Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
Study 300 independently selected cross-disciplinary academic words with concise meanings, collocations, and original context examples.
اس ڈیک کے بارے میں
Study 300 independently selected cross-disciplinary academic words for reading, listening, speaking, and writing practice. Each card shows one word on the front. The back starts with a concise meaning, then gives a useful collocation and one original academic example.
What this deck practices
- Word → meaning and use: 300 single-word prompts selected through a documented, openly licensed academic-vocabulary source.
- Collocations in context: every answer pairs the word with a natural academic phrase and an original sentence.
Meaning → word cards are excluded because a short definition can fit several words, which would make many reverse prompts ambiguous. Pronunciation, translations, subject-specific terminology, exam tactics, predicted test frequency, and score claims are also outside the scope.
The deterministic sequence interleaves research methods, reasoning and claims, change and causation, comparison and evaluation, systems and processes, and society and policy. Close word-family variants stay at least three unrelated cards apart. The review scheduler handles longer-term spacing after installation.
Word selection starts from Magali Paquot's Academic Keyword List, published under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. This deck uses a filtered and reordered 300-word subset, with analyse → analyze and summarise → summarize normalizations. The source list itself warns that pedagogical mediation is still needed. All meanings, collocations, examples, grouping, and ordering here are independently authored. This is not an official or exhaustive vocabulary list for the TOEFL iBT® test.
Requested source citation: Paquot, M. (2010). Academic Vocabulary in Learner Writing: From Extraction to Analysis. London & New York: Continuum, pp. 56–58.
The Common knowledge · CC0 1.0 label applies only to the independently authored card text, organization, and metadata to the extent applicable rights exist. It does not replace or override the AKL's CC BY 4.0 terms; reusers must follow those terms for the source-list contribution. It does not claim ownership of facts or ordinary English words. For current test content, see ETS's TOEFL iBT® test content and structure.
TOEFL iBT® is a registered trademark of ETS. This product is not endorsed or approved by ETS. No ETS questions, answers, scoring guides, or source prose were copied.
اس ڈیک کے کارڈز
کارڈ 1
سوال
adoption
جواب
Meaning: The decision or process of starting to use an idea, method, or system.
Collocation: widespread adoption
Example: Widespread adoption of the new method took several years.
کارڈ 2
سوال
argument
جواب
Meaning: A set of reasons used to support a conclusion or position.
Collocation: central argument
Example: The article's central argument rests on evidence from two long-term studies.
کارڈ 3
سوال
analysis
جواب
Meaning: A careful examination of something to understand its parts or meaning.
Collocation: data analysis
Example: The data analysis revealed a clear seasonal pattern.
کارڈ 4
سوال
association
جواب
Meaning: A connection between two people, events, qualities, or variables.
Collocation: strong association
Example: The survey found a strong association between sleep and concentration.
کارڈ 5
سوال
cause
جواب
Meaning: Something that makes an event or condition happen.
Collocation: underlying cause
Example: The study examined the underlying cause of the population decline.
کارڈ 6
سوال
advantage
جواب
Meaning: A condition or feature that makes success more likely.
Collocation: significant advantage
Example: Early access to the archive gave the researchers a significant advantage.
کارڈ 7
سوال
attitude
جواب
Meaning: A settled way of thinking or feeling about something.
Collocation: public attitude
Example: Public attitudes toward urban transport changed after the pilot program.
کارڈ 8
سوال
application
جواب
Meaning: A practical use of an idea, method, or discovery.
Collocation: practical application
Example: The material has a practical application in water filtration.
کارڈ 9
سوال
category
جواب
Meaning: A group of things that share defined features.
Collocation: broad category
Example: The researchers placed both materials in the same broad category.
کارڈ 10
سوال
assertion
جواب
Meaning: A confident statement presented as true.
Collocation: unsupported assertion
Example: Without survey data, the claim remained an unsupported assertion.
کارڈ 11
سوال
alternative
جواب
Meaning: Another option that can be chosen instead of the usual one.
Collocation: viable alternative
Example: Solar heating offered a viable alternative to imported fuel.
کارڈ 12
سوال
change
جواب
Meaning: A shift from one state, condition, or form to another.
Collocation: gradual change
Example: The sediment layers record gradual change in the region's climate.
کارڈ 13
سوال
assessment
جواب
Meaning: A reasoned judgment about the quality, value, or condition of something.
Collocation: risk assessment
Example: The team completed a risk assessment before entering the cave.
کارڈ 14
سوال
combination
جواب
Meaning: Two or more things joined or used together.
Collocation: combination of factors
Example: A combination of factors shaped the city's growth.
کارڈ 15
سوال
assumption
جواب
Meaning: An idea accepted as true without complete proof.
Collocation: underlying assumption
Example: The model's underlying assumption is that demand remains stable.
کارڈ 16
سوال
balance
جواب
Meaning: A state in which competing factors have suitable proportions.
Collocation: achieve a balance
Example: The policy tries to achieve a balance between access and conservation.
کارڈ 17
سوال
awareness
جواب
Meaning: Knowledge or understanding that a situation or issue exists.
Collocation: raise awareness
Example: The campaign raised awareness of preventable water waste.
کارڈ 18
سوال
consequence
جواب
Meaning: A result that follows from an action or condition.
Collocation: unintended consequence
Example: Higher rents were an unintended consequence of the redevelopment plan.
کارڈ 19
سوال
concept
جواب
Meaning: A general idea used to understand or organize something.
Collocation: abstract concept
Example: The diagram makes the abstract concept easier to understand.
کارڈ 20
سوال
conclusion
جواب
Meaning: A judgment reached after considering evidence or reasoning.
Collocation: draw a conclusion
Example: The sample was too small to draw a firm conclusion.
کارڈ 21
سوال
benefit
جواب
Meaning: A helpful or favorable result.
Collocation: long-term benefit
Example: Better insulation provides a long-term benefit by reducing energy use.
کارڈ 22
سوال
bias
جواب
Meaning: A systematic tendency or error that can distort judgment, sampling, or results.
Collocation: selection bias
Example: Selection bias may occur if only frequent users answer the survey.
کارڈ 23
سوال
decline
جواب
Meaning: A gradual decrease in amount, quality, or importance.
Collocation: sharp decline
Example: The records show a sharp decline in fish populations after 1990.
کارڈ 24
سوال
classification
جواب
Meaning: The process or system of arranging things into groups.
Collocation: classification system
Example: The new classification system groups plants by shared genetic features.
کارڈ 25
سوال
condition
جواب
Meaning: A circumstance that affects how something happens or exists.
Collocation: controlled condition
Example: Each seedling grew under the same controlled conditions.
کارڈ 26
سوال
contradiction
جواب
Meaning: A conflict between statements, ideas, or results that cannot both be true.
Collocation: apparent contradiction
Example: Further testing resolved the apparent contradiction between the two findings.
کارڈ 27
سوال
challenge
جواب
Meaning: A difficult problem or task that requires effort to solve.
Collocation: major challenge
Example: Limited storage remains a major challenge for renewable energy systems.
کارڈ 28
سوال
development
جواب
Meaning: The process of growing, changing, or becoming more advanced.
