Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
Study 300 independently selected cross-disciplinary academic words with concise meanings, collocations, and original context examples.
Bu deste hakkında
Study 300 independently selected cross-disciplinary academic words for reading, listening, speaking, and writing practice. Each card shows one word on the front. The back starts with a concise meaning, then gives a useful collocation and one original academic example.
What this deck practices
- Word → meaning and use: 300 single-word prompts selected through a documented, openly licensed academic-vocabulary source.
- Collocations in context: every answer pairs the word with a natural academic phrase and an original sentence.
Meaning → word cards are excluded because a short definition can fit several words, which would make many reverse prompts ambiguous. Pronunciation, translations, subject-specific terminology, exam tactics, predicted test frequency, and score claims are also outside the scope.
The deterministic sequence interleaves research methods, reasoning and claims, change and causation, comparison and evaluation, systems and processes, and society and policy. Close word-family variants stay at least three unrelated cards apart. The review scheduler handles longer-term spacing after installation.
Word selection starts from Magali Paquot's Academic Keyword List, published under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. This deck uses a filtered and reordered 300-word subset, with analyse → analyze and summarise → summarize normalizations. The source list itself warns that pedagogical mediation is still needed. All meanings, collocations, examples, grouping, and ordering here are independently authored. This is not an official or exhaustive vocabulary list for the TOEFL iBT® test.
Requested source citation: Paquot, M. (2010). Academic Vocabulary in Learner Writing: From Extraction to Analysis. London & New York: Continuum, pp. 56–58.
The Common knowledge · CC0 1.0 label applies only to the independently authored card text, organization, and metadata to the extent applicable rights exist. It does not replace or override the AKL's CC BY 4.0 terms; reusers must follow those terms for the source-list contribution. It does not claim ownership of facts or ordinary English words. For current test content, see ETS's TOEFL iBT® test content and structure.
TOEFL iBT® is a registered trademark of ETS. This product is not endorsed or approved by ETS. No ETS questions, answers, scoring guides, or source prose were copied.
Bu destedeki kartlar
Kart 1
Soru
adoption
Cevap
Meaning: The decision or process of starting to use an idea, method, or system.
Collocation: widespread adoption
Example: Widespread adoption of the new method took several years.
Kart 2
Soru
argument
Cevap
Meaning: A set of reasons used to support a conclusion or position.
Collocation: central argument
Example: The article's central argument rests on evidence from two long-term studies.
Kart 3
Soru
analysis
Cevap
Meaning: A careful examination of something to understand its parts or meaning.
Collocation: data analysis
Example: The data analysis revealed a clear seasonal pattern.
Kart 4
Soru
association
Cevap
Meaning: A connection between two people, events, qualities, or variables.
Collocation: strong association
Example: The survey found a strong association between sleep and concentration.
Kart 5
Soru
cause
Cevap
Meaning: Something that makes an event or condition happen.
Collocation: underlying cause
Example: The study examined the underlying cause of the population decline.
Kart 6
Soru
advantage
Cevap
Meaning: A condition or feature that makes success more likely.
Collocation: significant advantage
Example: Early access to the archive gave the researchers a significant advantage.
Kart 7
Soru
attitude
Cevap
Meaning: A settled way of thinking or feeling about something.
Collocation: public attitude
Example: Public attitudes toward urban transport changed after the pilot program.
Kart 8
Soru
application
Cevap
Meaning: A practical use of an idea, method, or discovery.
Collocation: practical application
Example: The material has a practical application in water filtration.
Kart 9
Soru
category
Cevap
Meaning: A group of things that share defined features.
Collocation: broad category
Example: The researchers placed both materials in the same broad category.
Kart 10
Soru
assertion
Cevap
Meaning: A confident statement presented as true.
Collocation: unsupported assertion
Example: Without survey data, the claim remained an unsupported assertion.
Kart 11
Soru
alternative
Cevap
Meaning: Another option that can be chosen instead of the usual one.
Collocation: viable alternative
Example: Solar heating offered a viable alternative to imported fuel.
Kart 12
Soru
change
Cevap
Meaning: A shift from one state, condition, or form to another.
Collocation: gradual change
Example: The sediment layers record gradual change in the region's climate.
Kart 13
Soru
assessment
Cevap
Meaning: A reasoned judgment about the quality, value, or condition of something.
Collocation: risk assessment
Example: The team completed a risk assessment before entering the cave.
Kart 14
Soru
combination
Cevap
Meaning: Two or more things joined or used together.
Collocation: combination of factors
Example: A combination of factors shaped the city's growth.
Kart 15
Soru
assumption
Cevap
Meaning: An idea accepted as true without complete proof.
Collocation: underlying assumption
Example: The model's underlying assumption is that demand remains stable.
Kart 16
Soru
balance
Cevap
Meaning: A state in which competing factors have suitable proportions.
Collocation: achieve a balance
Example: The policy tries to achieve a balance between access and conservation.
Kart 17
Soru
awareness
Cevap
Meaning: Knowledge or understanding that a situation or issue exists.
Collocation: raise awareness
Example: The campaign raised awareness of preventable water waste.
Kart 18
Soru
consequence
Cevap
Meaning: A result that follows from an action or condition.
Collocation: unintended consequence
Example: Higher rents were an unintended consequence of the redevelopment plan.
Kart 19
Soru
concept
Cevap
Meaning: A general idea used to understand or organize something.
Collocation: abstract concept
Example: The diagram makes the abstract concept easier to understand.
Kart 20
Soru
conclusion
Cevap
Meaning: A judgment reached after considering evidence or reasoning.
Collocation: draw a conclusion
Example: The sample was too small to draw a firm conclusion.
Kart 21
Soru
benefit
Cevap
Meaning: A helpful or favorable result.
Collocation: long-term benefit
Example: Better insulation provides a long-term benefit by reducing energy use.
Kart 22
Soru
bias
Cevap
Meaning: A systematic tendency or error that can distort judgment, sampling, or results.
Collocation: selection bias
Example: Selection bias may occur if only frequent users answer the survey.
Kart 23
Soru
decline
Cevap
Meaning: A gradual decrease in amount, quality, or importance.
Collocation: sharp decline
Example: The records show a sharp decline in fish populations after 1990.
Kart 24
Soru
classification
Cevap
Meaning: The process or system of arranging things into groups.
Collocation: classification system
Example: The new classification system groups plants by shared genetic features.
Kart 25
Soru
condition
Cevap
Meaning: A circumstance that affects how something happens or exists.
Collocation: controlled condition
Example: Each seedling grew under the same controlled conditions.
Kart 26
Soru
contradiction
Cevap
Meaning: A conflict between statements, ideas, or results that cannot both be true.
Collocation: apparent contradiction
Example: Further testing resolved the apparent contradiction between the two findings.
Kart 27
Soru
challenge
Cevap
Meaning: A difficult problem or task that requires effort to solve.
Collocation: major challenge
Example: Limited storage remains a major challenge for renewable energy systems.
Kart 28
Soru
development
Cevap
Meaning: The process of growing, changing, or becoming more advanced.
