Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
Study 300 independently selected cross-disciplinary academic words with concise meanings, collocations, and original context examples.
O tomto balíčku
Study 300 independently selected cross-disciplinary academic words for reading, listening, speaking, and writing practice. Each card shows one word on the front. The back starts with a concise meaning, then gives a useful collocation and one original academic example.
What this deck practices
- Word → meaning and use: 300 single-word prompts selected through a documented, openly licensed academic-vocabulary source.
- Collocations in context: every answer pairs the word with a natural academic phrase and an original sentence.
Meaning → word cards are excluded because a short definition can fit several words, which would make many reverse prompts ambiguous. Pronunciation, translations, subject-specific terminology, exam tactics, predicted test frequency, and score claims are also outside the scope.
The deterministic sequence interleaves research methods, reasoning and claims, change and causation, comparison and evaluation, systems and processes, and society and policy. Close word-family variants stay at least three unrelated cards apart. The review scheduler handles longer-term spacing after installation.
Word selection starts from Magali Paquot's Academic Keyword List, published under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. This deck uses a filtered and reordered 300-word subset, with analyse → analyze and summarise → summarize normalizations. The source list itself warns that pedagogical mediation is still needed. All meanings, collocations, examples, grouping, and ordering here are independently authored. This is not an official or exhaustive vocabulary list for the TOEFL iBT® test.
Requested source citation: Paquot, M. (2010). Academic Vocabulary in Learner Writing: From Extraction to Analysis. London & New York: Continuum, pp. 56–58.
The Common knowledge · CC0 1.0 label applies only to the independently authored card text, organization, and metadata to the extent applicable rights exist. It does not replace or override the AKL's CC BY 4.0 terms; reusers must follow those terms for the source-list contribution. It does not claim ownership of facts or ordinary English words. For current test content, see ETS's TOEFL iBT® test content and structure.
TOEFL iBT® is a registered trademark of ETS. This product is not endorsed or approved by ETS. No ETS questions, answers, scoring guides, or source prose were copied.
Kartičky v tomto balíčku
Kartička 1
Otázka
adoption
Odpověď
Meaning: The decision or process of starting to use an idea, method, or system.
Collocation: widespread adoption
Example: Widespread adoption of the new method took several years.
Kartička 2
Otázka
argument
Odpověď
Meaning: A set of reasons used to support a conclusion or position.
Collocation: central argument
Example: The article's central argument rests on evidence from two long-term studies.
Kartička 3
Otázka
analysis
Odpověď
Meaning: A careful examination of something to understand its parts or meaning.
Collocation: data analysis
Example: The data analysis revealed a clear seasonal pattern.
Kartička 4
Otázka
association
Odpověď
Meaning: A connection between two people, events, qualities, or variables.
Collocation: strong association
Example: The survey found a strong association between sleep and concentration.
Kartička 5
Otázka
cause
Odpověď
Meaning: Something that makes an event or condition happen.
Collocation: underlying cause
Example: The study examined the underlying cause of the population decline.
Kartička 6
Otázka
advantage
Odpověď
Meaning: A condition or feature that makes success more likely.
Collocation: significant advantage
Example: Early access to the archive gave the researchers a significant advantage.
Kartička 7
Otázka
attitude
Odpověď
Meaning: A settled way of thinking or feeling about something.
Collocation: public attitude
Example: Public attitudes toward urban transport changed after the pilot program.
Kartička 8
Otázka
application
Odpověď
Meaning: A practical use of an idea, method, or discovery.
Collocation: practical application
Example: The material has a practical application in water filtration.
Kartička 9
Otázka
category
Odpověď
Meaning: A group of things that share defined features.
Collocation: broad category
Example: The researchers placed both materials in the same broad category.
Kartička 10
Otázka
assertion
Odpověď
Meaning: A confident statement presented as true.
Collocation: unsupported assertion
Example: Without survey data, the claim remained an unsupported assertion.
Kartička 11
Otázka
alternative
Odpověď
Meaning: Another option that can be chosen instead of the usual one.
Collocation: viable alternative
Example: Solar heating offered a viable alternative to imported fuel.
Kartička 12
Otázka
change
Odpověď
Meaning: A shift from one state, condition, or form to another.
Collocation: gradual change
Example: The sediment layers record gradual change in the region's climate.
Kartička 13
Otázka
assessment
Odpověď
Meaning: A reasoned judgment about the quality, value, or condition of something.
Collocation: risk assessment
Example: The team completed a risk assessment before entering the cave.
Kartička 14
Otázka
combination
Odpověď
Meaning: Two or more things joined or used together.
Collocation: combination of factors
Example: A combination of factors shaped the city's growth.
Kartička 15
Otázka
assumption
Odpověď
Meaning: An idea accepted as true without complete proof.
Collocation: underlying assumption
Example: The model's underlying assumption is that demand remains stable.
Kartička 16
Otázka
balance
Odpověď
Meaning: A state in which competing factors have suitable proportions.
Collocation: achieve a balance
Example: The policy tries to achieve a balance between access and conservation.
Kartička 17
Otázka
awareness
Odpověď
Meaning: Knowledge or understanding that a situation or issue exists.
Collocation: raise awareness
Example: The campaign raised awareness of preventable water waste.
Kartička 18
Otázka
consequence
Odpověď
Meaning: A result that follows from an action or condition.
Collocation: unintended consequence
Example: Higher rents were an unintended consequence of the redevelopment plan.
Kartička 19
Otázka
concept
Odpověď
Meaning: A general idea used to understand or organize something.
Collocation: abstract concept
Example: The diagram makes the abstract concept easier to understand.
Kartička 20
Otázka
conclusion
Odpověď
Meaning: A judgment reached after considering evidence or reasoning.
Collocation: draw a conclusion
Example: The sample was too small to draw a firm conclusion.
Kartička 21
Otázka
benefit
Odpověď
Meaning: A helpful or favorable result.
Collocation: long-term benefit
Example: Better insulation provides a long-term benefit by reducing energy use.
Kartička 22
Otázka
bias
Odpověď
Meaning: A systematic tendency or error that can distort judgment, sampling, or results.
Collocation: selection bias
Example: Selection bias may occur if only frequent users answer the survey.
Kartička 23
Otázka
decline
Odpověď
Meaning: A gradual decrease in amount, quality, or importance.
Collocation: sharp decline
Example: The records show a sharp decline in fish populations after 1990.
Kartička 24
Otázka
classification
Odpověď
Meaning: The process or system of arranging things into groups.
Collocation: classification system
Example: The new classification system groups plants by shared genetic features.
Kartička 25
Otázka
condition
Odpověď
Meaning: A circumstance that affects how something happens or exists.
Collocation: controlled condition
Example: Each seedling grew under the same controlled conditions.
Kartička 26
Otázka
contradiction
Odpověď
Meaning: A conflict between statements, ideas, or results that cannot both be true.
Collocation: apparent contradiction
Example: Further testing resolved the apparent contradiction between the two findings.
Kartička 27
Otázka
challenge
Odpověď
Meaning: A difficult problem or task that requires effort to solve.
Collocation: major challenge
Example: Limited storage remains a major challenge for renewable energy systems.
Kartička 28
Otázka
development
Odpověď
Meaning: The process of growing, changing, or becoming more advanced.
Collocation: economic development
Example: The railway accelerated economic development across the region.
