Human Body Systems Flashcards: 11 Organ Systems, Organs & Functions
Study 105 cards on organization levels, 11 organ systems, representative organs, core functions, and homeostasis. This model counts integumentary separately and combines lymphatic/immune.
O ovom špilu
Human Body Systems Flashcards: 11 Organ Systems, Organs & Functions
Build a practical overview of the human body before moving into regional anatomy. These 105 English flashcards start with cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and homeostasis, then cover the main function and representative structures of each system.
The 11-system model
Anatomy resources do not all group the systems the same way. NCI SEER Training's introductory overview lists ten systems because it does not count the integumentary system separately. This deck uses a common introductory 11-system convention: integumentary; skeletal; muscular; nervous; endocrine; cardiovascular; lymphatic/immune; respiratory; digestive; urinary; and reproductive. It counts integumentary separately and combines lymphatic and immune functions.
What the cards practice
- Recall each system's main job.
- Connect representative organs and structures with their system or role.
- Use a limited set of bounded reverse prompts where producing the system or organ is genuinely useful.
- Explain a few clear homeostasis links, including movement, gas transport, fat absorption, temperature control, blood composition, sensation, and digestive propulsion.
The deck does not mechanically reverse every fact or treat shared organs as belonging exclusively to one system. The pancreas, gonads, diaphragm, skin, liver, and other cross-system structures are described by the role being reviewed.
Learning order
Organization levels come first. The cards then make repeated passes through all 11 systems: main functions before structures, and structures before selected reverse recall. Each system returns only after ten unrelated cards, so similar prompts do not cue one another. The final ten cards connect systems through homeostasis.
Scope
This is an introductory anatomy and physiology overview. It excludes diagnosis, treatment, clinical advice, detailed pathology, medical procedures, image-identification practice, exhaustive organ lists, and advanced pathway detail. It supports study but does not replace a full course, lab, or medical guidance.
Facts were checked primarily against the NCI SEER Training anatomy modules, with focused cross-checks from NIAMS on skin, NIAID on the immune system, and NIDDK overviews of digestion and the urinary tract.
The prompts, answers, sequence, metadata, and generated cover were independently created from common knowledge and original work. No competitor cards, textbook prose, source figures, logos, or third-party media were copied.
The Common knowledge · CC0 1.0 label applies to the original wording, organization, metadata, and cover to the extent applicable rights exist. It does not claim ownership of anatomical facts.
Source review date: August 31, 2026.
Kartice u ovom špilu
Kartica 1
Pitanje
Why can two anatomy resources give different counts for the body's organ systems?
Odgovor
Classification conventions vary. This deck uses 11 systems by counting the integumentary system separately and combining lymphatic and immune functions.
Kartica 2
Pitanje
What is the usual order of biological organization from simplest to most complex in the human body?
Odgovor
Cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism.
Kartica 3
Pitanje
What is a cell in the body's organization hierarchy?
Odgovor
The basic living unit of the body.
Kartica 4
Pitanje
What is a tissue?
Odgovor
A group of similar cells, together with their surrounding material, organized to perform a shared function.
Kartica 5
Pitanje
What is an organ?
Odgovor
A structure made of multiple tissue types working together for one or more specific functions.
Kartica 6
Pitanje
What is an organ system?
Odgovor
A group of organs and related structures that cooperate in major body functions.
Kartica 7
Pitanje
What does homeostasis mean in introductory physiology?
Odgovor
Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment while conditions inside or outside the body change.
Kartica 8
Pitanje
What is the integumentary system's main job?
Odgovor
It forms the body's outer barrier, limits water loss, helps regulate temperature, and provides sensation.
Kartica 9
Pitanje
What are the skeletal system's main jobs?
Odgovor
Support and protect the body, provide levers for movement, store minerals, and house blood-forming marrow.
Kartica 10
Pitanje
What is the muscular system's main job?
Odgovor
It produces body movement through muscle contraction and also supports posture, joint stability, and heat production.
Kartica 11
Pitanje
What is the nervous system's main job?
Odgovor
It detects changes, integrates information, and coordinates rapid responses through sensory, processing, and motor activity.
Kartica 12
Pitanje
What is the endocrine system's main job?
Odgovor
It uses hormones to regulate processes such as growth, metabolism, development, reproduction, and long-term homeostasis.
Kartica 13
Pitanje
What is the cardiovascular system's main job?
Odgovor
It circulates blood to transport gases, nutrients, hormones, heat, cells, and wastes around the body.
Kartica 14
Pitanje
What are the lymphatic/immune system's main jobs in this deck's combined model?
Odgovor
It returns excess tissue fluid to the blood, supports immune defense, and carries absorbed fats from the small intestine.
