Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
Study 300 independently selected cross-disciplinary academic words with concise meanings, collocations, and original context examples.
এই ডেক সম্পর্কে
Study 300 independently selected cross-disciplinary academic words for reading, listening, speaking, and writing practice. Each card shows one word on the front. The back starts with a concise meaning, then gives a useful collocation and one original academic example.
What this deck practices
- Word → meaning and use: 300 single-word prompts selected through a documented, openly licensed academic-vocabulary source.
- Collocations in context: every answer pairs the word with a natural academic phrase and an original sentence.
Meaning → word cards are excluded because a short definition can fit several words, which would make many reverse prompts ambiguous. Pronunciation, translations, subject-specific terminology, exam tactics, predicted test frequency, and score claims are also outside the scope.
The deterministic sequence interleaves research methods, reasoning and claims, change and causation, comparison and evaluation, systems and processes, and society and policy. Close word-family variants stay at least three unrelated cards apart. The review scheduler handles longer-term spacing after installation.
Word selection starts from Magali Paquot's Academic Keyword List, published under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. This deck uses a filtered and reordered 300-word subset, with analyse → analyze and summarise → summarize normalizations. The source list itself warns that pedagogical mediation is still needed. All meanings, collocations, examples, grouping, and ordering here are independently authored. This is not an official or exhaustive vocabulary list for the TOEFL iBT® test.
Requested source citation: Paquot, M. (2010). Academic Vocabulary in Learner Writing: From Extraction to Analysis. London & New York: Continuum, pp. 56–58.
The Common knowledge · CC0 1.0 label applies only to the independently authored card text, organization, and metadata to the extent applicable rights exist. It does not replace or override the AKL's CC BY 4.0 terms; reusers must follow those terms for the source-list contribution. It does not claim ownership of facts or ordinary English words. For current test content, see ETS's TOEFL iBT® test content and structure.
TOEFL iBT® is a registered trademark of ETS. This product is not endorsed or approved by ETS. No ETS questions, answers, scoring guides, or source prose were copied.
এই ডেকের কার্ড
কার্ড ১
প্রশ্ন
adoption
উত্তর
Meaning: The decision or process of starting to use an idea, method, or system.
Collocation: widespread adoption
Example: Widespread adoption of the new method took several years.
কার্ড ২
প্রশ্ন
argument
উত্তর
Meaning: A set of reasons used to support a conclusion or position.
Collocation: central argument
Example: The article's central argument rests on evidence from two long-term studies.
কার্ড ৩
প্রশ্ন
analysis
উত্তর
Meaning: A careful examination of something to understand its parts or meaning.
Collocation: data analysis
Example: The data analysis revealed a clear seasonal pattern.
কার্ড ৪
প্রশ্ন
association
উত্তর
Meaning: A connection between two people, events, qualities, or variables.
Collocation: strong association
Example: The survey found a strong association between sleep and concentration.
কার্ড ৫
প্রশ্ন
cause
উত্তর
Meaning: Something that makes an event or condition happen.
Collocation: underlying cause
Example: The study examined the underlying cause of the population decline.
কার্ড ৬
প্রশ্ন
advantage
উত্তর
Meaning: A condition or feature that makes success more likely.
Collocation: significant advantage
Example: Early access to the archive gave the researchers a significant advantage.
কার্ড ৭
প্রশ্ন
attitude
উত্তর
Meaning: A settled way of thinking or feeling about something.
Collocation: public attitude
Example: Public attitudes toward urban transport changed after the pilot program.
কার্ড ৮
প্রশ্ন
application
উত্তর
Meaning: A practical use of an idea, method, or discovery.
Collocation: practical application
Example: The material has a practical application in water filtration.
কার্ড ৯
প্রশ্ন
category
উত্তর
Meaning: A group of things that share defined features.
Collocation: broad category
Example: The researchers placed both materials in the same broad category.
কার্ড ১০
প্রশ্ন
assertion
উত্তর
Meaning: A confident statement presented as true.
Collocation: unsupported assertion
Example: Without survey data, the claim remained an unsupported assertion.
কার্ড ১১
প্রশ্ন
alternative
উত্তর
Meaning: Another option that can be chosen instead of the usual one.
Collocation: viable alternative
Example: Solar heating offered a viable alternative to imported fuel.
কার্ড ১২
প্রশ্ন
change
উত্তর
Meaning: A shift from one state, condition, or form to another.
Collocation: gradual change
Example: The sediment layers record gradual change in the region's climate.
কার্ড ১৩
প্রশ্ন
assessment
উত্তর
Meaning: A reasoned judgment about the quality, value, or condition of something.
Collocation: risk assessment
Example: The team completed a risk assessment before entering the cave.
কার্ড ১৪
প্রশ্ন
combination
উত্তর
Meaning: Two or more things joined or used together.
Collocation: combination of factors
Example: A combination of factors shaped the city's growth.