Collocation: economic development
Example: The railway accelerated economic development across the region.
کارڈ 29
سوال
data
جواب
Meaning: Facts, measurements, or observations collected for analysis.
Collocation: collect data
Example: Researchers collected data from weather stations across the island.
کارڈ 30
سوال
comparison
جواب
Meaning: An examination of how two or more things are alike or different.
Collocation: direct comparison
Example: A direct comparison showed that the two methods produced similar results.
کارڈ 31
سوال
criterion
جواب
Meaning: A standard used to judge or decide something.
Collocation: selection criterion
Example: Research experience was one selection criterion for the program.
کارڈ 32
سوال
construction
جواب
Meaning: The process of building something or forming an idea.
Collocation: social construction
Example: The lecture examined identity as a social construction.
کارڈ 33
سوال
effect
جواب
Meaning: A change produced by a cause.
Collocation: measurable effect
Example: The treatment had a measurable effect on plant growth.
کارڈ 34
سوال
choice
جواب
Meaning: An act or possibility of selecting among options.
Collocation: informed choice
Example: Clear labels help consumers make an informed choice.
کارڈ 35
سوال
definition
جواب
Meaning: A statement that explains the exact meaning of a word or concept.
Collocation: precise definition
Example: The report begins with a precise definition of food security.
کارڈ 36
سوال
complexity
جواب
Meaning: The state of having many connected parts or difficult features.
Collocation: growing complexity
Example: The model captures the growing complexity of urban transport networks.
کارڈ 37
سوال
criticism
جواب
Meaning: A judgment that identifies faults or weaknesses.
Collocation: face criticism
Example: The proposal faced criticism for excluding rural communities.
کارڈ 38
سوال
constraint
جواب
Meaning: A limit that restricts what can be done.
Collocation: financial constraint
Example: Financial constraints reduced the size of the field study.
کارڈ 39
سوال
evolution
جواب
Meaning: Gradual development or change over time, especially across generations.
Collocation: cultural evolution
Example: Written records offer clues about the cultural evolution of the region.
کارڈ 40
سوال
evidence
جواب
Meaning: Information that supports or challenges a claim.
Collocation: strong evidence
Example: Ice cores provide strong evidence of past temperature changes.
کارڈ 41
سوال
compromise
جواب
Meaning: An agreement in which each side accepts less than it originally wanted.
Collocation: reach a compromise
Example: The two agencies reached a compromise on water use.
کارڈ 42
سوال
circumstance
جواب
Meaning: A fact or condition that shapes a situation.
Collocation: unusual circumstance
Example: Under normal circumstances, the reaction takes less than a minute.
کارڈ 43
سوال
debate
جواب
Meaning: A serious discussion in which different views on an issue are considered.
Collocation: ongoing debate
Example: The discovery renewed the ongoing debate about early migration routes.
کارڈ 44
سوال
expansion
جواب
Meaning: An increase in size, range, or activity.
Collocation: rapid expansion
Example: Rapid expansion of the city replaced much of the surrounding farmland.
کارڈ 45
سوال
evaluation
جواب
Meaning: A systematic judgment of quality, effectiveness, or value.
Collocation: program evaluation
Example: The program evaluation included interviews with teachers and students.
کارڈ 46
سوال
contrast
جواب
Meaning: A clear difference between two or more things.
Collocation: sharp contrast
Example: The dry interior stands in sharp contrast to the wet coast.
کارڈ 47
سوال
commitment
جواب
Meaning: A firm promise or continuing dedication to an aim.
Collocation: long-term commitment
Example: Restoring the forest requires a long-term commitment from local agencies.
کارڈ 48
سوال
content
جواب
Meaning: The information, ideas, or material contained in something.
Collocation: course content
Example: The instructor revised the course content to include recent research.
کارڈ 49
سوال
factor
جواب
Meaning: One element that helps produce a result.
Collocation: contributing factor
Example: Access to clean water was a contributing factor in the health improvement.
کارڈ 50
سوال
experiment
جواب
Meaning: A controlled test designed to investigate a question.
Collocation: laboratory experiment
Example: The laboratory experiment tested how temperature affects the reaction.
کارڈ 51
سوال
correlation
جواب
Meaning: A relationship in which two variables change together.
Collocation: positive correlation
Example: The data show a positive correlation between practice time and accuracy.
کارڈ 52
سوال
explanation
جواب
Meaning: A statement that makes a fact, process, or reason clear.
Collocation: plausible explanation
Example: Changes in rainfall offer a plausible explanation for the migration.
کارڈ 53
سوال
control
جواب
Meaning: The power or method used to direct, limit, or keep something stable.
Collocation: quality control
Example: Strict quality control reduced errors in the manufacturing process.
کارڈ 54
سوال
communication
جواب
Meaning: The exchange of information, ideas, or feelings.
Collocation: effective communication
Example: Effective communication helped the research teams coordinate their work.
کارڈ 55
سوال
finding
جواب
Meaning: A result discovered through research or investigation.
Collocation: key finding
Example: A key finding was that small wetlands support many species.
کارڈ 56
سوال
growth
جواب
Meaning: An increase in size, amount, or development.
Collocation: population growth
Example: Population growth increased demand for public transport.
کارڈ 57
سوال
implication
جواب
Meaning: A likely consequence or meaning that is suggested rather than stated.
Collocation: practical implication
Example: The finding has a practical implication for classroom design.
کارڈ 58
سوال
dimension
جواب
Meaning: One aspect or feature of a situation or system.
Collocation: social dimension
Example: The report adds a social dimension to the economic analysis.
کارڈ 59
سوال
difference
جواب
Meaning: A way in which two or more things are not the same.
Collocation: significant difference
Example: The trial found no significant difference between the two treatments.
کارڈ 60
سوال
community
جواب
Meaning: A group of people connected by place, identity, or shared interests.
Collocation: local community
Example: The local community helped design the coastal protection plan.
کارڈ 61
سوال
hypothesis
جواب
Meaning: A testable proposed explanation for an observation.
Collocation: test a hypothesis
Example: The researchers designed an experiment to test their hypothesis.
کارڈ 62
سوال
insight
جواب
Meaning: A clear and useful understanding of a complex issue.
Collocation: valuable insight
Example: The interviews provided valuable insight into students' study habits.
کارڈ 63
سوال
element
جواب
Meaning: A basic part of a larger whole.
Collocation: essential element
Example: Trust is an essential element of successful cooperation.
کارڈ 64
سوال
difficulty
جواب
Meaning: A problem or condition that makes something hard to do or understand.
Collocation: practical difficulty
Example: Recruiting enough participants created a practical difficulty for the study.
کارڈ 65
سوال
conflict
جواب
Meaning: A serious disagreement or clash between interests, ideas, or groups.
Collocation: conflict of interest
Example: Reviewers must disclose any conflict of interest.
کارڈ 66
سوال
impact
جواب
Meaning: A strong effect on a situation, system, or person.
Collocation: environmental impact
Example: The assessment considered the dam's environmental impact.
کارڈ 67
سوال
investigation
جواب
Meaning: A systematic search for facts or causes.
