Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
Study 300 independently selected cross-disciplinary academic words with concise meanings, collocations, and original context examples.
Về bộ thẻ này
Study 300 independently selected cross-disciplinary academic words for reading, listening, speaking, and writing practice. Each card shows one word on the front. The back starts with a concise meaning, then gives a useful collocation and one original academic example.
What this deck practices
- Word → meaning and use: 300 single-word prompts selected through a documented, openly licensed academic-vocabulary source.
- Collocations in context: every answer pairs the word with a natural academic phrase and an original sentence.
Meaning → word cards are excluded because a short definition can fit several words, which would make many reverse prompts ambiguous. Pronunciation, translations, subject-specific terminology, exam tactics, predicted test frequency, and score claims are also outside the scope.
The deterministic sequence interleaves research methods, reasoning and claims, change and causation, comparison and evaluation, systems and processes, and society and policy. Close word-family variants stay at least three unrelated cards apart. The review scheduler handles longer-term spacing after installation.
Word selection starts from Magali Paquot's Academic Keyword List, published under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. This deck uses a filtered and reordered 300-word subset, with analyse → analyze and summarise → summarize normalizations. The source list itself warns that pedagogical mediation is still needed. All meanings, collocations, examples, grouping, and ordering here are independently authored. This is not an official or exhaustive vocabulary list for the TOEFL iBT® test.
Requested source citation: Paquot, M. (2010). Academic Vocabulary in Learner Writing: From Extraction to Analysis. London & New York: Continuum, pp. 56–58.
The Common knowledge · CC0 1.0 label applies only to the independently authored card text, organization, and metadata to the extent applicable rights exist. It does not replace or override the AKL's CC BY 4.0 terms; reusers must follow those terms for the source-list contribution. It does not claim ownership of facts or ordinary English words. For current test content, see ETS's TOEFL iBT® test content and structure.
TOEFL iBT® is a registered trademark of ETS. This product is not endorsed or approved by ETS. No ETS questions, answers, scoring guides, or source prose were copied.
Thẻ trong bộ này
Thẻ 1
Câu hỏi
adoption
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The decision or process of starting to use an idea, method, or system.
Collocation: widespread adoption
Example: Widespread adoption of the new method took several years.
Thẻ 2
Câu hỏi
argument
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A set of reasons used to support a conclusion or position.
Collocation: central argument
Example: The article's central argument rests on evidence from two long-term studies.
Thẻ 3
Câu hỏi
analysis
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A careful examination of something to understand its parts or meaning.
Collocation: data analysis
Example: The data analysis revealed a clear seasonal pattern.
Thẻ 4
Câu hỏi
association
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A connection between two people, events, qualities, or variables.
Collocation: strong association
Example: The survey found a strong association between sleep and concentration.
Thẻ 5
Câu hỏi
cause
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Something that makes an event or condition happen.
Collocation: underlying cause
Example: The study examined the underlying cause of the population decline.
Thẻ 6
Câu hỏi
advantage
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A condition or feature that makes success more likely.
Collocation: significant advantage
Example: Early access to the archive gave the researchers a significant advantage.
Thẻ 7
Câu hỏi
attitude
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A settled way of thinking or feeling about something.
Collocation: public attitude
Example: Public attitudes toward urban transport changed after the pilot program.
Thẻ 8
Câu hỏi
application
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A practical use of an idea, method, or discovery.
Collocation: practical application
Example: The material has a practical application in water filtration.
Thẻ 9
Câu hỏi
category
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A group of things that share defined features.
Collocation: broad category
Example: The researchers placed both materials in the same broad category.
Thẻ 10
Câu hỏi
assertion
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A confident statement presented as true.
Collocation: unsupported assertion
Example: Without survey data, the claim remained an unsupported assertion.
Thẻ 11
Câu hỏi
alternative
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Another option that can be chosen instead of the usual one.
Collocation: viable alternative
Example: Solar heating offered a viable alternative to imported fuel.
Thẻ 12
Câu hỏi
change
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A shift from one state, condition, or form to another.
Collocation: gradual change
Example: The sediment layers record gradual change in the region's climate.
Thẻ 13
Câu hỏi
assessment
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A reasoned judgment about the quality, value, or condition of something.
Collocation: risk assessment
Example: The team completed a risk assessment before entering the cave.
Thẻ 14
Câu hỏi
combination
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Two or more things joined or used together.
Collocation: combination of factors
Example: A combination of factors shaped the city's growth.
Thẻ 15
Câu hỏi
assumption
Câu trả lời
Meaning: An idea accepted as true without complete proof.
Collocation: underlying assumption
Example: The model's underlying assumption is that demand remains stable.
Thẻ 16
Câu hỏi
balance
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A state in which competing factors have suitable proportions.
Collocation: achieve a balance
Example: The policy tries to achieve a balance between access and conservation.
Thẻ 17
Câu hỏi
awareness
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Knowledge or understanding that a situation or issue exists.
Collocation: raise awareness
Example: The campaign raised awareness of preventable water waste.
Thẻ 18
Câu hỏi
consequence
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A result that follows from an action or condition.
Collocation: unintended consequence
Example: Higher rents were an unintended consequence of the redevelopment plan.
Thẻ 19
Câu hỏi
concept
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A general idea used to understand or organize something.
Collocation: abstract concept
Example: The diagram makes the abstract concept easier to understand.
Thẻ 20
Câu hỏi
conclusion
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A judgment reached after considering evidence or reasoning.
Collocation: draw a conclusion
Example: The sample was too small to draw a firm conclusion.
Thẻ 21
Câu hỏi
benefit
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A helpful or favorable result.
Collocation: long-term benefit
Example: Better insulation provides a long-term benefit by reducing energy use.
Thẻ 22
Câu hỏi
bias
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A systematic tendency or error that can distort judgment, sampling, or results.
Collocation: selection bias
Example: Selection bias may occur if only frequent users answer the survey.
Thẻ 23
Câu hỏi
decline
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A gradual decrease in amount, quality, or importance.
Collocation: sharp decline
Example: The records show a sharp decline in fish populations after 1990.
Thẻ 24
Câu hỏi
classification
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The process or system of arranging things into groups.
Collocation: classification system
Example: The new classification system groups plants by shared genetic features.
Thẻ 25
Câu hỏi
condition
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A circumstance that affects how something happens or exists.
Collocation: controlled condition
Example: Each seedling grew under the same controlled conditions.
Thẻ 26
Câu hỏi
contradiction
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A conflict between statements, ideas, or results that cannot both be true.
Collocation: apparent contradiction
Example: Further testing resolved the apparent contradiction between the two findings.
Thẻ 27
Câu hỏi
challenge
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A difficult problem or task that requires effort to solve.
Collocation: major challenge
Example: Limited storage remains a major challenge for renewable energy systems.
Thẻ 28
Câu hỏi
development
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The process of growing, changing, or becoming more advanced.