কার্ড ১৫
প্রশ্ন
assumption
উত্তর
Meaning: An idea accepted as true without complete proof.
Collocation: underlying assumption
Example: The model's underlying assumption is that demand remains stable.
কার্ড ১৬
প্রশ্ন
balance
উত্তর
Meaning: A state in which competing factors have suitable proportions.
Collocation: achieve a balance
Example: The policy tries to achieve a balance between access and conservation.
কার্ড ১৭
প্রশ্ন
awareness
উত্তর
Meaning: Knowledge or understanding that a situation or issue exists.
Collocation: raise awareness
Example: The campaign raised awareness of preventable water waste.
কার্ড ১৮
প্রশ্ন
consequence
উত্তর
Meaning: A result that follows from an action or condition.
Collocation: unintended consequence
Example: Higher rents were an unintended consequence of the redevelopment plan.
কার্ড ১৯
প্রশ্ন
concept
উত্তর
Meaning: A general idea used to understand or organize something.
Collocation: abstract concept
Example: The diagram makes the abstract concept easier to understand.
কার্ড ২০
প্রশ্ন
conclusion
উত্তর
Meaning: A judgment reached after considering evidence or reasoning.
Collocation: draw a conclusion
Example: The sample was too small to draw a firm conclusion.
কার্ড ২১
প্রশ্ন
benefit
উত্তর
Meaning: A helpful or favorable result.
Collocation: long-term benefit
Example: Better insulation provides a long-term benefit by reducing energy use.
কার্ড ২২
প্রশ্ন
bias
উত্তর
Meaning: A systematic tendency or error that can distort judgment, sampling, or results.
Collocation: selection bias
Example: Selection bias may occur if only frequent users answer the survey.
কার্ড ২৩
প্রশ্ন
decline
উত্তর
Meaning: A gradual decrease in amount, quality, or importance.
Collocation: sharp decline
Example: The records show a sharp decline in fish populations after 1990.
কার্ড ২৪
প্রশ্ন
classification
উত্তর
Meaning: The process or system of arranging things into groups.
Collocation: classification system
Example: The new classification system groups plants by shared genetic features.
কার্ড ২৫
প্রশ্ন
condition
উত্তর
Meaning: A circumstance that affects how something happens or exists.
Collocation: controlled condition
Example: Each seedling grew under the same controlled conditions.
কার্ড ২৬
প্রশ্ন
contradiction
উত্তর
Meaning: A conflict between statements, ideas, or results that cannot both be true.
Collocation: apparent contradiction
Example: Further testing resolved the apparent contradiction between the two findings.
কার্ড ২৭
প্রশ্ন
challenge
উত্তর
Meaning: A difficult problem or task that requires effort to solve.
Collocation: major challenge
Example: Limited storage remains a major challenge for renewable energy systems.
কার্ড ২৮
প্রশ্ন
development
উত্তর
Meaning: The process of growing, changing, or becoming more advanced.
Collocation: economic development
Example: The railway accelerated economic development across the region.
কার্ড ২৯
প্রশ্ন
data
উত্তর
Meaning: Facts, measurements, or observations collected for analysis.
Collocation: collect data
Example: Researchers collected data from weather stations across the island.
কার্ড ৩০
প্রশ্ন
comparison
উত্তর
Meaning: An examination of how two or more things are alike or different.
Collocation: direct comparison
Example: A direct comparison showed that the two methods produced similar results.
কার্ড ৩১
প্রশ্ন
criterion
উত্তর
Meaning: A standard used to judge or decide something.
Collocation: selection criterion
Example: Research experience was one selection criterion for the program.
কার্ড ৩২
প্রশ্ন
construction
উত্তর
Meaning: The process of building something or forming an idea.
Collocation: social construction
Example: The lecture examined identity as a social construction.
কার্ড ৩৩
প্রশ্ন
effect
উত্তর
Meaning: A change produced by a cause.
Collocation: measurable effect
Example: The treatment had a measurable effect on plant growth.
কার্ড ৩৪
প্রশ্ন
choice
উত্তর
Meaning: An act or possibility of selecting among options.
Collocation: informed choice
Example: Clear labels help consumers make an informed choice.
কার্ড ৩৫
প্রশ্ন
definition
উত্তর
Meaning: A statement that explains the exact meaning of a word or concept.
Collocation: precise definition
Example: The report begins with a precise definition of food security.
কার্ড ৩৬
প্রশ্ন
complexity
উত্তর
Meaning: The state of having many connected parts or difficult features.
Collocation: growing complexity
Example: The model captures the growing complexity of urban transport networks.
কার্ড ৩৭
প্রশ্ন
criticism
উত্তর
Meaning: A judgment that identifies faults or weaknesses.
Collocation: face criticism
Example: The proposal faced criticism for excluding rural communities.
কার্ড ৩৮
প্রশ্ন
constraint
উত্তর
Meaning: A limit that restricts what can be done.
