizures, pp. 101–104.
کارت ۱۸۵
پرسش
Altered mental status with no immediate ABC threat: which rapid reversible cause can an EMT directly screen for?
پاسخ
Check blood glucose when monitoring is authorized and available. Continue assessing other causes of altered mental status, and treat according to airway protection and current state and local protocol. Sources: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Altered Mental Status, pp. 71–73; authorization boundary: NHTSA, 2019 National EMS Scope of Practice Model with August 2021 change notices.
کارت ۱۸۶
پرسش
Suspected opioid exposure is present. Which finding makes the primary problem respiratory arrest rather than uncomplicated intoxication?
پاسخ
Absent or ineffective breathing while a definite pulse remains. Use the breathing-and-pulse assessment—not the suspected drug history alone—to choose the BLS pathway. Source: AHA, 2025 Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۱۸۷
پرسش
Why is “just intoxicated” unsafe as a primary-assessment conclusion?
پاسخ
Alcohol or drug exposure does not exclude hypoxia, hypoglycemia, head injury, stroke, shock, infection, or another emergency. Assess airway, breathing, perfusion, glucose when authorized, trauma, and neurologic status before assigning the cause. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Altered Mental Status, pp. 71–73.
کارت ۱۸۸
پرسش
Agitation or bizarre behavior appears suddenly. What primary-assessment assumption is safest?
پاسخ
Assume a medical, traumatic, toxicologic, environmental, or behavioral emergency may be present. Maintain safety while assessing airway, breathing, perfusion, glucose when authorized, temperature, and injury. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Altered Mental Status, pp. 71–73.
کارت ۱۸۹
پرسش
In a preverbal child, what can reveal altered mental status before an AVPU label is obvious?
پاسخ
A change from baseline interaction, muscle tone, eye contact, or cry can make appearance abnormal. Use the caregiver’s baseline report while directly assessing work of breathing and circulation. Sources: NAEMSP, Prehospital Pediatric Respiratory Distress and Airway Management Training and Education; caregiver baseline: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Altered Mental Status, pp. 71–73.
کارت ۱۹۰
پرسش
After head trauma, repeated vomiting, worsening confusion, or a declining level of consciousness changes what decision?
پاسخ
It increases urgency for airway readiness, rapid transport, and advanced resources because neurologic deterioration may continue. Repeat the primary assessment and protect against secondary hypoxia and hypotension. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Head Injury, pp. 233–236.
کارت ۱۹۱
پرسش
What is the purpose of exposure during the primary assessment?
پاسخ
Expose only enough to find immediate threats such as major bleeding, chest injury, burns, rash, or medical-alert information. Then cover the patient again and protect temperature and dignity. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Universal Care, pp. 9–15.
کارت ۱۹۲
پرسش
What should immediately follow necessary exposure in a cold environment?
پاسخ
Cover and insulate the patient from air and ground while continuing assessment. Preventing further heat loss is part of immediate care and should not wait for transport. Source: AHA/Red Cross, 2024 First Aid Guidelines — General Approach.
کارت ۱۹۳
پرسش
A trauma patient's clothing looks dry, but shock signs are present. What exposure action is justified?
پاسخ
Expose enough to search quickly for hidden external bleeding and major chest or abdominal injury while preserving warmth. Do not perform a prolonged detailed exam before urgent transport. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — General Trauma Management, pp. 208–213.
کارت ۱۹۴
پرسش
How should the EMT balance exposure with patient dignity?
پاسخ
Expose only what is needed to find and treat threats, explain actions when possible, shield the patient from unnecessary view, and re-cover promptly. Immediate lifesaving access still takes priority. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Universal Care, pp. 9–15.
کارت ۱۹۵
پرسش
Why can a later-pregnancy patient become dizzy or hypotensive while fully supine?
پاسخ
The uterus can compress major vessels and reduce venous return and circulation. A positional change in symptoms supports this mechanism, but the EMT must still assess other causes of shock. Source: AHA/Red Cross, 2024 First Aid Guidelines — Positioning.
کارت ۱۹۶
پرسش
Diffuse hives plus respiratory distress or poor perfusion: what does exposure reveal?
پاسخ
A systemic allergic pattern consistent with anaphylaxis. Prioritize airway and breathing support, protocol-authorized epinephrine, rapid transport, and early advanced resources. Source: AHA/Red Cross, 2024 First Aid Guidelines — Anaphylaxis.
کارت ۱۹۷
پرسش
Which symptoms can represent a heart attack even when chest pain is absent or mild?
پاسخ
Shortness of breath; discomfort in the back, neck, jaw, or stomach; sweating; nausea; or lightheadedness. These presentations are especially important in women, older adults, and people with diabetes. Source: AHA/Red Cross, 2024 First Aid Guidelines — Chest Pain in Adults.
کارت ۱۹۸
پرسش
A dyspneic patient can answer only one word at a time. What does that change?
پاسخ
It makes severe respiratory compromise the immediate priority. Assess air movement and fatigue, support oxygenation or ventilation as indicated, and accelerate transport and advanced-resource decisions. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Respiratory Distress, pp. 190–195.
کارت ۱۹۹
پرسش
Severe abdominal pain plus weak pulses, pallor, and confusion: what outranks a detailed abdominal history?
پاسخ
Recognition and care of shock with rapid transport. The abdominal complaint may represent concealed bleeding or another time-critical cause, so support ABCs and avoid a prolonged scene evaluation. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Shock, pp. 107–110.
کارت ۲۰۰
پرسش
Diabetic patient is confused, breathing adequately, and has no immediate circulation threat. What focused primary-assessment action is next?
پاسخ
Check blood glucose when monitoring is authorized and available, then treat according to airway protection and local protocol. If the result does not explain the presentation, continue assessing stroke, infection, trauma, and other causes. Sources: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Altered Mental Status, pp. 71–73; authorization boundary: NHTSA, 2019 National EMS Scope of Practice Model with August 2021 change notices.
کارت ۲۰۱
پرسش
Unresponsive trauma patient with snoring respirations and a weak pulse: what is the immediate sequence?
پاسخ
Manually stabilize as indicated, open the airway, support ventilation, assess and control major bleeding, and move toward rapid transport with advanced resources. Treat each threat as it is found. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — General Trauma Management, pp. 208–213.
کارت ۲۰۲
پرسش
Massive limb bleeding and an obstructed airway are found almost together. How should the team act?
پاسخ
Treat the critical problems simultaneously when enough trained clinicians are present: assign clear bleeding-control and airway tasks according to priorities, skills, and available resources. Request help if needed and follow the locally taught life-threat sequence. Sources: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Universal Care, pp. 9–15; AHRQ TeamSTEPPS, Team Leadership Concepts and Tools.
کارت ۲۰۳
پرسش
A trapped patient has a worsening airway that the crew cannot reach. Which resource decision is immediate?
پاسخ
Request the rescue capability needed for access while directing any safe, feasible airway measures and preparing the transport path. State the airway threat clearly so rescue priorities match patient physiology. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Universal Care, pp. 9–15.
کارت ۲۰۴
پرسش
A critical patient needs ALS, but waiting on scene would delay definitive care. What is the safer plan?
پاسخ
Begin transport and arrange an intercept only if the local system can do so without harmful delay. Continue BLS care; ALS availability does not cancel the transport priority. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Universal Care, pp. 9–15.
کارت ۲۰۵
پرسش
How can a caregiver help during a child's primary assessment without delaying care?
پاسخ
Ask the caregiver about the child’s normal developmental and mental baseline and what changed while the EMT directly assesses appearance, work of breathing, circulation, and immediate threats. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Altered Mental Status, pp. 71–73.
کارت ۲۰۶
پرسش
Why repeat the primary assessment after moving a patient to the stretcher or ambulance?
پاسخ
Movement, position change, and time can dislodge airway support, restart bleeding, alter breathing, or reveal deterioration. Recheck responsiveness, airway, breathing, circulation, and interventions immediately. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Universal Care, pp. 9–15.
کارت ۲۰۷
پرسش
A device or medication appears in a national EMT reference. Does that alone authorize its local use?
پاسخ
No. National scope describes minimum competencies; actual practice also requires education, certification, state licensure, and local credentialing or authorization. Follow current state law, agency protocol, and medical direction. Source: NHTSA, 2019 National EMS Scope of Practice Model with August 2021 change notices.
کارت ۲۰۸
پرسش
When is the primary assessment complete enough to move on?
پاسخ
When immediate threats have been identified and managed as far as possible, the patient's priority is set, and transport and resource decisions are underway. It does not require a final diagnosis, and the primary assessment must be repeated when the patient changes. Source: NASEMSO, National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 — Universal Care, pp. 9–15.
کارت ۲۰۹
پرسش
How should an EMT choose between a focused exam and a broader secondary survey?
پاسخ
Tailor the secondary survey to the patient’s presentation and chief complaint. Focus on the involved problem when that is sufficient; broaden the exam when the presentation suggests additional injury or illness. Never let the secondary survey delay transport of a critical patient, and follow local protocol. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۱۰