Collocation: detailed investigation
Example: A detailed investigation traced the contamination to a damaged pipe.
کارڈ 68
سوال
interpretation
جواب
Meaning: An explanation of the meaning or importance of something.
Collocation: alternative interpretation
Example: The historian offered an alternative interpretation of the treaty.
کارڈ 69
سوال
disadvantage
جواب
Meaning: A condition or feature that makes success less likely.
Collocation: major disadvantage
Example: High maintenance costs are a major disadvantage of the older system.
کارڈ 70
سوال
formation
جواب
Meaning: The process by which something develops or takes shape.
Collocation: cloud formation
Example: Air temperature influences cloud formation above the mountains.
کارڈ 71
سوال
improvement
جواب
Meaning: A change that makes something better.
Collocation: marked improvement
Example: The second trial showed a marked improvement in accuracy.
کارڈ 72
سوال
consensus
جواب
Meaning: General agreement among members of a group.
Collocation: broad consensus
Example: Scientists reached a broad consensus after reviewing the new evidence.
کارڈ 73
سوال
literature
جواب
Meaning: Published research and writing about a subject.
Collocation: existing literature
Example: The review compares the new results with the existing literature.
کارڈ 74
سوال
logic
جواب
Meaning: A system of reasoning that connects ideas and conclusions.
Collocation: underlying logic
Example: The lecturer explained the underlying logic of the classification scheme.
کارڈ 75
سوال
form
جواب
Meaning: The structure, type, or visible shape that something takes.
Collocation: common form
Example: Oral history is a common form of evidence in community research.
کارڈ 76
سوال
distinction
جواب
Meaning: A meaningful difference between similar things or ideas.
Collocation: clear distinction
Example: The article makes a clear distinction between weather and climate.
کارڈ 77
سوال
increase
جواب
Meaning: A rise in amount, size, number, or intensity.
Collocation: substantial increase
Example: The region recorded a substantial increase in winter rainfall.
کارڈ 78
سوال
convention
جواب
Meaning: A widely accepted way of behaving, writing, or doing something.
Collocation: academic convention
Example: Citing sources is a basic academic convention.
کارڈ 79
سوال
method
جواب
Meaning: An organized way of doing or studying something.
Collocation: research method
Example: Interviews were the main research method used in the project.
کارڈ 80
سوال
function
جواب
Meaning: The purpose or activity for which something exists.
Collocation: primary function
Example: The wetland's primary function is to store and filter water.
کارڈ 81
سوال
notion
جواب
Meaning: An idea or belief about something.
Collocation: traditional notion
Example: The discovery challenged the traditional notion that the region was isolated.
کارڈ 82
سوال
influence
جواب
Meaning: The power to affect a person, process, or outcome.
Collocation: strong influence
Example: Ocean currents have a strong influence on the island's climate.
کارڈ 83
سوال
culture
جواب
Meaning: The shared beliefs, practices, arts, and ways of life of a group.
Collocation: academic culture
Example: The university's academic culture encouraged open debate.
کارڈ 84
سوال
diversity
جواب
Meaning: The presence of many different types within a group or system.
Collocation: biological diversity
Example: Habitat loss threatens the island's biological diversity.
کارڈ 85
سوال
model
جواب
Meaning: A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system.
Collocation: climate model
Example: The climate model predicts drier summers in the southern region.
کارڈ 86
سوال
integration
جواب
Meaning: The process of combining parts into a connected whole.
Collocation: social integration
Example: Shared public spaces can support social integration in new neighborhoods.
کارڈ 87
سوال
progress
جواب
Meaning: Movement toward a goal or a more developed state.
Collocation: make progress
Example: The restoration team made steady progress despite heavy rain.
کارڈ 88
سوال
perspective
جواب
Meaning: A particular way of understanding or viewing an issue.
Collocation: historical perspective
Example: A historical perspective helps explain the current border dispute.
کارڈ 89
سوال
decision
جواب
Meaning: A choice made after considering available options.
Collocation: policy decision
Example: The policy decision followed months of public consultation.
کارڈ 90
سوال
effectiveness
جواب
Meaning: The degree to which something achieves its intended result.
Collocation: evaluate effectiveness
Example: The trial evaluated the effectiveness of the new teaching method.
کارڈ 91
سوال
observation
جواب
Meaning: The act of carefully watching or measuring something to gather information.
Collocation: direct observation
Example: Direct observation confirmed that the birds feed at dawn.
کارڈ 92
سوال
interaction
جواب
Meaning: A process in which two or more things affect one another.
Collocation: complex interaction
Example: Soil quality depends on a complex interaction of water, minerals, and organisms.
کارڈ 93
سوال
proposition
جواب
Meaning: A statement or idea offered for consideration or testing.
Collocation: central proposition
Example: The essay tests the central proposition against three historical cases.
کارڈ 94
سوال
discrimination
جواب
Meaning: Unfair treatment based on a person's group or perceived characteristics.
Collocation: employment discrimination
Example: The study examined how employment discrimination affects income.
کارڈ 95
سوال
exception
جواب
Meaning: A case that does not follow a general rule or pattern.
Collocation: notable exception
Example: Most species migrated south, with one notable exception.
کارڈ 96
سوال
reduction
جواب
Meaning: A decrease in size, amount, or degree.
Collocation: significant reduction
Example: The insulation produced a significant reduction in energy use.
کارڈ 97
سوال
participant
جواب
Meaning: A person who takes part in an activity or study.
Collocation: study participant
Example: Each study participant completed the same questionnaire.
کارڈ 98
سوال
reason
جواب
Meaning: A cause, explanation, or basis for an action or belief.
Collocation: main reason
Example: Lower cost was the main reason for choosing the second material.
کارڈ 99
سوال
environment
جواب
Meaning: The natural or social surroundings in which something exists.
Collocation: learning environment
Example: Flexible seating changed the classroom's learning environment.
کارڈ 100
سوال
link
جواب
Meaning: A connection between people, ideas, events, or parts of a system.
Collocation: establish a link
Example: The study established a link between soil moisture and seed survival.
کارڈ 101
سوال
rise
جواب
Meaning: An increase in amount, level, or importance.
Collocation: steady rise
Example: The records show a steady rise in average sea temperature.
کارڈ 102
سوال
limit
جواب
Meaning: The greatest amount, extent, or level that is allowed or possible.
Collocation: upper limit
Example: The instrument has an upper limit beyond which readings are unreliable.
کارڈ 103
سوال
reasoning
جواب
Meaning: The process of using facts and logic to reach a judgment.
Collocation: logical reasoning
Example: The solution requires logical reasoning rather than memorization.
کارڈ 104
سوال
procedure
جواب
Meaning: An established series of steps for doing something.
Collocation: standard procedure
Example: Each laboratory followed the same standard procedure.
کارڈ 105
سوال
maintenance
جواب
Meaning: Work that keeps a system, condition, or structure functioning.
Collocation: routine maintenance
Example: Routine maintenance extended the bridge's useful life.
کارڈ 106
سوال
establishment
جواب
Meaning: The act of creating an organization, system, or lasting condition.
Collocation: establishment of a network
Example: The establishment of a monitoring network improved storm warnings.