Collocation: financial constraint
Example: Financial constraints reduced the size of the field study.
কার্ড ৩৯
প্রশ্ন
evolution
উত্তর
Meaning: Gradual development or change over time, especially across generations.
Collocation: cultural evolution
Example: Written records offer clues about the cultural evolution of the region.
কার্ড ৪০
প্রশ্ন
evidence
উত্তর
Meaning: Information that supports or challenges a claim.
Collocation: strong evidence
Example: Ice cores provide strong evidence of past temperature changes.
কার্ড ৪১
প্রশ্ন
compromise
উত্তর
Meaning: An agreement in which each side accepts less than it originally wanted.
Collocation: reach a compromise
Example: The two agencies reached a compromise on water use.
কার্ড ৪২
প্রশ্ন
circumstance
উত্তর
Meaning: A fact or condition that shapes a situation.
Collocation: unusual circumstance
Example: Under normal circumstances, the reaction takes less than a minute.
কার্ড ৪৩
প্রশ্ন
debate
উত্তর
Meaning: A serious discussion in which different views on an issue are considered.
Collocation: ongoing debate
Example: The discovery renewed the ongoing debate about early migration routes.
কার্ড ৪৪
প্রশ্ন
expansion
উত্তর
Meaning: An increase in size, range, or activity.
Collocation: rapid expansion
Example: Rapid expansion of the city replaced much of the surrounding farmland.
কার্ড ৪৫
প্রশ্ন
evaluation
উত্তর
Meaning: A systematic judgment of quality, effectiveness, or value.
Collocation: program evaluation
Example: The program evaluation included interviews with teachers and students.
কার্ড ৪৬
প্রশ্ন
contrast
উত্তর
Meaning: A clear difference between two or more things.
Collocation: sharp contrast
Example: The dry interior stands in sharp contrast to the wet coast.
কার্ড ৪৭
প্রশ্ন
commitment
উত্তর
Meaning: A firm promise or continuing dedication to an aim.
Collocation: long-term commitment
Example: Restoring the forest requires a long-term commitment from local agencies.
কার্ড ৪৮
প্রশ্ন
content
উত্তর
Meaning: The information, ideas, or material contained in something.
Collocation: course content
Example: The instructor revised the course content to include recent research.
কার্ড ৪৯
প্রশ্ন
factor
উত্তর
Meaning: One element that helps produce a result.
Collocation: contributing factor
Example: Access to clean water was a contributing factor in the health improvement.
কার্ড ৫০
প্রশ্ন
experiment
উত্তর
Meaning: A controlled test designed to investigate a question.
Collocation: laboratory experiment
Example: The laboratory experiment tested how temperature affects the reaction.
কার্ড ৫১
প্রশ্ন
correlation
উত্তর
Meaning: A relationship in which two variables change together.
Collocation: positive correlation
Example: The data show a positive correlation between practice time and accuracy.
কার্ড ৫২
প্রশ্ন
explanation
উত্তর
Meaning: A statement that makes a fact, process, or reason clear.
Collocation: plausible explanation
Example: Changes in rainfall offer a plausible explanation for the migration.
কার্ড ৫৩
প্রশ্ন
control
উত্তর
Meaning: The power or method used to direct, limit, or keep something stable.
Collocation: quality control
Example: Strict quality control reduced errors in the manufacturing process.
কার্ড ৫৪
প্রশ্ন
communication
উত্তর
Meaning: The exchange of information, ideas, or feelings.
Collocation: effective communication
Example: Effective communication helped the research teams coordinate their work.
কার্ড ৫৫
প্রশ্ন
finding
উত্তর
Meaning: A result discovered through research or investigation.
Collocation: key finding
Example: A key finding was that small wetlands support many species.
কার্ড ৫৬
প্রশ্ন
growth
উত্তর
Meaning: An increase in size, amount, or development.
Collocation: population growth
Example: Population growth increased demand for public transport.
কার্ড ৫৭
প্রশ্ন
implication
উত্তর
Meaning: A likely consequence or meaning that is suggested rather than stated.
Collocation: practical implication
Example: The finding has a practical implication for classroom design.
কার্ড ৫৮
প্রশ্ন
dimension
উত্তর
Meaning: One aspect or feature of a situation or system.
Collocation: social dimension
Example: The report adds a social dimension to the economic analysis.
কার্ড ৫৯
প্রশ্ন
difference
উত্তর
Meaning: A way in which two or more things are not the same.
Collocation: significant difference
Example: The trial found no significant difference between the two treatments.
কার্ড ৬০
প্রশ্ন
community
উত্তর
Meaning: A group of people connected by place, identity, or shared interests.
Collocation: local community
Example: The local community helped design the coastal protection plan.
কার্ড ৬১
প্রশ্ন
hypothesis
উত্তর
Meaning: A testable proposed explanation for an observation.