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What should anchor the EMT's history after immediate life threats are managed?
پاسخ
Anchor the history in the patient's chief complaint, then investigate its onset, associated symptoms, relevant history, and pertinent negatives. Adapt the interview to the patient's age, communication needs, and condition. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۱۱
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A stable patient reports shortness of breath. What belongs in the focused respiratory exam?
پاسخ
Inspect breathing effort and chest movement, assess respiratory rate and quality, listen to breath sounds when trained and equipped, check oxygenation in clinical context, and compare findings over time. Return to the primary assessment if breathing becomes inadequate. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۱۲
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What must follow any EMT treatment during the secondary assessment?
پاسخ
Reassess the problem treated, repeat relevant vital signs, and judge whether the patient improved, worsened, or stayed unchanged. Use the result to continue, modify, or escalate the plan under local protocol and medical direction. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۱۳
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For a symptom history, what does onset establish?
پاسخ
Onset establishes what the patient was doing when the symptom began and whether it started suddenly or gradually. Record the time as precisely as the history allows because it can affect time-sensitive care and destination decisions. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۱۴
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What should a focused neurologic exam compare?
پاسخ
Compare mental status, speech, pupils when relevant, facial symmetry, and movement and sensation on both sides, then compare with the patient's known baseline and repeat findings. Use the locally approved stroke or neurologic assessment when indicated. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۱۵
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Which allergy categories belong in a SAMPLE history?
پاسخ
Ask about medication, environmental, and food allergies. Record the patient’s report without assigning a diagnosis from history alone, then use the current local protocol when screening treatment. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۱۶
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Which is usually more useful during reassessment: one abnormal vital sign or its trend?
پاسخ
The trend is usually more useful. Repeat measurements with the same sound technique when possible, relate them to the patient's appearance and symptoms, and act on deterioration rather than waiting for a single threshold. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۱۷
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How should the EMT set the scope of the secondary survey?
پاسخ
Tailor it to the patient’s presentation and chief complaint, examining the relevant body systems and regions while watching for findings that require a broader survey. Do not delay transport of a critical patient to complete secondary details. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۱۸
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What does provocation or palliation ask about in a symptom history?
پاسخ
It asks what makes the symptom worse or better, including movement, breathing, position, exertion, rest, or attempted treatment. Avoid forcing a maneuver that could harm the patient. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۱۹
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How can a caregiver help with a child’s history?
پاسخ
Ask the child directly when developmentally appropriate and use the caregiver’s knowledge to clarify baseline, timeline, medications, and missing details. Note who supplied critical facts, and do not let family participation delay lifesaving care. Source: EMSC Patient- and Family-Centered Care Toolkit.
کارت ۲۲۰
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What should an EMT compare in a focused extremity exam?
پاسخ
Compare the injured and uninjured sides for position, tenderness, swelling, deformity, skin findings, distal circulation, sensation, and movement when safe. Recheck distal neurovascular status after any splinting or movement. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۲۱
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How should an EMT collect a patient's medication history?
پاسخ
Identify the patient’s current prescription and over-the-counter medications and bring containers or a reliable list when practical. Relate the medication history to the complaint and document unavailable or uncertain details rather than guessing. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۲۲
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During a detailed exam, the patient becomes less responsive. What is the next assessment move?
پاسخ
Stop the detailed exam and repeat the primary assessment immediately. Manage new airway, breathing, circulation, or neurologic threats, upgrade resources and transport priority as needed, and resume secondary details only if they no longer delay critical care. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۲۳
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What is the goal of asking a patient to describe symptom quality?
پاسخ
The goal is to capture the patient's own description—such as pressure, burning, tearing, or sharp—without suggesting an answer. Quality helps characterize the complaint but does not diagnose it by itself. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۲۴
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What makes a negative finding pertinent in an EMT history?
پاسخ
It is pertinent when the absent symptom or sign would meaningfully affect risk, treatment, or destination for the patient's complaint. Ask and document targeted negatives; do not turn the history into an unfocused checklist. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۲۵
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What should the 'events' part of a history establish?
پاسخ
Establish what happened before and around the illness or injury, including the sequence, exposures, exertion, trauma, or treatment already attempted. A clear timeline can reveal risks that a symptom label alone misses. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۲۶
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How should an EMT interpret a pulse-oximetry value during reassessment?
پاسخ
Treat it as one part of the assessment, confirm that the signal and patient conditions make the reading plausible, and compare it with breathing effort, mental status, skin findings, and trend. Do not let a reassuring number override signs of inadequate ventilation. Source: 2024 AHA and American Red Cross Guidelines for First Aid.
کارت ۲۲۷
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Why should a pain or symptom severity score be tied to a baseline?
پاسخ
A baseline lets the EMT compare the same patient's response over time. Use an age- and communication-appropriate scale consistently, and pair the number with function and observed distress rather than treating it as a stand-alone diagnosis. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۲۸
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After protocol-directed treatment for suspected hypoglycemia, what should an EMT reassess?
پاسخ
Reassess vital signs, neurologic status, mental status, and symptoms. Repeat the blood-glucose check when mental status has not returned to normal and local protocol supports it; continued symptoms require transport and evaluation for another cause. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۲۹
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Which past medical history is most useful in a focused EMT assessment?
پاسخ
Obtain the past medical history and look for medical alerts, portable records, advance directives, and implanted or external medical devices. Prioritize details relevant to the current complaint or treatment without delaying time-critical care. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۳۰
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What makes reassessment documentation useful to the receiving team?
پاسخ
Record timed findings, interventions, and the patient's response in sequence. A trend such as worsening mental status or improving work of breathing is more useful when the handoff shows what changed and when. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۳۱
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What does the time component of a symptom history add beyond onset?
پاسخ
It establishes how the symptom has changed since it began: constant or intermittent, improving or worsening, and whether similar episodes occurred. That trajectory helps the EMT recognize deterioration and choose the next assessment or transport priority. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۳۲
پرسش
Which change after splinting means the splint or alignment needs immediate reassessment?
پاسخ
New or worsening pain, numbness, pallor or coolness, a weaker or absent distal pulse, or loss of movement compared with the pre-splint baseline. Correct or escalate under local protocol. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۳۳
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Why can last oral intake be relevant in an EMT history?
پاسخ
It can clarify fasting, hydration, aspiration risk, glucose-related symptoms, and the timeline around an illness or injury. Treat it as context, not as a reason to give food or drink outside local protocol. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۳۴
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Secretions are blocking an unresponsive patient's upper airway. What is the EMT priority?
پاسخ
Open the airway and suction the upper airway with the appropriate device, then immediately reassess patency and breathing. Ventilate if breathing is absent or inadequate; do not prolong suction at the expense of oxygenation. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۳۵
پرسش
What is the 2025 AHA sequence for a responsive adult with severe foreign-body airway obstruction?