Collocation: economic development
Example: The railway accelerated economic development across the region.
Kart 29
Soru
data
Cevap
Meaning: Facts, measurements, or observations collected for analysis.
Collocation: collect data
Example: Researchers collected data from weather stations across the island.
Kart 30
Soru
comparison
Cevap
Meaning: An examination of how two or more things are alike or different.
Collocation: direct comparison
Example: A direct comparison showed that the two methods produced similar results.
Kart 31
Soru
criterion
Cevap
Meaning: A standard used to judge or decide something.
Collocation: selection criterion
Example: Research experience was one selection criterion for the program.
Kart 32
Soru
construction
Cevap
Meaning: The process of building something or forming an idea.
Collocation: social construction
Example: The lecture examined identity as a social construction.
Kart 33
Soru
effect
Cevap
Meaning: A change produced by a cause.
Collocation: measurable effect
Example: The treatment had a measurable effect on plant growth.
Kart 34
Soru
choice
Cevap
Meaning: An act or possibility of selecting among options.
Collocation: informed choice
Example: Clear labels help consumers make an informed choice.
Kart 35
Soru
definition
Cevap
Meaning: A statement that explains the exact meaning of a word or concept.
Collocation: precise definition
Example: The report begins with a precise definition of food security.
Kart 36
Soru
complexity
Cevap
Meaning: The state of having many connected parts or difficult features.
Collocation: growing complexity
Example: The model captures the growing complexity of urban transport networks.
Kart 37
Soru
criticism
Cevap
Meaning: A judgment that identifies faults or weaknesses.
Collocation: face criticism
Example: The proposal faced criticism for excluding rural communities.
Kart 38
Soru
constraint
Cevap
Meaning: A limit that restricts what can be done.
Collocation: financial constraint
Example: Financial constraints reduced the size of the field study.
Kart 39
Soru
evolution
Cevap
Meaning: Gradual development or change over time, especially across generations.
Collocation: cultural evolution
Example: Written records offer clues about the cultural evolution of the region.
Kart 40
Soru
evidence
Cevap
Meaning: Information that supports or challenges a claim.
Collocation: strong evidence
Example: Ice cores provide strong evidence of past temperature changes.
Kart 41
Soru
compromise
Cevap
Meaning: An agreement in which each side accepts less than it originally wanted.
Collocation: reach a compromise
Example: The two agencies reached a compromise on water use.
Kart 42
Soru
circumstance
Cevap
Meaning: A fact or condition that shapes a situation.
Collocation: unusual circumstance
Example: Under normal circumstances, the reaction takes less than a minute.
Kart 43
Soru
debate
Cevap
Meaning: A serious discussion in which different views on an issue are considered.
Collocation: ongoing debate
Example: The discovery renewed the ongoing debate about early migration routes.
Kart 44
Soru
expansion
Cevap
Meaning: An increase in size, range, or activity.
Collocation: rapid expansion
Example: Rapid expansion of the city replaced much of the surrounding farmland.
Kart 45
Soru
evaluation
Cevap
Meaning: A systematic judgment of quality, effectiveness, or value.
Collocation: program evaluation
Example: The program evaluation included interviews with teachers and students.
Kart 46
Soru
contrast
Cevap
Meaning: A clear difference between two or more things.
Collocation: sharp contrast
Example: The dry interior stands in sharp contrast to the wet coast.
Kart 47
Soru
commitment
Cevap
Meaning: A firm promise or continuing dedication to an aim.
Collocation: long-term commitment
Example: Restoring the forest requires a long-term commitment from local agencies.
Kart 48
Soru
content
Cevap
Meaning: The information, ideas, or material contained in something.
Collocation: course content
Example: The instructor revised the course content to include recent research.
Kart 49
Soru
factor
Cevap
Meaning: One element that helps produce a result.
Collocation: contributing factor
Example: Access to clean water was a contributing factor in the health improvement.
Kart 50
Soru
experiment
Cevap
Meaning: A controlled test designed to investigate a question.
Collocation: laboratory experiment
Example: The laboratory experiment tested how temperature affects the reaction.
Kart 51
Soru
correlation
Cevap
Meaning: A relationship in which two variables change together.
Collocation: positive correlation
Example: The data show a positive correlation between practice time and accuracy.
Kart 52
Soru
explanation
Cevap
Meaning: A statement that makes a fact, process, or reason clear.
Collocation: plausible explanation
Example: Changes in rainfall offer a plausible explanation for the migration.
Kart 53
Soru
control
Cevap
Meaning: The power or method used to direct, limit, or keep something stable.
Collocation: quality control
Example: Strict quality control reduced errors in the manufacturing process.
Kart 54
Soru
communication
Cevap
Meaning: The exchange of information, ideas, or feelings.
Collocation: effective communication
Example: Effective communication helped the research teams coordinate their work.
Kart 55
Soru
finding
Cevap
Meaning: A result discovered through research or investigation.
Collocation: key finding
Example: A key finding was that small wetlands support many species.
Kart 56
Soru
growth
Cevap
Meaning: An increase in size, amount, or development.
Collocation: population growth
Example: Population growth increased demand for public transport.
Kart 57
Soru
implication
Cevap
Meaning: A likely consequence or meaning that is suggested rather than stated.
Collocation: practical implication
Example: The finding has a practical implication for classroom design.
Kart 58
Soru
dimension
Cevap
Meaning: One aspect or feature of a situation or system.
Collocation: social dimension
Example: The report adds a social dimension to the economic analysis.
Kart 59
Soru
difference
Cevap
Meaning: A way in which two or more things are not the same.
Collocation: significant difference
Example: The trial found no significant difference between the two treatments.
Kart 60
Soru
community
Cevap
Meaning: A group of people connected by place, identity, or shared interests.
Collocation: local community
Example: The local community helped design the coastal protection plan.
Kart 61
Soru
hypothesis
Cevap
Meaning: A testable proposed explanation for an observation.
Collocation: test a hypothesis
Example: The researchers designed an experiment to test their hypothesis.
Kart 62
Soru
insight
Cevap
Meaning: A clear and useful understanding of a complex issue.
Collocation: valuable insight
Example: The interviews provided valuable insight into students' study habits.
Kart 63
Soru
element
Cevap
Meaning: A basic part of a larger whole.
Collocation: essential element
Example: Trust is an essential element of successful cooperation.
Kart 64
Soru
difficulty
Cevap
Meaning: A problem or condition that makes something hard to do or understand.
Collocation: practical difficulty
Example: Recruiting enough participants created a practical difficulty for the study.
Kart 65
Soru
conflict
Cevap
Meaning: A serious disagreement or clash between interests, ideas, or groups.
Collocation: conflict of interest
Example: Reviewers must disclose any conflict of interest.
Kart 66
Soru
impact
Cevap
Meaning: A strong effect on a situation, system, or person.
Collocation: environmental impact
Example: The assessment considered the dam's environmental impact.
Kart 67
Soru
investigation
Cevap
Meaning: A systematic search for facts or causes.