Collocation: test a hypothesis
Example: The researchers designed an experiment to test their hypothesis.
কার্ড ৬২
প্রশ্ন
insight
উত্তর
Meaning: A clear and useful understanding of a complex issue.
Collocation: valuable insight
Example: The interviews provided valuable insight into students' study habits.
কার্ড ৬৩
প্রশ্ন
element
উত্তর
Meaning: A basic part of a larger whole.
Collocation: essential element
Example: Trust is an essential element of successful cooperation.
কার্ড ৬৪
প্রশ্ন
difficulty
উত্তর
Meaning: A problem or condition that makes something hard to do or understand.
Collocation: practical difficulty
Example: Recruiting enough participants created a practical difficulty for the study.
কার্ড ৬৫
প্রশ্ন
conflict
উত্তর
Meaning: A serious disagreement or clash between interests, ideas, or groups.
Collocation: conflict of interest
Example: Reviewers must disclose any conflict of interest.
কার্ড ৬৬
প্রশ্ন
impact
উত্তর
Meaning: A strong effect on a situation, system, or person.
Collocation: environmental impact
Example: The assessment considered the dam's environmental impact.
কার্ড ৬৭
প্রশ্ন
investigation
উত্তর
Meaning: A systematic search for facts or causes.
Collocation: detailed investigation
Example: A detailed investigation traced the contamination to a damaged pipe.
কার্ড ৬৮
প্রশ্ন
interpretation
উত্তর
Meaning: An explanation of the meaning or importance of something.
Collocation: alternative interpretation
Example: The historian offered an alternative interpretation of the treaty.
কার্ড ৬৯
প্রশ্ন
disadvantage
উত্তর
Meaning: A condition or feature that makes success less likely.
Collocation: major disadvantage
Example: High maintenance costs are a major disadvantage of the older system.
কার্ড ৭০
প্রশ্ন
formation
উত্তর
Meaning: The process by which something develops or takes shape.
Collocation: cloud formation
Example: Air temperature influences cloud formation above the mountains.
কার্ড ৭১
প্রশ্ন
improvement
উত্তর
Meaning: A change that makes something better.
Collocation: marked improvement
Example: The second trial showed a marked improvement in accuracy.
কার্ড ৭২
প্রশ্ন
consensus
উত্তর
Meaning: General agreement among members of a group.
Collocation: broad consensus
Example: Scientists reached a broad consensus after reviewing the new evidence.
কার্ড ৭৩
প্রশ্ন
literature
উত্তর
Meaning: Published research and writing about a subject.
Collocation: existing literature
Example: The review compares the new results with the existing literature.
কার্ড ৭৪
প্রশ্ন
logic
উত্তর
Meaning: A system of reasoning that connects ideas and conclusions.
Collocation: underlying logic
Example: The lecturer explained the underlying logic of the classification scheme.
কার্ড ৭৫
প্রশ্ন
form
উত্তর
Meaning: The structure, type, or visible shape that something takes.
Collocation: common form
Example: Oral history is a common form of evidence in community research.
কার্ড ৭৬
প্রশ্ন
distinction
উত্তর
Meaning: A meaningful difference between similar things or ideas.
Collocation: clear distinction
Example: The article makes a clear distinction between weather and climate.
কার্ড ৭৭
প্রশ্ন
increase
উত্তর
Meaning: A rise in amount, size, number, or intensity.
Collocation: substantial increase
Example: The region recorded a substantial increase in winter rainfall.
কার্ড ৭৮
প্রশ্ন
convention
উত্তর
Meaning: A widely accepted way of behaving, writing, or doing something.
Collocation: academic convention
Example: Citing sources is a basic academic convention.
কার্ড ৭৯
প্রশ্ন
method
উত্তর
Meaning: An organized way of doing or studying something.
Collocation: research method
Example: Interviews were the main research method used in the project.
কার্ড ৮০
প্রশ্ন
function
উত্তর
Meaning: The purpose or activity for which something exists.
Collocation: primary function
Example: The wetland's primary function is to store and filter water.
কার্ড ৮১
প্রশ্ন
notion
উত্তর
Meaning: An idea or belief about something.
Collocation: traditional notion
Example: The discovery challenged the traditional notion that the region was isolated.
কার্ড ৮২
প্রশ্ন
influence
উত্তর
Meaning: The power to affect a person, process, or outcome.
Collocation: strong influence
Example: Ocean currents have a strong influence on the island's climate.
কার্ড ৮৩
প্রশ্ন
culture
উত্তর
Meaning: The shared beliefs, practices, arts, and ways of life of a group.
Collocation: academic culture
Example: The university's academic culture encouraged open debate.
কার্ড ৮৪
প্রশ্ন
diversity
উত্তর
Meaning: The presence of many different types within a group or system.
Collocation: biological diversity
Example: Habitat loss threatens the island's biological diversity.