Collocation: economic development
Example: The railway accelerated economic development across the region.
Thẻ 29
Câu hỏi
data
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Facts, measurements, or observations collected for analysis.
Collocation: collect data
Example: Researchers collected data from weather stations across the island.
Thẻ 30
Câu hỏi
comparison
Câu trả lời
Meaning: An examination of how two or more things are alike or different.
Collocation: direct comparison
Example: A direct comparison showed that the two methods produced similar results.
Thẻ 31
Câu hỏi
criterion
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A standard used to judge or decide something.
Collocation: selection criterion
Example: Research experience was one selection criterion for the program.
Thẻ 32
Câu hỏi
construction
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The process of building something or forming an idea.
Collocation: social construction
Example: The lecture examined identity as a social construction.
Thẻ 33
Câu hỏi
effect
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A change produced by a cause.
Collocation: measurable effect
Example: The treatment had a measurable effect on plant growth.
Thẻ 34
Câu hỏi
choice
Câu trả lời
Meaning: An act or possibility of selecting among options.
Collocation: informed choice
Example: Clear labels help consumers make an informed choice.
Thẻ 35
Câu hỏi
definition
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A statement that explains the exact meaning of a word or concept.
Collocation: precise definition
Example: The report begins with a precise definition of food security.
Thẻ 36
Câu hỏi
complexity
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The state of having many connected parts or difficult features.
Collocation: growing complexity
Example: The model captures the growing complexity of urban transport networks.
Thẻ 37
Câu hỏi
criticism
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A judgment that identifies faults or weaknesses.
Collocation: face criticism
Example: The proposal faced criticism for excluding rural communities.
Thẻ 38
Câu hỏi
constraint
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A limit that restricts what can be done.
Collocation: financial constraint
Example: Financial constraints reduced the size of the field study.
Thẻ 39
Câu hỏi
evolution
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Gradual development or change over time, especially across generations.
Collocation: cultural evolution
Example: Written records offer clues about the cultural evolution of the region.
Thẻ 40
Câu hỏi
evidence
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Information that supports or challenges a claim.
Collocation: strong evidence
Example: Ice cores provide strong evidence of past temperature changes.
Thẻ 41
Câu hỏi
compromise
Câu trả lời
Meaning: An agreement in which each side accepts less than it originally wanted.
Collocation: reach a compromise
Example: The two agencies reached a compromise on water use.
Thẻ 42
Câu hỏi
circumstance
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A fact or condition that shapes a situation.
Collocation: unusual circumstance
Example: Under normal circumstances, the reaction takes less than a minute.
Thẻ 43
Câu hỏi
debate
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A serious discussion in which different views on an issue are considered.
Collocation: ongoing debate
Example: The discovery renewed the ongoing debate about early migration routes.
Thẻ 44
Câu hỏi
expansion
Câu trả lời
Meaning: An increase in size, range, or activity.
Collocation: rapid expansion
Example: Rapid expansion of the city replaced much of the surrounding farmland.
Thẻ 45
Câu hỏi
evaluation
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A systematic judgment of quality, effectiveness, or value.
Collocation: program evaluation
Example: The program evaluation included interviews with teachers and students.
Thẻ 46
Câu hỏi
contrast
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A clear difference between two or more things.
Collocation: sharp contrast
Example: The dry interior stands in sharp contrast to the wet coast.
Thẻ 47
Câu hỏi
commitment
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A firm promise or continuing dedication to an aim.
Collocation: long-term commitment
Example: Restoring the forest requires a long-term commitment from local agencies.
Thẻ 48
Câu hỏi
content
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The information, ideas, or material contained in something.
Collocation: course content
Example: The instructor revised the course content to include recent research.
Thẻ 49
Câu hỏi
factor
Câu trả lời
Meaning: One element that helps produce a result.
Collocation: contributing factor
Example: Access to clean water was a contributing factor in the health improvement.
Thẻ 50
Câu hỏi
experiment
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A controlled test designed to investigate a question.
Collocation: laboratory experiment
Example: The laboratory experiment tested how temperature affects the reaction.
Thẻ 51
Câu hỏi
correlation
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A relationship in which two variables change together.
Collocation: positive correlation
Example: The data show a positive correlation between practice time and accuracy.
Thẻ 52
Câu hỏi
explanation
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A statement that makes a fact, process, or reason clear.
Collocation: plausible explanation
Example: Changes in rainfall offer a plausible explanation for the migration.
Thẻ 53
Câu hỏi
control
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The power or method used to direct, limit, or keep something stable.
Collocation: quality control
Example: Strict quality control reduced errors in the manufacturing process.
Thẻ 54
Câu hỏi
communication
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The exchange of information, ideas, or feelings.
Collocation: effective communication
Example: Effective communication helped the research teams coordinate their work.
Thẻ 55
Câu hỏi
finding
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A result discovered through research or investigation.
Collocation: key finding
Example: A key finding was that small wetlands support many species.
Thẻ 56
Câu hỏi
growth
Câu trả lời
Meaning: An increase in size, amount, or development.
Collocation: population growth
Example: Population growth increased demand for public transport.
Thẻ 57
Câu hỏi
implication
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A likely consequence or meaning that is suggested rather than stated.
Collocation: practical implication
Example: The finding has a practical implication for classroom design.
Thẻ 58
Câu hỏi
dimension
Câu trả lời
Meaning: One aspect or feature of a situation or system.
Collocation: social dimension
Example: The report adds a social dimension to the economic analysis.
Thẻ 59
Câu hỏi
difference
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A way in which two or more things are not the same.
Collocation: significant difference
Example: The trial found no significant difference between the two treatments.
Thẻ 60
Câu hỏi
community
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A group of people connected by place, identity, or shared interests.
Collocation: local community
Example: The local community helped design the coastal protection plan.
Thẻ 61
Câu hỏi
hypothesis
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A testable proposed explanation for an observation.
Collocation: test a hypothesis
Example: The researchers designed an experiment to test their hypothesis.
Thẻ 62
Câu hỏi
insight
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A clear and useful understanding of a complex issue.
Collocation: valuable insight
Example: The interviews provided valuable insight into students' study habits.
Thẻ 63
Câu hỏi
element
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A basic part of a larger whole.
Collocation: essential element
Example: Trust is an essential element of successful cooperation.
Thẻ 64
Câu hỏi
difficulty
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A problem or condition that makes something hard to do or understand.
Collocation: practical difficulty
Example: Recruiting enough participants created a practical difficulty for the study.
Thẻ 65
Câu hỏi
conflict
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A serious disagreement or clash between interests, ideas, or groups.
Collocation: conflict of interest
Example: Reviewers must disclose any conflict of interest.
Thẻ 66
Câu hỏi
impact
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A strong effect on a situation, system, or person.
Collocation: environmental impact
Example: The assessment considered the dam's environmental impact.
