Human Body Systems Flashcards: 11 Organ Systems, Organs & Functions
Study 105 cards on organization levels, 11 organ systems, representative organs, core functions, and homeostasis. This model counts integumentary separately and combines lymphatic/immune.
دربارهٔ این دسته
Human Body Systems Flashcards: 11 Organ Systems, Organs & Functions
Build a practical overview of the human body before moving into regional anatomy. These 105 English flashcards start with cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and homeostasis, then cover the main function and representative structures of each system.
The 11-system model
Anatomy resources do not all group the systems the same way. NCI SEER Training's introductory overview lists ten systems because it does not count the integumentary system separately. This deck uses a common introductory 11-system convention: integumentary; skeletal; muscular; nervous; endocrine; cardiovascular; lymphatic/immune; respiratory; digestive; urinary; and reproductive. It counts integumentary separately and combines lymphatic and immune functions.
What the cards practice
- Recall each system's main job.
- Connect representative organs and structures with their system or role.
- Use a limited set of bounded reverse prompts where producing the system or organ is genuinely useful.
- Explain a few clear homeostasis links, including movement, gas transport, fat absorption, temperature control, blood composition, sensation, and digestive propulsion.
The deck does not mechanically reverse every fact or treat shared organs as belonging exclusively to one system. The pancreas, gonads, diaphragm, skin, liver, and other cross-system structures are described by the role being reviewed.
Learning order
Organization levels come first. The cards then make repeated passes through all 11 systems: main functions before structures, and structures before selected reverse recall. Each system returns only after ten unrelated cards, so similar prompts do not cue one another. The final ten cards connect systems through homeostasis.
Scope
This is an introductory anatomy and physiology overview. It excludes diagnosis, treatment, clinical advice, detailed pathology, medical procedures, image-identification practice, exhaustive organ lists, and advanced pathway detail. It supports study but does not replace a full course, lab, or medical guidance.
Facts were checked primarily against the NCI SEER Training anatomy modules, with focused cross-checks from NIAMS on skin, NIAID on the immune system, and NIDDK overviews of digestion and the urinary tract.
The prompts, answers, sequence, metadata, and generated cover were independently created from common knowledge and original work. No competitor cards, textbook prose, source figures, logos, or third-party media were copied.
The Common knowledge · CC0 1.0 label applies to the original wording, organization, metadata, and cover to the extent applicable rights exist. It does not claim ownership of anatomical facts.
Source review date: August 31, 2026.
کارتهای این دسته
کارت ۱
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Why can two anatomy resources give different counts for the body's organ systems?
پاسخ
Classification conventions vary. This deck uses 11 systems by counting the integumentary system separately and combining lymphatic and immune functions.
کارت ۲
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What is the usual order of biological organization from simplest to most complex in the human body?
پاسخ
Cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism.
کارت ۳
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What is a cell in the body's organization hierarchy?
پاسخ
The basic living unit of the body.
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What is a tissue?
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A group of similar cells, together with their surrounding material, organized to perform a shared function.
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What is an organ?
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A structure made of multiple tissue types working together for one or more specific functions.
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What is an organ system?
پاسخ
A group of organs and related structures that cooperate in major body functions.
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What does homeostasis mean in introductory physiology?
پاسخ
Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment while conditions inside or outside the body change.
کارت ۸
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What is the integumentary system's main job?
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It forms the body's outer barrier, limits water loss, helps regulate temperature, and provides sensation.
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What are the skeletal system's main jobs?
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Support and protect the body, provide levers for movement, store minerals, and house blood-forming marrow.
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What is the muscular system's main job?
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It produces body movement through muscle contraction and also supports posture, joint stability, and heat production.
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What is the nervous system's main job?
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It detects changes, integrates information, and coordinates rapid responses through sensory, processing, and motor activity.
کارت ۱۲
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What is the endocrine system's main job?
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It uses hormones to regulate processes such as growth, metabolism, development, reproduction, and long-term homeostasis.
کارت ۱۳
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What is the cardiovascular system's main job?
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It circulates blood to transport gases, nutrients, hormones, heat, cells, and wastes around the body.
کارت ۱۴
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What are the lymphatic/immune system's main jobs in this deck's combined model?
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It returns excess tissue fluid to the blood, supports immune defense, and carries absorbed fats from the small intestine.
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What is the respiratory system's main job?
پاسخ
It brings oxygen into contact with the blood and removes carbon dioxide through gas exchange.