কার্ড ৮৫
প্রশ্ন
model
উত্তর
Meaning: A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system.
Collocation: climate model
Example: The climate model predicts drier summers in the southern region.
কার্ড ৮৬
প্রশ্ন
integration
উত্তর
Meaning: The process of combining parts into a connected whole.
Collocation: social integration
Example: Shared public spaces can support social integration in new neighborhoods.
কার্ড ৮৭
প্রশ্ন
progress
উত্তর
Meaning: Movement toward a goal or a more developed state.
Collocation: make progress
Example: The restoration team made steady progress despite heavy rain.
কার্ড ৮৮
প্রশ্ন
perspective
উত্তর
Meaning: A particular way of understanding or viewing an issue.
Collocation: historical perspective
Example: A historical perspective helps explain the current border dispute.
কার্ড ৮৯
প্রশ্ন
decision
উত্তর
Meaning: A choice made after considering available options.
Collocation: policy decision
Example: The policy decision followed months of public consultation.
কার্ড ৯০
প্রশ্ন
effectiveness
উত্তর
Meaning: The degree to which something achieves its intended result.
Collocation: evaluate effectiveness
Example: The trial evaluated the effectiveness of the new teaching method.
কার্ড ৯১
প্রশ্ন
observation
উত্তর
Meaning: The act of carefully watching or measuring something to gather information.
Collocation: direct observation
Example: Direct observation confirmed that the birds feed at dawn.
কার্ড ৯২
প্রশ্ন
interaction
উত্তর
Meaning: A process in which two or more things affect one another.
Collocation: complex interaction
Example: Soil quality depends on a complex interaction of water, minerals, and organisms.
কার্ড ৯৩
প্রশ্ন
proposition
উত্তর
Meaning: A statement or idea offered for consideration or testing.
Collocation: central proposition
Example: The essay tests the central proposition against three historical cases.
কার্ড ৯৪
প্রশ্ন
discrimination
উত্তর
Meaning: Unfair treatment based on a person's group or perceived characteristics.
Collocation: employment discrimination
Example: The study examined how employment discrimination affects income.
কার্ড ৯৫
প্রশ্ন
exception
উত্তর
Meaning: A case that does not follow a general rule or pattern.
Collocation: notable exception
Example: Most species migrated south, with one notable exception.
কার্ড ৯৬
প্রশ্ন
reduction
উত্তর
Meaning: A decrease in size, amount, or degree.
Collocation: significant reduction
Example: The insulation produced a significant reduction in energy use.
কার্ড ৯৭
প্রশ্ন
participant
উত্তর
Meaning: A person who takes part in an activity or study.
Collocation: study participant
Example: Each study participant completed the same questionnaire.
কার্ড ৯৮
প্রশ্ন
reason
উত্তর
Meaning: A cause, explanation, or basis for an action or belief.
Collocation: main reason
Example: Lower cost was the main reason for choosing the second material.
কার্ড ৯৯
প্রশ্ন
environment
উত্তর
Meaning: The natural or social surroundings in which something exists.
Collocation: learning environment
Example: Flexible seating changed the classroom's learning environment.
কার্ড ১০০
প্রশ্ন
link
উত্তর
Meaning: A connection between people, ideas, events, or parts of a system.
Collocation: establish a link
Example: The study established a link between soil moisture and seed survival.
কার্ড ১০১
প্রশ্ন
rise
উত্তর
Meaning: An increase in amount, level, or importance.
Collocation: steady rise
Example: The records show a steady rise in average sea temperature.
কার্ড ১০২
প্রশ্ন
limit
উত্তর
Meaning: The greatest amount, extent, or level that is allowed or possible.
Collocation: upper limit
Example: The instrument has an upper limit beyond which readings are unreliable.
কার্ড ১০৩
প্রশ্ন
reasoning
উত্তর
Meaning: The process of using facts and logic to reach a judgment.
Collocation: logical reasoning
Example: The solution requires logical reasoning rather than memorization.
কার্ড ১০৪
প্রশ্ন
procedure
উত্তর
Meaning: An established series of steps for doing something.
Collocation: standard procedure
Example: Each laboratory followed the same standard procedure.
কার্ড ১০৫
প্রশ্ন
maintenance
উত্তর
Meaning: Work that keeps a system, condition, or structure functioning.
Collocation: routine maintenance
Example: Routine maintenance extended the bridge's useful life.
কার্ড ১০৬
প্রশ্ন
establishment
উত্তর
Meaning: The act of creating an organization, system, or lasting condition.
Collocation: establishment of a network
Example: The establishment of a monitoring network improved storm warnings.
কার্ড ১০৭
প্রশ্ন
shift
উত্তর
Meaning: A change in position, direction, emphasis, or opinion.
Collocation: major shift
Example: The findings prompted a major shift in conservation policy.