پاسخ
Give cycles of 5 back blows followed by 5 abdominal thrusts until the object is expelled or the patient becomes unresponsive. Use chest thrusts instead when the abdomen cannot be encircled, including late pregnancy. Source: 2025 AHA Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۳۶
پرسش
A patient has a pulse but breathing is absent or inadequate. What treatment addresses ventilation?
پاسخ
Provide positive-pressure ventilation with a bag-mask device and supplemental oxygen when available, using only enough volume for visible chest rise. Reassess the pulse and breathing continuously. Source: 2025 AHA Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۳۷
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An unresponsive adult needs airway opening and no cervical spine injury is suspected. Which maneuver comes first?
پاسخ
Use a head tilt–chin lift to open the airway, then assess breathing and provide the needed support. Source: 2025 AHA Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۳۸
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Which patient is the usual candidate for an oropharyngeal airway?
پاسخ
An unresponsive patient without an intact gag reflex who needs help maintaining an open airway is the usual candidate. Size, insert, and monitor the device according to training and local protocol; remove it if it triggers gagging or vomiting. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۳۹
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When should chest thrusts replace abdominal thrusts for a responsive adult with severe airway obstruction?
پاسخ
Use chest thrusts when the rescuer cannot encircle the abdomen, such as with late-stage pregnancy or a larger body habitus. Continue alternating 5 back blows with 5 chest thrusts until relief or unresponsiveness. Source: 2025 AHA Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۴۰
پرسش
When two trained rescuers are available, how should bag-mask ventilation roles be divided?
پاسخ
One rescuer opens the airway and maintains a two-handed mask seal while the other squeezes the bag; both watch for visible chest rise. Two-rescuer technique is preferred when feasible because mask seal and airway position are common failure points. Source: 2025 AHA Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۴۱
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An adult has suspected head or neck trauma and a jaw thrust does not open the airway. What takes priority?
پاسخ
Insert an appropriate airway adjunct if needed after the jaw thrust. If the jaw thrust plus adjunct still does not open the adult airway, use a head tilt–chin lift; oxygenation and ventilation take priority. Continue manual stabilization and follow local spinal-motion protocol. Source: 2025 AHA Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۴۲
پرسش
An adult has a pulse but is not breathing normally. What rescue-breathing rate is reasonable?
پاسخ
Give 1 ventilation every 6 seconds—10 per minute—with each breath producing visible chest rise. Recheck the pulse and breathing and follow current local resuscitation protocol. Source: 2025 AHA Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۴۳
پرسش
Severe facial trauma or a suspected basilar skull fracture is present. Which basic airway adjunct should an EMT avoid?
پاسخ
Avoid a nasopharyngeal airway; use another airway-opening approach or an oropharyngeal airway when indicated and tolerated. Follow local protocol because adjunct selection depends on anatomy, contraindications, and patient response. Source: 2025 AHA Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۴۴
پرسش
What is the treatment sequence for a responsive infant with severe foreign-body airway obstruction?
پاسخ
Give repeated cycles of 5 back blows and 5 chest thrusts until the object is expelled or the infant becomes unresponsive. Do not use abdominal thrusts on an infant. Source: 2025 AHA/AAP Pediatric Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۴۵
پرسش
A cyanotic patient is breathing too slowly with poor chest rise. Is supplemental oxygen alone enough?
پاسخ
No. The immediate need is effective ventilation with an open airway; add supplemental oxygen to the ventilation device when available. Oxygen delivery cannot correct inadequate movement of air by itself. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۴۶
پرسش
What immediate sign should guide the volume of each bag-mask breath?
پاسخ
Use visible chest rise as the immediate guide. Too little ventilation is ineffective, while excessive volume or rate can inflate the stomach, promote aspiration, and reduce cardiac output. Source: 2025 AHA Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۴۷
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An infant or child has a pulse but absent or inadequate breathing. What ventilation rate is reasonable?
پاسخ
Give 1 breath every 2 to 3 seconds—20 to 30 per minute—while watching for effective chest rise and avoiding excessive ventilation. Reassess the pulse and breathing. Source: 2025 AHA/AAP Pediatric Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۴۸
پرسش
What is the treatment sequence for a responsive child with severe foreign-body airway obstruction?
پاسخ
Give repeated cycles of 5 back blows and 5 abdominal thrusts until the object is expelled or the child becomes unresponsive. Source: 2025 AHA/AAP Pediatric Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۴۹
پرسش
A pulse oximeter shows a normal value, but the patient has shallow breathing and worsening confusion. Which finding drives care?
پاسخ
The clinical signs drive care. Support the airway and ventilation, verify the oximeter signal, and trend the whole patient; pulse oximetry is only one part of assessment and does not directly measure ventilation. Source: 2024 AHA and American Red Cross Guidelines for First Aid.
کارت ۲۵۰
پرسش
Which general patient profile may be considered for EMT-level CPAP?
پاسخ
Consider CPAP early for severe respiratory distress or impending respiratory failure when the patient is still breathing and the equipment, training, and local protocol support it. Coach the patient and monitor continuously; worsening mental status, vomiting, or other deterioration requires removal and airway escalation. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۵۱
پرسش
An adult is unresponsive, only gasping, and has no definite pulse. What are the EMT's immediate circulatory actions?
پاسخ
Start high-quality CPR and apply an AED as soon as it is available. Coordinate airway and ventilation without delaying compressions or defibrillation. Source: 2025 AHA Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۵۲
پرسش
An adult with severe foreign-body airway obstruction becomes unresponsive. What should the EMT do?
پاسخ
Start CPR beginning with chest compressions. Each time the airway is opened for breaths, remove an object only if it is visible; do not perform a blind finger sweep. Source: 2025 AHA Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۵۳
پرسش
An apneic patient breathes through a tracheal stoma and cannot be ventilated through the mouth. What route may be used?
پاسخ
Ventilate through the stoma with an appropriate mask-to-stoma seal, watching for chest rise. Expose and clear the stoma as needed and follow local protocol for the patient's airway device. Source: 2025 AHA Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۵۴
پرسش
Why are effective ventilations especially important during pediatric CPR?
پاسخ
Pediatric cardiac arrest is often preceded by respiratory failure or asphyxia, so CPR for infants and children should include effective breaths as well as compressions. Source: 2025 AHA/AAP Pediatric Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۵۵
پرسش
What airway check is required after moving or repositioning a patient?
پاسخ
Immediately confirm airway patency, breathing adequacy, chest rise, and the position and function of any airway adjunct or ventilation device. Correct displacement before continuing the transport plan. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۵۶
پرسش
When should two rescuers plan to switch the person doing adult chest compressions?
پاسخ
Switch about every 2 minutes, ideally during a planned rhythm analysis or another natural pause, and keep the interruption as short as possible. Switch sooner if the compressor is fatigued. Source: 2025 AHA Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۵۷
پرسش
What is the initial treatment for severe external bleeding?
پاسخ
Apply firm direct manual pressure to the bleeding site. Maintain effective pressure while preparing the next control method if bleeding remains life-threatening. Source: 2024 AHA and American Red Cross Guidelines for First Aid.
کارت ۲۵۸
پرسش
Without an advanced airway, what compression-to-ventilation ratios are reasonable for pediatric CPR?
پاسخ
Use 30:2 for a single rescuer and 15:2 for two rescuers. Follow the current locally adopted AHA/AAP resuscitation guidance. Source: 2025 AHA/AAP Pediatric Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۵۹
پرسش
How long should a healthcare professional spend checking an unresponsive adult for a definite pulse?
پاسخ
No more than 10 seconds. If no definite pulse is felt in that time and breathing is absent or abnormal, treat the patient as being in cardiac arrest. Source: 2025 AHA Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۶۰
پرسش
What should happen immediately after an AED delivers a shock?
پاسخ
Resume chest compressions immediately instead of pausing for a pulse or rhythm check. Follow the AED prompts and current local resuscitation protocol. Source: 2025 AHA Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۶۱
پرسش
Life-threatening extremity bleeding continues despite direct pressure. What comes next?
پاسخ
Apply a commercial tourniquet 2–3 inches proximal to the wound, not over a joint, and tighten it until bleeding stops. Mark the time, keep the device visible, and tell subsequent clinicians it is present. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۶۲
پرسش
How long should a healthcare professional check an infant or child for a definite pulse when no signs of life are present?
پاسخ
Check for no more than 10 seconds. If no definite pulse is felt, begin compressions. If a pulse is present but the heart rate remains below 60/min with signs of poor perfusion despite oxygenation and ventilation, begin CPR with compressions. Do not let an uncertain pulse check delay CPR. Source: 2025 AHA/AAP Pediatric Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۶۳