Thẻ 67
Câu hỏi
investigation
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A systematic search for facts or causes.
Collocation: detailed investigation
Example: A detailed investigation traced the contamination to a damaged pipe.
Thẻ 68
Câu hỏi
interpretation
Câu trả lời
Meaning: An explanation of the meaning or importance of something.
Collocation: alternative interpretation
Example: The historian offered an alternative interpretation of the treaty.
Thẻ 69
Câu hỏi
disadvantage
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A condition or feature that makes success less likely.
Collocation: major disadvantage
Example: High maintenance costs are a major disadvantage of the older system.
Thẻ 70
Câu hỏi
formation
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The process by which something develops or takes shape.
Collocation: cloud formation
Example: Air temperature influences cloud formation above the mountains.
Thẻ 71
Câu hỏi
improvement
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A change that makes something better.
Collocation: marked improvement
Example: The second trial showed a marked improvement in accuracy.
Thẻ 72
Câu hỏi
consensus
Câu trả lời
Meaning: General agreement among members of a group.
Collocation: broad consensus
Example: Scientists reached a broad consensus after reviewing the new evidence.
Thẻ 73
Câu hỏi
literature
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Published research and writing about a subject.
Collocation: existing literature
Example: The review compares the new results with the existing literature.
Thẻ 74
Câu hỏi
logic
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A system of reasoning that connects ideas and conclusions.
Collocation: underlying logic
Example: The lecturer explained the underlying logic of the classification scheme.
Thẻ 75
Câu hỏi
form
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The structure, type, or visible shape that something takes.
Collocation: common form
Example: Oral history is a common form of evidence in community research.
Thẻ 76
Câu hỏi
distinction
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A meaningful difference between similar things or ideas.
Collocation: clear distinction
Example: The article makes a clear distinction between weather and climate.
Thẻ 77
Câu hỏi
increase
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A rise in amount, size, number, or intensity.
Collocation: substantial increase
Example: The region recorded a substantial increase in winter rainfall.
Thẻ 78
Câu hỏi
convention
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A widely accepted way of behaving, writing, or doing something.
Collocation: academic convention
Example: Citing sources is a basic academic convention.
Thẻ 79
Câu hỏi
method
Câu trả lời
Meaning: An organized way of doing or studying something.
Collocation: research method
Example: Interviews were the main research method used in the project.
Thẻ 80
Câu hỏi
function
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The purpose or activity for which something exists.
Collocation: primary function
Example: The wetland's primary function is to store and filter water.
Thẻ 81
Câu hỏi
notion
Câu trả lời
Meaning: An idea or belief about something.
Collocation: traditional notion
Example: The discovery challenged the traditional notion that the region was isolated.
Thẻ 82
Câu hỏi
influence
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The power to affect a person, process, or outcome.
Collocation: strong influence
Example: Ocean currents have a strong influence on the island's climate.
Thẻ 83
Câu hỏi
culture
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The shared beliefs, practices, arts, and ways of life of a group.
Collocation: academic culture
Example: The university's academic culture encouraged open debate.
Thẻ 84
Câu hỏi
diversity
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The presence of many different types within a group or system.
Collocation: biological diversity
Example: Habitat loss threatens the island's biological diversity.
Thẻ 85
Câu hỏi
model
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system.
Collocation: climate model
Example: The climate model predicts drier summers in the southern region.
Thẻ 86
Câu hỏi
integration
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The process of combining parts into a connected whole.
Collocation: social integration
Example: Shared public spaces can support social integration in new neighborhoods.
Thẻ 87
Câu hỏi
progress
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Movement toward a goal or a more developed state.
Collocation: make progress
Example: The restoration team made steady progress despite heavy rain.
Thẻ 88
Câu hỏi
perspective
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A particular way of understanding or viewing an issue.
Collocation: historical perspective
Example: A historical perspective helps explain the current border dispute.
Thẻ 89
Câu hỏi
decision
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A choice made after considering available options.
Collocation: policy decision
Example: The policy decision followed months of public consultation.
Thẻ 90
Câu hỏi
effectiveness
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The degree to which something achieves its intended result.
Collocation: evaluate effectiveness
Example: The trial evaluated the effectiveness of the new teaching method.
Thẻ 91
Câu hỏi
observation
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The act of carefully watching or measuring something to gather information.
Collocation: direct observation
Example: Direct observation confirmed that the birds feed at dawn.
Thẻ 92
Câu hỏi
interaction
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A process in which two or more things affect one another.
Collocation: complex interaction
Example: Soil quality depends on a complex interaction of water, minerals, and organisms.
Thẻ 93
Câu hỏi
proposition
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A statement or idea offered for consideration or testing.
Collocation: central proposition
Example: The essay tests the central proposition against three historical cases.
Thẻ 94
Câu hỏi
discrimination
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Unfair treatment based on a person's group or perceived characteristics.
Collocation: employment discrimination
Example: The study examined how employment discrimination affects income.
Thẻ 95
Câu hỏi
exception
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A case that does not follow a general rule or pattern.
Collocation: notable exception
Example: Most species migrated south, with one notable exception.
Thẻ 96
Câu hỏi
reduction
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A decrease in size, amount, or degree.
Collocation: significant reduction
Example: The insulation produced a significant reduction in energy use.
Thẻ 97
Câu hỏi
participant
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A person who takes part in an activity or study.
Collocation: study participant
Example: Each study participant completed the same questionnaire.
Thẻ 98
Câu hỏi
reason
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A cause, explanation, or basis for an action or belief.
Collocation: main reason
Example: Lower cost was the main reason for choosing the second material.
Thẻ 99
Câu hỏi
environment
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The natural or social surroundings in which something exists.
Collocation: learning environment
Example: Flexible seating changed the classroom's learning environment.
Thẻ 100
Câu hỏi
link
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A connection between people, ideas, events, or parts of a system.
Collocation: establish a link
Example: The study established a link between soil moisture and seed survival.
Thẻ 101
Câu hỏi
rise
Câu trả lời
Meaning: An increase in amount, level, or importance.
Collocation: steady rise
Example: The records show a steady rise in average sea temperature.
Thẻ 102
Câu hỏi
limit
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The greatest amount, extent, or level that is allowed or possible.
Collocation: upper limit
Example: The instrument has an upper limit beyond which readings are unreliable.
Thẻ 103
Câu hỏi
reasoning
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The process of using facts and logic to reach a judgment.
Collocation: logical reasoning
Example: The solution requires logical reasoning rather than memorization.
Thẻ 104
Câu hỏi
procedure
Câu trả lời
Meaning: An established series of steps for doing something.
Collocation: standard procedure
Example: Each laboratory followed the same standard procedure.
Thẻ 105
Câu hỏi
maintenance
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Work that keeps a system, condition, or structure functioning.
Collocation: routine maintenance
Example: Routine maintenance extended the bridge's useful life.