কার্ড ১০৮
প্রশ্ন
limitation
উত্তর
Meaning: A restriction or weakness that affects what is possible or reliable.
Collocation: major limitation
Example: The study's major limitation was its short observation period.
কার্ড ১০৯
প্রশ্ন
research
উত্তর
Meaning: Systematic study intended to establish facts or develop understanding.
Collocation: conduct research
Example: The team conducted research on low-cost water filters.
কার্ড ১১০
প্রশ্ন
medium
উত্তর
Meaning: A channel or material through which information or an effect is carried.
Collocation: communication medium
Example: Radio remained an important communication medium in remote areas.
কার্ড ১১১
প্রশ্ন
relevance
উত্তর
Meaning: The degree to which something relates to the matter being considered.
Collocation: practical relevance
Example: The lecturer explained the theory's practical relevance to urban planning.
কার্ড ১১২
প্রশ্ন
identity
উত্তর
Meaning: The qualities, beliefs, or affiliations that define a person or group.
Collocation: cultural identity
Example: Language played a central role in the community's cultural identity.
কার্ড ১১৩
প্রশ্ন
likelihood
উত্তর
Meaning: The degree to which something is likely to happen.
Collocation: reduce the likelihood
Example: Early detection can reduce the likelihood of a larger outbreak.
কার্ড ১১৪
প্রশ্ন
transition
উত্তর
Meaning: The process of changing from one state or system to another.
Collocation: gradual transition
Example: The region made a gradual transition from coal to renewable energy.
কার্ড ১১৫
প্রশ্ন
sample
উত্তর
Meaning: A smaller group or amount selected to represent a larger whole.
Collocation: representative sample
Example: The survey used a representative sample of households from each district.
কার্ড ১১৬
প্রশ্ন
theory
উত্তর
Meaning: A well-supported explanation that connects facts or observations.
Collocation: scientific theory
Example: New observations strengthened the scientific theory rather than replacing it.
কার্ড ১১৭
প্রশ্ন
institution
উত্তর
Meaning: An established organization or social system with a public role.
Collocation: educational institution
Example: Each educational institution set its own admission policy.
কার্ড ১১৮
প্রশ্ন
mode
উত্তর
Meaning: A particular way in which something happens or operates.
Collocation: mode of transport
Example: Cycling became the preferred mode of transport for short trips.
কার্ড ১১৯
প্রশ্ন
possibility
উত্তর
Meaning: A chance that something may exist or happen.
Collocation: explore the possibility
Example: The team explored the possibility of reusing wastewater.
কার্ড ১২০
প্রশ্ন
trend
উত্তর
Meaning: A general direction in which a situation is changing.
Collocation: long-term trend
Example: A single cold year did not reverse the long-term warming trend.
কার্ড ১২১
প্রশ্ন
viewpoint
উত্তর
Meaning: A particular opinion or position from which an issue is considered.
Collocation: opposing viewpoint
Example: The seminar required students to address an opposing viewpoint fairly.
কার্ড ১২২
প্রশ্ন
intervention
উত্তর
Meaning: An action taken to change a situation or prevent a problem.
Collocation: early intervention
Example: Early intervention helped prevent minor reading difficulties from growing.
কার্ড ১২৩
প্রশ্ন
network
উত্তর
Meaning: A connected system of people, places, or components.
Collocation: transport network
Example: The new rail line connected two previously isolated towns to the regional transport network.
কার্ড ১২৪
প্রশ্ন
scale
উত্তর
Meaning: The size, extent, or level at which something occurs or is measured.
Collocation: large scale
Example: Producing the material on a large scale requires less energy than expected.
কার্ড ১২৫
প্রশ্ন
variation
উত্তর
Meaning: A difference or change within a group, range, or pattern.
Collocation: regional variation
Example: The map shows regional variation in annual rainfall.
কার্ড ১২৬
প্রশ্ন
potential
উত্তর
Meaning: The capacity to develop, happen, or become useful in the future.
Collocation: considerable potential
Example: The coastal winds have considerable potential for electricity generation.
কার্ড ১২৭
প্রশ্ন
claim
উত্তর
Meaning: A statement that something is true, often requiring evidence.
Collocation: support a claim
Example: The author used census records to support the claim.
কার্ড ১২৮
প্রশ্ন
majority
উত্তর
Meaning: More than half of a group or amount.
Collocation: clear majority
Example: A clear majority of respondents preferred the quieter route.
কার্ড ১২৯
প্রশ্ন
operation
উত্তর
Meaning: The process of working or the way a system functions.
Collocation: normal operation
Example: The backup battery keeps the sensor in normal operation during outages.
কার্ড ১৩০
প্রশ্ন
statistics
উত্তর
Meaning: Numerical facts collected and analyzed to describe a group or situation.
Collocation: official statistics
Example: Official statistics show a decline in household energy use.
কার্ড ১৩১
প্রশ্ন
affect
উত্তর
Meaning: To produce a change in someone or something.