Kartička 29
Otázka
data
Odpověď
Meaning: Facts, measurements, or observations collected for analysis.
Collocation: collect data
Example: Researchers collected data from weather stations across the island.
Kartička 30
Otázka
comparison
Odpověď
Meaning: An examination of how two or more things are alike or different.
Collocation: direct comparison
Example: A direct comparison showed that the two methods produced similar results.
Kartička 31
Otázka
criterion
Odpověď
Meaning: A standard used to judge or decide something.
Collocation: selection criterion
Example: Research experience was one selection criterion for the program.
Kartička 32
Otázka
construction
Odpověď
Meaning: The process of building something or forming an idea.
Collocation: social construction
Example: The lecture examined identity as a social construction.
Kartička 33
Otázka
effect
Odpověď
Meaning: A change produced by a cause.
Collocation: measurable effect
Example: The treatment had a measurable effect on plant growth.
Kartička 34
Otázka
choice
Odpověď
Meaning: An act or possibility of selecting among options.
Collocation: informed choice
Example: Clear labels help consumers make an informed choice.
Kartička 35
Otázka
definition
Odpověď
Meaning: A statement that explains the exact meaning of a word or concept.
Collocation: precise definition
Example: The report begins with a precise definition of food security.
Kartička 36
Otázka
complexity
Odpověď
Meaning: The state of having many connected parts or difficult features.
Collocation: growing complexity
Example: The model captures the growing complexity of urban transport networks.
Kartička 37
Otázka
criticism
Odpověď
Meaning: A judgment that identifies faults or weaknesses.
Collocation: face criticism
Example: The proposal faced criticism for excluding rural communities.
Kartička 38
Otázka
constraint
Odpověď
Meaning: A limit that restricts what can be done.
Collocation: financial constraint
Example: Financial constraints reduced the size of the field study.
Kartička 39
Otázka
evolution
Odpověď
Meaning: Gradual development or change over time, especially across generations.
Collocation: cultural evolution
Example: Written records offer clues about the cultural evolution of the region.
Kartička 40
Otázka
evidence
Odpověď
Meaning: Information that supports or challenges a claim.
Collocation: strong evidence
Example: Ice cores provide strong evidence of past temperature changes.
Kartička 41
Otázka
compromise
Odpověď
Meaning: An agreement in which each side accepts less than it originally wanted.
Collocation: reach a compromise
Example: The two agencies reached a compromise on water use.
Kartička 42
Otázka
circumstance
Odpověď
Meaning: A fact or condition that shapes a situation.
Collocation: unusual circumstance
Example: Under normal circumstances, the reaction takes less than a minute.
Kartička 43
Otázka
debate
Odpověď
Meaning: A serious discussion in which different views on an issue are considered.
Collocation: ongoing debate
Example: The discovery renewed the ongoing debate about early migration routes.
Kartička 44
Otázka
expansion
Odpověď
Meaning: An increase in size, range, or activity.
Collocation: rapid expansion
Example: Rapid expansion of the city replaced much of the surrounding farmland.
Kartička 45
Otázka
evaluation
Odpověď
Meaning: A systematic judgment of quality, effectiveness, or value.
Collocation: program evaluation
Example: The program evaluation included interviews with teachers and students.
Kartička 46
Otázka
contrast
Odpověď
Meaning: A clear difference between two or more things.
Collocation: sharp contrast
Example: The dry interior stands in sharp contrast to the wet coast.
Kartička 47
Otázka
commitment
Odpověď
Meaning: A firm promise or continuing dedication to an aim.
Collocation: long-term commitment
Example: Restoring the forest requires a long-term commitment from local agencies.
Kartička 48
Otázka
content
Odpověď
Meaning: The information, ideas, or material contained in something.
Collocation: course content
Example: The instructor revised the course content to include recent research.
Kartička 49
Otázka
factor
Odpověď
Meaning: One element that helps produce a result.
Collocation: contributing factor
Example: Access to clean water was a contributing factor in the health improvement.
Kartička 50
Otázka
experiment
Odpověď
Meaning: A controlled test designed to investigate a question.
Collocation: laboratory experiment
Example: The laboratory experiment tested how temperature affects the reaction.
Kartička 51
Otázka
correlation
Odpověď
Meaning: A relationship in which two variables change together.
Collocation: positive correlation
Example: The data show a positive correlation between practice time and accuracy.
Kartička 52
Otázka
explanation
Odpověď
Meaning: A statement that makes a fact, process, or reason clear.
Collocation: plausible explanation
Example: Changes in rainfall offer a plausible explanation for the migration.
Kartička 53
Otázka
control
Odpověď
Meaning: The power or method used to direct, limit, or keep something stable.
Collocation: quality control
Example: Strict quality control reduced errors in the manufacturing process.
Kartička 54
Otázka
communication
Odpověď
Meaning: The exchange of information, ideas, or feelings.
Collocation: effective communication
Example: Effective communication helped the research teams coordinate their work.
Kartička 55
Otázka
finding
Odpověď
Meaning: A result discovered through research or investigation.
Collocation: key finding
Example: A key finding was that small wetlands support many species.
Kartička 56
Otázka
growth
Odpověď
Meaning: An increase in size, amount, or development.
Collocation: population growth
Example: Population growth increased demand for public transport.
Kartička 57
Otázka
implication
Odpověď
Meaning: A likely consequence or meaning that is suggested rather than stated.
Collocation: practical implication
Example: The finding has a practical implication for classroom design.
Kartička 58
Otázka
dimension
Odpověď
Meaning: One aspect or feature of a situation or system.
Collocation: social dimension
Example: The report adds a social dimension to the economic analysis.
Kartička 59
Otázka
difference
Odpověď
Meaning: A way in which two or more things are not the same.
Collocation: significant difference
Example: The trial found no significant difference between the two treatments.
Kartička 60
Otázka
community
Odpověď
Meaning: A group of people connected by place, identity, or shared interests.
Collocation: local community
Example: The local community helped design the coastal protection plan.
Kartička 61
Otázka
hypothesis
Odpověď
Meaning: A testable proposed explanation for an observation.
Collocation: test a hypothesis
Example: The researchers designed an experiment to test their hypothesis.
Kartička 62
Otázka
insight
Odpověď
Meaning: A clear and useful understanding of a complex issue.
Collocation: valuable insight
Example: The interviews provided valuable insight into students' study habits.
Kartička 63
Otázka
element
Odpověď
Meaning: A basic part of a larger whole.
Collocation: essential element
Example: Trust is an essential element of successful cooperation.
Kartička 64
Otázka
difficulty
Odpověď
Meaning: A problem or condition that makes something hard to do or understand.
Collocation: practical difficulty
Example: Recruiting enough participants created a practical difficulty for the study.
Kartička 65
Otázka
conflict
Odpověď
Meaning: A serious disagreement or clash between interests, ideas, or groups.
Collocation: conflict of interest
Example: Reviewers must disclose any conflict of interest.
Kartička 66
Otázka
impact
Odpověď
Meaning: A strong effect on a situation, system, or person.
Collocation: environmental impact
Example: The assessment considered the dam's environmental impact.
Kartička 67
Otázka
investigation
Odpověď
Meaning: A systematic search for facts or causes.
Collocation: detailed investigation
Example: A detailed investigation traced the contamination to a damaged pipe.