Collocation: detailed investigation
Example: A detailed investigation traced the contamination to a damaged pipe.
Kart 68
Soru
interpretation
Cevap
Meaning: An explanation of the meaning or importance of something.
Collocation: alternative interpretation
Example: The historian offered an alternative interpretation of the treaty.
Kart 69
Soru
disadvantage
Cevap
Meaning: A condition or feature that makes success less likely.
Collocation: major disadvantage
Example: High maintenance costs are a major disadvantage of the older system.
Kart 70
Soru
formation
Cevap
Meaning: The process by which something develops or takes shape.
Collocation: cloud formation
Example: Air temperature influences cloud formation above the mountains.
Kart 71
Soru
improvement
Cevap
Meaning: A change that makes something better.
Collocation: marked improvement
Example: The second trial showed a marked improvement in accuracy.
Kart 72
Soru
consensus
Cevap
Meaning: General agreement among members of a group.
Collocation: broad consensus
Example: Scientists reached a broad consensus after reviewing the new evidence.
Kart 73
Soru
literature
Cevap
Meaning: Published research and writing about a subject.
Collocation: existing literature
Example: The review compares the new results with the existing literature.
Kart 74
Soru
logic
Cevap
Meaning: A system of reasoning that connects ideas and conclusions.
Collocation: underlying logic
Example: The lecturer explained the underlying logic of the classification scheme.
Kart 75
Soru
form
Cevap
Meaning: The structure, type, or visible shape that something takes.
Collocation: common form
Example: Oral history is a common form of evidence in community research.
Kart 76
Soru
distinction
Cevap
Meaning: A meaningful difference between similar things or ideas.
Collocation: clear distinction
Example: The article makes a clear distinction between weather and climate.
Kart 77
Soru
increase
Cevap
Meaning: A rise in amount, size, number, or intensity.
Collocation: substantial increase
Example: The region recorded a substantial increase in winter rainfall.
Kart 78
Soru
convention
Cevap
Meaning: A widely accepted way of behaving, writing, or doing something.
Collocation: academic convention
Example: Citing sources is a basic academic convention.
Kart 79
Soru
method
Cevap
Meaning: An organized way of doing or studying something.
Collocation: research method
Example: Interviews were the main research method used in the project.
Kart 80
Soru
function
Cevap
Meaning: The purpose or activity for which something exists.
Collocation: primary function
Example: The wetland's primary function is to store and filter water.
Kart 81
Soru
notion
Cevap
Meaning: An idea or belief about something.
Collocation: traditional notion
Example: The discovery challenged the traditional notion that the region was isolated.
Kart 82
Soru
influence
Cevap
Meaning: The power to affect a person, process, or outcome.
Collocation: strong influence
Example: Ocean currents have a strong influence on the island's climate.
Kart 83
Soru
culture
Cevap
Meaning: The shared beliefs, practices, arts, and ways of life of a group.
Collocation: academic culture
Example: The university's academic culture encouraged open debate.
Kart 84
Soru
diversity
Cevap
Meaning: The presence of many different types within a group or system.
Collocation: biological diversity
Example: Habitat loss threatens the island's biological diversity.
Kart 85
Soru
model
Cevap
Meaning: A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system.
Collocation: climate model
Example: The climate model predicts drier summers in the southern region.
Kart 86
Soru
integration
Cevap
Meaning: The process of combining parts into a connected whole.
Collocation: social integration
Example: Shared public spaces can support social integration in new neighborhoods.
Kart 87
Soru
progress
Cevap
Meaning: Movement toward a goal or a more developed state.
Collocation: make progress
Example: The restoration team made steady progress despite heavy rain.
Kart 88
Soru
perspective
Cevap
Meaning: A particular way of understanding or viewing an issue.
Collocation: historical perspective
Example: A historical perspective helps explain the current border dispute.
Kart 89
Soru
decision
Cevap
Meaning: A choice made after considering available options.
Collocation: policy decision
Example: The policy decision followed months of public consultation.
Kart 90
Soru
effectiveness
Cevap
Meaning: The degree to which something achieves its intended result.
Collocation: evaluate effectiveness
Example: The trial evaluated the effectiveness of the new teaching method.
Kart 91
Soru
observation
Cevap
Meaning: The act of carefully watching or measuring something to gather information.
Collocation: direct observation
Example: Direct observation confirmed that the birds feed at dawn.
Kart 92
Soru
interaction
Cevap
Meaning: A process in which two or more things affect one another.
Collocation: complex interaction
Example: Soil quality depends on a complex interaction of water, minerals, and organisms.
Kart 93
Soru
proposition
Cevap
Meaning: A statement or idea offered for consideration or testing.
Collocation: central proposition
Example: The essay tests the central proposition against three historical cases.
Kart 94
Soru
discrimination
Cevap
Meaning: Unfair treatment based on a person's group or perceived characteristics.
Collocation: employment discrimination
Example: The study examined how employment discrimination affects income.
Kart 95
Soru
exception
Cevap
Meaning: A case that does not follow a general rule or pattern.
Collocation: notable exception
Example: Most species migrated south, with one notable exception.
Kart 96
Soru
reduction
Cevap
Meaning: A decrease in size, amount, or degree.
Collocation: significant reduction
Example: The insulation produced a significant reduction in energy use.
Kart 97
Soru
participant
Cevap
Meaning: A person who takes part in an activity or study.
Collocation: study participant
Example: Each study participant completed the same questionnaire.
Kart 98
Soru
reason
Cevap
Meaning: A cause, explanation, or basis for an action or belief.
Collocation: main reason
Example: Lower cost was the main reason for choosing the second material.
Kart 99
Soru
environment
Cevap
Meaning: The natural or social surroundings in which something exists.
Collocation: learning environment
Example: Flexible seating changed the classroom's learning environment.
Kart 100
Soru
link
Cevap
Meaning: A connection between people, ideas, events, or parts of a system.
Collocation: establish a link
Example: The study established a link between soil moisture and seed survival.
Kart 101
Soru
rise
Cevap
Meaning: An increase in amount, level, or importance.
Collocation: steady rise
Example: The records show a steady rise in average sea temperature.
Kart 102
Soru
limit
Cevap
Meaning: The greatest amount, extent, or level that is allowed or possible.
Collocation: upper limit
Example: The instrument has an upper limit beyond which readings are unreliable.
Kart 103
Soru
reasoning
Cevap
Meaning: The process of using facts and logic to reach a judgment.
Collocation: logical reasoning
Example: The solution requires logical reasoning rather than memorization.
Kart 104
Soru
procedure
Cevap
Meaning: An established series of steps for doing something.
Collocation: standard procedure
Example: Each laboratory followed the same standard procedure.
Kart 105
Soru
maintenance
Cevap
Meaning: Work that keeps a system, condition, or structure functioning.
Collocation: routine maintenance
Example: Routine maintenance extended the bridge's useful life.
Kart 106
Soru
establishment
Cevap
Meaning: The act of creating an organization, system, or lasting condition.
Collocation: establishment of a network
Example: The establishment of a monitoring network improved storm warnings.