کارڈ 107
سوال
shift
جواب
Meaning: A change in position, direction, emphasis, or opinion.
Collocation: major shift
Example: The findings prompted a major shift in conservation policy.
کارڈ 108
سوال
limitation
جواب
Meaning: A restriction or weakness that affects what is possible or reliable.
Collocation: major limitation
Example: The study's major limitation was its short observation period.
کارڈ 109
سوال
research
جواب
Meaning: Systematic study intended to establish facts or develop understanding.
Collocation: conduct research
Example: The team conducted research on low-cost water filters.
کارڈ 110
سوال
medium
جواب
Meaning: A channel or material through which information or an effect is carried.
Collocation: communication medium
Example: Radio remained an important communication medium in remote areas.
کارڈ 111
سوال
relevance
جواب
Meaning: The degree to which something relates to the matter being considered.
Collocation: practical relevance
Example: The lecturer explained the theory's practical relevance to urban planning.
کارڈ 112
سوال
identity
جواب
Meaning: The qualities, beliefs, or affiliations that define a person or group.
Collocation: cultural identity
Example: Language played a central role in the community's cultural identity.
کارڈ 113
سوال
likelihood
جواب
Meaning: The degree to which something is likely to happen.
Collocation: reduce the likelihood
Example: Early detection can reduce the likelihood of a larger outbreak.
کارڈ 114
سوال
transition
جواب
Meaning: The process of changing from one state or system to another.
Collocation: gradual transition
Example: The region made a gradual transition from coal to renewable energy.
کارڈ 115
سوال
sample
جواب
Meaning: A smaller group or amount selected to represent a larger whole.
Collocation: representative sample
Example: The survey used a representative sample of households from each district.
کارڈ 116
سوال
theory
جواب
Meaning: A well-supported explanation that connects facts or observations.
Collocation: scientific theory
Example: New observations strengthened the scientific theory rather than replacing it.
کارڈ 117
سوال
institution
جواب
Meaning: An established organization or social system with a public role.
Collocation: educational institution
Example: Each educational institution set its own admission policy.
کارڈ 118
سوال
mode
جواب
Meaning: A particular way in which something happens or operates.
Collocation: mode of transport
Example: Cycling became the preferred mode of transport for short trips.
کارڈ 119
سوال
possibility
جواب
Meaning: A chance that something may exist or happen.
Collocation: explore the possibility
Example: The team explored the possibility of reusing wastewater.
کارڈ 120
سوال
trend
جواب
Meaning: A general direction in which a situation is changing.
Collocation: long-term trend
Example: A single cold year did not reverse the long-term warming trend.
کارڈ 121
سوال
viewpoint
جواب
Meaning: A particular opinion or position from which an issue is considered.
Collocation: opposing viewpoint
Example: The seminar required students to address an opposing viewpoint fairly.
کارڈ 122
سوال
intervention
جواب
Meaning: An action taken to change a situation or prevent a problem.
Collocation: early intervention
Example: Early intervention helped prevent minor reading difficulties from growing.
کارڈ 123
سوال
network
جواب
Meaning: A connected system of people, places, or components.
Collocation: transport network
Example: The new rail line connected two previously isolated towns to the regional transport network.
کارڈ 124
سوال
scale
جواب
Meaning: The size, extent, or level at which something occurs or is measured.
Collocation: large scale
Example: Producing the material on a large scale requires less energy than expected.
کارڈ 125
سوال
variation
جواب
Meaning: A difference or change within a group, range, or pattern.
Collocation: regional variation
Example: The map shows regional variation in annual rainfall.
کارڈ 126
سوال
potential
جواب
Meaning: The capacity to develop, happen, or become useful in the future.
Collocation: considerable potential
Example: The coastal winds have considerable potential for electricity generation.
کارڈ 127
سوال
claim
جواب
Meaning: A statement that something is true, often requiring evidence.
Collocation: support a claim
Example: The author used census records to support the claim.
کارڈ 128
سوال
majority
جواب
Meaning: More than half of a group or amount.
Collocation: clear majority
Example: A clear majority of respondents preferred the quieter route.
کارڈ 129
سوال
operation
جواب
Meaning: The process of working or the way a system functions.
Collocation: normal operation
Example: The backup battery keeps the sensor in normal operation during outages.
کارڈ 130
سوال
statistics
جواب
Meaning: Numerical facts collected and analyzed to describe a group or situation.
Collocation: official statistics
Example: Official statistics show a decline in household energy use.
کارڈ 131
سوال
affect
جواب
Meaning: To produce a change in someone or something.
Collocation: significantly affect
Example: Soil acidity can significantly affect nutrient availability.
کارڈ 132
سوال
proportion
جواب
Meaning: A part or share of a whole, often expressed as a fraction or percentage.
Collocation: large proportion
Example: A large proportion of the city's water comes from underground sources.
کارڈ 133
سوال
minority
جواب
Meaning: A group or amount that forms less than half of a larger whole.
Collocation: small minority
Example: Only a small minority of participants left the study early.
کارڈ 134
سوال
outcome
جواب
Meaning: The final result of a process, event, or action.
Collocation: learning outcome
Example: Regular feedback improved the course's main learning outcome.
کارڈ 135
سوال
clarify
جواب
Meaning: To make an idea, statement, or situation easier to understand.
Collocation: clarify the distinction
Example: The final section clarifies the distinction between correlation and cause.
کارڈ 136
سوال
alter
جواب
Meaning: To change something, usually without replacing it completely.
Collocation: substantially alter
Example: A new dam could substantially alter the river's seasonal flow.
کارڈ 137
سوال
survey
جواب
Meaning: A study that systematically collects information, often from a sample of people.
Collocation: national survey
Example: A national survey measured changes in commuting habits.
کارڈ 138
سوال
quality
جواب
Meaning: The degree of excellence or a distinguishing feature of something.
Collocation: data quality
Example: Missing observations reduced the overall quality of the data.
کارڈ 139
سوال
motivation
جواب
Meaning: The reason or desire that drives someone to act.
Collocation: strong motivation
Example: Curiosity was her strongest motivation for joining the research team.
کارڈ 140
سوال
output
جواب
Meaning: The amount or product generated by a person, machine, or system.
Collocation: energy output
Example: Cloud cover reduced the panels' energy output.
کارڈ 141
سوال
cite
جواب
Meaning: To name a source or example as evidence or authority.
Collocation: cite a source
Example: The report cites a recent study of coastal erosion.
کارڈ 142
سوال
technique
جواب
Meaning: A specific skill or way of carrying out a task.
Collocation: sampling technique
Example: The team used a new sampling technique to collect deep-water organisms.
کارڈ 143
سوال
range
جواب
Meaning: The full set or span of possible values, types, or choices.
Collocation: wide range
Example: The library holds a wide range of regional newspapers.
کارڈ 144
سوال
arise
جواب
Meaning: To begin to exist or become noticeable.
Collocation: problems arise
Example: Problems may arise when the two databases use different definitions.
کارڈ 145
سوال
norm
جواب
Meaning: A standard or expected pattern of behavior within a group.
Collocation: social norm
Example: Remote work changed the social norm of daily office attendance.