Kartička 68
Otázka
interpretation
Odpověď
Meaning: An explanation of the meaning or importance of something.
Collocation: alternative interpretation
Example: The historian offered an alternative interpretation of the treaty.
Kartička 69
Otázka
disadvantage
Odpověď
Meaning: A condition or feature that makes success less likely.
Collocation: major disadvantage
Example: High maintenance costs are a major disadvantage of the older system.
Kartička 70
Otázka
formation
Odpověď
Meaning: The process by which something develops or takes shape.
Collocation: cloud formation
Example: Air temperature influences cloud formation above the mountains.
Kartička 71
Otázka
improvement
Odpověď
Meaning: A change that makes something better.
Collocation: marked improvement
Example: The second trial showed a marked improvement in accuracy.
Kartička 72
Otázka
consensus
Odpověď
Meaning: General agreement among members of a group.
Collocation: broad consensus
Example: Scientists reached a broad consensus after reviewing the new evidence.
Kartička 73
Otázka
literature
Odpověď
Meaning: Published research and writing about a subject.
Collocation: existing literature
Example: The review compares the new results with the existing literature.
Kartička 74
Otázka
logic
Odpověď
Meaning: A system of reasoning that connects ideas and conclusions.
Collocation: underlying logic
Example: The lecturer explained the underlying logic of the classification scheme.
Kartička 75
Otázka
form
Odpověď
Meaning: The structure, type, or visible shape that something takes.
Collocation: common form
Example: Oral history is a common form of evidence in community research.
Kartička 76
Otázka
distinction
Odpověď
Meaning: A meaningful difference between similar things or ideas.
Collocation: clear distinction
Example: The article makes a clear distinction between weather and climate.
Kartička 77
Otázka
increase
Odpověď
Meaning: A rise in amount, size, number, or intensity.
Collocation: substantial increase
Example: The region recorded a substantial increase in winter rainfall.
Kartička 78
Otázka
convention
Odpověď
Meaning: A widely accepted way of behaving, writing, or doing something.
Collocation: academic convention
Example: Citing sources is a basic academic convention.
Kartička 79
Otázka
method
Odpověď
Meaning: An organized way of doing or studying something.
Collocation: research method
Example: Interviews were the main research method used in the project.
Kartička 80
Otázka
function
Odpověď
Meaning: The purpose or activity for which something exists.
Collocation: primary function
Example: The wetland's primary function is to store and filter water.
Kartička 81
Otázka
notion
Odpověď
Meaning: An idea or belief about something.
Collocation: traditional notion
Example: The discovery challenged the traditional notion that the region was isolated.
Kartička 82
Otázka
influence
Odpověď
Meaning: The power to affect a person, process, or outcome.
Collocation: strong influence
Example: Ocean currents have a strong influence on the island's climate.
Kartička 83
Otázka
culture
Odpověď
Meaning: The shared beliefs, practices, arts, and ways of life of a group.
Collocation: academic culture
Example: The university's academic culture encouraged open debate.
Kartička 84
Otázka
diversity
Odpověď
Meaning: The presence of many different types within a group or system.
Collocation: biological diversity
Example: Habitat loss threatens the island's biological diversity.
Kartička 85
Otázka
model
Odpověď
Meaning: A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system.
Collocation: climate model
Example: The climate model predicts drier summers in the southern region.
Kartička 86
Otázka
integration
Odpověď
Meaning: The process of combining parts into a connected whole.
Collocation: social integration
Example: Shared public spaces can support social integration in new neighborhoods.
Kartička 87
Otázka
progress
Odpověď
Meaning: Movement toward a goal or a more developed state.
Collocation: make progress
Example: The restoration team made steady progress despite heavy rain.
Kartička 88
Otázka
perspective
Odpověď
Meaning: A particular way of understanding or viewing an issue.
Collocation: historical perspective
Example: A historical perspective helps explain the current border dispute.
Kartička 89
Otázka
decision
Odpověď
Meaning: A choice made after considering available options.
Collocation: policy decision
Example: The policy decision followed months of public consultation.
Kartička 90
Otázka
effectiveness
Odpověď
Meaning: The degree to which something achieves its intended result.
Collocation: evaluate effectiveness
Example: The trial evaluated the effectiveness of the new teaching method.
Kartička 91
Otázka
observation
Odpověď
Meaning: The act of carefully watching or measuring something to gather information.
Collocation: direct observation
Example: Direct observation confirmed that the birds feed at dawn.
Kartička 92
Otázka
interaction
Odpověď
Meaning: A process in which two or more things affect one another.
Collocation: complex interaction
Example: Soil quality depends on a complex interaction of water, minerals, and organisms.
Kartička 93
Otázka
proposition
Odpověď
Meaning: A statement or idea offered for consideration or testing.
Collocation: central proposition
Example: The essay tests the central proposition against three historical cases.
Kartička 94
Otázka
discrimination
Odpověď
Meaning: Unfair treatment based on a person's group or perceived characteristics.
Collocation: employment discrimination
Example: The study examined how employment discrimination affects income.
Kartička 95
Otázka
exception
Odpověď
Meaning: A case that does not follow a general rule or pattern.
Collocation: notable exception
Example: Most species migrated south, with one notable exception.
Kartička 96
Otázka
reduction
Odpověď
Meaning: A decrease in size, amount, or degree.
Collocation: significant reduction
Example: The insulation produced a significant reduction in energy use.
Kartička 97
Otázka
participant
Odpověď
Meaning: A person who takes part in an activity or study.
Collocation: study participant
Example: Each study participant completed the same questionnaire.
Kartička 98
Otázka
reason
Odpověď
Meaning: A cause, explanation, or basis for an action or belief.
Collocation: main reason
Example: Lower cost was the main reason for choosing the second material.
Kartička 99
Otázka
environment
Odpověď
Meaning: The natural or social surroundings in which something exists.
Collocation: learning environment
Example: Flexible seating changed the classroom's learning environment.
Kartička 100
Otázka
link
Odpověď
Meaning: A connection between people, ideas, events, or parts of a system.
Collocation: establish a link
Example: The study established a link between soil moisture and seed survival.
Kartička 101
Otázka
rise
Odpověď
Meaning: An increase in amount, level, or importance.
Collocation: steady rise
Example: The records show a steady rise in average sea temperature.
Kartička 102
Otázka
limit
Odpověď
Meaning: The greatest amount, extent, or level that is allowed or possible.
Collocation: upper limit
Example: The instrument has an upper limit beyond which readings are unreliable.
Kartička 103
Otázka
reasoning
Odpověď
Meaning: The process of using facts and logic to reach a judgment.
Collocation: logical reasoning
Example: The solution requires logical reasoning rather than memorization.
Kartička 104
Otázka
procedure
Odpověď
Meaning: An established series of steps for doing something.
Collocation: standard procedure
Example: Each laboratory followed the same standard procedure.
Kartička 105
Otázka
maintenance
Odpověď
Meaning: Work that keeps a system, condition, or structure functioning.
Collocation: routine maintenance
Example: Routine maintenance extended the bridge's useful life.
Kartička 106
Otázka
establishment
Odpověď
Meaning: The act of creating an organization, system, or lasting condition.
Collocation: establishment of a network
Example: The establishment of a monitoring network improved storm warnings.
