Human Body Systems Flashcards: 11 Organ Systems, Organs & Functions

Question 1

Why can two anatomy resources give different counts for the body's organ systems?

Accepted Answer

Classification conventions vary. This deck uses 11 systems by counting the integumentary system separately and combining lymphatic and immune functions.

Question 2

What is the usual order of biological organization from simplest to most complex in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism.

Question 3

What is a cell in the body's organization hierarchy?

Accepted Answer

The basic living unit of the body.

Question 4

What is a tissue?

Accepted Answer

A group of similar cells, together with their surrounding material, organized to perform a shared function.

Question 5

What is an organ?

Accepted Answer

A structure made of multiple tissue types working together for one or more specific functions.

Question 6

What is an organ system?

Accepted Answer

A group of organs and related structures that cooperate in major body functions.

Question 7

What does homeostasis mean in introductory physiology?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment while conditions inside or outside the body change.

Question 8

What is the integumentary system's main job?

Accepted Answer

It forms the body's outer barrier, limits water loss, helps regulate temperature, and provides sensation.

Question 9

What are the skeletal system's main jobs?

Accepted Answer

Support and protect the body, provide levers for movement, store minerals, and house blood-forming marrow.

Question 10

What is the muscular system's main job?

Accepted Answer

It produces body movement through muscle contraction and also supports posture, joint stability, and heat production.

Question 11

What is the nervous system's main job?

Accepted Answer

It detects changes, integrates information, and coordinates rapid responses through sensory, processing, and motor activity.

Question 12

What is the endocrine system's main job?

Accepted Answer

It uses hormones to regulate processes such as growth, metabolism, development, reproduction, and long-term homeostasis.

Question 13

What is the cardiovascular system's main job?

Accepted Answer

It circulates blood to transport gases, nutrients, hormones, heat, cells, and wastes around the body.

Question 14

What are the lymphatic/immune system's main jobs in this deck's combined model?

Accepted Answer

It returns excess tissue fluid to the blood, supports immune defense, and carries absorbed fats from the small intestine.

Question 15

What is the respiratory system's main job?

Accepted Answer

It brings oxygen into contact with the blood and removes carbon dioxide through gas exchange.

Question 16

What is the digestive system's main job?

Accepted Answer

It breaks food into absorbable components, absorbs nutrients and water, and eliminates material that was not digested.

Question 17

What is the urinary system's main job?

Accepted Answer

It removes wastes in urine and regulates body-fluid volume, electrolytes, and acid-base balance.

Question 18

What is the reproductive system's main job?

Accepted Answer

It produces gametes and reproductive hormones and provides structures that support fertilization and, in the female system, development before birth.

Question 19

Which organ system includes the skin?

Accepted Answer

The integumentary system.

Question 20

Which organ system includes bones?

Accepted Answer

The skeletal system.

Question 21

In the conventional organ-system model, what structures make up the muscular system?

Accepted Answer

Primarily skeletal muscles and their associated tendons. Smooth and cardiac muscle tissue also drives movement inside other organ systems.

Question 22

Which structures make up the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

The brain and spinal cord.

Question 23

How do endocrine glands release hormones?

Accepted Answer

They release hormones into the surrounding fluid and blood rather than through ducts to a surface.

Question 24

What does the heart do in the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits.

Question 25

What is lymph?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial fluid after it enters lymphatic capillaries and begins moving through lymphatic vessels.

Question 26

What route does inhaled air follow from the nose toward the gas-exchange surfaces?

Accepted Answer

Nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → smaller airways → alveoli.

Question 27

What is the gastrointestinal tract?

Accepted Answer

A continuous muscular tube from the mouth to the anus that includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Question 28

Which four structures form the urinary tract?

Accepted Answer

The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Question 29

What are the gonads, and what do they produce?

Accepted Answer

The ovaries and testes. They produce gametes and reproductive hormones.

Question 30

Which skin layer is the outer protective barrier?

Accepted Answer

The epidermis.

Question 31

What is cartilage's main role in the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

It provides flexible support and smooth, low-friction surfaces at many joints.

Question 32

What does a tendon connect?

Accepted Answer

Muscle to bone.