کارڈ 146
سوال
pattern
جواب
Meaning: A repeated or regular arrangement, behavior, or trend.
Collocation: consistent pattern
Example: The interviews revealed a consistent pattern of delayed enrollment.
کارڈ 147
سوال
conclude
جواب
Meaning: To reach a judgment after considering evidence.
Collocation: conclude that
Example: The researchers concluded that both habitats supported similar populations.
کارڈ 148
سوال
validity
جواب
Meaning: The degree to which a method measures what it should or an inference is well supported.
Collocation: assess validity
Example: A second experiment helped assess the validity of the original result.
کارڈ 149
سوال
rate
جواب
Meaning: A measure of how often or how quickly something happens.
Collocation: growth rate
Example: The seedlings had a slower growth rate in colder soil.
کارڈ 150
سوال
develop
جواب
Meaning: To grow, change, or make something more advanced over time.
Collocation: develop a method
Example: Engineers developed a method for recycling the damaged material.
300 کارڈز
Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
یہ ڈیک مفت پڑھیںمطالعہ شروع کرنے کے لیے Nibomo کھلے گا۔
کارڈ 151
سوال
process
جواب
Meaning: A connected series of actions or changes that produces a result.
Collocation: decision-making process
Example: Residents took part in every stage of the decision-making process.
کارڈ 152
سوال
demonstrate
جواب
Meaning: To show clearly through evidence, reasoning, or an example.
Collocation: demonstrate a relationship
Example: The results demonstrate a relationship between shade and soil moisture.
کارڈ 153
سوال
opportunity
جواب
Meaning: A favorable situation that makes an action or achievement possible.
Collocation: equal opportunity
Example: The scholarship gave rural students an equal opportunity to attend the course.
کارڈ 154
سوال
significance
جواب
Meaning: The importance or practical meaning of something.
Collocation: practical significance
Example: The small difference had little practical significance for patients.
کارڈ 155
سوال
analyze
جواب
Meaning: To examine something carefully by separating it into parts.
Collocation: analyze data
Example: The researchers analyzed the data before drawing a conclusion.
کارڈ 156
سوال
diminish
جواب
Meaning: To become or make something smaller, weaker, or less important.
Collocation: gradually diminish
Example: The sound gradually diminished as the storm moved inland.
کارڈ 157
سوال
describe
جواب
Meaning: To state the features, appearance, or course of something in words.
Collocation: describe a process
Example: The report describes the process used to restore the wetland.
کارڈ 158
سوال
policy
جواب
Meaning: An agreed plan or principle used to guide decisions.
Collocation: public policy
Example: The findings influenced public policy on building insulation.
کارڈ 159
سوال
similarity
جواب
Meaning: A feature or degree of being alike.
Collocation: striking similarity
Example: The two languages share a striking similarity in sentence structure.
کارڈ 160
سوال
assess
جواب
Meaning: To judge the quality, importance, or condition of something.
Collocation: assess the impact
Example: The team assessed the impact of tourism on nesting birds.
کارڈ 161
سوال
emerge
جواب
Meaning: To become visible, known, or important.
Collocation: new evidence emerges
Example: A different explanation emerged after the fossils were dated.
کارڈ 162
سوال
production
جواب
Meaning: The process of creating goods, energy, or other output.
Collocation: food production
Example: Improved irrigation increased food production during dry years.
کارڈ 163
سوال
population
جواب
Meaning: All people or organisms of a defined group or area.
Collocation: study population
Example: The study population included adults from four coastal towns.
کارڈ 164
سوال
discuss
جواب
Meaning: To examine an issue in speech or writing by considering its details.
Collocation: discuss the findings
Example: The final chapter discusses the findings in relation to earlier research.
کارڈ 165
سوال
standard
جواب
Meaning: An accepted level or rule used to judge quality or performance.
Collocation: meet a standard
Example: Every sample had to meet the same purity standard.
کارڈ 166
سوال
enhance
جواب
Meaning: To improve the quality, value, or strength of something.
Collocation: enhance understanding
Example: The interactive map enhanced students' understanding of migration routes.
کارڈ 167
سوال
classify
جواب
Meaning: To arrange things into groups based on shared features.
Collocation: classify species
Example: Biologists classified the species by examining their genetic differences.
کارڈ 168
سوال
property
جواب
Meaning: A characteristic or quality that something possesses.
Collocation: physical property
Example: Flexibility is a useful physical property of the new material.
کارڈ 169
سوال
practice
جواب
Meaning: A customary or repeated way of doing something.
Collocation: common practice
Example: Rotating crops became common practice among local farmers.
کارڈ 170
سوال
tolerance
جواب
Meaning: The ability of an organism, material, or system to endure a condition without failing.
Collocation: heat tolerance
Example: The experiment measured each plant's heat tolerance.
کارڈ 171
سوال
evolve
جواب
Meaning: To develop gradually over time.
Collocation: gradually evolve
Example: The trade network gradually evolved into a formal market system.
کارڈ 172
سوال
conduct
جواب
Meaning: To organize and carry out an activity or study.
Collocation: conduct an experiment
Example: The students conducted an experiment under controlled conditions.
کارڈ 173
سوال
relationship
جواب
Meaning: The way in which two or more things are connected.
Collocation: causal relationship
Example: The data alone cannot establish a causal relationship.
کارڈ 174
سوال
exemplify
جواب
Meaning: To serve as a clear example of an idea or quality.
Collocation: exemplify a trend
Example: The renovated station exemplifies the trend toward mixed-use design.
کارڈ 175
سوال
protection
جواب
Meaning: Action taken to keep someone or something safe from harm.
Collocation: environmental protection
Example: The law strengthened environmental protection around the wetland.
کارڈ 176
سوال
expand
جواب
Meaning: To become or make something larger in size, range, or detail.
Collocation: expand access
Example: The university expanded access to its digital archive.
کارڈ 177
سوال
value
جواب
Meaning: The importance or usefulness of something.
Collocation: practical value
Example: The simple method has practical value in laboratories with limited equipment.
کارڈ 178
سوال
resource
جواب
Meaning: A supply, asset, or source of support that can be used.
Collocation: natural resource
Example: Fresh water is a limited natural resource on the island.
کارڈ 179
سوال
explain
جواب
Meaning: To make an idea, fact, or cause clear by giving details.
Collocation: explain a result
Example: Differences in soil depth may explain the result.
کارڈ 180
سوال
define
جواب
Meaning: To state the exact meaning, limits, or essential character of something.
Collocation: clearly define
Example: The authors clearly define what they mean by sustainable growth.
کارڈ 181
سوال
provision
جواب
Meaning: The act of supplying something that people need.
Collocation: service provision
Example: The reform improved service provision in remote districts.
کارڈ 182
سوال
variety
جواب
Meaning: A collection or range of different types.
Collocation: wide variety
Example: The reef supports a wide variety of marine organisms.
کارڈ 183
سوال
scope
جواب
Meaning: The range of subjects, activities, or possibilities covered.
Collocation: limited scope
Example: The study's limited scope excludes private transportation.
کارڈ 184
سوال
generate
جواب
Meaning: To produce or create something.