Kartička 107
Otázka
shift
Odpověď
Meaning: A change in position, direction, emphasis, or opinion.
Collocation: major shift
Example: The findings prompted a major shift in conservation policy.
Kartička 108
Otázka
limitation
Odpověď
Meaning: A restriction or weakness that affects what is possible or reliable.
Collocation: major limitation
Example: The study's major limitation was its short observation period.
Kartička 109
Otázka
research
Odpověď
Meaning: Systematic study intended to establish facts or develop understanding.
Collocation: conduct research
Example: The team conducted research on low-cost water filters.
Kartička 110
Otázka
medium
Odpověď
Meaning: A channel or material through which information or an effect is carried.
Collocation: communication medium
Example: Radio remained an important communication medium in remote areas.
Kartička 111
Otázka
relevance
Odpověď
Meaning: The degree to which something relates to the matter being considered.
Collocation: practical relevance
Example: The lecturer explained the theory's practical relevance to urban planning.
Kartička 112
Otázka
identity
Odpověď
Meaning: The qualities, beliefs, or affiliations that define a person or group.
Collocation: cultural identity
Example: Language played a central role in the community's cultural identity.
Kartička 113
Otázka
likelihood
Odpověď
Meaning: The degree to which something is likely to happen.
Collocation: reduce the likelihood
Example: Early detection can reduce the likelihood of a larger outbreak.
Kartička 114
Otázka
transition
Odpověď
Meaning: The process of changing from one state or system to another.
Collocation: gradual transition
Example: The region made a gradual transition from coal to renewable energy.
Kartička 115
Otázka
sample
Odpověď
Meaning: A smaller group or amount selected to represent a larger whole.
Collocation: representative sample
Example: The survey used a representative sample of households from each district.
Kartička 116
Otázka
theory
Odpověď
Meaning: A well-supported explanation that connects facts or observations.
Collocation: scientific theory
Example: New observations strengthened the scientific theory rather than replacing it.
Kartička 117
Otázka
institution
Odpověď
Meaning: An established organization or social system with a public role.
Collocation: educational institution
Example: Each educational institution set its own admission policy.
Kartička 118
Otázka
mode
Odpověď
Meaning: A particular way in which something happens or operates.
Collocation: mode of transport
Example: Cycling became the preferred mode of transport for short trips.
Kartička 119
Otázka
possibility
Odpověď
Meaning: A chance that something may exist or happen.
Collocation: explore the possibility
Example: The team explored the possibility of reusing wastewater.
Kartička 120
Otázka
trend
Odpověď
Meaning: A general direction in which a situation is changing.
Collocation: long-term trend
Example: A single cold year did not reverse the long-term warming trend.
Kartička 121
Otázka
viewpoint
Odpověď
Meaning: A particular opinion or position from which an issue is considered.
Collocation: opposing viewpoint
Example: The seminar required students to address an opposing viewpoint fairly.
Kartička 122
Otázka
intervention
Odpověď
Meaning: An action taken to change a situation or prevent a problem.
Collocation: early intervention
Example: Early intervention helped prevent minor reading difficulties from growing.
Kartička 123
Otázka
network
Odpověď
Meaning: A connected system of people, places, or components.
Collocation: transport network
Example: The new rail line connected two previously isolated towns to the regional transport network.
Kartička 124
Otázka
scale
Odpověď
Meaning: The size, extent, or level at which something occurs or is measured.
Collocation: large scale
Example: Producing the material on a large scale requires less energy than expected.
Kartička 125
Otázka
variation
Odpověď
Meaning: A difference or change within a group, range, or pattern.
Collocation: regional variation
Example: The map shows regional variation in annual rainfall.
Kartička 126
Otázka
potential
Odpověď
Meaning: The capacity to develop, happen, or become useful in the future.
Collocation: considerable potential
Example: The coastal winds have considerable potential for electricity generation.
Kartička 127
Otázka
claim
Odpověď
Meaning: A statement that something is true, often requiring evidence.
Collocation: support a claim
Example: The author used census records to support the claim.
Kartička 128
Otázka
majority
Odpověď
Meaning: More than half of a group or amount.
Collocation: clear majority
Example: A clear majority of respondents preferred the quieter route.
Kartička 129
Otázka
operation
Odpověď
Meaning: The process of working or the way a system functions.
Collocation: normal operation
Example: The backup battery keeps the sensor in normal operation during outages.
Kartička 130
Otázka
statistics
Odpověď
Meaning: Numerical facts collected and analyzed to describe a group or situation.
Collocation: official statistics
Example: Official statistics show a decline in household energy use.
Kartička 131
Otázka
affect
Odpověď
Meaning: To produce a change in someone or something.
Collocation: significantly affect
Example: Soil acidity can significantly affect nutrient availability.
Kartička 132
Otázka
proportion
Odpověď
Meaning: A part or share of a whole, often expressed as a fraction or percentage.
Collocation: large proportion
Example: A large proportion of the city's water comes from underground sources.
Kartička 133
Otázka
minority
Odpověď
Meaning: A group or amount that forms less than half of a larger whole.
Collocation: small minority
Example: Only a small minority of participants left the study early.
Kartička 134
Otázka
outcome
Odpověď
Meaning: The final result of a process, event, or action.
Collocation: learning outcome
Example: Regular feedback improved the course's main learning outcome.
Kartička 135
Otázka
clarify
Odpověď
Meaning: To make an idea, statement, or situation easier to understand.
Collocation: clarify the distinction
Example: The final section clarifies the distinction between correlation and cause.
Kartička 136
Otázka
alter
Odpověď
Meaning: To change something, usually without replacing it completely.
Collocation: substantially alter
Example: A new dam could substantially alter the river's seasonal flow.
Kartička 137
Otázka
survey
Odpověď
Meaning: A study that systematically collects information, often from a sample of people.
Collocation: national survey
Example: A national survey measured changes in commuting habits.
Kartička 138
Otázka
quality
Odpověď
Meaning: The degree of excellence or a distinguishing feature of something.
Collocation: data quality
Example: Missing observations reduced the overall quality of the data.
Kartička 139
Otázka
motivation
Odpověď
Meaning: The reason or desire that drives someone to act.
Collocation: strong motivation
Example: Curiosity was her strongest motivation for joining the research team.
Kartička 140
Otázka
output
Odpověď
Meaning: The amount or product generated by a person, machine, or system.
Collocation: energy output
Example: Cloud cover reduced the panels' energy output.
Kartička 141
Otázka
cite
Odpověď
Meaning: To name a source or example as evidence or authority.
Collocation: cite a source
Example: The report cites a recent study of coastal erosion.
Kartička 142
Otázka
technique
Odpověď
Meaning: A specific skill or way of carrying out a task.
Collocation: sampling technique
Example: The team used a new sampling technique to collect deep-water organisms.
Kartička 143
Otázka
range
Odpověď
Meaning: The full set or span of possible values, types, or choices.
Collocation: wide range
Example: The library holds a wide range of regional newspapers.
Kartička 144
Otázka
arise
Odpověď
Meaning: To begin to exist or become noticeable.
Collocation: problems arise
Example: Problems may arise when the two databases use different definitions.
Kartička 145
Otázka
norm
Odpověď
Meaning: A standard or expected pattern of behavior within a group.
Collocation: social norm
Example: Remote work changed the social norm of daily office attendance.