Kartica 15
Pitanje
What is the respiratory system's main job?
Odgovor
It brings oxygen into contact with the blood and removes carbon dioxide through gas exchange.
Kartica 16
Pitanje
What is the digestive system's main job?
Odgovor
It breaks food into absorbable components, absorbs nutrients and water, and eliminates material that was not digested.
Kartica 17
Pitanje
What is the urinary system's main job?
Odgovor
It removes wastes in urine and regulates body-fluid volume, electrolytes, and acid-base balance.
Kartica 18
Pitanje
What is the reproductive system's main job?
Odgovor
It produces gametes and reproductive hormones and provides structures that support fertilization and, in the female system, development before birth.
Kartica 19
Pitanje
Which organ system includes the skin?
Odgovor
The integumentary system.
Kartica 20
Pitanje
Which organ system includes bones?
Odgovor
The skeletal system.
Kartica 21
Pitanje
In the conventional organ-system model, what structures make up the muscular system?
Odgovor
Primarily skeletal muscles and their associated tendons. Smooth and cardiac muscle tissue also drives movement inside other organ systems.
Kartica 22
Pitanje
Which structures make up the central nervous system?
Odgovor
The brain and spinal cord.
Kartica 23
Pitanje
How do endocrine glands release hormones?
Odgovor
They release hormones into the surrounding fluid and blood rather than through ducts to a surface.
Kartica 24
Pitanje
What does the heart do in the cardiovascular system?
Odgovor
It pumps blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
Kartica 25
Pitanje
What is lymph?
Odgovor
Interstitial fluid after it enters lymphatic capillaries and begins moving through lymphatic vessels.
Kartica 26
Pitanje
What route does inhaled air follow from the nose toward the gas-exchange surfaces?
Odgovor
Nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → smaller airways → alveoli.
Kartica 27
Pitanje
What is the gastrointestinal tract?
Odgovor
A continuous muscular tube from the mouth to the anus that includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
Kartica 28
Pitanje
Which four structures form the urinary tract?
Odgovor
The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Kartica 29
Pitanje
What are the gonads, and what do they produce?
Odgovor
The ovaries and testes. They produce gametes and reproductive hormones.
Kartica 30
Pitanje
Which skin layer is the outer protective barrier?
Odgovor
The epidermis.
Kartica 31
Pitanje
What is cartilage's main role in the skeletal system?
Odgovor
It provides flexible support and smooth, low-friction surfaces at many joints.
Kartica 32
Pitanje
What does a tendon connect?
Odgovor
Muscle to bone.
Kartica 33
Pitanje
What structures make up the peripheral nervous system?
Odgovor
Nerves, ganglia, and sensory endings outside the brain and spinal cord.
Kartica 34
Pitanje
What is the pituitary gland's broad endocrine role?
Odgovor
It releases hormones that regulate several other endocrine glands and body functions.
Kartica 35
Pitanje
In what direction do arteries carry blood?
Odgovor
Away from the heart.
Kartica 36
Pitanje
What do lymph nodes do?
Odgovor
They filter lymph and serve as meeting points where immune cells sample material and coordinate responses.
Kartica 37
Pitanje
What are alveoli?
Odgovor
Tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the blood.
Kartica 38
Pitanje
What is the esophagus's digestive role?
Odgovor
It transports swallowed material from the pharynx to the stomach.
Kartica 39
Pitanje
What do the kidneys do?
Odgovor
They filter blood, remove wastes and excess substances into urine, and regulate water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance.
Kartica 40
Pitanje
What do the ovaries produce?
Odgovor
Oocytes, commonly called egg cells, and hormones including estrogens and progesterone.
Kartica 41
Pitanje
Which skin layer contains most skin blood vessels, sensory endings, hair follicles, and glands?
Odgovor
The dermis.
Kartica 42
Pitanje
What does a ligament connect?
Odgovor
Bone to bone, helping stabilize a joint.
Kartica 43
Pitanje
What makes skeletal muscle suited for moving the skeleton?
Odgovor
It contracts under voluntary control and pulls on bones through tendons.
Kartica 44
Pitanje
What do sensory receptors contribute to the nervous system?
Odgovor
They detect changes inside or outside the body and convert them into signals the nervous system can process.
Kartica 45
Pitanje
What is the thyroid gland's broad endocrine role?
Odgovor
It releases hormones that help regulate metabolic rate, growth, and development.
Kartica 46
Pitanje
In what direction do veins carry blood?
Odgovor
Toward the heart.
Kartica 47
Pitanje
What is the spleen's lymphatic/immune role?
Odgovor
It filters blood, removes aging blood cells, and supports immune responses to material carried in the bloodstream.