Collocation: generate electricity
Example: The turbines generate electricity during periods of strong wind.
کارڈ 185
سوال
formulate
جواب
Meaning: To develop and express an idea, plan, or theory carefully.
Collocation: formulate a hypothesis
Example: The observations helped the students formulate a testable hypothesis.
کارڈ 186
سوال
design
جواب
Meaning: To plan the structure, method, or appearance of something.
Collocation: design a study
Example: The team designed a study that compared three teaching methods.
کارڈ 187
سوال
requirement
جواب
Meaning: Something that is necessary or officially demanded.
Collocation: legal requirement
Example: Public reporting is a legal requirement for the agency.
کارڈ 188
سوال
compare
جواب
Meaning: To examine things to identify similarities and differences.
Collocation: compare results
Example: The researchers compared results from urban and rural schools.
کارڈ 189
سوال
section
جواب
Meaning: A distinct part of a larger whole, text, or organization.
Collocation: final section
Example: The final section considers the study's limitations.
کارڈ 190
سوال
highlight
جواب
Meaning: To draw attention to something important.
Collocation: highlight a difference
Example: The map highlights the difference between summer and winter rainfall.
کارڈ 191
سوال
determine
جواب
Meaning: To discover, establish, or decide something through evidence or calculation.
Collocation: determine the cause
Example: Further testing was needed to determine the cause of the failure.
کارڈ 192
سوال
improve
جواب
Meaning: To make or become better in quality or performance.
Collocation: improve accuracy
Example: Repeated calibration improved the sensor's accuracy.
کارڈ 193
سوال
resistance
جواب
Meaning: Opposition to a change, idea, or policy.
Collocation: resistance to change
Example: Resistance to change slowed the introduction of the new system.
کارڈ 194
سوال
differ
جواب
Meaning: To be unlike or distinct from something else.
Collocation: differ significantly
Example: The two groups did not differ significantly in age.
کارڈ 195
سوال
separation
جواب
Meaning: The state or process of dividing or keeping things apart.
Collocation: physical separation
Example: Physical separation prevented the two chemicals from reacting.
کارڈ 196
سوال
illustrate
جواب
Meaning: To make an idea clear by giving an example, image, or comparison.
Collocation: illustrate a point
Example: The author uses a coastal town to illustrate the broader point.
کارڈ 197
سوال
induce
جواب
Meaning: To cause a particular state, response, or change.
Collocation: induce a response
Example: The light signal induced a measurable response in the cells.
کارڈ 198
سوال
evaluate
جواب
Meaning: To judge quality, effectiveness, or value using evidence or criteria.
Collocation: evaluate performance
Example: The committee evaluated the program's performance after one year.
کارڈ 199
سوال
resolution
جواب
Meaning: A solution or settlement that ends a problem or conflict.
Collocation: peaceful resolution
Example: Mediation led to a peaceful resolution of the land dispute.
کارڈ 200
سوال
series
جواب
Meaning: A number of related events, items, or values arranged in order.
Collocation: series of experiments
Example: A series of experiments tested the material under different pressures.
کارڈ 201
سوال
differentiate
جواب
Meaning: To recognize, show, or create a difference between things.
Collocation: differentiate between
Example: The test can differentiate between the two closely related minerals.
کارڈ 202
سوال
initiate
جواب
Meaning: To cause a process or action to begin.
Collocation: initiate a process
Example: A temperature change initiates the chemical process.
کارڈ 203
سوال
examine
جواب
Meaning: To inspect or consider something carefully.
Collocation: examine evidence
Example: The committee examined evidence from several independent sources.
کارڈ 204
سوال
imply
جواب
Meaning: To suggest something without stating it directly.
Collocation: results imply
Example: The results imply that water reached the valley earlier than expected.
کارڈ 205
سوال
risk
جواب
Meaning: The possibility of harm, loss, or an unwanted result.
Collocation: reduce risk
Example: Restoring vegetation can reduce the risk of soil erosion.
کارڈ 206
سوال
structure
جواب
Meaning: The arrangement of parts within a whole.
Collocation: social structure
Example: Trade changed the social structure of the port city.
کارڈ 207
سوال
lead
جواب
Meaning: To cause or contribute to a particular result.
Collocation: lead to
Example: Prolonged drought can lead to lower crop yields.
کارڈ 208
سوال
identify
جواب
Meaning: To recognize and name a person, thing, feature, or cause.
Collocation: identify a pattern
Example: The software identified a pattern in the satellite images.
کارڈ 209
سوال
distinguish
جواب
Meaning: To recognize or show the difference between things.
Collocation: distinguish between
Example: The analysis distinguishes between temporary variation and a lasting trend.
کارڈ 210
سوال
interpret
جواب
Meaning: To explain or understand the meaning of information or evidence.
Collocation: interpret the results
Example: Researchers interpreted the results cautiously because the sample was small.
کارڈ 211
سوال
role
جواب
Meaning: The function or expected part that someone or something has in a situation.
Collocation: play a role
Example: Local knowledge played a central role in the recovery plan.
کارڈ 212
سوال
system
جواب
Meaning: A set of connected parts that work together.
Collocation: complex system
Example: A coral reef is a complex system of interacting organisms.
کارڈ 213
سوال
investigate
جواب
Meaning: To examine a question or problem systematically to discover facts.
Collocation: investigate a cause
Example: Engineers investigated the cause of the structural failure.
کارڈ 214
سوال
reduce
جواب
Meaning: To make something smaller in amount, size, or degree.
Collocation: reduce emissions
Example: Electric buses can reduce emissions on crowded routes.
کارڈ 215
سوال
outline
جواب
Meaning: To present the main points or structure without every detail.
Collocation: outline an approach
Example: The introduction outlines the approach used in the study.
کارڈ 216
سوال
exceed
جواب
Meaning: To be greater than a number, limit, or expectation.
Collocation: exceed a limit
Example: Pollution levels exceeded the legal limit on three days.
کارڈ 217
سوال
unit
جواب
Meaning: A single part, quantity, or group within a larger system.
Collocation: unit of measurement
Example: The meter is the standard unit of measurement used in the table.
کارڈ 218
سوال
society
جواب
Meaning: A large community connected by shared institutions, relationships, and culture.
Collocation: modern society
Example: Reliable electricity shapes nearly every part of modern society.
کارڈ 219
سوال
reinforce
جواب
Meaning: To make an idea, behavior, or structure stronger.
Collocation: reinforce a pattern
Example: Unequal funding can reinforce an existing pattern of regional inequality.
کارڈ 220
سوال
obtain
جواب
Meaning: To get or acquire something through effort or a process.
Collocation: obtain data
Example: The team obtained data from six monitoring stations.
کارڈ 221
سوال
propose
جواب
Meaning: To put forward an idea, plan, or explanation for consideration.
Collocation: propose a solution
Example: The authors propose a solution based on shared water storage.
کارڈ 222
سوال
restrict
جواب
Meaning: To limit the size, range, movement, or availability of something.
Collocation: restrict access
Example: The archive restricts access to fragile original documents.
کارڈ 223
سوال
version
جواب
Meaning: A particular form of something that differs from other forms of it.