Collocation: significantly affect
Example: Soil acidity can significantly affect nutrient availability.
কার্ড ১৩২
প্রশ্ন
proportion
উত্তর
Meaning: A part or share of a whole, often expressed as a fraction or percentage.
Collocation: large proportion
Example: A large proportion of the city's water comes from underground sources.
কার্ড ১৩৩
প্রশ্ন
minority
উত্তর
Meaning: A group or amount that forms less than half of a larger whole.
Collocation: small minority
Example: Only a small minority of participants left the study early.
কার্ড ১৩৪
প্রশ্ন
outcome
উত্তর
Meaning: The final result of a process, event, or action.
Collocation: learning outcome
Example: Regular feedback improved the course's main learning outcome.
কার্ড ১৩৫
প্রশ্ন
clarify
উত্তর
Meaning: To make an idea, statement, or situation easier to understand.
Collocation: clarify the distinction
Example: The final section clarifies the distinction between correlation and cause.
কার্ড ১৩৬
প্রশ্ন
alter
উত্তর
Meaning: To change something, usually without replacing it completely.
Collocation: substantially alter
Example: A new dam could substantially alter the river's seasonal flow.
কার্ড ১৩৭
প্রশ্ন
survey
উত্তর
Meaning: A study that systematically collects information, often from a sample of people.
Collocation: national survey
Example: A national survey measured changes in commuting habits.
কার্ড ১৩৮
প্রশ্ন
quality
উত্তর
Meaning: The degree of excellence or a distinguishing feature of something.
Collocation: data quality
Example: Missing observations reduced the overall quality of the data.
কার্ড ১৩৯
প্রশ্ন
motivation
উত্তর
Meaning: The reason or desire that drives someone to act.
Collocation: strong motivation
Example: Curiosity was her strongest motivation for joining the research team.
কার্ড ১৪০
প্রশ্ন
output
উত্তর
Meaning: The amount or product generated by a person, machine, or system.
Collocation: energy output
Example: Cloud cover reduced the panels' energy output.
কার্ড ১৪১
প্রশ্ন
cite
উত্তর
Meaning: To name a source or example as evidence or authority.
Collocation: cite a source
Example: The report cites a recent study of coastal erosion.
কার্ড ১৪২
প্রশ্ন
technique
উত্তর
Meaning: A specific skill or way of carrying out a task.
Collocation: sampling technique
Example: The team used a new sampling technique to collect deep-water organisms.
কার্ড ১৪৩
প্রশ্ন
range
উত্তর
Meaning: The full set or span of possible values, types, or choices.
Collocation: wide range
Example: The library holds a wide range of regional newspapers.
কার্ড ১৪৪
প্রশ্ন
arise
উত্তর
Meaning: To begin to exist or become noticeable.
Collocation: problems arise
Example: Problems may arise when the two databases use different definitions.
কার্ড ১৪৫
প্রশ্ন
norm
উত্তর
Meaning: A standard or expected pattern of behavior within a group.
Collocation: social norm
Example: Remote work changed the social norm of daily office attendance.
কার্ড ১৪৬
প্রশ্ন
pattern
উত্তর
Meaning: A repeated or regular arrangement, behavior, or trend.
Collocation: consistent pattern
Example: The interviews revealed a consistent pattern of delayed enrollment.
কার্ড ১৪৭
প্রশ্ন
conclude
উত্তর
Meaning: To reach a judgment after considering evidence.
Collocation: conclude that
Example: The researchers concluded that both habitats supported similar populations.
কার্ড ১৪৮
প্রশ্ন
validity
উত্তর
Meaning: The degree to which a method measures what it should or an inference is well supported.
Collocation: assess validity
Example: A second experiment helped assess the validity of the original result.
কার্ড ১৪৯
প্রশ্ন
rate
উত্তর
Meaning: A measure of how often or how quickly something happens.
Collocation: growth rate
Example: The seedlings had a slower growth rate in colder soil.
কার্ড ১৫০
প্রশ্ন
develop
উত্তর
Meaning: To grow, change, or make something more advanced over time.
Collocation: develop a method
Example: Engineers developed a method for recycling the damaged material.
৩০০টি কার্ড
Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
এই ডেক দিয়ে ফ্রিতে পড়ুনপড়া শুরু করতে Nibomo খুলবে।
কার্ড ১৫১
প্রশ্ন
process
উত্তর
Meaning: A connected series of actions or changes that produces a result.
Collocation: decision-making process
Example: Residents took part in every stage of the decision-making process.
কার্ড ১৫২
প্রশ্ন
demonstrate
উত্তর
Meaning: To show clearly through evidence, reasoning, or an example.
Collocation: demonstrate a relationship
Example: The results demonstrate a relationship between shade and soil moisture.
কার্ড ১৫৩
প্রশ্ন
opportunity
উত্তর
Meaning: A favorable situation that makes an action or achievement possible.