Kart 107
Soru
shift
Cevap
Meaning: A change in position, direction, emphasis, or opinion.
Collocation: major shift
Example: The findings prompted a major shift in conservation policy.
Kart 108
Soru
limitation
Cevap
Meaning: A restriction or weakness that affects what is possible or reliable.
Collocation: major limitation
Example: The study's major limitation was its short observation period.
Kart 109
Soru
research
Cevap
Meaning: Systematic study intended to establish facts or develop understanding.
Collocation: conduct research
Example: The team conducted research on low-cost water filters.
Kart 110
Soru
medium
Cevap
Meaning: A channel or material through which information or an effect is carried.
Collocation: communication medium
Example: Radio remained an important communication medium in remote areas.
Kart 111
Soru
relevance
Cevap
Meaning: The degree to which something relates to the matter being considered.
Collocation: practical relevance
Example: The lecturer explained the theory's practical relevance to urban planning.
Kart 112
Soru
identity
Cevap
Meaning: The qualities, beliefs, or affiliations that define a person or group.
Collocation: cultural identity
Example: Language played a central role in the community's cultural identity.
Kart 113
Soru
likelihood
Cevap
Meaning: The degree to which something is likely to happen.
Collocation: reduce the likelihood
Example: Early detection can reduce the likelihood of a larger outbreak.
Kart 114
Soru
transition
Cevap
Meaning: The process of changing from one state or system to another.
Collocation: gradual transition
Example: The region made a gradual transition from coal to renewable energy.
Kart 115
Soru
sample
Cevap
Meaning: A smaller group or amount selected to represent a larger whole.
Collocation: representative sample
Example: The survey used a representative sample of households from each district.
Kart 116
Soru
theory
Cevap
Meaning: A well-supported explanation that connects facts or observations.
Collocation: scientific theory
Example: New observations strengthened the scientific theory rather than replacing it.
Kart 117
Soru
institution
Cevap
Meaning: An established organization or social system with a public role.
Collocation: educational institution
Example: Each educational institution set its own admission policy.
Kart 118
Soru
mode
Cevap
Meaning: A particular way in which something happens or operates.
Collocation: mode of transport
Example: Cycling became the preferred mode of transport for short trips.
Kart 119
Soru
possibility
Cevap
Meaning: A chance that something may exist or happen.
Collocation: explore the possibility
Example: The team explored the possibility of reusing wastewater.
Kart 120
Soru
trend
Cevap
Meaning: A general direction in which a situation is changing.
Collocation: long-term trend
Example: A single cold year did not reverse the long-term warming trend.
Kart 121
Soru
viewpoint
Cevap
Meaning: A particular opinion or position from which an issue is considered.
Collocation: opposing viewpoint
Example: The seminar required students to address an opposing viewpoint fairly.
Kart 122
Soru
intervention
Cevap
Meaning: An action taken to change a situation or prevent a problem.
Collocation: early intervention
Example: Early intervention helped prevent minor reading difficulties from growing.
Kart 123
Soru
network
Cevap
Meaning: A connected system of people, places, or components.
Collocation: transport network
Example: The new rail line connected two previously isolated towns to the regional transport network.
Kart 124
Soru
scale
Cevap
Meaning: The size, extent, or level at which something occurs or is measured.
Collocation: large scale
Example: Producing the material on a large scale requires less energy than expected.
Kart 125
Soru
variation
Cevap
Meaning: A difference or change within a group, range, or pattern.
Collocation: regional variation
Example: The map shows regional variation in annual rainfall.
Kart 126
Soru
potential
Cevap
Meaning: The capacity to develop, happen, or become useful in the future.
Collocation: considerable potential
Example: The coastal winds have considerable potential for electricity generation.
Kart 127
Soru
claim
Cevap
Meaning: A statement that something is true, often requiring evidence.
Collocation: support a claim
Example: The author used census records to support the claim.
Kart 128
Soru
majority
Cevap
Meaning: More than half of a group or amount.
Collocation: clear majority
Example: A clear majority of respondents preferred the quieter route.
Kart 129
Soru
operation
Cevap
Meaning: The process of working or the way a system functions.
Collocation: normal operation
Example: The backup battery keeps the sensor in normal operation during outages.
Kart 130
Soru
statistics
Cevap
Meaning: Numerical facts collected and analyzed to describe a group or situation.
Collocation: official statistics
Example: Official statistics show a decline in household energy use.
Kart 131
Soru
affect
Cevap
Meaning: To produce a change in someone or something.
Collocation: significantly affect
Example: Soil acidity can significantly affect nutrient availability.
Kart 132
Soru
proportion
Cevap
Meaning: A part or share of a whole, often expressed as a fraction or percentage.
Collocation: large proportion
Example: A large proportion of the city's water comes from underground sources.
Kart 133
Soru
minority
Cevap
Meaning: A group or amount that forms less than half of a larger whole.
Collocation: small minority
Example: Only a small minority of participants left the study early.
Kart 134
Soru
outcome
Cevap
Meaning: The final result of a process, event, or action.
Collocation: learning outcome
Example: Regular feedback improved the course's main learning outcome.
Kart 135
Soru
clarify
Cevap
Meaning: To make an idea, statement, or situation easier to understand.
Collocation: clarify the distinction
Example: The final section clarifies the distinction between correlation and cause.
Kart 136
Soru
alter
Cevap
Meaning: To change something, usually without replacing it completely.
Collocation: substantially alter
Example: A new dam could substantially alter the river's seasonal flow.
Kart 137
Soru
survey
Cevap
Meaning: A study that systematically collects information, often from a sample of people.
Collocation: national survey
Example: A national survey measured changes in commuting habits.
Kart 138
Soru
quality
Cevap
Meaning: The degree of excellence or a distinguishing feature of something.
Collocation: data quality
Example: Missing observations reduced the overall quality of the data.
Kart 139
Soru
motivation
Cevap
Meaning: The reason or desire that drives someone to act.
Collocation: strong motivation
Example: Curiosity was her strongest motivation for joining the research team.
Kart 140
Soru
output
Cevap
Meaning: The amount or product generated by a person, machine, or system.
Collocation: energy output
Example: Cloud cover reduced the panels' energy output.
Kart 141
Soru
cite
Cevap
Meaning: To name a source or example as evidence or authority.
Collocation: cite a source
Example: The report cites a recent study of coastal erosion.
Kart 142
Soru
technique
Cevap
Meaning: A specific skill or way of carrying out a task.
Collocation: sampling technique
Example: The team used a new sampling technique to collect deep-water organisms.
Kart 143
Soru
range
Cevap
Meaning: The full set or span of possible values, types, or choices.
Collocation: wide range
Example: The library holds a wide range of regional newspapers.
Kart 144
Soru
arise
Cevap
Meaning: To begin to exist or become noticeable.
Collocation: problems arise
Example: Problems may arise when the two databases use different definitions.
Kart 145
Soru
norm
Cevap
Meaning: A standard or expected pattern of behavior within a group.