Collocation: revised version
Example: The revised version of the model includes seasonal rainfall.
کارڈ 224
سوال
stimulate
جواب
Meaning: To encourage activity, growth, or a response.
Collocation: stimulate growth
Example: Lower transport costs stimulated growth in regional trade.
کارڈ 225
سوال
strategy
جواب
Meaning: A planned approach for achieving a long-term aim.
Collocation: effective strategy
Example: Water pricing was one part of the city's conservation strategy.
کارڈ 226
سوال
record
جواب
Meaning: To store information in writing, images, measurements, or another lasting form.
Collocation: record observations
Example: Students recorded their observations at five-minute intervals.
کارڈ 227
سوال
prove
جواب
Meaning: To establish that something is true through evidence or logical reasoning.
Collocation: prove a theorem
Example: The student used two earlier results to prove the theorem.
کارڈ 228
سوال
adequate
جواب
Meaning: Sufficient for a particular purpose, though not necessarily excellent.
Collocation: adequate evidence
Example: The report did not provide adequate evidence for such a broad claim.
کارڈ 229
سوال
strengthen
جواب
Meaning: To make something stronger, more effective, or more convincing.
Collocation: strengthen an argument
Example: Additional field data would strengthen the argument.
کارڈ 230
سوال
tradition
جواب
Meaning: A belief or practice passed between generations.
Collocation: local tradition
Example: The festival preserves a local tradition of communal farming.
کارڈ 231
سوال
volume
جواب
Meaning: The amount of something, especially material, flow, or activity.
Collocation: traffic volume
Example: Traffic volume fell after the new rail service opened.
کارڈ 232
سوال
select
جواب
Meaning: To choose something carefully from a group of options.
Collocation: select a sample
Example: Researchers selected a sample from each age group.
کارڈ 233
سوال
appropriate
جواب
Meaning: Suitable for a particular purpose, situation, or audience.
Collocation: appropriate method
Example: Interviews were an appropriate method for exploring personal experience.
کارڈ 234
سوال
quote
جواب
Meaning: To repeat someone's exact words and identify their source.
Collocation: quote directly
Example: The essay quotes directly from the explorer's journal.
کارڈ 235
سوال
uncertainty
جواب
Meaning: A lack of complete knowledge or confidence about what will happen.
Collocation: policy uncertainty
Example: Policy uncertainty delayed investment in new infrastructure.
کارڈ 236
سوال
sustain
جواب
Meaning: To keep a process or condition continuing over time.
Collocation: sustain growth
Example: Limited water supplies cannot sustain rapid population growth.
کارڈ 237
سوال
combine
جواب
Meaning: To join two or more things into one whole or shared action.
Collocation: combine methods
Example: The study combined interviews with direct observation.
کارڈ 238
سوال
complex
جواب
Meaning: Made of many connected parts and therefore difficult to understand or manage.
Collocation: complex issue
Example: Water rights became a complex issue involving law, ecology, and local custom.
کارڈ 239
سوال
specify
جواب
Meaning: To state something precisely and explicitly.
Collocation: specify the conditions
Example: The protocol specifies the conditions required for storage.
کارڈ 240
سوال
refer
جواب
Meaning: To mention, direct attention to, or use a source of information.
Collocation: refer to evidence
Example: The author refers to archaeological evidence from the northern coast.
کارڈ 241
سوال
transform
جواب
Meaning: To change something greatly in form, structure, or character.
Collocation: transform a system
Example: Digital records transformed the hospital's information system.
کارڈ 242
سوال
adopt
جواب
Meaning: To begin using an idea, policy, or method.
Collocation: adopt a policy
Example: Several cities adopted a policy of free weekend transit.
کارڈ 243
سوال
consistent
جواب
Meaning: Remaining in agreement, form, or quality across cases or time.
Collocation: consistent result
Example: The three laboratories reported consistent results.
کارڈ 244
سوال
study
جواب
Meaning: To investigate or learn about a subject carefully.
Collocation: study a phenomenon
Example: The team studied the phenomenon under controlled conditions.
کارڈ 245
سوال
reflect
جواب
Meaning: To show, express, or be a result of something.
Collocation: reflect a change
Example: The revised map reflects changes in the river's course.
کارڈ 246
سوال
comprise
جواب
Meaning: To be made up of all the stated parts.
Collocation: comprise three sections
Example: The final report comprises three sections and an appendix.
کارڈ 247
سوال
vary
جواب
Meaning: To differ or change across cases, places, or time.
Collocation: vary considerably
Example: Rainfall totals vary considerably across the island.
کارڈ 248
سوال
advocate
جواب
Meaning: To publicly support a policy, idea, or course of action.
Collocation: advocate reform
Example: Several researchers advocated reform of the approval process.
کارڈ 249
سوال
systematic
جواب
Meaning: Done according to an organized and consistent method.
Collocation: systematic review
Example: A systematic review compared evidence from forty studies.
کارڈ 250
سوال
critical
جواب
Meaning: Essential to the success or outcome of something.
Collocation: critical factor
Example: Reliable storage is a critical factor in the vaccine program.
کارڈ 251
سوال
consist
جواب
Meaning: To be made of particular parts or elements.
Collocation: consist of
Example: The sample consisted of soil from twelve sites.
کارڈ 252
سوال
state
جواب
Meaning: To express something clearly in speech or writing.
Collocation: clearly state
Example: The introduction clearly states the study's main question.
کارڈ 253
سوال
allocate
جواب
Meaning: To distribute money, time, or resources for a particular purpose.
Collocation: allocate resources
Example: The agency allocated more resources to preventive care.
کارڈ 254
سوال
yield
جواب
Meaning: To produce a result or amount.
Collocation: yield results
Example: The second search yielded more reliable results.
کارڈ 255
سوال
equivalent
جواب
Meaning: Equal in value, meaning, function, or effect.
Collocation: roughly equivalent
Example: The two measures produced roughly equivalent estimates.
کارڈ 256
سوال
constitute
جواب
Meaning: To form or make up a whole or a stated share of it.
Collocation: constitute a majority
Example: Small businesses constitute a majority of employers in the district.
کارڈ 257
سوال
suggest
جواب
Meaning: To offer an idea or indicate a possible conclusion without proving it.
Collocation: evidence suggests
Example: The evidence suggests that the settlement was occupied year-round.
کارڈ 258
سوال
experimental
جواب
Meaning: Used to test a new idea or based on an experiment.
Collocation: experimental method
Example: The team used an experimental method to remove salt from the soil.
کارڈ 259
سوال
enable
جواب
Meaning: To make an action or result possible.
Collocation: enable access
Example: Digital copies enabled access to records from remote towns.
کارڈ 260
سوال
excessive
جواب
Meaning: Greater than is reasonable, necessary, or safe.
Collocation: excessive use
Example: Excessive use of fertilizer damaged nearby streams.
کارڈ 261
سوال
construct
جواب
Meaning: To build or form something by joining parts.
Collocation: construct a model
Example: Students constructed a model of the river basin.
کارڈ 262
سوال
rapid
جواب
Meaning: Happening or changing in a short time.
Collocation: rapid growth
Example: Rapid growth placed pressure on the city's water supply.