کارت ۱۶
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What is the digestive system's main job?
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It breaks food into absorbable components, absorbs nutrients and water, and eliminates material that was not digested.
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What is the urinary system's main job?
پاسخ
It removes wastes in urine and regulates body-fluid volume, electrolytes, and acid-base balance.
کارت ۱۸
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What is the reproductive system's main job?
پاسخ
It produces gametes and reproductive hormones and provides structures that support fertilization and, in the female system, development before birth.
کارت ۱۹
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Which organ system includes the skin?
پاسخ
The integumentary system.
کارت ۲۰
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Which organ system includes bones?
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The skeletal system.
کارت ۲۱
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In the conventional organ-system model, what structures make up the muscular system?
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Primarily skeletal muscles and their associated tendons. Smooth and cardiac muscle tissue also drives movement inside other organ systems.
کارت ۲۲
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Which structures make up the central nervous system?
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The brain and spinal cord.
کارت ۲۳
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How do endocrine glands release hormones?
پاسخ
They release hormones into the surrounding fluid and blood rather than through ducts to a surface.
کارت ۲۴
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What does the heart do in the cardiovascular system?
پاسخ
It pumps blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
کارت ۲۵
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What is lymph?
پاسخ
Interstitial fluid after it enters lymphatic capillaries and begins moving through lymphatic vessels.
کارت ۲۶
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What route does inhaled air follow from the nose toward the gas-exchange surfaces?
پاسخ
Nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → smaller airways → alveoli.
کارت ۲۷
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What is the gastrointestinal tract?
پاسخ
A continuous muscular tube from the mouth to the anus that includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
کارت ۲۸
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Which four structures form the urinary tract?
پاسخ
The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
کارت ۲۹
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What are the gonads, and what do they produce?
پاسخ
The ovaries and testes. They produce gametes and reproductive hormones.
کارت ۳۰
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Which skin layer is the outer protective barrier?
پاسخ
The epidermis.
کارت ۳۱
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What is cartilage's main role in the skeletal system?
پاسخ
It provides flexible support and smooth, low-friction surfaces at many joints.
کارت ۳۲
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What does a tendon connect?
پاسخ
Muscle to bone.
کارت ۳۳
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What structures make up the peripheral nervous system?
پاسخ
Nerves, ganglia, and sensory endings outside the brain and spinal cord.
کارت ۳۴
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What is the pituitary gland's broad endocrine role?
پاسخ
It releases hormones that regulate several other endocrine glands and body functions.
کارت ۳۵
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In what direction do arteries carry blood?
پاسخ
Away from the heart.
کارت ۳۶
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What do lymph nodes do?
پاسخ
They filter lymph and serve as meeting points where immune cells sample material and coordinate responses.
کارت ۳۷
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What are alveoli?
پاسخ
Tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the blood.
کارت ۳۸
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What is the esophagus's digestive role?
پاسخ
It transports swallowed material from the pharynx to the stomach.
کارت ۳۹
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What do the kidneys do?
پاسخ
They filter blood, remove wastes and excess substances into urine, and regulate water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance.
کارت ۴۰
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What do the ovaries produce?
پاسخ
Oocytes, commonly called egg cells, and hormones including estrogens and progesterone.
کارت ۴۱
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Which skin layer contains most skin blood vessels, sensory endings, hair follicles, and glands?
پاسخ
The dermis.
کارت ۴۲
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What does a ligament connect?
پاسخ
Bone to bone, helping stabilize a joint.
کارت ۴۳
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What makes skeletal muscle suited for moving the skeleton?
پاسخ
It contracts under voluntary control and pulls on bones through tendons.
کارت ۴۴
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What do sensory receptors contribute to the nervous system?
پاسخ
They detect changes inside or outside the body and convert them into signals the nervous system can process.
کارت ۴۵
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What is the thyroid gland's broad endocrine role?
پاسخ
It releases hormones that help regulate metabolic rate, growth, and development.
کارت ۴۶
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In what direction do veins carry blood?
پاسخ
Toward the heart.
کارت ۴۷
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What is the spleen's lymphatic/immune role?
پاسخ
It filters blood, removes aging blood cells, and supports immune responses to material carried in the bloodstream.
کارت ۴۸
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What is the trachea's respiratory role?
پاسخ
It conducts air from the larynx toward the bronchi and helps keep the airway open.