Kartička 146
Otázka
pattern
Odpověď
Meaning: A repeated or regular arrangement, behavior, or trend.
Collocation: consistent pattern
Example: The interviews revealed a consistent pattern of delayed enrollment.
Kartička 147
Otázka
conclude
Odpověď
Meaning: To reach a judgment after considering evidence.
Collocation: conclude that
Example: The researchers concluded that both habitats supported similar populations.
Kartička 148
Otázka
validity
Odpověď
Meaning: The degree to which a method measures what it should or an inference is well supported.
Collocation: assess validity
Example: A second experiment helped assess the validity of the original result.
Kartička 149
Otázka
rate
Odpověď
Meaning: A measure of how often or how quickly something happens.
Collocation: growth rate
Example: The seedlings had a slower growth rate in colder soil.
Kartička 150
Otázka
develop
Odpověď
Meaning: To grow, change, or make something more advanced over time.
Collocation: develop a method
Example: Engineers developed a method for recycling the damaged material.
300 kartiček
Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
Učit se tento balíček zdarmaOtevře se Nibomo, abyste se mohli začít učit.
Kartička 151
Otázka
process
Odpověď
Meaning: A connected series of actions or changes that produces a result.
Collocation: decision-making process
Example: Residents took part in every stage of the decision-making process.
Kartička 152
Otázka
demonstrate
Odpověď
Meaning: To show clearly through evidence, reasoning, or an example.
Collocation: demonstrate a relationship
Example: The results demonstrate a relationship between shade and soil moisture.
Kartička 153
Otázka
opportunity
Odpověď
Meaning: A favorable situation that makes an action or achievement possible.
Collocation: equal opportunity
Example: The scholarship gave rural students an equal opportunity to attend the course.
Kartička 154
Otázka
significance
Odpověď
Meaning: The importance or practical meaning of something.
Collocation: practical significance
Example: The small difference had little practical significance for patients.
Kartička 155
Otázka
analyze
Odpověď
Meaning: To examine something carefully by separating it into parts.
Collocation: analyze data
Example: The researchers analyzed the data before drawing a conclusion.
Kartička 156
Otázka
diminish
Odpověď
Meaning: To become or make something smaller, weaker, or less important.
Collocation: gradually diminish
Example: The sound gradually diminished as the storm moved inland.
Kartička 157
Otázka
describe
Odpověď
Meaning: To state the features, appearance, or course of something in words.
Collocation: describe a process
Example: The report describes the process used to restore the wetland.
Kartička 158
Otázka
policy
Odpověď
Meaning: An agreed plan or principle used to guide decisions.
Collocation: public policy
Example: The findings influenced public policy on building insulation.
Kartička 159
Otázka
similarity
Odpověď
Meaning: A feature or degree of being alike.
Collocation: striking similarity
Example: The two languages share a striking similarity in sentence structure.
Kartička 160
Otázka
assess
Odpověď
Meaning: To judge the quality, importance, or condition of something.
Collocation: assess the impact
Example: The team assessed the impact of tourism on nesting birds.
Kartička 161
Otázka
emerge
Odpověď
Meaning: To become visible, known, or important.
Collocation: new evidence emerges
Example: A different explanation emerged after the fossils were dated.
Kartička 162
Otázka
production
Odpověď
Meaning: The process of creating goods, energy, or other output.
Collocation: food production
Example: Improved irrigation increased food production during dry years.
Kartička 163
Otázka
population
Odpověď
Meaning: All people or organisms of a defined group or area.
Collocation: study population
Example: The study population included adults from four coastal towns.
Kartička 164
Otázka
discuss
Odpověď
Meaning: To examine an issue in speech or writing by considering its details.
Collocation: discuss the findings
Example: The final chapter discusses the findings in relation to earlier research.
Kartička 165
Otázka
standard
Odpověď
Meaning: An accepted level or rule used to judge quality or performance.
Collocation: meet a standard
Example: Every sample had to meet the same purity standard.
Kartička 166
Otázka
enhance
Odpověď
Meaning: To improve the quality, value, or strength of something.
Collocation: enhance understanding
Example: The interactive map enhanced students' understanding of migration routes.
Kartička 167
Otázka
classify
Odpověď
Meaning: To arrange things into groups based on shared features.
Collocation: classify species
Example: Biologists classified the species by examining their genetic differences.
Kartička 168
Otázka
property
Odpověď
Meaning: A characteristic or quality that something possesses.
Collocation: physical property
Example: Flexibility is a useful physical property of the new material.
Kartička 169
Otázka
practice
Odpověď
Meaning: A customary or repeated way of doing something.
Collocation: common practice
Example: Rotating crops became common practice among local farmers.
Kartička 170
Otázka
tolerance
Odpověď
Meaning: The ability of an organism, material, or system to endure a condition without failing.
Collocation: heat tolerance
Example: The experiment measured each plant's heat tolerance.
Kartička 171
Otázka
evolve
Odpověď
Meaning: To develop gradually over time.
Collocation: gradually evolve
Example: The trade network gradually evolved into a formal market system.
Kartička 172
Otázka
conduct
Odpověď
Meaning: To organize and carry out an activity or study.
Collocation: conduct an experiment
Example: The students conducted an experiment under controlled conditions.
Kartička 173
Otázka
relationship
Odpověď
Meaning: The way in which two or more things are connected.
Collocation: causal relationship
Example: The data alone cannot establish a causal relationship.
Kartička 174
Otázka
exemplify
Odpověď
Meaning: To serve as a clear example of an idea or quality.
Collocation: exemplify a trend
Example: The renovated station exemplifies the trend toward mixed-use design.
Kartička 175
Otázka
protection
Odpověď
Meaning: Action taken to keep someone or something safe from harm.
Collocation: environmental protection
Example: The law strengthened environmental protection around the wetland.
Kartička 176
Otázka
expand
Odpověď
Meaning: To become or make something larger in size, range, or detail.
Collocation: expand access
Example: The university expanded access to its digital archive.
Kartička 177
Otázka
value
Odpověď
Meaning: The importance or usefulness of something.
Collocation: practical value
Example: The simple method has practical value in laboratories with limited equipment.
Kartička 178
Otázka
resource
Odpověď
Meaning: A supply, asset, or source of support that can be used.
Collocation: natural resource
Example: Fresh water is a limited natural resource on the island.
Kartička 179
Otázka
explain
Odpověď
Meaning: To make an idea, fact, or cause clear by giving details.
Collocation: explain a result
Example: Differences in soil depth may explain the result.
Kartička 180
Otázka
define
Odpověď
Meaning: To state the exact meaning, limits, or essential character of something.
Collocation: clearly define
Example: The authors clearly define what they mean by sustainable growth.
Kartička 181
Otázka
provision
Odpověď
Meaning: The act of supplying something that people need.
Collocation: service provision
Example: The reform improved service provision in remote districts.
Kartička 182
Otázka
variety
Odpověď
Meaning: A collection or range of different types.
Collocation: wide variety
Example: The reef supports a wide variety of marine organisms.
Kartička 183
Otázka
scope
Odpověď
Meaning: The range of subjects, activities, or possibilities covered.
Collocation: limited scope
Example: The study's limited scope excludes private transportation.
Kartička 184
Otázka
generate
Odpověď
Meaning: To produce or create something.