Collocation: social norm
Example: Remote work changed the social norm of daily office attendance.
Kart 146
Soru
pattern
Cevap
Meaning: A repeated or regular arrangement, behavior, or trend.
Collocation: consistent pattern
Example: The interviews revealed a consistent pattern of delayed enrollment.
Kart 147
Soru
conclude
Cevap
Meaning: To reach a judgment after considering evidence.
Collocation: conclude that
Example: The researchers concluded that both habitats supported similar populations.
Kart 148
Soru
validity
Cevap
Meaning: The degree to which a method measures what it should or an inference is well supported.
Collocation: assess validity
Example: A second experiment helped assess the validity of the original result.
Kart 149
Soru
rate
Cevap
Meaning: A measure of how often or how quickly something happens.
Collocation: growth rate
Example: The seedlings had a slower growth rate in colder soil.
Kart 150
Soru
develop
Cevap
Meaning: To grow, change, or make something more advanced over time.
Collocation: develop a method
Example: Engineers developed a method for recycling the damaged material.
300 kart
Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
Bu desteyle ücretsiz çalışNibomo açılır ve hemen çalışmaya başlayabilirsiniz.
Kart 151
Soru
process
Cevap
Meaning: A connected series of actions or changes that produces a result.
Collocation: decision-making process
Example: Residents took part in every stage of the decision-making process.
Kart 152
Soru
demonstrate
Cevap
Meaning: To show clearly through evidence, reasoning, or an example.
Collocation: demonstrate a relationship
Example: The results demonstrate a relationship between shade and soil moisture.
Kart 153
Soru
opportunity
Cevap
Meaning: A favorable situation that makes an action or achievement possible.
Collocation: equal opportunity
Example: The scholarship gave rural students an equal opportunity to attend the course.
Kart 154
Soru
significance
Cevap
Meaning: The importance or practical meaning of something.
Collocation: practical significance
Example: The small difference had little practical significance for patients.
Kart 155
Soru
analyze
Cevap
Meaning: To examine something carefully by separating it into parts.
Collocation: analyze data
Example: The researchers analyzed the data before drawing a conclusion.
Kart 156
Soru
diminish
Cevap
Meaning: To become or make something smaller, weaker, or less important.
Collocation: gradually diminish
Example: The sound gradually diminished as the storm moved inland.
Kart 157
Soru
describe
Cevap
Meaning: To state the features, appearance, or course of something in words.
Collocation: describe a process
Example: The report describes the process used to restore the wetland.
Kart 158
Soru
policy
Cevap
Meaning: An agreed plan or principle used to guide decisions.
Collocation: public policy
Example: The findings influenced public policy on building insulation.
Kart 159
Soru
similarity
Cevap
Meaning: A feature or degree of being alike.
Collocation: striking similarity
Example: The two languages share a striking similarity in sentence structure.
Kart 160
Soru
assess
Cevap
Meaning: To judge the quality, importance, or condition of something.
Collocation: assess the impact
Example: The team assessed the impact of tourism on nesting birds.
Kart 161
Soru
emerge
Cevap
Meaning: To become visible, known, or important.
Collocation: new evidence emerges
Example: A different explanation emerged after the fossils were dated.
Kart 162
Soru
production
Cevap
Meaning: The process of creating goods, energy, or other output.
Collocation: food production
Example: Improved irrigation increased food production during dry years.
Kart 163
Soru
population
Cevap
Meaning: All people or organisms of a defined group or area.
Collocation: study population
Example: The study population included adults from four coastal towns.
Kart 164
Soru
discuss
Cevap
Meaning: To examine an issue in speech or writing by considering its details.
Collocation: discuss the findings
Example: The final chapter discusses the findings in relation to earlier research.
Kart 165
Soru
standard
Cevap
Meaning: An accepted level or rule used to judge quality or performance.
Collocation: meet a standard
Example: Every sample had to meet the same purity standard.
Kart 166
Soru
enhance
Cevap
Meaning: To improve the quality, value, or strength of something.
Collocation: enhance understanding
Example: The interactive map enhanced students' understanding of migration routes.
Kart 167
Soru
classify
Cevap
Meaning: To arrange things into groups based on shared features.
Collocation: classify species
Example: Biologists classified the species by examining their genetic differences.
Kart 168
Soru
property
Cevap
Meaning: A characteristic or quality that something possesses.
Collocation: physical property
Example: Flexibility is a useful physical property of the new material.
Kart 169
Soru
practice
Cevap
Meaning: A customary or repeated way of doing something.
Collocation: common practice
Example: Rotating crops became common practice among local farmers.
Kart 170
Soru
tolerance
Cevap
Meaning: The ability of an organism, material, or system to endure a condition without failing.
Collocation: heat tolerance
Example: The experiment measured each plant's heat tolerance.
Kart 171
Soru
evolve
Cevap
Meaning: To develop gradually over time.
Collocation: gradually evolve
Example: The trade network gradually evolved into a formal market system.
Kart 172
Soru
conduct
Cevap
Meaning: To organize and carry out an activity or study.
Collocation: conduct an experiment
Example: The students conducted an experiment under controlled conditions.
Kart 173
Soru
relationship
Cevap
Meaning: The way in which two or more things are connected.
Collocation: causal relationship
Example: The data alone cannot establish a causal relationship.
Kart 174
Soru
exemplify
Cevap
Meaning: To serve as a clear example of an idea or quality.
Collocation: exemplify a trend
Example: The renovated station exemplifies the trend toward mixed-use design.
Kart 175
Soru
protection
Cevap
Meaning: Action taken to keep someone or something safe from harm.
Collocation: environmental protection
Example: The law strengthened environmental protection around the wetland.
Kart 176
Soru
expand
Cevap
Meaning: To become or make something larger in size, range, or detail.
Collocation: expand access
Example: The university expanded access to its digital archive.
Kart 177
Soru
value
Cevap
Meaning: The importance or usefulness of something.
Collocation: practical value
Example: The simple method has practical value in laboratories with limited equipment.
Kart 178
Soru
resource
Cevap
Meaning: A supply, asset, or source of support that can be used.
Collocation: natural resource
Example: Fresh water is a limited natural resource on the island.
Kart 179
Soru
explain
Cevap
Meaning: To make an idea, fact, or cause clear by giving details.
Collocation: explain a result
Example: Differences in soil depth may explain the result.
Kart 180
Soru
define
Cevap
Meaning: To state the exact meaning, limits, or essential character of something.
Collocation: clearly define
Example: The authors clearly define what they mean by sustainable growth.
Kart 181
Soru
provision
Cevap
Meaning: The act of supplying something that people need.
Collocation: service provision
Example: The reform improved service provision in remote districts.
Kart 182
Soru
variety
Cevap
Meaning: A collection or range of different types.
Collocation: wide variety
Example: The reef supports a wide variety of marine organisms.
Kart 183
Soru
scope
Cevap
Meaning: The range of subjects, activities, or possibilities covered.
Collocation: limited scope
Example: The study's limited scope excludes private transportation.
Kart 184
Soru
generate
Cevap
Meaning: To produce or create something.