Thẻ 106
Câu hỏi
establishment
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The act of creating an organization, system, or lasting condition.
Collocation: establishment of a network
Example: The establishment of a monitoring network improved storm warnings.
Thẻ 107
Câu hỏi
shift
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A change in position, direction, emphasis, or opinion.
Collocation: major shift
Example: The findings prompted a major shift in conservation policy.
Thẻ 108
Câu hỏi
limitation
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A restriction or weakness that affects what is possible or reliable.
Collocation: major limitation
Example: The study's major limitation was its short observation period.
Thẻ 109
Câu hỏi
research
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Systematic study intended to establish facts or develop understanding.
Collocation: conduct research
Example: The team conducted research on low-cost water filters.
Thẻ 110
Câu hỏi
medium
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A channel or material through which information or an effect is carried.
Collocation: communication medium
Example: Radio remained an important communication medium in remote areas.
Thẻ 111
Câu hỏi
relevance
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The degree to which something relates to the matter being considered.
Collocation: practical relevance
Example: The lecturer explained the theory's practical relevance to urban planning.
Thẻ 112
Câu hỏi
identity
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The qualities, beliefs, or affiliations that define a person or group.
Collocation: cultural identity
Example: Language played a central role in the community's cultural identity.
Thẻ 113
Câu hỏi
likelihood
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The degree to which something is likely to happen.
Collocation: reduce the likelihood
Example: Early detection can reduce the likelihood of a larger outbreak.
Thẻ 114
Câu hỏi
transition
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The process of changing from one state or system to another.
Collocation: gradual transition
Example: The region made a gradual transition from coal to renewable energy.
Thẻ 115
Câu hỏi
sample
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A smaller group or amount selected to represent a larger whole.
Collocation: representative sample
Example: The survey used a representative sample of households from each district.
Thẻ 116
Câu hỏi
theory
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A well-supported explanation that connects facts or observations.
Collocation: scientific theory
Example: New observations strengthened the scientific theory rather than replacing it.
Thẻ 117
Câu hỏi
institution
Câu trả lời
Meaning: An established organization or social system with a public role.
Collocation: educational institution
Example: Each educational institution set its own admission policy.
Thẻ 118
Câu hỏi
mode
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A particular way in which something happens or operates.
Collocation: mode of transport
Example: Cycling became the preferred mode of transport for short trips.
Thẻ 119
Câu hỏi
possibility
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A chance that something may exist or happen.
Collocation: explore the possibility
Example: The team explored the possibility of reusing wastewater.
Thẻ 120
Câu hỏi
trend
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A general direction in which a situation is changing.
Collocation: long-term trend
Example: A single cold year did not reverse the long-term warming trend.
Thẻ 121
Câu hỏi
viewpoint
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A particular opinion or position from which an issue is considered.
Collocation: opposing viewpoint
Example: The seminar required students to address an opposing viewpoint fairly.
Thẻ 122
Câu hỏi
intervention
Câu trả lời
Meaning: An action taken to change a situation or prevent a problem.
Collocation: early intervention
Example: Early intervention helped prevent minor reading difficulties from growing.
Thẻ 123
Câu hỏi
network
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A connected system of people, places, or components.
Collocation: transport network
Example: The new rail line connected two previously isolated towns to the regional transport network.
Thẻ 124
Câu hỏi
scale
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The size, extent, or level at which something occurs or is measured.
Collocation: large scale
Example: Producing the material on a large scale requires less energy than expected.
Thẻ 125
Câu hỏi
variation
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A difference or change within a group, range, or pattern.
Collocation: regional variation
Example: The map shows regional variation in annual rainfall.
Thẻ 126
Câu hỏi
potential
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The capacity to develop, happen, or become useful in the future.
Collocation: considerable potential
Example: The coastal winds have considerable potential for electricity generation.
Thẻ 127
Câu hỏi
claim
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A statement that something is true, often requiring evidence.
Collocation: support a claim
Example: The author used census records to support the claim.
Thẻ 128
Câu hỏi
majority
Câu trả lời
Meaning: More than half of a group or amount.
Collocation: clear majority
Example: A clear majority of respondents preferred the quieter route.
Thẻ 129
Câu hỏi
operation
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The process of working or the way a system functions.
Collocation: normal operation
Example: The backup battery keeps the sensor in normal operation during outages.
Thẻ 130
Câu hỏi
statistics
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Numerical facts collected and analyzed to describe a group or situation.
Collocation: official statistics
Example: Official statistics show a decline in household energy use.
Thẻ 131
Câu hỏi
affect
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To produce a change in someone or something.
Collocation: significantly affect
Example: Soil acidity can significantly affect nutrient availability.
Thẻ 132
Câu hỏi
proportion
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A part or share of a whole, often expressed as a fraction or percentage.
Collocation: large proportion
Example: A large proportion of the city's water comes from underground sources.
Thẻ 133
Câu hỏi
minority
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A group or amount that forms less than half of a larger whole.
Collocation: small minority
Example: Only a small minority of participants left the study early.
Thẻ 134
Câu hỏi
outcome
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The final result of a process, event, or action.
Collocation: learning outcome
Example: Regular feedback improved the course's main learning outcome.
Thẻ 135
Câu hỏi
clarify
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To make an idea, statement, or situation easier to understand.
Collocation: clarify the distinction
Example: The final section clarifies the distinction between correlation and cause.
Thẻ 136
Câu hỏi
alter
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To change something, usually without replacing it completely.
Collocation: substantially alter
Example: A new dam could substantially alter the river's seasonal flow.
Thẻ 137
Câu hỏi
survey
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A study that systematically collects information, often from a sample of people.
Collocation: national survey
Example: A national survey measured changes in commuting habits.
Thẻ 138
Câu hỏi
quality
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The degree of excellence or a distinguishing feature of something.
Collocation: data quality
Example: Missing observations reduced the overall quality of the data.
Thẻ 139
Câu hỏi
motivation
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The reason or desire that drives someone to act.
Collocation: strong motivation
Example: Curiosity was her strongest motivation for joining the research team.
Thẻ 140
Câu hỏi
output
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The amount or product generated by a person, machine, or system.
Collocation: energy output
Example: Cloud cover reduced the panels' energy output.
Thẻ 141
Câu hỏi
cite
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To name a source or example as evidence or authority.
Collocation: cite a source
Example: The report cites a recent study of coastal erosion.
Thẻ 142
Câu hỏi
technique
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A specific skill or way of carrying out a task.
Collocation: sampling technique
Example: The team used a new sampling technique to collect deep-water organisms.
Thẻ 143
Câu hỏi
range
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The full set or span of possible values, types, or choices.
Collocation: wide range
Example: The library holds a wide range of regional newspapers.
Thẻ 144
Câu hỏi
arise
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To begin to exist or become noticeable.