Collocation: generate electricity
Example: The turbines generate electricity during periods of strong wind.
Kartička 185
Otázka
formulate
Odpověď
Meaning: To develop and express an idea, plan, or theory carefully.
Collocation: formulate a hypothesis
Example: The observations helped the students formulate a testable hypothesis.
Kartička 186
Otázka
design
Odpověď
Meaning: To plan the structure, method, or appearance of something.
Collocation: design a study
Example: The team designed a study that compared three teaching methods.
Kartička 187
Otázka
requirement
Odpověď
Meaning: Something that is necessary or officially demanded.
Collocation: legal requirement
Example: Public reporting is a legal requirement for the agency.
Kartička 188
Otázka
compare
Odpověď
Meaning: To examine things to identify similarities and differences.
Collocation: compare results
Example: The researchers compared results from urban and rural schools.
Kartička 189
Otázka
section
Odpověď
Meaning: A distinct part of a larger whole, text, or organization.
Collocation: final section
Example: The final section considers the study's limitations.
Kartička 190
Otázka
highlight
Odpověď
Meaning: To draw attention to something important.
Collocation: highlight a difference
Example: The map highlights the difference between summer and winter rainfall.
Kartička 191
Otázka
determine
Odpověď
Meaning: To discover, establish, or decide something through evidence or calculation.
Collocation: determine the cause
Example: Further testing was needed to determine the cause of the failure.
Kartička 192
Otázka
improve
Odpověď
Meaning: To make or become better in quality or performance.
Collocation: improve accuracy
Example: Repeated calibration improved the sensor's accuracy.
Kartička 193
Otázka
resistance
Odpověď
Meaning: Opposition to a change, idea, or policy.
Collocation: resistance to change
Example: Resistance to change slowed the introduction of the new system.
Kartička 194
Otázka
differ
Odpověď
Meaning: To be unlike or distinct from something else.
Collocation: differ significantly
Example: The two groups did not differ significantly in age.
Kartička 195
Otázka
separation
Odpověď
Meaning: The state or process of dividing or keeping things apart.
Collocation: physical separation
Example: Physical separation prevented the two chemicals from reacting.
Kartička 196
Otázka
illustrate
Odpověď
Meaning: To make an idea clear by giving an example, image, or comparison.
Collocation: illustrate a point
Example: The author uses a coastal town to illustrate the broader point.
Kartička 197
Otázka
induce
Odpověď
Meaning: To cause a particular state, response, or change.
Collocation: induce a response
Example: The light signal induced a measurable response in the cells.
Kartička 198
Otázka
evaluate
Odpověď
Meaning: To judge quality, effectiveness, or value using evidence or criteria.
Collocation: evaluate performance
Example: The committee evaluated the program's performance after one year.
Kartička 199
Otázka
resolution
Odpověď
Meaning: A solution or settlement that ends a problem or conflict.
Collocation: peaceful resolution
Example: Mediation led to a peaceful resolution of the land dispute.
Kartička 200
Otázka
series
Odpověď
Meaning: A number of related events, items, or values arranged in order.
Collocation: series of experiments
Example: A series of experiments tested the material under different pressures.
Kartička 201
Otázka
differentiate
Odpověď
Meaning: To recognize, show, or create a difference between things.
Collocation: differentiate between
Example: The test can differentiate between the two closely related minerals.
Kartička 202
Otázka
initiate
Odpověď
Meaning: To cause a process or action to begin.
Collocation: initiate a process
Example: A temperature change initiates the chemical process.
Kartička 203
Otázka
examine
Odpověď
Meaning: To inspect or consider something carefully.
Collocation: examine evidence
Example: The committee examined evidence from several independent sources.
Kartička 204
Otázka
imply
Odpověď
Meaning: To suggest something without stating it directly.
Collocation: results imply
Example: The results imply that water reached the valley earlier than expected.
Kartička 205
Otázka
risk
Odpověď
Meaning: The possibility of harm, loss, or an unwanted result.
Collocation: reduce risk
Example: Restoring vegetation can reduce the risk of soil erosion.
Kartička 206
Otázka
structure
Odpověď
Meaning: The arrangement of parts within a whole.
Collocation: social structure
Example: Trade changed the social structure of the port city.
Kartička 207
Otázka
lead
Odpověď
Meaning: To cause or contribute to a particular result.
Collocation: lead to
Example: Prolonged drought can lead to lower crop yields.
Kartička 208
Otázka
identify
Odpověď
Meaning: To recognize and name a person, thing, feature, or cause.
Collocation: identify a pattern
Example: The software identified a pattern in the satellite images.
Kartička 209
Otázka
distinguish
Odpověď
Meaning: To recognize or show the difference between things.
Collocation: distinguish between
Example: The analysis distinguishes between temporary variation and a lasting trend.
Kartička 210
Otázka
interpret
Odpověď
Meaning: To explain or understand the meaning of information or evidence.
Collocation: interpret the results
Example: Researchers interpreted the results cautiously because the sample was small.
Kartička 211
Otázka
role
Odpověď
Meaning: The function or expected part that someone or something has in a situation.
Collocation: play a role
Example: Local knowledge played a central role in the recovery plan.
Kartička 212
Otázka
system
Odpověď
Meaning: A set of connected parts that work together.
Collocation: complex system
Example: A coral reef is a complex system of interacting organisms.
Kartička 213
Otázka
investigate
Odpověď
Meaning: To examine a question or problem systematically to discover facts.
Collocation: investigate a cause
Example: Engineers investigated the cause of the structural failure.
Kartička 214
Otázka
reduce
Odpověď
Meaning: To make something smaller in amount, size, or degree.
Collocation: reduce emissions
Example: Electric buses can reduce emissions on crowded routes.
Kartička 215
Otázka
outline
Odpověď
Meaning: To present the main points or structure without every detail.
Collocation: outline an approach
Example: The introduction outlines the approach used in the study.
Kartička 216
Otázka
exceed
Odpověď
Meaning: To be greater than a number, limit, or expectation.
Collocation: exceed a limit
Example: Pollution levels exceeded the legal limit on three days.
Kartička 217
Otázka
unit
Odpověď
Meaning: A single part, quantity, or group within a larger system.
Collocation: unit of measurement
Example: The meter is the standard unit of measurement used in the table.
Kartička 218
Otázka
society
Odpověď
Meaning: A large community connected by shared institutions, relationships, and culture.
Collocation: modern society
Example: Reliable electricity shapes nearly every part of modern society.
Kartička 219
Otázka
reinforce
Odpověď
Meaning: To make an idea, behavior, or structure stronger.
Collocation: reinforce a pattern
Example: Unequal funding can reinforce an existing pattern of regional inequality.
Kartička 220
Otázka
obtain
Odpověď
Meaning: To get or acquire something through effort or a process.
Collocation: obtain data
Example: The team obtained data from six monitoring stations.
Kartička 221
Otázka
propose
Odpověď
Meaning: To put forward an idea, plan, or explanation for consideration.
Collocation: propose a solution
Example: The authors propose a solution based on shared water storage.
Kartička 222
Otázka
restrict
Odpověď
Meaning: To limit the size, range, movement, or availability of something.
Collocation: restrict access
Example: The archive restricts access to fragile original documents.
Kartička 223
Otázka
version
Odpověď
Meaning: A particular form of something that differs from other forms of it.