Collocation: generate electricity
Example: The turbines generate electricity during periods of strong wind.
Kart 185
Soru
formulate
Cevap
Meaning: To develop and express an idea, plan, or theory carefully.
Collocation: formulate a hypothesis
Example: The observations helped the students formulate a testable hypothesis.
Kart 186
Soru
design
Cevap
Meaning: To plan the structure, method, or appearance of something.
Collocation: design a study
Example: The team designed a study that compared three teaching methods.
Kart 187
Soru
requirement
Cevap
Meaning: Something that is necessary or officially demanded.
Collocation: legal requirement
Example: Public reporting is a legal requirement for the agency.
Kart 188
Soru
compare
Cevap
Meaning: To examine things to identify similarities and differences.
Collocation: compare results
Example: The researchers compared results from urban and rural schools.
Kart 189
Soru
section
Cevap
Meaning: A distinct part of a larger whole, text, or organization.
Collocation: final section
Example: The final section considers the study's limitations.
Kart 190
Soru
highlight
Cevap
Meaning: To draw attention to something important.
Collocation: highlight a difference
Example: The map highlights the difference between summer and winter rainfall.
Kart 191
Soru
determine
Cevap
Meaning: To discover, establish, or decide something through evidence or calculation.
Collocation: determine the cause
Example: Further testing was needed to determine the cause of the failure.
Kart 192
Soru
improve
Cevap
Meaning: To make or become better in quality or performance.
Collocation: improve accuracy
Example: Repeated calibration improved the sensor's accuracy.
Kart 193
Soru
resistance
Cevap
Meaning: Opposition to a change, idea, or policy.
Collocation: resistance to change
Example: Resistance to change slowed the introduction of the new system.
Kart 194
Soru
differ
Cevap
Meaning: To be unlike or distinct from something else.
Collocation: differ significantly
Example: The two groups did not differ significantly in age.
Kart 195
Soru
separation
Cevap
Meaning: The state or process of dividing or keeping things apart.
Collocation: physical separation
Example: Physical separation prevented the two chemicals from reacting.
Kart 196
Soru
illustrate
Cevap
Meaning: To make an idea clear by giving an example, image, or comparison.
Collocation: illustrate a point
Example: The author uses a coastal town to illustrate the broader point.
Kart 197
Soru
induce
Cevap
Meaning: To cause a particular state, response, or change.
Collocation: induce a response
Example: The light signal induced a measurable response in the cells.
Kart 198
Soru
evaluate
Cevap
Meaning: To judge quality, effectiveness, or value using evidence or criteria.
Collocation: evaluate performance
Example: The committee evaluated the program's performance after one year.
Kart 199
Soru
resolution
Cevap
Meaning: A solution or settlement that ends a problem or conflict.
Collocation: peaceful resolution
Example: Mediation led to a peaceful resolution of the land dispute.
Kart 200
Soru
series
Cevap
Meaning: A number of related events, items, or values arranged in order.
Collocation: series of experiments
Example: A series of experiments tested the material under different pressures.
Kart 201
Soru
differentiate
Cevap
Meaning: To recognize, show, or create a difference between things.
Collocation: differentiate between
Example: The test can differentiate between the two closely related minerals.
Kart 202
Soru
initiate
Cevap
Meaning: To cause a process or action to begin.
Collocation: initiate a process
Example: A temperature change initiates the chemical process.
Kart 203
Soru
examine
Cevap
Meaning: To inspect or consider something carefully.
Collocation: examine evidence
Example: The committee examined evidence from several independent sources.
Kart 204
Soru
imply
Cevap
Meaning: To suggest something without stating it directly.
Collocation: results imply
Example: The results imply that water reached the valley earlier than expected.
Kart 205
Soru
risk
Cevap
Meaning: The possibility of harm, loss, or an unwanted result.
Collocation: reduce risk
Example: Restoring vegetation can reduce the risk of soil erosion.
Kart 206
Soru
structure
Cevap
Meaning: The arrangement of parts within a whole.
Collocation: social structure
Example: Trade changed the social structure of the port city.
Kart 207
Soru
lead
Cevap
Meaning: To cause or contribute to a particular result.
Collocation: lead to
Example: Prolonged drought can lead to lower crop yields.
Kart 208
Soru
identify
Cevap
Meaning: To recognize and name a person, thing, feature, or cause.
Collocation: identify a pattern
Example: The software identified a pattern in the satellite images.
Kart 209
Soru
distinguish
Cevap
Meaning: To recognize or show the difference between things.
Collocation: distinguish between
Example: The analysis distinguishes between temporary variation and a lasting trend.
Kart 210
Soru
interpret
Cevap
Meaning: To explain or understand the meaning of information or evidence.
Collocation: interpret the results
Example: Researchers interpreted the results cautiously because the sample was small.
Kart 211
Soru
role
Cevap
Meaning: The function or expected part that someone or something has in a situation.
Collocation: play a role
Example: Local knowledge played a central role in the recovery plan.
Kart 212
Soru
system
Cevap
Meaning: A set of connected parts that work together.
Collocation: complex system
Example: A coral reef is a complex system of interacting organisms.
Kart 213
Soru
investigate
Cevap
Meaning: To examine a question or problem systematically to discover facts.
Collocation: investigate a cause
Example: Engineers investigated the cause of the structural failure.
Kart 214
Soru
reduce
Cevap
Meaning: To make something smaller in amount, size, or degree.
Collocation: reduce emissions
Example: Electric buses can reduce emissions on crowded routes.
Kart 215
Soru
outline
Cevap
Meaning: To present the main points or structure without every detail.
Collocation: outline an approach
Example: The introduction outlines the approach used in the study.
Kart 216
Soru
exceed
Cevap
Meaning: To be greater than a number, limit, or expectation.
Collocation: exceed a limit
Example: Pollution levels exceeded the legal limit on three days.
Kart 217
Soru
unit
Cevap
Meaning: A single part, quantity, or group within a larger system.
Collocation: unit of measurement
Example: The meter is the standard unit of measurement used in the table.
Kart 218
Soru
society
Cevap
Meaning: A large community connected by shared institutions, relationships, and culture.
Collocation: modern society
Example: Reliable electricity shapes nearly every part of modern society.
Kart 219
Soru
reinforce
Cevap
Meaning: To make an idea, behavior, or structure stronger.
Collocation: reinforce a pattern
Example: Unequal funding can reinforce an existing pattern of regional inequality.
Kart 220
Soru
obtain
Cevap
Meaning: To get or acquire something through effort or a process.
Collocation: obtain data
Example: The team obtained data from six monitoring stations.
Kart 221
Soru
propose
Cevap
Meaning: To put forward an idea, plan, or explanation for consideration.
Collocation: propose a solution
Example: The authors propose a solution based on shared water storage.
Kart 222
Soru
restrict
Cevap
Meaning: To limit the size, range, movement, or availability of something.
Collocation: restrict access
Example: The archive restricts access to fragile original documents.
Kart 223
Soru
version
Cevap
Meaning: A particular form of something that differs from other forms of it.