پرسش
A patient shows signs of shock and is alert with no position-limiting injury. What general position is reasonable?
پاسخ
Keep the patient supine if that is tolerated. If alertness falls, vomiting occurs, or airway protection becomes a concern, position for airway safety while maintaining close monitoring; do not let positioning delay transport. Source: 2024 AHA and American Red Cross Guidelines for First Aid.
کارت ۲۶۴
پرسش
Spontaneous circulation returns after cardiac arrest. What should the EMT prioritize next?
پاسخ
Reassess airway, breathing, circulation, and neurologic status; support ventilation and oxygenation as indicated, monitor closely for rearrest, and transport according to the local post-arrest plan. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۶۵
پرسش
What is the transport priority for an adult with acute nontraumatic chest pain?
پاسخ
Treat it as time-sensitive: begin indicated assessment and protocol-directed care while arranging prompt transport to an appropriate emergency facility. Do not delay transport for a prolonged on-scene history or for symptoms to resolve. Source: 2024 AHA and American Red Cross Guidelines for First Aid.
کارت ۲۶۶
پرسش
What information and system decision matter most after an EMT identifies a possible stroke?
پاسخ
Determine last known well or symptom-discovery time, perform the locally approved stroke assessment, check treatable mimics within scope, notify early, and transport to the protocol-designated stroke-capable facility without avoidable delay. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۶۷
پرسش
What simple supportive care helps a patient with suspected shock during packaging and transport?
پاسخ
Prevent further heat loss while treating the cause, supporting airway and breathing, and transporting promptly. Use blankets and environmental control without delaying definitive care or causing overheating. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۶۸
پرسش
A patient has signs of anaphylaxis. What is the EMT’s epinephrine priority?
پاسخ
Give or assist with intramuscular epinephrine by auto-injector promptly when anaphylaxis is suspected, the correct device is available, and the EMT is trained and authorized under local protocol. Epinephrine is the primary treatment; support airway and breathing, activate transport, and reassess without delaying it for a generic contraindication screen. Source: 2024 AHA and American Red Cross Guidelines for First Aid.
کارت ۲۶۹
پرسش
Which CPR-quality principle applies during airway care, AED use, and rescuer changes?
پاسخ
Minimize interruptions in chest compressions. Prepare equipment and coordinate roles so necessary pauses are brief and compressions resume immediately. Source: 2025 AHA Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۷۰
پرسش
How does an EMT know a tourniquet is tight enough?
پاسخ
The life-threatening bleeding stops and the distal pulse is eliminated. If bleeding continues, reassess placement and tightness and place a second tourniquet proximal to the first under training and protocol. Reassess without removing the device, and do not loosen it to relieve pain. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۷۱
پرسش
An open fracture has severe bleeding. What is the treatment sequence?
پاسخ
Control life-threatening bleeding first, dress the open wound, stabilize the extremity, and reassess distal neurovascular status. Pack around rather than remove bone fragments or foreign objects, and follow local splinting and realignment protocol. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۷۲
پرسش
When may an EMT administer or assist with an inhaled bronchodilator?
پاسخ
Use it for protocol-defined dyspnea with wheezing after confirming the indication, medication, contraindications, device, and EMT authorization. Continue airway and ventilation assessment; wheezing does not guarantee adequate air movement. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۷۳
پرسش
Breathing worsens after a dressing is applied to an open chest wound. What should the EMT do?
پاسخ
Reassess immediately and loosen or remove the dressing if it may be trapping air, while supporting breathing and transporting urgently. Use a vented chest seal or other locally approved approach; a fully occlusive improvised seal can worsen tension. Source: 2024 AHA and American Red Cross Guidelines for First Aid.
کارت ۲۷۴
پرسش
What is the EMT treatment principle for an impaled object that remains in a wound?
پاسخ
Leave it in place, control bleeding around it, and stabilize it to limit movement. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۷۵
پرسش
Which distal findings must be checked before and after splinting an extremity?
پاسخ
Check and document distal circulation, sensation, and movement before and after the splint. A new deficit after splinting means the device or alignment needs immediate reassessment under local protocol. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۷۶
پرسش
Severe bleeding comes from a wound where a tourniquet cannot be applied. What control method may be indicated?
پاسخ
Pack the wound with gauze or a hemostatic dressing when trained, then hold firm direct pressure. Continue reassessment and rapid transport; product use and packing technique follow local protocol. Source: 2024 AHA and American Red Cross Guidelines for First Aid.
کارت ۲۷۷
پرسش
A trauma patient has signs of shock and active external bleeding. Which circulation action cannot wait for packaging?
پاسخ
Control the external bleeding immediately with direct pressure and escalate to a tourniquet or wound packing when indicated, while arranging rapid transport. Supportive shock care cannot replace stopping the source of blood loss. Source: 2024 AHA and American Red Cross Guidelines for First Aid.
کارت ۲۷۸
پرسش
What must an EMT establish before protocol-directed aspirin for suspected ischemic chest pain?
پاسخ
Confirm that the presentation and local protocol indicate aspirin and screen for allergy, active bleeding or other protocol contraindications, and prior professional advice not to take it. Give only the locally authorized formulation and dose. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۷۹
پرسش
What is the default position for splinting a deformed extremity?
پاسخ
Treat a deformed fractured extremity in the position found unless straightening is needed for safe, prompt transport. Source: 2024 AHA and American Red Cross Guidelines for First Aid. If distal vascular function is compromised, gently restore normal anatomic position only as training and local protocol allow, then reassess perfusion. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۸۰
پرسش
Can a commercial tourniquet be considered for a young child with life-threatening extremity bleeding?
پاسخ
Yes. Use an appropriately sized commercial device according to training and tighten it until bleeding stops; current first-aid evidence supports successful use in children, including some as young as 2 years. Follow local pediatric protocol and device instructions. Source: 2024 AHA and American Red Cross Guidelines for First Aid.
کارت ۲۸۱
پرسش
What medication-safety process must EMT education include?
پاسخ
A medication cross-check procedure. The national education standard requires the process but does not prescribe one universal checklist, so use the agency’s defined cross-check and current local protocol before administration, then document and reassess. Source: 2021 National EMS Education Standards, amended February 24, 2025.
کارت ۲۸۲
پرسش
Should mechanism of injury alone automatically place every trauma patient on a long backboard?
پاسخ
No. Apply spinal motion restriction selectively from the patient's examination and validated local criteria; minimize unnecessary movement and use the least restrictive effective method. A long backboard is mainly an extrication and movement tool, not routine transport treatment for every mechanism. Source: NAEMSP joint position statement on spinal motion restriction.
کارت ۲۸۳
پرسش
Does national EMT scope make a traction splint appropriate for every suspected femur injury?
پاسخ
No. National scope identifies a skill an EMT may be authorized to perform; it does not replace the local indication, contraindication, device, and training rules for a particular patient. Source: 2019 National EMS Scope of Practice Model. Treat life threats first and use the traction splint only under the current local protocol. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۸۴
پرسش
Which three questions guide an EMT's destination decision for a time-sensitive patient?
پاسخ
Ask how unstable the patient is, which facility has the needed capability, and whether travel or bypass time changes the risk. Apply the local system plan and consult medical direction when the best destination is unclear. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۸۵
پرسش
What national EMT-scope limit applies to sublingual nitroglycerin for suspected ischemic chest pain?
پاسخ
The national model limits EMT assistance to the patient’s own prescribed sublingual nitroglycerin. Source: 2019 National EMS Scope of Practice Model. Confirm that the current local protocol authorizes assistance and that its indication, blood-pressure, and medication-history checks are satisfied; follow medical direction and the authorized dose. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۸۶
پرسش
What is a key equipment principle when spinal motion restriction is indicated for a child?
پاسخ
Use age- and size-appropriate padding and restraint so the head, neck, and torso remain aligned without forcing the child into an ill-fitting adult device. Reassess airway, breathing, comfort, and neurologic findings after securing. Source: NAEMSP joint position statement on spinal motion restriction.
کارت ۲۸۷
پرسش
What equipment step reduces avoidable error before pediatric airway or ventilation care?
پاسخ
Select appropriately sized pediatric equipment before use, confirm fit and function under local training, and reassess the child after placement. Use the locally approved length- or weight-based tool when it guides equipment selection. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۸۸
پرسش
What controls destination when an injured patient meets the trauma criteria adopted by the EMS system?
پاسخ