Kartica 48
Pitanje
What is the trachea's respiratory role?
Odgovor
It conducts air from the larynx toward the bronchi and helps keep the airway open.
Kartica 49
Pitanje
What is the stomach's main digestive role?
Odgovor
It stores and mixes food while beginning substantial chemical digestion of proteins.
Kartica 50
Pitanje
What do the ureters do?
Odgovor
They carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Kartica 51
Pitanje
What do the testes produce?
Odgovor
Sperm cells and hormones, especially testosterone.
Kartica 52
Pitanje
How do sweat glands help regulate body temperature?
Odgovor
They release sweat; evaporation from the skin removes heat.
Kartica 53
Pitanje
What is red bone marrow's main role?
Odgovor
It produces blood cells, including red blood cells, many white blood cells, and platelets.
105 kartica
Human Body Systems Flashcards: 11 Organ Systems, Organs & Functions
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Kartica 54
Pitanje
What does smooth muscle do in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels?
Odgovor
Its involuntary contractions move contents through organs or adjust a vessel's diameter.
Kartica 55
Pitanje
What is a neuron's basic job?
Odgovor
To receive, process, and transmit information using electrical and chemical signals.
Kartica 56
Pitanje
What is the broad endocrine role of the parathyroid glands?
Odgovor
They release parathyroid hormone, a key regulator of calcium levels in the blood.
Kartica 57
Pitanje
What is the main job of capillaries?
Odgovor
They provide thin-walled exchange sites between blood and surrounding tissues.
Kartica 58
Pitanje
What is the thymus's immune role?
Odgovor
It is where T lymphocytes mature.
Kartica 59
Pitanje
What do the bronchi do?
Odgovor
They carry air from the trachea into the lungs and branch into progressively smaller airways.
Kartica 60
Pitanje
What is the small intestine's main digestive role?
Odgovor
It completes most chemical digestion and is the main site where nutrients are absorbed.
Kartica 61
Pitanje
What is the urinary bladder's main role?
Odgovor
It stores urine until urination.
Kartica 62
Pitanje
What do the uterine tubes do?
Odgovor
They transport an oocyte from an ovary toward the uterus and are the usual site of fertilization.
Kartica 63
Pitanje
What roles do hair and hair follicles serve in the integumentary system?
Odgovor
They contribute to protection and sensation; follicles also help renew skin after minor injury.
Kartica 64
Pitanje
How do the axial and appendicular skeletons differ?
Odgovor
The axial skeleton forms the body's central axis; the appendicular skeleton includes the limbs and the girdles that attach them.
Kartica 65
Pitanje
Where is cardiac muscle found?
Odgovor
In the wall of the heart, where it contracts involuntarily to pump blood.
Kartica 66
Pitanje
Why can the nervous system coordinate rapid responses?
Odgovor
It sends fast electrical signals along neurons and uses chemical signals across synapses.
Kartica 67
Pitanje
What is the broad endocrine role of the adrenal glands?
Odgovor
They release hormones involved in stress responses, metabolism, salt balance, and blood-pressure regulation.
Kartica 68
Pitanje
Why is blood considered part of the cardiovascular system?
Odgovor
It is the circulating transport tissue moved through the heart and blood vessels.
Kartica 69
Pitanje
What immune role do the tonsils serve?
Odgovor
They sample material entering through the mouth and nose and help start immune responses.
Kartica 70
Pitanje
How does the diaphragm support the respiratory system?
Odgovor
Its contraction enlarges the thoracic cavity, drawing air into the lungs. It is skeletal muscle working in ventilation.
Kartica 71
Pitanje
What is the large intestine's main digestive role?
Odgovor
It absorbs water and electrolytes and compacts the remaining material into feces.
Kartica 72
Pitanje
What does the urethra do?
Odgovor
It carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
Kartica 73
Pitanje
What is the uterus's main reproductive role?
Odgovor
It receives an implanted embryo and supports development before birth.
Kartica 74
Pitanje
What do nails contribute to the integumentary system?
Odgovor
They protect the tips of fingers and toes and provide a firm counter-surface for fine grasping.
Kartica 75
Pitanje
Which skeletal structures protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs?
Odgovor
The skull protects the brain, vertebrae protect the spinal cord, and the rib cage helps protect the heart and lungs.
Kartica 76
Pitanje
How does skeletal muscle contribute to posture and body temperature?
Odgovor
Ongoing small contractions stabilize posture, while muscle activity releases heat.
Kartica 77
Pitanje
How do the central and peripheral nervous systems differ?
Odgovor
The central nervous system is the brain and spinal cord; the peripheral system connects them with the rest of the body.