Collocation: problems arise
Example: Problems may arise when the two databases use different definitions.
Thẻ 145
Câu hỏi
norm
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A standard or expected pattern of behavior within a group.
Collocation: social norm
Example: Remote work changed the social norm of daily office attendance.
Thẻ 146
Câu hỏi
pattern
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A repeated or regular arrangement, behavior, or trend.
Collocation: consistent pattern
Example: The interviews revealed a consistent pattern of delayed enrollment.
Thẻ 147
Câu hỏi
conclude
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To reach a judgment after considering evidence.
Collocation: conclude that
Example: The researchers concluded that both habitats supported similar populations.
Thẻ 148
Câu hỏi
validity
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The degree to which a method measures what it should or an inference is well supported.
Collocation: assess validity
Example: A second experiment helped assess the validity of the original result.
Thẻ 149
Câu hỏi
rate
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A measure of how often or how quickly something happens.
Collocation: growth rate
Example: The seedlings had a slower growth rate in colder soil.
Thẻ 150
Câu hỏi
develop
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To grow, change, or make something more advanced over time.
Collocation: develop a method
Example: Engineers developed a method for recycling the damaged material.
300 thẻ
Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
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Thẻ 151
Câu hỏi
process
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A connected series of actions or changes that produces a result.
Collocation: decision-making process
Example: Residents took part in every stage of the decision-making process.
Thẻ 152
Câu hỏi
demonstrate
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To show clearly through evidence, reasoning, or an example.
Collocation: demonstrate a relationship
Example: The results demonstrate a relationship between shade and soil moisture.
Thẻ 153
Câu hỏi
opportunity
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A favorable situation that makes an action or achievement possible.
Collocation: equal opportunity
Example: The scholarship gave rural students an equal opportunity to attend the course.
Thẻ 154
Câu hỏi
significance
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The importance or practical meaning of something.
Collocation: practical significance
Example: The small difference had little practical significance for patients.
Thẻ 155
Câu hỏi
analyze
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To examine something carefully by separating it into parts.
Collocation: analyze data
Example: The researchers analyzed the data before drawing a conclusion.
Thẻ 156
Câu hỏi
diminish
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To become or make something smaller, weaker, or less important.
Collocation: gradually diminish
Example: The sound gradually diminished as the storm moved inland.
Thẻ 157
Câu hỏi
describe
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To state the features, appearance, or course of something in words.
Collocation: describe a process
Example: The report describes the process used to restore the wetland.
Thẻ 158
Câu hỏi
policy
Câu trả lời
Meaning: An agreed plan or principle used to guide decisions.
Collocation: public policy
Example: The findings influenced public policy on building insulation.
Thẻ 159
Câu hỏi
similarity
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A feature or degree of being alike.
Collocation: striking similarity
Example: The two languages share a striking similarity in sentence structure.
Thẻ 160
Câu hỏi
assess
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To judge the quality, importance, or condition of something.
Collocation: assess the impact
Example: The team assessed the impact of tourism on nesting birds.
Thẻ 161
Câu hỏi
emerge
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To become visible, known, or important.
Collocation: new evidence emerges
Example: A different explanation emerged after the fossils were dated.
Thẻ 162
Câu hỏi
production
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The process of creating goods, energy, or other output.
Collocation: food production
Example: Improved irrigation increased food production during dry years.
Thẻ 163
Câu hỏi
population
Câu trả lời
Meaning: All people or organisms of a defined group or area.
Collocation: study population
Example: The study population included adults from four coastal towns.
Thẻ 164
Câu hỏi
discuss
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To examine an issue in speech or writing by considering its details.
Collocation: discuss the findings
Example: The final chapter discusses the findings in relation to earlier research.
Thẻ 165
Câu hỏi
standard
Câu trả lời
Meaning: An accepted level or rule used to judge quality or performance.
Collocation: meet a standard
Example: Every sample had to meet the same purity standard.
Thẻ 166
Câu hỏi
enhance
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To improve the quality, value, or strength of something.
Collocation: enhance understanding
Example: The interactive map enhanced students' understanding of migration routes.
Thẻ 167
Câu hỏi
classify
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To arrange things into groups based on shared features.
Collocation: classify species
Example: Biologists classified the species by examining their genetic differences.
Thẻ 168
Câu hỏi
property
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A characteristic or quality that something possesses.
Collocation: physical property
Example: Flexibility is a useful physical property of the new material.
Thẻ 169
Câu hỏi
practice
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A customary or repeated way of doing something.
Collocation: common practice
Example: Rotating crops became common practice among local farmers.
Thẻ 170
Câu hỏi
tolerance
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The ability of an organism, material, or system to endure a condition without failing.
Collocation: heat tolerance
Example: The experiment measured each plant's heat tolerance.
Thẻ 171
Câu hỏi
evolve
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To develop gradually over time.
Collocation: gradually evolve
Example: The trade network gradually evolved into a formal market system.
Thẻ 172
Câu hỏi
conduct
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To organize and carry out an activity or study.
Collocation: conduct an experiment
Example: The students conducted an experiment under controlled conditions.
Thẻ 173
Câu hỏi
relationship
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The way in which two or more things are connected.
Collocation: causal relationship
Example: The data alone cannot establish a causal relationship.
Thẻ 174
Câu hỏi
exemplify
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To serve as a clear example of an idea or quality.
Collocation: exemplify a trend
Example: The renovated station exemplifies the trend toward mixed-use design.
Thẻ 175
Câu hỏi
protection
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Action taken to keep someone or something safe from harm.
Collocation: environmental protection
Example: The law strengthened environmental protection around the wetland.
Thẻ 176
Câu hỏi
expand
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To become or make something larger in size, range, or detail.
Collocation: expand access
Example: The university expanded access to its digital archive.
Thẻ 177
Câu hỏi
value
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The importance or usefulness of something.
Collocation: practical value
Example: The simple method has practical value in laboratories with limited equipment.
Thẻ 178
Câu hỏi
resource
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A supply, asset, or source of support that can be used.
Collocation: natural resource
Example: Fresh water is a limited natural resource on the island.
Thẻ 179
Câu hỏi
explain
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To make an idea, fact, or cause clear by giving details.
Collocation: explain a result
Example: Differences in soil depth may explain the result.
Thẻ 180
Câu hỏi
define
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To state the exact meaning, limits, or essential character of something.
Collocation: clearly define
Example: The authors clearly define what they mean by sustainable growth.
Thẻ 181
Câu hỏi
provision
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The act of supplying something that people need.
Collocation: service provision
Example: The reform improved service provision in remote districts.
Thẻ 182
Câu hỏi
variety
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A collection or range of different types.
Collocation: wide variety
Example: The reef supports a wide variety of marine organisms.
Thẻ 183
Câu hỏi
scope
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The range of subjects, activities, or possibilities covered.
Collocation: limited scope
Example: The study's limited scope excludes private transportation.