Collocation: revised version
Example: The revised version of the model includes seasonal rainfall.
Kart 224
Soru
stimulate
Cevap
Meaning: To encourage activity, growth, or a response.
Collocation: stimulate growth
Example: Lower transport costs stimulated growth in regional trade.
Kart 225
Soru
strategy
Cevap
Meaning: A planned approach for achieving a long-term aim.
Collocation: effective strategy
Example: Water pricing was one part of the city's conservation strategy.
Kart 226
Soru
record
Cevap
Meaning: To store information in writing, images, measurements, or another lasting form.
Collocation: record observations
Example: Students recorded their observations at five-minute intervals.
Kart 227
Soru
prove
Cevap
Meaning: To establish that something is true through evidence or logical reasoning.
Collocation: prove a theorem
Example: The student used two earlier results to prove the theorem.
Kart 228
Soru
adequate
Cevap
Meaning: Sufficient for a particular purpose, though not necessarily excellent.
Collocation: adequate evidence
Example: The report did not provide adequate evidence for such a broad claim.
Kart 229
Soru
strengthen
Cevap
Meaning: To make something stronger, more effective, or more convincing.
Collocation: strengthen an argument
Example: Additional field data would strengthen the argument.
Kart 230
Soru
tradition
Cevap
Meaning: A belief or practice passed between generations.
Collocation: local tradition
Example: The festival preserves a local tradition of communal farming.
Kart 231
Soru
volume
Cevap
Meaning: The amount of something, especially material, flow, or activity.
Collocation: traffic volume
Example: Traffic volume fell after the new rail service opened.
Kart 232
Soru
select
Cevap
Meaning: To choose something carefully from a group of options.
Collocation: select a sample
Example: Researchers selected a sample from each age group.
Kart 233
Soru
appropriate
Cevap
Meaning: Suitable for a particular purpose, situation, or audience.
Collocation: appropriate method
Example: Interviews were an appropriate method for exploring personal experience.
Kart 234
Soru
quote
Cevap
Meaning: To repeat someone's exact words and identify their source.
Collocation: quote directly
Example: The essay quotes directly from the explorer's journal.
Kart 235
Soru
uncertainty
Cevap
Meaning: A lack of complete knowledge or confidence about what will happen.
Collocation: policy uncertainty
Example: Policy uncertainty delayed investment in new infrastructure.
Kart 236
Soru
sustain
Cevap
Meaning: To keep a process or condition continuing over time.
Collocation: sustain growth
Example: Limited water supplies cannot sustain rapid population growth.
Kart 237
Soru
combine
Cevap
Meaning: To join two or more things into one whole or shared action.
Collocation: combine methods
Example: The study combined interviews with direct observation.
Kart 238
Soru
complex
Cevap
Meaning: Made of many connected parts and therefore difficult to understand or manage.
Collocation: complex issue
Example: Water rights became a complex issue involving law, ecology, and local custom.
Kart 239
Soru
specify
Cevap
Meaning: To state something precisely and explicitly.
Collocation: specify the conditions
Example: The protocol specifies the conditions required for storage.
Kart 240
Soru
refer
Cevap
Meaning: To mention, direct attention to, or use a source of information.
Collocation: refer to evidence
Example: The author refers to archaeological evidence from the northern coast.
Kart 241
Soru
transform
Cevap
Meaning: To change something greatly in form, structure, or character.
Collocation: transform a system
Example: Digital records transformed the hospital's information system.
Kart 242
Soru
adopt
Cevap
Meaning: To begin using an idea, policy, or method.
Collocation: adopt a policy
Example: Several cities adopted a policy of free weekend transit.
Kart 243
Soru
consistent
Cevap
Meaning: Remaining in agreement, form, or quality across cases or time.
Collocation: consistent result
Example: The three laboratories reported consistent results.
Kart 244
Soru
study
Cevap
Meaning: To investigate or learn about a subject carefully.
Collocation: study a phenomenon
Example: The team studied the phenomenon under controlled conditions.
Kart 245
Soru
reflect
Cevap
Meaning: To show, express, or be a result of something.
Collocation: reflect a change
Example: The revised map reflects changes in the river's course.
Kart 246
Soru
comprise
Cevap
Meaning: To be made up of all the stated parts.
Collocation: comprise three sections
Example: The final report comprises three sections and an appendix.
Kart 247
Soru
vary
Cevap
Meaning: To differ or change across cases, places, or time.
Collocation: vary considerably
Example: Rainfall totals vary considerably across the island.
Kart 248
Soru
advocate
Cevap
Meaning: To publicly support a policy, idea, or course of action.
Collocation: advocate reform
Example: Several researchers advocated reform of the approval process.
Kart 249
Soru
systematic
Cevap
Meaning: Done according to an organized and consistent method.
Collocation: systematic review
Example: A systematic review compared evidence from forty studies.
Kart 250
Soru
critical
Cevap
Meaning: Essential to the success or outcome of something.
Collocation: critical factor
Example: Reliable storage is a critical factor in the vaccine program.
Kart 251
Soru
consist
Cevap
Meaning: To be made of particular parts or elements.
Collocation: consist of
Example: The sample consisted of soil from twelve sites.
Kart 252
Soru
state
Cevap
Meaning: To express something clearly in speech or writing.
Collocation: clearly state
Example: The introduction clearly states the study's main question.
Kart 253
Soru
allocate
Cevap
Meaning: To distribute money, time, or resources for a particular purpose.
Collocation: allocate resources
Example: The agency allocated more resources to preventive care.
Kart 254
Soru
yield
Cevap
Meaning: To produce a result or amount.
Collocation: yield results
Example: The second search yielded more reliable results.
Kart 255
Soru
equivalent
Cevap
Meaning: Equal in value, meaning, function, or effect.
Collocation: roughly equivalent
Example: The two measures produced roughly equivalent estimates.
Kart 256
Soru
constitute
Cevap
Meaning: To form or make up a whole or a stated share of it.
Collocation: constitute a majority
Example: Small businesses constitute a majority of employers in the district.
Kart 257
Soru
suggest
Cevap
Meaning: To offer an idea or indicate a possible conclusion without proving it.
Collocation: evidence suggests
Example: The evidence suggests that the settlement was occupied year-round.
Kart 258
Soru
experimental
Cevap
Meaning: Used to test a new idea or based on an experiment.
Collocation: experimental method
Example: The team used an experimental method to remove salt from the soil.
Kart 259
Soru
enable
Cevap
Meaning: To make an action or result possible.
Collocation: enable access
Example: Digital copies enabled access to records from remote towns.
Kart 260
Soru
excessive
Cevap
Meaning: Greater than is reasonable, necessary, or safe.
Collocation: excessive use
Example: Excessive use of fertilizer damaged nearby streams.
Kart 261
Soru
construct
Cevap
Meaning: To build or form something by joining parts.
Collocation: construct a model
Example: Students constructed a model of the river basin.
Kart 262
Soru
rapid
Cevap
Meaning: Happening or changing in a short time.