کارڈ 263
سوال
random
جواب
Meaning: Chosen or occurring without a predictable pattern or deliberate selection.
Collocation: random sample
Example: The researchers drew a random sample from the full list of households.
کارڈ 264
سوال
summarize
جواب
Meaning: To give the main points in a shorter form.
Collocation: summarize the findings
Example: The final paragraph summarizes the findings without adding new claims.
کارڈ 265
سوال
govern
جواب
Meaning: To control, regulate, or determine how a group or process operates.
Collocation: rules govern
Example: Clear rules govern how the shared laboratory may be used.
کارڈ 266
سوال
contain
جواب
Meaning: To have something inside or include it as a part.
Collocation: contain evidence
Example: The oldest layer contains evidence of repeated flooding.
کارڈ 267
سوال
relative
جواب
Meaning: Considered in comparison with something else rather than alone.
Collocation: relative importance
Example: The study compares the relative importance of rainfall and soil type.
کارڈ 268
سوال
representative
جواب
Meaning: Typical of a larger group and suitable for standing in for it.
Collocation: representative example
Example: The chosen village is a representative example of settlement along the river.
کارڈ 269
سوال
support
جواب
Meaning: To provide evidence, strength, or assistance for something.
Collocation: support a conclusion
Example: The observations support the conclusion that the species is nocturnal.
کارڈ 270
سوال
progressive
جواب
Meaning: Developing gradually through a series of stages.
Collocation: progressive decline
Example: The archive documents a progressive decline in the lake's water level.
کارڈ 271
سوال
convert
جواب
Meaning: To change something from one form, function, or system into another.
Collocation: convert energy
Example: Solar cells convert light energy into electricity.
کارڈ 272
سوال
impose
جواب
Meaning: To officially require a rule, limit, duty, or cost.
Collocation: impose restrictions
Example: The city imposed restrictions on construction near the shoreline.
کارڈ 273
سوال
significant
جواب
Meaning: Large or important enough to matter.
Collocation: significant change
Example: The policy produced a significant change in weekday bus use.
کارڈ 274
سوال
explicit
جواب
Meaning: Stated clearly and directly, with no need for inference.
Collocation: explicit statement
Example: The report makes an explicit statement about its data limitations.
کارڈ 275
سوال
scientific
جواب
Meaning: Related to the systematic study of the natural or social world through evidence.
Collocation: scientific evidence
Example: The regulation was revised in response to new scientific evidence.
کارڈ 276
سوال
subsequent
جواب
Meaning: Happening or existing after the event already mentioned.
Collocation: subsequent study
Example: A subsequent study repeated the test with a larger sample.
کارڈ 277
سوال
participate
جواب
Meaning: To take part in an activity, process, or event.
Collocation: participate in research
Example: More than two hundred residents agreed to participate in the research.
کارڈ 278
سوال
correspond
جواب
Meaning: To match, agree with, or be closely connected to something.
Collocation: correspond closely
Example: The tree-ring record corresponds closely with measured rainfall.
کارڈ 279
سوال
logical
جواب
Meaning: Following a clear and valid pattern of reasoning.
Collocation: logical conclusion
Example: The evidence led to the logical conclusion that the river had changed course.
کارڈ 280
سوال
theoretical
جواب
Meaning: Based on ideas or principles rather than direct observation or practical testing.
Collocation: theoretical model
Example: The observed pattern matched the theoretical model.
کارڈ 281
سوال
similar
جواب
Meaning: Alike in important ways, though not identical.
Collocation: broadly similar
Example: The two regions have broadly similar rainfall patterns.
کارڈ 282
سوال
successive
جواب
Meaning: Following one after another in a sequence.
Collocation: successive generations
Example: Successive generations adapted the building to new uses.
کارڈ 283
سوال
incorporate
جواب
Meaning: To include something as part of a larger whole.
Collocation: incorporate feedback
Example: The revised plan incorporates feedback from local residents.
کارڈ 284
سوال
rational
جواب
Meaning: Based on reason and evidence rather than impulse.
Collocation: rational explanation
Example: The apparent pattern has a rational explanation based on sampling methods.
کارڈ 285
سوال
accurately
جواب
Meaning: In a way that is correct and free from important error.
Collocation: accurately measure
Example: The device can accurately measure very small changes in pressure.
کارڈ 286
سوال
sufficient
جواب
Meaning: As much as is needed for a particular purpose.
Collocation: sufficient evidence
Example: The available evidence was sufficient to reject the first explanation.
کارڈ 287
سوال
increasingly
جواب
Meaning: To a growing degree or with greater frequency over time.
Collocation: increasingly common
Example: Shared research facilities are increasingly common at smaller universities.
کارڈ 288
سوال
preserve
جواب
Meaning: To protect something from loss, damage, or major change.
Collocation: preserve cultural heritage
Example: The archive helped preserve the community's cultural heritage.
کارڈ 289
سوال
relevant
جواب
Meaning: Directly connected to the question or subject being considered.
Collocation: relevant evidence
Example: The review excluded studies that did not provide relevant evidence.
کارڈ 290
سوال
approximately
جواب
Meaning: Close to an amount or value but not exactly equal to it.
Collocation: approximately equal
Example: The two study groups were approximately equal in size.
کارڈ 291
سوال
integrate
جواب
Meaning: To combine parts so they work together as a whole.
Collocation: integrate data
Example: The platform integrates data from satellites and ground sensors.
کارڈ 292
سوال
suitable
جواب
Meaning: Right or acceptable for a particular purpose or situation.
Collocation: suitable method
Example: Satellite imaging was the most suitable method for the remote region.
کارڈ 293
سوال
regulate
جواب
Meaning: To control an activity or process through rules or adjustments.
Collocation: regulate an industry
Example: The agency regulates the industry through regular inspections.
کارڈ 294
سوال
consequently
جواب
Meaning: As a result of what was just stated.
Collocation: consequently reduce
Example: The new filter removes more particles and consequently reduces treatment costs.
کارڈ 295
سوال
clearly
جواب
Meaning: In a way that is easy to understand, see, or recognize.
Collocation: clearly indicate
Example: The results clearly indicate that the second filter removed more particles.
کارڈ 296
سوال
independently
جواب
Meaning: Without relying on another person, source, or result.
Collocation: independently verify
Example: A second laboratory independently verified the result.
کارڈ 297
سوال
maintain
جواب
Meaning: To keep something in a particular condition or continue it over time.
Collocation: maintain water quality
Example: The wetland helps maintain water quality during heavy rain.
کارڈ 298
سوال
undertake
جواب
Meaning: To accept responsibility for and begin a task or project.
Collocation: undertake research
Example: The university undertook research on affordable housing materials.
کارڈ 299
سوال
valuable
جواب
Meaning: Very useful, important, or worth having.
Collocation: valuable information
Example: The interviews provided valuable information about informal trade routes.
کارڈ 300
سوال
ultimately
جواب
Meaning: Finally, after all stages or factors have been considered.
Collocation: ultimately depend on
Example: The project's success ultimately depends on reliable local funding.
300 کارڈز
Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
مطالعہ شروع کرنے کے لیے Nibomo کھلے گا۔