کارت ۴۹
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What is the stomach's main digestive role?
پاسخ
It stores and mixes food while beginning substantial chemical digestion of proteins.
کارت ۵۰
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What do the ureters do?
پاسخ
They carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
کارت ۵۱
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What do the testes produce?
پاسخ
Sperm cells and hormones, especially testosterone.
کارت ۵۲
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How do sweat glands help regulate body temperature?
پاسخ
They release sweat; evaporation from the skin removes heat.
کارت ۵۳
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What is red bone marrow's main role?
پاسخ
It produces blood cells, including red blood cells, many white blood cells, and platelets.
۱۰۵ کارت
Human Body Systems Flashcards: 11 Organ Systems, Organs & Functions
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کارت ۵۴
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What does smooth muscle do in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels?
پاسخ
Its involuntary contractions move contents through organs or adjust a vessel's diameter.
کارت ۵۵
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What is a neuron's basic job?
پاسخ
To receive, process, and transmit information using electrical and chemical signals.
کارت ۵۶
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What is the broad endocrine role of the parathyroid glands?
پاسخ
They release parathyroid hormone, a key regulator of calcium levels in the blood.
کارت ۵۷
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What is the main job of capillaries?
پاسخ
They provide thin-walled exchange sites between blood and surrounding tissues.
کارت ۵۸
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What is the thymus's immune role?
پاسخ
It is where T lymphocytes mature.
کارت ۵۹
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What do the bronchi do?
پاسخ
They carry air from the trachea into the lungs and branch into progressively smaller airways.
کارت ۶۰
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What is the small intestine's main digestive role?
پاسخ
It completes most chemical digestion and is the main site where nutrients are absorbed.
کارت ۶۱
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What is the urinary bladder's main role?
پاسخ
It stores urine until urination.
کارت ۶۲
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What do the uterine tubes do?
پاسخ
They transport an oocyte from an ovary toward the uterus and are the usual site of fertilization.
کارت ۶۳
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What roles do hair and hair follicles serve in the integumentary system?
پاسخ
They contribute to protection and sensation; follicles also help renew skin after minor injury.
کارت ۶۴
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How do the axial and appendicular skeletons differ?
پاسخ
The axial skeleton forms the body's central axis; the appendicular skeleton includes the limbs and the girdles that attach them.
کارت ۶۵
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Where is cardiac muscle found?
پاسخ
In the wall of the heart, where it contracts involuntarily to pump blood.
کارت ۶۶
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Why can the nervous system coordinate rapid responses?
پاسخ
It sends fast electrical signals along neurons and uses chemical signals across synapses.
کارت ۶۷
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What is the broad endocrine role of the adrenal glands?
پاسخ
They release hormones involved in stress responses, metabolism, salt balance, and blood-pressure regulation.
کارت ۶۸
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Why is blood considered part of the cardiovascular system?
پاسخ
It is the circulating transport tissue moved through the heart and blood vessels.
کارت ۶۹
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What immune role do the tonsils serve?
پاسخ
They sample material entering through the mouth and nose and help start immune responses.
کارت ۷۰
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How does the diaphragm support the respiratory system?
پاسخ
Its contraction enlarges the thoracic cavity, drawing air into the lungs. It is skeletal muscle working in ventilation.
کارت ۷۱
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What is the large intestine's main digestive role?
پاسخ
It absorbs water and electrolytes and compacts the remaining material into feces.
کارت ۷۲
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What does the urethra do?
پاسخ
It carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
کارت ۷۳
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What is the uterus's main reproductive role?
پاسخ
It receives an implanted embryo and supports development before birth.
کارت ۷۴
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What do nails contribute to the integumentary system?
پاسخ
They protect the tips of fingers and toes and provide a firm counter-surface for fine grasping.
کارت ۷۵
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Which skeletal structures protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs?
پاسخ
The skull protects the brain, vertebrae protect the spinal cord, and the rib cage helps protect the heart and lungs.
کارت ۷۶
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How does skeletal muscle contribute to posture and body temperature?
پاسخ
Ongoing small contractions stabilize posture, while muscle activity releases heat.
کارت ۷۷
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How do the central and peripheral nervous systems differ?
پاسخ
The central nervous system is the brain and spinal cord; the peripheral system connects them with the rest of the body.
کارت ۷۸
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What do the pancreatic islets contribute to the endocrine system?
پاسخ
They release hormones, including insulin and glucagon, that help regulate blood glucose.