Thẻ 184
Câu hỏi
generate
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To produce or create something.
Collocation: generate electricity
Example: The turbines generate electricity during periods of strong wind.
Thẻ 185
Câu hỏi
formulate
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To develop and express an idea, plan, or theory carefully.
Collocation: formulate a hypothesis
Example: The observations helped the students formulate a testable hypothesis.
Thẻ 186
Câu hỏi
design
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To plan the structure, method, or appearance of something.
Collocation: design a study
Example: The team designed a study that compared three teaching methods.
Thẻ 187
Câu hỏi
requirement
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Something that is necessary or officially demanded.
Collocation: legal requirement
Example: Public reporting is a legal requirement for the agency.
Thẻ 188
Câu hỏi
compare
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To examine things to identify similarities and differences.
Collocation: compare results
Example: The researchers compared results from urban and rural schools.
Thẻ 189
Câu hỏi
section
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A distinct part of a larger whole, text, or organization.
Collocation: final section
Example: The final section considers the study's limitations.
Thẻ 190
Câu hỏi
highlight
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To draw attention to something important.
Collocation: highlight a difference
Example: The map highlights the difference between summer and winter rainfall.
Thẻ 191
Câu hỏi
determine
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To discover, establish, or decide something through evidence or calculation.
Collocation: determine the cause
Example: Further testing was needed to determine the cause of the failure.
Thẻ 192
Câu hỏi
improve
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To make or become better in quality or performance.
Collocation: improve accuracy
Example: Repeated calibration improved the sensor's accuracy.
Thẻ 193
Câu hỏi
resistance
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Opposition to a change, idea, or policy.
Collocation: resistance to change
Example: Resistance to change slowed the introduction of the new system.
Thẻ 194
Câu hỏi
differ
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To be unlike or distinct from something else.
Collocation: differ significantly
Example: The two groups did not differ significantly in age.
Thẻ 195
Câu hỏi
separation
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The state or process of dividing or keeping things apart.
Collocation: physical separation
Example: Physical separation prevented the two chemicals from reacting.
Thẻ 196
Câu hỏi
illustrate
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To make an idea clear by giving an example, image, or comparison.
Collocation: illustrate a point
Example: The author uses a coastal town to illustrate the broader point.
Thẻ 197
Câu hỏi
induce
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To cause a particular state, response, or change.
Collocation: induce a response
Example: The light signal induced a measurable response in the cells.
Thẻ 198
Câu hỏi
evaluate
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To judge quality, effectiveness, or value using evidence or criteria.
Collocation: evaluate performance
Example: The committee evaluated the program's performance after one year.
Thẻ 199
Câu hỏi
resolution
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A solution or settlement that ends a problem or conflict.
Collocation: peaceful resolution
Example: Mediation led to a peaceful resolution of the land dispute.
Thẻ 200
Câu hỏi
series
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A number of related events, items, or values arranged in order.
Collocation: series of experiments
Example: A series of experiments tested the material under different pressures.
Thẻ 201
Câu hỏi
differentiate
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To recognize, show, or create a difference between things.
Collocation: differentiate between
Example: The test can differentiate between the two closely related minerals.
Thẻ 202
Câu hỏi
initiate
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To cause a process or action to begin.
Collocation: initiate a process
Example: A temperature change initiates the chemical process.
Thẻ 203
Câu hỏi
examine
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To inspect or consider something carefully.
Collocation: examine evidence
Example: The committee examined evidence from several independent sources.
Thẻ 204
Câu hỏi
imply
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To suggest something without stating it directly.
Collocation: results imply
Example: The results imply that water reached the valley earlier than expected.
Thẻ 205
Câu hỏi
risk
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The possibility of harm, loss, or an unwanted result.
Collocation: reduce risk
Example: Restoring vegetation can reduce the risk of soil erosion.
Thẻ 206
Câu hỏi
structure
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The arrangement of parts within a whole.
Collocation: social structure
Example: Trade changed the social structure of the port city.
Thẻ 207
Câu hỏi
lead
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To cause or contribute to a particular result.
Collocation: lead to
Example: Prolonged drought can lead to lower crop yields.
Thẻ 208
Câu hỏi
identify
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To recognize and name a person, thing, feature, or cause.
Collocation: identify a pattern
Example: The software identified a pattern in the satellite images.
Thẻ 209
Câu hỏi
distinguish
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To recognize or show the difference between things.
Collocation: distinguish between
Example: The analysis distinguishes between temporary variation and a lasting trend.
Thẻ 210
Câu hỏi
interpret
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To explain or understand the meaning of information or evidence.
Collocation: interpret the results
Example: Researchers interpreted the results cautiously because the sample was small.
Thẻ 211
Câu hỏi
role
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The function or expected part that someone or something has in a situation.
Collocation: play a role
Example: Local knowledge played a central role in the recovery plan.
Thẻ 212
Câu hỏi
system
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A set of connected parts that work together.
Collocation: complex system
Example: A coral reef is a complex system of interacting organisms.
Thẻ 213
Câu hỏi
investigate
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To examine a question or problem systematically to discover facts.
Collocation: investigate a cause
Example: Engineers investigated the cause of the structural failure.
Thẻ 214
Câu hỏi
reduce
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To make something smaller in amount, size, or degree.
Collocation: reduce emissions
Example: Electric buses can reduce emissions on crowded routes.
Thẻ 215
Câu hỏi
outline
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To present the main points or structure without every detail.
Collocation: outline an approach
Example: The introduction outlines the approach used in the study.
Thẻ 216
Câu hỏi
exceed
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To be greater than a number, limit, or expectation.
Collocation: exceed a limit
Example: Pollution levels exceeded the legal limit on three days.
Thẻ 217
Câu hỏi
unit
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A single part, quantity, or group within a larger system.
Collocation: unit of measurement
Example: The meter is the standard unit of measurement used in the table.
Thẻ 218
Câu hỏi
society
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A large community connected by shared institutions, relationships, and culture.
Collocation: modern society
Example: Reliable electricity shapes nearly every part of modern society.
Thẻ 219
Câu hỏi
reinforce
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To make an idea, behavior, or structure stronger.
Collocation: reinforce a pattern
Example: Unequal funding can reinforce an existing pattern of regional inequality.
Thẻ 220
Câu hỏi
obtain
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To get or acquire something through effort or a process.
Collocation: obtain data
Example: The team obtained data from six monitoring stations.
Thẻ 221
Câu hỏi
propose
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To put forward an idea, plan, or explanation for consideration.
Collocation: propose a solution
Example: The authors propose a solution based on shared water storage.
Thẻ 222
Câu hỏi
restrict
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To limit the size, range, movement, or availability of something.
Collocation: restrict access
Example: The archive restricts access to fragile original documents.
Thẻ 223
Câu hỏi
version
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A particular form of something that differs from other forms of it.