Apply the current local or regional trauma triage and destination protocol, including its facility capabilities, bypass limits, transport constraints, and medical-direction process. National models help systems build protocols; they do not replace the operational rule adopted where the EMT practices. Source: EMS.gov State EMS Systems.
کارت ۲۸۹
پرسش
Which suspected hypoglycemia patient may receive oral glucose from an EMT?
پاسخ
A patient who can follow commands, protect the airway, and safely swallow may receive oral glucose when local protocol indicates it. Do not put oral glucose into the mouth of a patient who cannot protect the airway. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۹۰
پرسش
What is the medication-safety rule when a pediatric dose is weight based?
پاسخ
Use a measured weight when available or the locally approved length/weight tool, then verify the calculation and device with a medication cross-check. Never substitute an adult dose or an unsupported guess; use the current local protocol or contact medical direction. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۹۱
پرسش
How can a caregiver help during pediatric treatment when the scene is safe?
پاسخ
Use the caregiver’s knowledge to clarify the child’s baseline and support communication, comfort, and safe participation while the EMT continues direct assessment and care. Family involvement must remain safe and must not delay a lifesaving intervention. Source: EMSC Patient- and Family-Centered Care Toolkit.
کارت ۲۹۲
پرسش
A patient has suspected opioid overdose with respiratory arrest and a pulse. Which treatment must not wait for naloxone?
پاسخ
Open the airway and provide effective ventilations immediately; give naloxone as soon as available and authorized. Naloxone can take time and does not replace airway and breathing support. Source: 2025 AHA Adult and Pediatric Special Circumstances Guidelines.
کارت ۲۹۳
پرسش
Does the national EMT scope model make oral over-the-counter analgesics universally authorized?
پاسخ
No. The national model includes oral over-the-counter analgesics, but actual EMT authority depends on state scope, medical direction, and local implementation. Source: 2019 National EMS Scope of Practice Model. Choose only the medication, patient-screening process, and dose authorized by the current local protocol. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۹۴
پرسش
After an older adult falls or has a head impact, which medication history raises concern for brain bleeding?
پاسخ
Anticoagulant or antiplatelet use. CDC notes that traumatic brain injury can be missed in older adults and that these medicines may increase the risk of brain bleeding after TBI. Reassess carefully and follow the local head-injury transport and medical-control plan. Source: CDC Facts About Traumatic Brain Injury.
کارت ۲۹۵
پرسش
A child with respiratory distress becomes quieter, less responsive, and has weaker effort. How should this change treatment?
پاسخ
Treat it as progression toward respiratory failure: open and support the airway, begin effective assisted ventilation when breathing is inadequate, request advanced resources, and transport urgently. Do not interpret reduced struggle as improvement. Source: 2025 AHA/AAP Pediatric Basic Life Support Guidelines.
کارت ۲۹۶
پرسش
A patient breathes normally after naloxone. Why are continued reassessment and transport still needed?
پاسخ
Respiratory depression can recur after the opioid antagonist wears off. Continue airway and breathing monitoring, be ready to ventilate and repeat naloxone per protocol, and transport for observation. Source: 2025 AHA Adult and Pediatric Special Circumstances Guidelines.
کارت ۲۹۷
پرسش
What should guide destination for a child with serious trauma?
پاسخ
Use the local or regional pediatric trauma triage and destination policy. Match the child’s needs with known pediatric capabilities and resources while applying the system’s transport-time, stabilization, bypass, and medical-direction rules. Source: 2024 Prehospital Pediatric Readiness Checklist.
کارت ۲۹۸
پرسش
A later-pregnancy patient becomes dizzy and hypotensive while lying flat. What positioning change may help?
پاسخ
Move the patient off a fully supine position toward the left side if injuries and airway needs allow, while treating other causes of shock and transporting promptly. Reassess the response and follow local obstetric protocol. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۲۹۹
پرسش
Crowning is present during active labor. What should the EMT plan?
پاسخ
Prepare for delivery where the patient is, request appropriate additional resources, support a controlled birth, and prepare separate care and warming equipment for the newborn. Do not attempt to delay delivery by holding the presenting part in. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۳۰۰
پرسش
What belongs in a concise prearrival report for a time-sensitive patient?
پاسخ
Lead with the patient’s age, chief complaint or mechanism, timed vital-sign trends, key assessment findings, interventions, and response. Use the receiving system’s required prearrival format and activation process. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۳۰۱
پرسش
Should an EMT independently bypass the nearest hospital for every suspected stroke?
پاسخ
No. Use the regional stroke plan, which weighs the stroke screen, severity criteria if adopted, last known well, stability, destination capability, and added transport time. Consult medical direction when required. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۳۰۲
پرسش
What pregnancy-specific BLS action accompanies chest compressions when the uterine fundus is at or above the umbilicus?
پاسخ
Provide continuous manual left lateral uterine displacement while keeping the patient supine for effective compressions. Request the system's highest obstetric and resuscitation resources immediately. Source: 2025 AHA Adult and Pediatric Special Circumstances Guidelines.
کارت ۳۰۳
پرسش
A newborn is not breathing effectively after birth. Which initial actions come before prolonged stimulation?
پاسخ
Warm and maintain temperature, dry, position the airway, briefly stimulate, and clear the airway only if obstruction is suspected. If apnea, gasping, or ineffective breathing persists, begin ventilation promptly; prolonged stimulation must not delay it. Source: 2025 AHA/AAP Neonatal Resuscitation Guidelines.
کارت ۳۰۴
پرسش
Which time points should an EMT communicate for a suspected stroke?
پاسخ
Communicate last known well, when symptoms were discovered, and the time of the EMT's assessment; say when any time is unknown or estimated. Include the stroke-screen findings and relevant trend so the receiving system can act before arrival. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۳۰۵
پرسش
What should an EMT do before moving a bariatric patient when the available crew or cot may be inadequate?
پاسخ
Pause and request the trained personnel and patient-handling equipment needed for a safe move under the agency plan. Keep immediate medical care going, plan the route, explain the process respectfully, and do not improvise a lift that risks patient or crew injury. Source: CDC/NIOSH EMS Worker Safety.
کارت ۳۰۶
پرسش
A locally authorized 12-lead acquisition indicates a possible STEMI. What system actions follow?
پاسخ
Transmit or communicate the finding as the system requires, notify early, continue protocol-directed care, and transport to the designated cardiac-capable destination under the regional plan. EMT acquisition, interpretation, bypass, and activation authority vary locally. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۳۰۷
پرسش
A medically complex child has an unfamiliar device and an abnormal-looking baseline. What is the safest information source?
پاسخ
The child and caregiver are the first source: ask what is normal, what changed, and how the device usually works. Check for an emergency medical information form, card, or notebook; assess the child and device, bring the go bag, and consult medical control when needed under local protocol. Source: 2009 North Carolina EMSC guidance for children with special health care needs.
کارت ۳۰۸
پرسش
Which clinical information belongs in a trauma prearrival notification?
پاسخ
Report the patient’s age, chief complaint or injury mechanism, timed vital-sign trends, key assessment findings, major interventions, and response. Use the receiving system’s local activation trigger and report format. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۳۰۹
پرسش
What question should guide a request for air medical transport?
پاسخ
Ask whether the aircraft's clinical capability or total time to appropriate care is likely to benefit this patient more than ground transport, after considering availability, landing-zone time, weather, and local activation criteria. Do not request it from mechanism alone. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۳۱۰
پرسش
How should an EMT use national burn-referral criteria in a destination decision?
پاسخ
Use them to identify patients who may benefit from burn-center consultation or transfer, then follow the regional burn and trauma plan. Consider burn depth and extent, location, inhalation risk, associated trauma, age, and local resources rather than choosing a destination from one feature alone. Source: American Burn Association Burn Patient Referral Guidelines.
کارت ۳۱۱
پرسش
What limitation should an EMT remember when judging pediatric ambulance-restraint products?
پاسخ
Unlike passenger-vehicle child seats, pediatric ambulance restraints do not yet have one U.S. crash-test standard. Use only the manufacturer's intended position and size range and the agency's approved device and policy. Source: EMS for Children safe-transport guidance.
کارت ۳۱۲
پرسش
What information must accompany an EMS transfer of care?
پاسخ
Provide the patient’s identity and age, chief complaint, history or mechanism, past history, medications, allergies, timed vital signs, assessment, interventions, and response. Give a verbal and abbreviated written report when the full record is not yet available; local policy defines who may accept care and when responsibility transfers. Source: NASEMSO National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.
کارت ۳۱۳
پرسش
What is the purpose of a start-of-shift ambulance check?
پاسخ
Confirm that required equipment works and that medications and supplies are present before a call exposes a gap. Document the check under agency policy.

Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Recommended Essential Equipment for BLS and ALS Ground Ambulances.
کارت ۳۱۴
پرسش
What governs ambulance response mode and any driving exemptions?
پاسخ
Follow current state and local law, agency policy, dispatch authorization, and emergency-vehicle driver training. Warning devices request cooperation but do not guarantee right-of-way or remove the duty to drive safely.

Source: Emergency Vehicle Safety Initiative.
کارت ۳۱۵
پرسش
Who determines the required medication and supply quantities on a ground ambulance?
پاسخ
The EMS medical director and agency protocols. The national equipment statement requires quantities to be sufficient for continuous readiness but does not set one universal count.

Source: Recommended Essential Equipment for Basic Life Support and Advanced Life Support Ground Ambulances 2020: A Joint Position Statement.
کارت ۳۱۶
پرسش
Why check multiple BVM and mask sizes before the shift?
پاسخ
The crew must be ready to ventilate patients across the expected age and body-size range without improvising a poor seal. Verify each required size and accessory locally.

Source: 2021 National EMS Education Standards, amended February 24, 2025.
کارت ۳۱۷
پرسش
An oxygen cylinder is below the agency's replacement threshold. What should the EMT do?
پاسخ
Restore the oxygen supply to the agency-defined in-service quantity before relying on it. The medical director or agency protocol determines the exact quantity and exchange threshold.