Collocation: rapid growth
Example: Rapid growth placed pressure on the city's water supply.
Kart 263
Soru
random
Cevap
Meaning: Chosen or occurring without a predictable pattern or deliberate selection.
Collocation: random sample
Example: The researchers drew a random sample from the full list of households.
Kart 264
Soru
summarize
Cevap
Meaning: To give the main points in a shorter form.
Collocation: summarize the findings
Example: The final paragraph summarizes the findings without adding new claims.
Kart 265
Soru
govern
Cevap
Meaning: To control, regulate, or determine how a group or process operates.
Collocation: rules govern
Example: Clear rules govern how the shared laboratory may be used.
Kart 266
Soru
contain
Cevap
Meaning: To have something inside or include it as a part.
Collocation: contain evidence
Example: The oldest layer contains evidence of repeated flooding.
Kart 267
Soru
relative
Cevap
Meaning: Considered in comparison with something else rather than alone.
Collocation: relative importance
Example: The study compares the relative importance of rainfall and soil type.
Kart 268
Soru
representative
Cevap
Meaning: Typical of a larger group and suitable for standing in for it.
Collocation: representative example
Example: The chosen village is a representative example of settlement along the river.
Kart 269
Soru
support
Cevap
Meaning: To provide evidence, strength, or assistance for something.
Collocation: support a conclusion
Example: The observations support the conclusion that the species is nocturnal.
Kart 270
Soru
progressive
Cevap
Meaning: Developing gradually through a series of stages.
Collocation: progressive decline
Example: The archive documents a progressive decline in the lake's water level.
Kart 271
Soru
convert
Cevap
Meaning: To change something from one form, function, or system into another.
Collocation: convert energy
Example: Solar cells convert light energy into electricity.
Kart 272
Soru
impose
Cevap
Meaning: To officially require a rule, limit, duty, or cost.
Collocation: impose restrictions
Example: The city imposed restrictions on construction near the shoreline.
Kart 273
Soru
significant
Cevap
Meaning: Large or important enough to matter.
Collocation: significant change
Example: The policy produced a significant change in weekday bus use.
Kart 274
Soru
explicit
Cevap
Meaning: Stated clearly and directly, with no need for inference.
Collocation: explicit statement
Example: The report makes an explicit statement about its data limitations.
Kart 275
Soru
scientific
Cevap
Meaning: Related to the systematic study of the natural or social world through evidence.
Collocation: scientific evidence
Example: The regulation was revised in response to new scientific evidence.
Kart 276
Soru
subsequent
Cevap
Meaning: Happening or existing after the event already mentioned.
Collocation: subsequent study
Example: A subsequent study repeated the test with a larger sample.
Kart 277
Soru
participate
Cevap
Meaning: To take part in an activity, process, or event.
Collocation: participate in research
Example: More than two hundred residents agreed to participate in the research.
Kart 278
Soru
correspond
Cevap
Meaning: To match, agree with, or be closely connected to something.
Collocation: correspond closely
Example: The tree-ring record corresponds closely with measured rainfall.
Kart 279
Soru
logical
Cevap
Meaning: Following a clear and valid pattern of reasoning.
Collocation: logical conclusion
Example: The evidence led to the logical conclusion that the river had changed course.
Kart 280
Soru
theoretical
Cevap
Meaning: Based on ideas or principles rather than direct observation or practical testing.
Collocation: theoretical model
Example: The observed pattern matched the theoretical model.
Kart 281
Soru
similar
Cevap
Meaning: Alike in important ways, though not identical.
Collocation: broadly similar
Example: The two regions have broadly similar rainfall patterns.
Kart 282
Soru
successive
Cevap
Meaning: Following one after another in a sequence.
Collocation: successive generations
Example: Successive generations adapted the building to new uses.
Kart 283
Soru
incorporate
Cevap
Meaning: To include something as part of a larger whole.
Collocation: incorporate feedback
Example: The revised plan incorporates feedback from local residents.
Kart 284
Soru
rational
Cevap
Meaning: Based on reason and evidence rather than impulse.
Collocation: rational explanation
Example: The apparent pattern has a rational explanation based on sampling methods.
Kart 285
Soru
accurately
Cevap
Meaning: In a way that is correct and free from important error.
Collocation: accurately measure
Example: The device can accurately measure very small changes in pressure.
Kart 286
Soru
sufficient
Cevap
Meaning: As much as is needed for a particular purpose.
Collocation: sufficient evidence
Example: The available evidence was sufficient to reject the first explanation.
Kart 287
Soru
increasingly
Cevap
Meaning: To a growing degree or with greater frequency over time.
Collocation: increasingly common
Example: Shared research facilities are increasingly common at smaller universities.
Kart 288
Soru
preserve
Cevap
Meaning: To protect something from loss, damage, or major change.
Collocation: preserve cultural heritage
Example: The archive helped preserve the community's cultural heritage.
Kart 289
Soru
relevant
Cevap
Meaning: Directly connected to the question or subject being considered.
Collocation: relevant evidence
Example: The review excluded studies that did not provide relevant evidence.
Kart 290
Soru
approximately
Cevap
Meaning: Close to an amount or value but not exactly equal to it.
Collocation: approximately equal
Example: The two study groups were approximately equal in size.
Kart 291
Soru
integrate
Cevap
Meaning: To combine parts so they work together as a whole.
Collocation: integrate data
Example: The platform integrates data from satellites and ground sensors.
Kart 292
Soru
suitable
Cevap
Meaning: Right or acceptable for a particular purpose or situation.
Collocation: suitable method
Example: Satellite imaging was the most suitable method for the remote region.
Kart 293
Soru
regulate
Cevap
Meaning: To control an activity or process through rules or adjustments.
Collocation: regulate an industry
Example: The agency regulates the industry through regular inspections.
Kart 294
Soru
consequently
Cevap
Meaning: As a result of what was just stated.
Collocation: consequently reduce
Example: The new filter removes more particles and consequently reduces treatment costs.
Kart 295
Soru
clearly
Cevap
Meaning: In a way that is easy to understand, see, or recognize.
Collocation: clearly indicate
Example: The results clearly indicate that the second filter removed more particles.
Kart 296
Soru
independently
Cevap
Meaning: Without relying on another person, source, or result.
Collocation: independently verify
Example: A second laboratory independently verified the result.
Kart 297
Soru
maintain
Cevap
Meaning: To keep something in a particular condition or continue it over time.
Collocation: maintain water quality
Example: The wetland helps maintain water quality during heavy rain.
Kart 298
Soru
undertake
Cevap
Meaning: To accept responsibility for and begin a task or project.
Collocation: undertake research
Example: The university undertook research on affordable housing materials.
Kart 299
Soru
valuable
Cevap
Meaning: Very useful, important, or worth having.
Collocation: valuable information
Example: The interviews provided valuable information about informal trade routes.
Kart 300
Soru
ultimately
Cevap
Meaning: Finally, after all stages or factors have been considered.
Collocation: ultimately depend on
Example: The project's success ultimately depends on reliable local funding.
300 kart
Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
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