Kartica 78
Pitanje
What do the pancreatic islets contribute to the endocrine system?
Odgovor
They release hormones, including insulin and glucagon, that help regulate blood glucose.
Kartica 79
Pitanje
How do pulmonary and systemic circulation differ?
Odgovor
Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and lungs; systemic circulation moves it between the heart and the rest of the body.
Kartica 80
Pitanje
What do intestinal lacteals absorb?
Odgovor
Dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the small intestine into the lymphatic circulation.
Kartica 81
Pitanje
What is external respiration?
Odgovor
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in the lungs and blood in pulmonary capillaries.
Kartica 82
Pitanje
Which major accessory organs add secretions to the digestive tract?
Odgovor
The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Kartica 83
Pitanje
How do the kidneys help keep body fluids stable?
Odgovor
They adjust how much water, electrolytes, acids, and bases leave the body in urine.
Kartica 84
Pitanje
What is the epididymis's reproductive role?
Odgovor
It is the coiled duct where sperm mature and are stored before entering the ductus deferens.
Kartica 85
Pitanje
Which organ system includes hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands?
Odgovor
The integumentary system.
Kartica 86
Pitanje
Which organ system stores most of the body's calcium?
Odgovor
The skeletal system, mainly in the mineral matrix of bone.
Kartica 87
Pitanje
Which organ system produces most visible body movement through contraction?
Odgovor
The muscular system, working with the skeleton and nervous system.
Kartica 88
Pitanje
Which organ system coordinates rapid sensory and motor responses?
Odgovor
The nervous system.
Kartica 89
Pitanje
Which organs have both reproductive and endocrine roles?
Odgovor
The ovaries and testes: they produce gametes for the reproductive system and hormones for endocrine signaling.
Kartica 90
Pitanje
Which organ system consists of the heart, blood, and a closed network of vessels?
Odgovor
The cardiovascular system.
Kartica 91
Pitanje
Which organ system returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood and includes lymph nodes?
Odgovor
The lymphatic/immune system.
Kartica 92
Pitanje
Which organ system removes carbon dioxide and thereby helps regulate blood pH?
Odgovor
The respiratory system.
Kartica 93
Pitanje
Why are the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas called accessory digestive organs?
Odgovor
Food does not pass through them, but their secretions support digestion in the gastrointestinal tract.
Kartica 94
Pitanje
Which urinary organ stores urine before it leaves the body?
Odgovor
The urinary bladder.
Kartica 95
Pitanje
Which reproductive organ supports an implanted embryo and fetal development?
Odgovor
The uterus.
Kartica 96
Pitanje
How do the skeletal and muscular systems work together to produce movement?
Odgovor
Skeletal muscles contract and pull on bones, which act as levers across joints.
Kartica 97
Pitanje
How do the respiratory and cardiovascular systems cooperate in gas transport?
Odgovor
The respiratory system exchanges gases in the lungs; the cardiovascular system carries oxygen to tissues and returns carbon dioxide to the lungs.
Kartica 98
Pitanje
How do the nervous and endocrine systems differ in body control?
Odgovor
The nervous system usually sends fast, targeted signals; the endocrine system sends hormones through the blood for generally slower, longer-lasting effects.
Kartica 99
Pitanje
How do the digestive and lymphatic systems cooperate in fat absorption?
Odgovor
Lacteals in small-intestinal villi absorb dietary fats and carry them into the lymphatic circulation.
Kartica 100
Pitanje
How do the integumentary and muscular systems help regulate body temperature?
Odgovor
Skin promotes heat loss through sweating and blood-flow changes, while muscle contraction produces heat.
Kartica 101
Pitanje
How does the urinary system support cardiovascular homeostasis?
Odgovor
By adjusting water and electrolyte excretion, the kidneys help regulate blood volume, composition, and pressure.
Kartica 102
Pitanje
How do the endocrine and reproductive systems cooperate?
Odgovor
Hormones regulate reproductive development and function, while the gonads produce both gametes and hormones.
Kartica 103
Pitanje
How do the skeletal and lymphatic/immune systems connect through bone marrow?
Odgovor
Red bone marrow produces blood cells, including white blood cells that take part in immune defense.
Kartica 104
Pitanje
How do the integumentary and nervous systems cooperate in sensation?
Odgovor
Receptors in the skin detect touch, temperature, pressure, and potentially harmful stimuli, then sensory nerves carry those signals toward the central nervous system.
Kartica 105
Pitanje
How do the muscular and digestive systems cooperate to move food?
Odgovor
Smooth muscle in the digestive tract produces coordinated contractions that propel and mix its contents.
105 kartica
Human Body Systems Flashcards: 11 Organ Systems, Organs & Functions
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