Source: Recommended Essential Equipment for Basic Life Support and Advanced Life Support Ground Ambulances 2020: A Joint Position Statement.
کارت ۳۱۸
پرسش
Does the National Registry test plan define which encounters require an ePCR?
پاسخ
No. NREMT identifies Operations as an EMT exam domain, while the instructional guidelines leave reporting details to state or local requirements; exact reportable encounters and form follow applicable law and agency policy.

Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.
کارت ۳۱۹
پرسش
What ambulance safety practice does NIOSH recommend for EMS clinicians?
پاسخ
Use seatbelts in ambulances.

Source: EMS Worker Safety.
کارت ۳۲۰
پرسش
What pediatric readiness items deserve a deliberate daily check?
پاسخ
Confirm age-appropriate airway, ventilation, assessment, immobilization, and restraint equipment is present and functional. The medical director or protocol determines exact quantities.

Source: Recommended Essential Equipment for Basic Life Support and Advanced Life Support Ground Ambulances 2020: A Joint Position Statement.
کارت ۳۲۱
پرسش
What should happen when a readiness check finds missing supplies?
پاسخ
Rapidly replace or otherwise mitigate the missing items so continuous readiness is restored. Required quantities follow the medical director and agency protocols.

Source: Recommended Essential Equipment for Basic Life Support and Advanced Life Support Ground Ambulances 2020: A Joint Position Statement.
کارت ۳۲۲
پرسش
What must an AED readiness check confirm?
پاسخ
Confirm the AED passes its routine function check and that adult plus pediatric or combination pads are present. Follow manufacturer and agency requirements.

Source: Recommended Essential Equipment for Basic Life Support and Advanced Life Support Ground Ambulances 2020: A Joint Position Statement.
کارت ۳۲۳
پرسش
What is closed-loop communication?
پاسخ
The sender initiates the message, the receiver repeats or confirms the understood message, and the sender verifies that the understanding is accurate.

Source: Tool: Check-Back (or Repeat-Back).
کارت ۳۲۴
پرسش
What basic quality standard applies to EMT documentation?
پاسخ
Include objective and subjective information clearly, along with the required patient and administrative data. Follow the local ePCR format.

Source: Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.
کارت ۳۲۵
پرسش
Why secure monitors, cylinders, and bags before transport?
پاسخ
Unsecured equipment can injure occupants in a crash or sudden stop. Use the ambulance's provided mounting and restraint systems before movement.

Source: Emergency Medical Services Workers: How Employers Can Prevent Injuries and Exposures.
کارت ۳۲۶
پرسش
Why use plain language on an interagency incident?
پاسخ
Plain language reduces ambiguity when agencies use different codes or jargon and supports the common terminology required for coordinated operations.

Source: National Incident Management System Toolkit.
کارت ۳۲۷
پرسش
What should a team brief establish before a complex move or procedure?
پاسخ
Identify the team and leader, goals, roles, plan, expected outcomes, and available resources so the crew begins with shared expectations.

Source: Sharing the Care Plan: Brief.
کارت ۳۲۸
پرسش
What should a suction-equipment readiness check establish?
پاسخ
Confirm the manual and powered suction devices pass routine function checks and that suction catheters are available from neonatal through adult sizes.

Source: Recommended Essential Equipment for Basic Life Support and Advanced Life Support Ground Ambulances 2020: A Joint Position Statement.
کارت ۳۲۹
پرسش
Which time-linked details should an ePCR preserve?
پاسخ
Record the times the system requires for dispatch, arrival, patient contact, assessments, interventions, response, movement, and transfer so the clinical sequence can be reconstructed.

Source: NEMSIS Version 3 Data Dictionaries and XSD.
کارت ۳۳۰
پرسش
What electronic-device behavior is unsafe for the ambulance driver?
پاسخ
Do not text, use a handheld phone, or manually enter data while driving. Transfer the task or stop in a safe place.

Source: Emergency Medical Services Workers: How Employers Can Prevent Injuries and Exposures.
کارت ۳۳۱
پرسش
A crew member's safety concern is not resolved after the first challenge. What should they do?
پاسخ
Voice the concern assertively at least twice. If the danger remains, take stronger action and escalate through the supervisor or chain of command; stop the line for an essential safety breach.

Source: Tool: Two-Challenge Rule.
کارت ۳۳۲
پرسش
What does NIMS common terminology solve?
پاسخ
It gives agencies shared names for functions, resources, and facilities so teams can coordinate without translating incompatible local jargon.

Source: National Incident Management System Toolkit.
کارت ۳۳۳
پرسش
Which three points should an EMT refusal record cover?
پاسخ
Record the assessment performed (or what the patient allowed), the recommended care, and the possible consequences of refusing that were explained to the patient. Complete the full refusal process under applicable state law, medical direction, and agency protocol.

Source: Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.
کارت ۳۳۴
پرسش
Which structure can organize a concise receiving-facility radio report?
پاسخ
Use SBAR: situation, background, assessment, and recommendation or request. Select the relevant details and follow the receiving system's required format.

Source: Tool: SBAR.
کارت ۳۳۵
پرسش
A treatment can be delayed briefly until the attendant is belted. What is the safer choice?
پاسخ
Sit and buckle the available restraint before the vehicle moves. Organize care to minimize time unrestrained in the patient compartment.

Source: Emergency Medical Services Workers: How Employers Can Prevent Injuries and Exposures.
کارت ۳۳۶
پرسش
What is unity of command in ICS?
پاسخ
Each individual reports to only one designated supervisor for the incident assignment. This prevents conflicting orders within the incident organization.

Source: National Incident Management System, Third Edition.
کارت ۳۳۷
پرسش
How should an EMT correct a completed ePCR?
پاسخ
Use a clearly identified amendment or correction that preserves the original entry and records the date and author. Follow the ePCR and agency correction process.

Source: Clarifying the Instructions for Amending or Correcting Entries in Medical Records.
کارت ۳۳۸
پرسش
What national readiness principle applies to the ambulance cot?
پاسخ
Include the gurney in routine preventive maintenance and function checks. Rapidly mitigate a malfunction before the unit relies on it.