Question 33

What structures make up the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Nerves, ganglia, and sensory endings outside the brain and spinal cord.

Question 34

What is the pituitary gland's broad endocrine role?

Accepted Answer

It releases hormones that regulate several other endocrine glands and body functions.

Question 35

In what direction do arteries carry blood?

Accepted Answer

Away from the heart.

Question 36

What do lymph nodes do?

Accepted Answer

They filter lymph and serve as meeting points where immune cells sample material and coordinate responses.

Question 37

What are alveoli?

Accepted Answer

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the blood.

Question 38

What is the esophagus's digestive role?

Accepted Answer

It transports swallowed material from the pharynx to the stomach.

Question 39

What do the kidneys do?

Accepted Answer

They filter blood, remove wastes and excess substances into urine, and regulate water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance.

Question 40

What do the ovaries produce?

Accepted Answer

Oocytes, commonly called egg cells, and hormones including estrogens and progesterone.

Question 41

Which skin layer contains most skin blood vessels, sensory endings, hair follicles, and glands?

Accepted Answer

The dermis.

Question 42

What does a ligament connect?

Accepted Answer

Bone to bone, helping stabilize a joint.

Question 43

What makes skeletal muscle suited for moving the skeleton?

Accepted Answer

It contracts under voluntary control and pulls on bones through tendons.

Question 44

What do sensory receptors contribute to the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They detect changes inside or outside the body and convert them into signals the nervous system can process.

Question 45

What is the thyroid gland's broad endocrine role?

Accepted Answer

It releases hormones that help regulate metabolic rate, growth, and development.

Question 46

In what direction do veins carry blood?

Accepted Answer

Toward the heart.

Question 47

What is the spleen's lymphatic/immune role?

Accepted Answer

It filters blood, removes aging blood cells, and supports immune responses to material carried in the bloodstream.

Question 48

What is the trachea's respiratory role?

Accepted Answer

It conducts air from the larynx toward the bronchi and helps keep the airway open.

Question 49

What is the stomach's main digestive role?

Accepted Answer

It stores and mixes food while beginning substantial chemical digestion of proteins.

Question 50

What do the ureters do?

Accepted Answer

They carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Question 51

What do the testes produce?

Accepted Answer

Sperm cells and hormones, especially testosterone.

Question 52

How do sweat glands help regulate body temperature?

Accepted Answer

They release sweat; evaporation from the skin removes heat.

Question 53

What is red bone marrow's main role?

Accepted Answer

It produces blood cells, including red blood cells, many white blood cells, and platelets.

Question 54

What does smooth muscle do in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Its involuntary contractions move contents through organs or adjust a vessel's diameter.

Question 55

What is a neuron's basic job?

Accepted Answer

To receive, process, and transmit information using electrical and chemical signals.

Question 56

What is the broad endocrine role of the parathyroid glands?

Accepted Answer

They release parathyroid hormone, a key regulator of calcium levels in the blood.

Question 57

What is the main job of capillaries?

Accepted Answer

They provide thin-walled exchange sites between blood and surrounding tissues.

Question 58

What is the thymus's immune role?

Accepted Answer

It is where T lymphocytes mature.

Question 59

What do the bronchi do?

Accepted Answer

They carry air from the trachea into the lungs and branch into progressively smaller airways.

Question 60

What is the small intestine's main digestive role?

Accepted Answer

It completes most chemical digestion and is the main site where nutrients are absorbed.

Question 61

What is the urinary bladder's main role?

Accepted Answer

It stores urine until urination.

Question 62

What do the uterine tubes do?

Accepted Answer

They transport an oocyte from an ovary toward the uterus and are the usual site of fertilization.

Question 63

What roles do hair and hair follicles serve in the integumentary system?

Accepted Answer

They contribute to protection and sensation; follicles also help renew skin after minor injury.

Question 64

How do the axial and appendicular skeletons differ?

Accepted Answer

The axial skeleton forms the body's central axis; the appendicular skeleton includes the limbs and the girdles that attach them.

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Human Body Systems Flashcards: 11 Organ Systems, Organs & Functions

The 11-system model

What the cards practice

Learning order

Scope

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