Collocation: revised version
Example: The revised version of the model includes seasonal rainfall.
Thẻ 224
Câu hỏi
stimulate
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To encourage activity, growth, or a response.
Collocation: stimulate growth
Example: Lower transport costs stimulated growth in regional trade.
Thẻ 225
Câu hỏi
strategy
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A planned approach for achieving a long-term aim.
Collocation: effective strategy
Example: Water pricing was one part of the city's conservation strategy.
Thẻ 226
Câu hỏi
record
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To store information in writing, images, measurements, or another lasting form.
Collocation: record observations
Example: Students recorded their observations at five-minute intervals.
Thẻ 227
Câu hỏi
prove
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To establish that something is true through evidence or logical reasoning.
Collocation: prove a theorem
Example: The student used two earlier results to prove the theorem.
Thẻ 228
Câu hỏi
adequate
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Sufficient for a particular purpose, though not necessarily excellent.
Collocation: adequate evidence
Example: The report did not provide adequate evidence for such a broad claim.
Thẻ 229
Câu hỏi
strengthen
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To make something stronger, more effective, or more convincing.
Collocation: strengthen an argument
Example: Additional field data would strengthen the argument.
Thẻ 230
Câu hỏi
tradition
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A belief or practice passed between generations.
Collocation: local tradition
Example: The festival preserves a local tradition of communal farming.
Thẻ 231
Câu hỏi
volume
Câu trả lời
Meaning: The amount of something, especially material, flow, or activity.
Collocation: traffic volume
Example: Traffic volume fell after the new rail service opened.
Thẻ 232
Câu hỏi
select
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To choose something carefully from a group of options.
Collocation: select a sample
Example: Researchers selected a sample from each age group.
Thẻ 233
Câu hỏi
appropriate
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Suitable for a particular purpose, situation, or audience.
Collocation: appropriate method
Example: Interviews were an appropriate method for exploring personal experience.
Thẻ 234
Câu hỏi
quote
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To repeat someone's exact words and identify their source.
Collocation: quote directly
Example: The essay quotes directly from the explorer's journal.
Thẻ 235
Câu hỏi
uncertainty
Câu trả lời
Meaning: A lack of complete knowledge or confidence about what will happen.
Collocation: policy uncertainty
Example: Policy uncertainty delayed investment in new infrastructure.
Thẻ 236
Câu hỏi
sustain
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To keep a process or condition continuing over time.
Collocation: sustain growth
Example: Limited water supplies cannot sustain rapid population growth.
Thẻ 237
Câu hỏi
combine
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To join two or more things into one whole or shared action.
Collocation: combine methods
Example: The study combined interviews with direct observation.
Thẻ 238
Câu hỏi
complex
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Made of many connected parts and therefore difficult to understand or manage.
Collocation: complex issue
Example: Water rights became a complex issue involving law, ecology, and local custom.
Thẻ 239
Câu hỏi
specify
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To state something precisely and explicitly.
Collocation: specify the conditions
Example: The protocol specifies the conditions required for storage.
Thẻ 240
Câu hỏi
refer
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To mention, direct attention to, or use a source of information.
Collocation: refer to evidence
Example: The author refers to archaeological evidence from the northern coast.
Thẻ 241
Câu hỏi
transform
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To change something greatly in form, structure, or character.
Collocation: transform a system
Example: Digital records transformed the hospital's information system.
Thẻ 242
Câu hỏi
adopt
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To begin using an idea, policy, or method.
Collocation: adopt a policy
Example: Several cities adopted a policy of free weekend transit.
Thẻ 243
Câu hỏi
consistent
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Remaining in agreement, form, or quality across cases or time.
Collocation: consistent result
Example: The three laboratories reported consistent results.
Thẻ 244
Câu hỏi
study
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To investigate or learn about a subject carefully.
Collocation: study a phenomenon
Example: The team studied the phenomenon under controlled conditions.
Thẻ 245
Câu hỏi
reflect
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To show, express, or be a result of something.
Collocation: reflect a change
Example: The revised map reflects changes in the river's course.
Thẻ 246
Câu hỏi
comprise
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To be made up of all the stated parts.
Collocation: comprise three sections
Example: The final report comprises three sections and an appendix.
Thẻ 247
Câu hỏi
vary
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To differ or change across cases, places, or time.
Collocation: vary considerably
Example: Rainfall totals vary considerably across the island.
Thẻ 248
Câu hỏi
advocate
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To publicly support a policy, idea, or course of action.
Collocation: advocate reform
Example: Several researchers advocated reform of the approval process.
Thẻ 249
Câu hỏi
systematic
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Done according to an organized and consistent method.
Collocation: systematic review
Example: A systematic review compared evidence from forty studies.
Thẻ 250
Câu hỏi
critical
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Essential to the success or outcome of something.
Collocation: critical factor
Example: Reliable storage is a critical factor in the vaccine program.
Thẻ 251
Câu hỏi
consist
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To be made of particular parts or elements.
Collocation: consist of
Example: The sample consisted of soil from twelve sites.
Thẻ 252
Câu hỏi
state
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To express something clearly in speech or writing.
Collocation: clearly state
Example: The introduction clearly states the study's main question.
Thẻ 253
Câu hỏi
allocate
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To distribute money, time, or resources for a particular purpose.
Collocation: allocate resources
Example: The agency allocated more resources to preventive care.
Thẻ 254
Câu hỏi
yield
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To produce a result or amount.
Collocation: yield results
Example: The second search yielded more reliable results.
Thẻ 255
Câu hỏi
equivalent
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Equal in value, meaning, function, or effect.
Collocation: roughly equivalent
Example: The two measures produced roughly equivalent estimates.
Thẻ 256
Câu hỏi
constitute
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To form or make up a whole or a stated share of it.
Collocation: constitute a majority
Example: Small businesses constitute a majority of employers in the district.
Thẻ 257
Câu hỏi
suggest
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To offer an idea or indicate a possible conclusion without proving it.
Collocation: evidence suggests
Example: The evidence suggests that the settlement was occupied year-round.
Thẻ 258
Câu hỏi
experimental
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Used to test a new idea or based on an experiment.
Collocation: experimental method
Example: The team used an experimental method to remove salt from the soil.
Thẻ 259
Câu hỏi
enable
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To make an action or result possible.
Collocation: enable access
Example: Digital copies enabled access to records from remote towns.
Thẻ 260
Câu hỏi
excessive
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Greater than is reasonable, necessary, or safe.
Collocation: excessive use
Example: Excessive use of fertilizer damaged nearby streams.
Thẻ 261
Câu hỏi
construct
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To build or form something by joining parts.
Collocation: construct a model
Example: Students constructed a model of the river basin.
Thẻ 262
Câu hỏi
rapid
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Happening or changing in a short time.
Collocation: rapid growth
Example: Rapid growth placed pressure on the city's water supply.