Source: Recommended Essential Equipment for Basic Life Support and Advanced Life Support Ground Ambulances 2020: A Joint Position Statement.
کارت ۳۳۹
پرسش
The patient's condition changes after the hospital notification. What should EMS do?
پاسخ
Send a prompt SBAR update: identify the new situation, relevant background, reassessment, and recommendation or request. Follow the receiving system's required format.

Source: Tool: SBAR.
کارت ۳۴۰
پرسش
What should an emergency-vehicle driver do at an intersection?
پاسخ
Approach at a controllable speed, come to a complete stop where law or training requires it, and proceed only after every lane and the path ahead are visibly clear.

Source: Emergency Vehicle Safety Initiative.
کارت ۳۴۱
پرسش
What transfer-of-care facts should the record identify?
پاسخ
Identify the receiving person or service, transfer location and time, patient condition, information given, and disposition according to the ePCR and local requirements.

Source: NEMSIS Version 3 Data Dictionaries and XSD.
کارت ۳۴۲
پرسش
A monitor or stretcher fails its function check. What is the readiness priority?
پاسخ
Rapidly mitigate the malfunction and restore functional equipment before the unit relies on it. Follow the agency's maintenance and replacement process.

Source: Recommended Essential Equipment for Basic Life Support and Advanced Life Support Ground Ambulances 2020: A Joint Position Statement.
کارت ۳۴۳
پرسش
Which abilities can work-related fatigue impair?
پاسخ
Fatigue can slow reaction time, reduce attention and short-term memory, and impair judgment—all directly relevant to driving and patient care.

Source: Fatigue and Work.
کارت ۳۴۴
پرسش
May a child ride unrestrained or in an adult's arms in a moving ambulance?
پاسخ
No. Secure each child with an appropriate child-restraint system for the transport situation; never plan to use an adult's arms as the restraint.

Source: Working Group Best-Practice Recommendations for the Safe Transportation of Children in Emergency Ground Ambulances.
کارت ۳۴۵
پرسش
Visibility is poor while backing the ambulance. What should the driver do?
پاسخ
Stop rather than guess and use a spotter when available. If the spotter disappears from view or the path becomes uncertain, stop again.

Source: Emergency Vehicle Safety Initiative.
کارت ۳۴۶
پرسش
What ground qualities make a safer helicopter landing zone?
پاسخ
Use a site that is level, firm, and free of loose debris, with adequate size and clearance for the specific aircraft as confirmed by the flight crew.

Source: Aeronautical Information Manual, Chapter 10: Helicopter Operations.
کارت ۳۴۷
پرسش
A responder recognizes fatigue is making driving or care unsafe. What should they do?
پاسخ
If driving, pull over safely. Report fatigue in yourself or a coworker to the direct supervisor, who can determine the safest course of action.

Source: Driver Fatigue on the Job.
کارت ۳۴۸
پرسش
How is the correct pediatric ambulance restraint selected?
پاسخ
Match the restraint solution to the child's size and medical condition, the required care and monitoring, and the approved transport position. Follow manufacturer, state, and agency requirements.

Source: Working Group Best-Practice Recommendations for the Safe Transportation of Children in Emergency Ground Ambulances.
کارت ۳۴۹
پرسش
What is the operational purpose of a staging area?
پاسخ
It is a temporary location for available resources awaiting tactical assignment. Staging tracks their status and keeps unassigned resources controlled.

Source: National Incident Management System, Third Edition.
کارت ۳۵۰
پرسش
What makes a transfer-of-care handoff complete?
پاسخ
Transfer the relevant patient information, responsibility, and accountability; communicate recent changes, treatment response, and the contingency plan; allow questions and obtain the receiver's acknowledgment.

Source: Tool: Handoff.
کارت ۳۵۱
پرسش
Which landing-zone hazards must be reported to the helicopter crew?
پاسخ
Report wires, poles, trees, vehicles, people, terrain, loose debris, smoke, lighting, wind, and other obstacles; wires deserve explicit mention because they can be hard to see from the air.

Source: Aeronautical Information Manual, Chapter 10: Helicopter Operations.
کارت ۳۵۲
پرسش
An EMS employer wants to promote safe patient handling. What should it provide?
پاسخ
Provide the needed equipment for safe patient-handling techniques.

Source: EMS Worker Safety.
کارت ۳۵۳
پرسش
How should a crew request extra resources inside an established incident command system?
پاسخ
Use the established resource-ordering process and assigned supervisor. State the needed capability; do not independently deploy resources that have not been requested and dispatched.

Source: National Incident Management System, Third Edition.
کارت ۳۵۴
پرسش
Does HIPAA block a clinically necessary handoff to another treating provider?
پاسخ
No. The Privacy Rule permits disclosures for treatment, and the minimum-necessary rule does not apply to provider-to-provider treatment disclosures. Still use reasonable safeguards and agency-approved channels.

Source: Uses and Disclosures for Treatment, Payment, and Health Care Operations.
کارت ۳۵۵
پرسش
When may ground EMS approach a running helicopter?
پاسخ
Approach only after the flight crew signals and only by the direction and route that crew specifies; secure loose items and never walk toward the tail rotor.

Source: Aeronautical Information Manual, Chapter 10: Helicopter Operations.
کارت ۳۵۶
پرسش
What administrative action follows an occupational exposure or near miss?
پاسخ
Report it through the agency's injury and near-miss system so the event can be evaluated and used to prevent recurrence. Follow the required exposure follow-up process.

Source: Emergency Medical Services Workers: How Employers Can Prevent Injuries and Exposures.
کارت ۳۵۷
پرسش
After an ambulance crash, which scene-size-up tasks restart?
پاسخ
Protect responders, patients, and the public; investigate potential patients; and request resources based on the hazards and patient conditions. Then follow the local crash procedure.

Sources: NREMT certification examinations content; Emergency Medical Technician Instructional Guidelines.
کارت ۳۵۸
پرسش
What should accompany a transfer of incident command?
پاسخ
Use the established transfer process, give the incoming commander a briefing with essential incident information, and communicate the effective time and date of transfer to incident personnel.

Source: National Incident Management System, Third Edition.
کارت ۳۵۹
پرسش
Who has final authority over whether an aircraft operates?
پاسخ
The pilot in command is directly responsible for and has final authority over the operation of the aircraft.

Source: Aeronautical Information Publication, Chapter 6, Section 1: General.
کارت ۳۶۰
پرسش
What support should an EMT use when traumatic stress persists or interferes with daily life?
پاسخ
Use peer support and any formal mental or behavioral health support the employer provides; seek professional help early. If you might harm yourself or someone else, call 911 or 988.

Source: Hurricane and Flood Key Messages for Employers, Workers, and Volunteers, 2025.

Editorial illustration of one responder checking a seated patient’s wrist beside an open unbranded ambulance while a second responder prepares a stretcher.

۳۶۰ کارت