Collocation: revised version
Example: The revised version of the model includes seasonal rainfall.
Kartička 224
Otázka
stimulate
Odpověď
Meaning: To encourage activity, growth, or a response.
Collocation: stimulate growth
Example: Lower transport costs stimulated growth in regional trade.
Kartička 225
Otázka
strategy
Odpověď
Meaning: A planned approach for achieving a long-term aim.
Collocation: effective strategy
Example: Water pricing was one part of the city's conservation strategy.
Kartička 226
Otázka
record
Odpověď
Meaning: To store information in writing, images, measurements, or another lasting form.
Collocation: record observations
Example: Students recorded their observations at five-minute intervals.
Kartička 227
Otázka
prove
Odpověď
Meaning: To establish that something is true through evidence or logical reasoning.
Collocation: prove a theorem
Example: The student used two earlier results to prove the theorem.
Kartička 228
Otázka
adequate
Odpověď
Meaning: Sufficient for a particular purpose, though not necessarily excellent.
Collocation: adequate evidence
Example: The report did not provide adequate evidence for such a broad claim.
Kartička 229
Otázka
strengthen
Odpověď
Meaning: To make something stronger, more effective, or more convincing.
Collocation: strengthen an argument
Example: Additional field data would strengthen the argument.
Kartička 230
Otázka
tradition
Odpověď
Meaning: A belief or practice passed between generations.
Collocation: local tradition
Example: The festival preserves a local tradition of communal farming.
Kartička 231
Otázka
volume
Odpověď
Meaning: The amount of something, especially material, flow, or activity.
Collocation: traffic volume
Example: Traffic volume fell after the new rail service opened.
Kartička 232
Otázka
select
Odpověď
Meaning: To choose something carefully from a group of options.
Collocation: select a sample
Example: Researchers selected a sample from each age group.
Kartička 233
Otázka
appropriate
Odpověď
Meaning: Suitable for a particular purpose, situation, or audience.
Collocation: appropriate method
Example: Interviews were an appropriate method for exploring personal experience.
Kartička 234
Otázka
quote
Odpověď
Meaning: To repeat someone's exact words and identify their source.
Collocation: quote directly
Example: The essay quotes directly from the explorer's journal.
Kartička 235
Otázka
uncertainty
Odpověď
Meaning: A lack of complete knowledge or confidence about what will happen.
Collocation: policy uncertainty
Example: Policy uncertainty delayed investment in new infrastructure.
Kartička 236
Otázka
sustain
Odpověď
Meaning: To keep a process or condition continuing over time.
Collocation: sustain growth
Example: Limited water supplies cannot sustain rapid population growth.
Kartička 237
Otázka
combine
Odpověď
Meaning: To join two or more things into one whole or shared action.
Collocation: combine methods
Example: The study combined interviews with direct observation.
Kartička 238
Otázka
complex
Odpověď
Meaning: Made of many connected parts and therefore difficult to understand or manage.
Collocation: complex issue
Example: Water rights became a complex issue involving law, ecology, and local custom.
Kartička 239
Otázka
specify
Odpověď
Meaning: To state something precisely and explicitly.
Collocation: specify the conditions
Example: The protocol specifies the conditions required for storage.
Kartička 240
Otázka
refer
Odpověď
Meaning: To mention, direct attention to, or use a source of information.
Collocation: refer to evidence
Example: The author refers to archaeological evidence from the northern coast.
Kartička 241
Otázka
transform
Odpověď
Meaning: To change something greatly in form, structure, or character.
Collocation: transform a system
Example: Digital records transformed the hospital's information system.
Kartička 242
Otázka
adopt
Odpověď
Meaning: To begin using an idea, policy, or method.
Collocation: adopt a policy
Example: Several cities adopted a policy of free weekend transit.
Kartička 243
Otázka
consistent
Odpověď
Meaning: Remaining in agreement, form, or quality across cases or time.
Collocation: consistent result
Example: The three laboratories reported consistent results.
Kartička 244
Otázka
study
Odpověď
Meaning: To investigate or learn about a subject carefully.
Collocation: study a phenomenon
Example: The team studied the phenomenon under controlled conditions.
Kartička 245
Otázka
reflect
Odpověď
Meaning: To show, express, or be a result of something.
Collocation: reflect a change
Example: The revised map reflects changes in the river's course.
Kartička 246
Otázka
comprise
Odpověď
Meaning: To be made up of all the stated parts.
Collocation: comprise three sections
Example: The final report comprises three sections and an appendix.
Kartička 247
Otázka
vary
Odpověď
Meaning: To differ or change across cases, places, or time.
Collocation: vary considerably
Example: Rainfall totals vary considerably across the island.
Kartička 248
Otázka
advocate
Odpověď
Meaning: To publicly support a policy, idea, or course of action.
Collocation: advocate reform
Example: Several researchers advocated reform of the approval process.
Kartička 249
Otázka
systematic
Odpověď
Meaning: Done according to an organized and consistent method.
Collocation: systematic review
Example: A systematic review compared evidence from forty studies.
Kartička 250
Otázka
critical
Odpověď
Meaning: Essential to the success or outcome of something.
Collocation: critical factor
Example: Reliable storage is a critical factor in the vaccine program.
Kartička 251
Otázka
consist
Odpověď
Meaning: To be made of particular parts or elements.
Collocation: consist of
Example: The sample consisted of soil from twelve sites.
Kartička 252
Otázka
state
Odpověď
Meaning: To express something clearly in speech or writing.
Collocation: clearly state
Example: The introduction clearly states the study's main question.
Kartička 253
Otázka
allocate
Odpověď
Meaning: To distribute money, time, or resources for a particular purpose.
Collocation: allocate resources
Example: The agency allocated more resources to preventive care.
Kartička 254
Otázka
yield
Odpověď
Meaning: To produce a result or amount.
Collocation: yield results
Example: The second search yielded more reliable results.
Kartička 255
Otázka
equivalent
Odpověď
Meaning: Equal in value, meaning, function, or effect.
Collocation: roughly equivalent
Example: The two measures produced roughly equivalent estimates.
Kartička 256
Otázka
constitute
Odpověď
Meaning: To form or make up a whole or a stated share of it.
Collocation: constitute a majority
Example: Small businesses constitute a majority of employers in the district.
Kartička 257
Otázka
suggest
Odpověď
Meaning: To offer an idea or indicate a possible conclusion without proving it.
Collocation: evidence suggests
Example: The evidence suggests that the settlement was occupied year-round.
Kartička 258
Otázka
experimental
Odpověď
Meaning: Used to test a new idea or based on an experiment.
Collocation: experimental method
Example: The team used an experimental method to remove salt from the soil.
Kartička 259
Otázka
enable
Odpověď
Meaning: To make an action or result possible.
Collocation: enable access
Example: Digital copies enabled access to records from remote towns.
Kartička 260
Otázka
excessive
Odpověď
Meaning: Greater than is reasonable, necessary, or safe.
Collocation: excessive use
Example: Excessive use of fertilizer damaged nearby streams.
Kartička 261
Otázka
construct
Odpověď
Meaning: To build or form something by joining parts.
Collocation: construct a model
Example: Students constructed a model of the river basin.
Kartička 262
Otázka
rapid
Odpověď
Meaning: Happening or changing in a short time.