کارت ۷۹
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How do pulmonary and systemic circulation differ?
پاسخ
Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and lungs; systemic circulation moves it between the heart and the rest of the body.
کارت ۸۰
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What do intestinal lacteals absorb?
پاسخ
Dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the small intestine into the lymphatic circulation.
کارت ۸۱
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What is external respiration?
پاسخ
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in the lungs and blood in pulmonary capillaries.
کارت ۸۲
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Which major accessory organs add secretions to the digestive tract?
پاسخ
The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
کارت ۸۳
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How do the kidneys help keep body fluids stable?
پاسخ
They adjust how much water, electrolytes, acids, and bases leave the body in urine.
کارت ۸۴
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What is the epididymis's reproductive role?
پاسخ
It is the coiled duct where sperm mature and are stored before entering the ductus deferens.
کارت ۸۵
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Which organ system includes hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands?
پاسخ
The integumentary system.
کارت ۸۶
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Which organ system stores most of the body's calcium?
پاسخ
The skeletal system, mainly in the mineral matrix of bone.
کارت ۸۷
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Which organ system produces most visible body movement through contraction?
پاسخ
The muscular system, working with the skeleton and nervous system.
کارت ۸۸
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Which organ system coordinates rapid sensory and motor responses?
پاسخ
The nervous system.
کارت ۸۹
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Which organs have both reproductive and endocrine roles?
پاسخ
The ovaries and testes: they produce gametes for the reproductive system and hormones for endocrine signaling.
کارت ۹۰
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Which organ system consists of the heart, blood, and a closed network of vessels?
پاسخ
The cardiovascular system.
کارت ۹۱
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Which organ system returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood and includes lymph nodes?
پاسخ
The lymphatic/immune system.
کارت ۹۲
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Which organ system removes carbon dioxide and thereby helps regulate blood pH?
پاسخ
The respiratory system.
کارت ۹۳
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Why are the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas called accessory digestive organs?
پاسخ
Food does not pass through them, but their secretions support digestion in the gastrointestinal tract.
کارت ۹۴
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Which urinary organ stores urine before it leaves the body?
پاسخ
The urinary bladder.
کارت ۹۵
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Which reproductive organ supports an implanted embryo and fetal development?
پاسخ
The uterus.
کارت ۹۶
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How do the skeletal and muscular systems work together to produce movement?
پاسخ
Skeletal muscles contract and pull on bones, which act as levers across joints.
کارت ۹۷
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How do the respiratory and cardiovascular systems cooperate in gas transport?
پاسخ
The respiratory system exchanges gases in the lungs; the cardiovascular system carries oxygen to tissues and returns carbon dioxide to the lungs.
کارت ۹۸
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How do the nervous and endocrine systems differ in body control?
پاسخ
The nervous system usually sends fast, targeted signals; the endocrine system sends hormones through the blood for generally slower, longer-lasting effects.
کارت ۹۹
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How do the digestive and lymphatic systems cooperate in fat absorption?
پاسخ
Lacteals in small-intestinal villi absorb dietary fats and carry them into the lymphatic circulation.
کارت ۱۰۰
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How do the integumentary and muscular systems help regulate body temperature?
پاسخ
Skin promotes heat loss through sweating and blood-flow changes, while muscle contraction produces heat.
کارت ۱۰۱
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How does the urinary system support cardiovascular homeostasis?
پاسخ
By adjusting water and electrolyte excretion, the kidneys help regulate blood volume, composition, and pressure.
کارت ۱۰۲
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How do the endocrine and reproductive systems cooperate?
پاسخ
Hormones regulate reproductive development and function, while the gonads produce both gametes and hormones.
کارت ۱۰۳
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How do the skeletal and lymphatic/immune systems connect through bone marrow?
پاسخ
Red bone marrow produces blood cells, including white blood cells that take part in immune defense.
کارت ۱۰۴
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How do the integumentary and nervous systems cooperate in sensation?
پاسخ
Receptors in the skin detect touch, temperature, pressure, and potentially harmful stimuli, then sensory nerves carry those signals toward the central nervous system.
کارت ۱۰۵
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How do the muscular and digestive systems cooperate to move food?
پاسخ
Smooth muscle in the digestive tract produces coordinated contractions that propel and mix its contents.
۱۰۵ کارت
Human Body Systems Flashcards: 11 Organ Systems, Organs & Functions
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