Thẻ 263
Câu hỏi
random
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Chosen or occurring without a predictable pattern or deliberate selection.
Collocation: random sample
Example: The researchers drew a random sample from the full list of households.
Thẻ 264
Câu hỏi
summarize
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To give the main points in a shorter form.
Collocation: summarize the findings
Example: The final paragraph summarizes the findings without adding new claims.
Thẻ 265
Câu hỏi
govern
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To control, regulate, or determine how a group or process operates.
Collocation: rules govern
Example: Clear rules govern how the shared laboratory may be used.
Thẻ 266
Câu hỏi
contain
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To have something inside or include it as a part.
Collocation: contain evidence
Example: The oldest layer contains evidence of repeated flooding.
Thẻ 267
Câu hỏi
relative
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Considered in comparison with something else rather than alone.
Collocation: relative importance
Example: The study compares the relative importance of rainfall and soil type.
Thẻ 268
Câu hỏi
representative
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Typical of a larger group and suitable for standing in for it.
Collocation: representative example
Example: The chosen village is a representative example of settlement along the river.
Thẻ 269
Câu hỏi
support
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To provide evidence, strength, or assistance for something.
Collocation: support a conclusion
Example: The observations support the conclusion that the species is nocturnal.
Thẻ 270
Câu hỏi
progressive
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Developing gradually through a series of stages.
Collocation: progressive decline
Example: The archive documents a progressive decline in the lake's water level.
Thẻ 271
Câu hỏi
convert
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To change something from one form, function, or system into another.
Collocation: convert energy
Example: Solar cells convert light energy into electricity.
Thẻ 272
Câu hỏi
impose
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To officially require a rule, limit, duty, or cost.
Collocation: impose restrictions
Example: The city imposed restrictions on construction near the shoreline.
Thẻ 273
Câu hỏi
significant
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Large or important enough to matter.
Collocation: significant change
Example: The policy produced a significant change in weekday bus use.
Thẻ 274
Câu hỏi
explicit
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Stated clearly and directly, with no need for inference.
Collocation: explicit statement
Example: The report makes an explicit statement about its data limitations.
Thẻ 275
Câu hỏi
scientific
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Related to the systematic study of the natural or social world through evidence.
Collocation: scientific evidence
Example: The regulation was revised in response to new scientific evidence.
Thẻ 276
Câu hỏi
subsequent
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Happening or existing after the event already mentioned.
Collocation: subsequent study
Example: A subsequent study repeated the test with a larger sample.
Thẻ 277
Câu hỏi
participate
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To take part in an activity, process, or event.
Collocation: participate in research
Example: More than two hundred residents agreed to participate in the research.
Thẻ 278
Câu hỏi
correspond
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To match, agree with, or be closely connected to something.
Collocation: correspond closely
Example: The tree-ring record corresponds closely with measured rainfall.
Thẻ 279
Câu hỏi
logical
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Following a clear and valid pattern of reasoning.
Collocation: logical conclusion
Example: The evidence led to the logical conclusion that the river had changed course.
Thẻ 280
Câu hỏi
theoretical
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Based on ideas or principles rather than direct observation or practical testing.
Collocation: theoretical model
Example: The observed pattern matched the theoretical model.
Thẻ 281
Câu hỏi
similar
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Alike in important ways, though not identical.
Collocation: broadly similar
Example: The two regions have broadly similar rainfall patterns.
Thẻ 282
Câu hỏi
successive
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Following one after another in a sequence.
Collocation: successive generations
Example: Successive generations adapted the building to new uses.
Thẻ 283
Câu hỏi
incorporate
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To include something as part of a larger whole.
Collocation: incorporate feedback
Example: The revised plan incorporates feedback from local residents.
Thẻ 284
Câu hỏi
rational
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Based on reason and evidence rather than impulse.
Collocation: rational explanation
Example: The apparent pattern has a rational explanation based on sampling methods.
Thẻ 285
Câu hỏi
accurately
Câu trả lời
Meaning: In a way that is correct and free from important error.
Collocation: accurately measure
Example: The device can accurately measure very small changes in pressure.
Thẻ 286
Câu hỏi
sufficient
Câu trả lời
Meaning: As much as is needed for a particular purpose.
Collocation: sufficient evidence
Example: The available evidence was sufficient to reject the first explanation.
Thẻ 287
Câu hỏi
increasingly
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To a growing degree or with greater frequency over time.
Collocation: increasingly common
Example: Shared research facilities are increasingly common at smaller universities.
Thẻ 288
Câu hỏi
preserve
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To protect something from loss, damage, or major change.
Collocation: preserve cultural heritage
Example: The archive helped preserve the community's cultural heritage.
Thẻ 289
Câu hỏi
relevant
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Directly connected to the question or subject being considered.
Collocation: relevant evidence
Example: The review excluded studies that did not provide relevant evidence.
Thẻ 290
Câu hỏi
approximately
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Close to an amount or value but not exactly equal to it.
Collocation: approximately equal
Example: The two study groups were approximately equal in size.
Thẻ 291
Câu hỏi
integrate
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To combine parts so they work together as a whole.
Collocation: integrate data
Example: The platform integrates data from satellites and ground sensors.
Thẻ 292
Câu hỏi
suitable
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Right or acceptable for a particular purpose or situation.
Collocation: suitable method
Example: Satellite imaging was the most suitable method for the remote region.
Thẻ 293
Câu hỏi
regulate
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To control an activity or process through rules or adjustments.
Collocation: regulate an industry
Example: The agency regulates the industry through regular inspections.
Thẻ 294
Câu hỏi
consequently
Câu trả lời
Meaning: As a result of what was just stated.
Collocation: consequently reduce
Example: The new filter removes more particles and consequently reduces treatment costs.
Thẻ 295
Câu hỏi
clearly
Câu trả lời
Meaning: In a way that is easy to understand, see, or recognize.
Collocation: clearly indicate
Example: The results clearly indicate that the second filter removed more particles.
Thẻ 296
Câu hỏi
independently
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Without relying on another person, source, or result.
Collocation: independently verify
Example: A second laboratory independently verified the result.
Thẻ 297
Câu hỏi
maintain
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To keep something in a particular condition or continue it over time.
Collocation: maintain water quality
Example: The wetland helps maintain water quality during heavy rain.
Thẻ 298
Câu hỏi
undertake
Câu trả lời
Meaning: To accept responsibility for and begin a task or project.
Collocation: undertake research
Example: The university undertook research on affordable housing materials.
Thẻ 299
Câu hỏi
valuable
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Very useful, important, or worth having.
Collocation: valuable information
Example: The interviews provided valuable information about informal trade routes.
Thẻ 300
Câu hỏi
ultimately
Câu trả lời
Meaning: Finally, after all stages or factors have been considered.
Collocation: ultimately depend on
Example: The project's success ultimately depends on reliable local funding.
300 thẻ
Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
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