Collocation: rapid growth
Example: Rapid growth placed pressure on the city's water supply.
Kartička 263
Otázka
random
Odpověď
Meaning: Chosen or occurring without a predictable pattern or deliberate selection.
Collocation: random sample
Example: The researchers drew a random sample from the full list of households.
Kartička 264
Otázka
summarize
Odpověď
Meaning: To give the main points in a shorter form.
Collocation: summarize the findings
Example: The final paragraph summarizes the findings without adding new claims.
Kartička 265
Otázka
govern
Odpověď
Meaning: To control, regulate, or determine how a group or process operates.
Collocation: rules govern
Example: Clear rules govern how the shared laboratory may be used.
Kartička 266
Otázka
contain
Odpověď
Meaning: To have something inside or include it as a part.
Collocation: contain evidence
Example: The oldest layer contains evidence of repeated flooding.
Kartička 267
Otázka
relative
Odpověď
Meaning: Considered in comparison with something else rather than alone.
Collocation: relative importance
Example: The study compares the relative importance of rainfall and soil type.
Kartička 268
Otázka
representative
Odpověď
Meaning: Typical of a larger group and suitable for standing in for it.
Collocation: representative example
Example: The chosen village is a representative example of settlement along the river.
Kartička 269
Otázka
support
Odpověď
Meaning: To provide evidence, strength, or assistance for something.
Collocation: support a conclusion
Example: The observations support the conclusion that the species is nocturnal.
Kartička 270
Otázka
progressive
Odpověď
Meaning: Developing gradually through a series of stages.
Collocation: progressive decline
Example: The archive documents a progressive decline in the lake's water level.
Kartička 271
Otázka
convert
Odpověď
Meaning: To change something from one form, function, or system into another.
Collocation: convert energy
Example: Solar cells convert light energy into electricity.
Kartička 272
Otázka
impose
Odpověď
Meaning: To officially require a rule, limit, duty, or cost.
Collocation: impose restrictions
Example: The city imposed restrictions on construction near the shoreline.
Kartička 273
Otázka
significant
Odpověď
Meaning: Large or important enough to matter.
Collocation: significant change
Example: The policy produced a significant change in weekday bus use.
Kartička 274
Otázka
explicit
Odpověď
Meaning: Stated clearly and directly, with no need for inference.
Collocation: explicit statement
Example: The report makes an explicit statement about its data limitations.
Kartička 275
Otázka
scientific
Odpověď
Meaning: Related to the systematic study of the natural or social world through evidence.
Collocation: scientific evidence
Example: The regulation was revised in response to new scientific evidence.
Kartička 276
Otázka
subsequent
Odpověď
Meaning: Happening or existing after the event already mentioned.
Collocation: subsequent study
Example: A subsequent study repeated the test with a larger sample.
Kartička 277
Otázka
participate
Odpověď
Meaning: To take part in an activity, process, or event.
Collocation: participate in research
Example: More than two hundred residents agreed to participate in the research.
Kartička 278
Otázka
correspond
Odpověď
Meaning: To match, agree with, or be closely connected to something.
Collocation: correspond closely
Example: The tree-ring record corresponds closely with measured rainfall.
Kartička 279
Otázka
logical
Odpověď
Meaning: Following a clear and valid pattern of reasoning.
Collocation: logical conclusion
Example: The evidence led to the logical conclusion that the river had changed course.
Kartička 280
Otázka
theoretical
Odpověď
Meaning: Based on ideas or principles rather than direct observation or practical testing.
Collocation: theoretical model
Example: The observed pattern matched the theoretical model.
Kartička 281
Otázka
similar
Odpověď
Meaning: Alike in important ways, though not identical.
Collocation: broadly similar
Example: The two regions have broadly similar rainfall patterns.
Kartička 282
Otázka
successive
Odpověď
Meaning: Following one after another in a sequence.
Collocation: successive generations
Example: Successive generations adapted the building to new uses.
Kartička 283
Otázka
incorporate
Odpověď
Meaning: To include something as part of a larger whole.
Collocation: incorporate feedback
Example: The revised plan incorporates feedback from local residents.
Kartička 284
Otázka
rational
Odpověď
Meaning: Based on reason and evidence rather than impulse.
Collocation: rational explanation
Example: The apparent pattern has a rational explanation based on sampling methods.
Kartička 285
Otázka
accurately
Odpověď
Meaning: In a way that is correct and free from important error.
Collocation: accurately measure
Example: The device can accurately measure very small changes in pressure.
Kartička 286
Otázka
sufficient
Odpověď
Meaning: As much as is needed for a particular purpose.
Collocation: sufficient evidence
Example: The available evidence was sufficient to reject the first explanation.
Kartička 287
Otázka
increasingly
Odpověď
Meaning: To a growing degree or with greater frequency over time.
Collocation: increasingly common
Example: Shared research facilities are increasingly common at smaller universities.
Kartička 288
Otázka
preserve
Odpověď
Meaning: To protect something from loss, damage, or major change.
Collocation: preserve cultural heritage
Example: The archive helped preserve the community's cultural heritage.
Kartička 289
Otázka
relevant
Odpověď
Meaning: Directly connected to the question or subject being considered.
Collocation: relevant evidence
Example: The review excluded studies that did not provide relevant evidence.
Kartička 290
Otázka
approximately
Odpověď
Meaning: Close to an amount or value but not exactly equal to it.
Collocation: approximately equal
Example: The two study groups were approximately equal in size.
Kartička 291
Otázka
integrate
Odpověď
Meaning: To combine parts so they work together as a whole.
Collocation: integrate data
Example: The platform integrates data from satellites and ground sensors.
Kartička 292
Otázka
suitable
Odpověď
Meaning: Right or acceptable for a particular purpose or situation.
Collocation: suitable method
Example: Satellite imaging was the most suitable method for the remote region.
Kartička 293
Otázka
regulate
Odpověď
Meaning: To control an activity or process through rules or adjustments.
Collocation: regulate an industry
Example: The agency regulates the industry through regular inspections.
Kartička 294
Otázka
consequently
Odpověď
Meaning: As a result of what was just stated.
Collocation: consequently reduce
Example: The new filter removes more particles and consequently reduces treatment costs.
Kartička 295
Otázka
clearly
Odpověď
Meaning: In a way that is easy to understand, see, or recognize.
Collocation: clearly indicate
Example: The results clearly indicate that the second filter removed more particles.
Kartička 296
Otázka
independently
Odpověď
Meaning: Without relying on another person, source, or result.
Collocation: independently verify
Example: A second laboratory independently verified the result.
Kartička 297
Otázka
maintain
Odpověď
Meaning: To keep something in a particular condition or continue it over time.
Collocation: maintain water quality
Example: The wetland helps maintain water quality during heavy rain.
Kartička 298
Otázka
undertake
Odpověď
Meaning: To accept responsibility for and begin a task or project.
Collocation: undertake research
Example: The university undertook research on affordable housing materials.
Kartička 299
Otázka
valuable
Odpověď
Meaning: Very useful, important, or worth having.
Collocation: valuable information
Example: The interviews provided valuable information about informal trade routes.
Kartička 300
Otázka
ultimately
Odpověď
Meaning: Finally, after all stages or factors have been considered.
Collocation: ultimately depend on
Example: The project's success ultimately depends on reliable local funding.
300 kartiček
Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
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