Collocation: equal opportunity
Example: The scholarship gave rural students an equal opportunity to attend the course.
কার্ড ১৫৪
প্রশ্ন
significance
উত্তর
Meaning: The importance or practical meaning of something.
Collocation: practical significance
Example: The small difference had little practical significance for patients.
কার্ড ১৫৫
প্রশ্ন
analyze
উত্তর
Meaning: To examine something carefully by separating it into parts.
Collocation: analyze data
Example: The researchers analyzed the data before drawing a conclusion.
কার্ড ১৫৬
প্রশ্ন
diminish
উত্তর
Meaning: To become or make something smaller, weaker, or less important.
Collocation: gradually diminish
Example: The sound gradually diminished as the storm moved inland.
কার্ড ১৫৭
প্রশ্ন
describe
উত্তর
Meaning: To state the features, appearance, or course of something in words.
Collocation: describe a process
Example: The report describes the process used to restore the wetland.
কার্ড ১৫৮
প্রশ্ন
policy
উত্তর
Meaning: An agreed plan or principle used to guide decisions.
Collocation: public policy
Example: The findings influenced public policy on building insulation.
কার্ড ১৫৯
প্রশ্ন
similarity
উত্তর
Meaning: A feature or degree of being alike.
Collocation: striking similarity
Example: The two languages share a striking similarity in sentence structure.
কার্ড ১৬০
প্রশ্ন
assess
উত্তর
Meaning: To judge the quality, importance, or condition of something.
Collocation: assess the impact
Example: The team assessed the impact of tourism on nesting birds.
কার্ড ১৬১
প্রশ্ন
emerge
উত্তর
Meaning: To become visible, known, or important.
Collocation: new evidence emerges
Example: A different explanation emerged after the fossils were dated.
কার্ড ১৬২
প্রশ্ন
production
উত্তর
Meaning: The process of creating goods, energy, or other output.
Collocation: food production
Example: Improved irrigation increased food production during dry years.
কার্ড ১৬৩
প্রশ্ন
population
উত্তর
Meaning: All people or organisms of a defined group or area.
Collocation: study population
Example: The study population included adults from four coastal towns.
কার্ড ১৬৪
প্রশ্ন
discuss
উত্তর
Meaning: To examine an issue in speech or writing by considering its details.
Collocation: discuss the findings
Example: The final chapter discusses the findings in relation to earlier research.
কার্ড ১৬৫
প্রশ্ন
standard
উত্তর
Meaning: An accepted level or rule used to judge quality or performance.
Collocation: meet a standard
Example: Every sample had to meet the same purity standard.
কার্ড ১৬৬
প্রশ্ন
enhance
উত্তর
Meaning: To improve the quality, value, or strength of something.
Collocation: enhance understanding
Example: The interactive map enhanced students' understanding of migration routes.
কার্ড ১৬৭
প্রশ্ন
classify
উত্তর
Meaning: To arrange things into groups based on shared features.
Collocation: classify species
Example: Biologists classified the species by examining their genetic differences.
কার্ড ১৬৮
প্রশ্ন
property
উত্তর
Meaning: A characteristic or quality that something possesses.
Collocation: physical property
Example: Flexibility is a useful physical property of the new material.
কার্ড ১৬৯
প্রশ্ন
practice
উত্তর
Meaning: A customary or repeated way of doing something.
Collocation: common practice
Example: Rotating crops became common practice among local farmers.
কার্ড ১৭০
প্রশ্ন
tolerance
উত্তর
Meaning: The ability of an organism, material, or system to endure a condition without failing.
Collocation: heat tolerance
Example: The experiment measured each plant's heat tolerance.
কার্ড ১৭১
প্রশ্ন
evolve
উত্তর
Meaning: To develop gradually over time.
Collocation: gradually evolve
Example: The trade network gradually evolved into a formal market system.
কার্ড ১৭২
প্রশ্ন
conduct
উত্তর
Meaning: To organize and carry out an activity or study.
Collocation: conduct an experiment
Example: The students conducted an experiment under controlled conditions.
কার্ড ১৭৩
প্রশ্ন
relationship
উত্তর
Meaning: The way in which two or more things are connected.
Collocation: causal relationship
Example: The data alone cannot establish a causal relationship.
কার্ড ১৭৪
প্রশ্ন
exemplify
উত্তর
Meaning: To serve as a clear example of an idea or quality.
Collocation: exemplify a trend
Example: The renovated station exemplifies the trend toward mixed-use design.
কার্ড ১৭৫
প্রশ্ন
protection
উত্তর
Meaning: Action taken to keep someone or something safe from harm.
Collocation: environmental protection
Example: The law strengthened environmental protection around the wetland.
কার্ড ১৭৬
প্রশ্ন
expand
উত্তর
Meaning: To become or make something larger in size, range, or detail.
Collocation: expand access
Example: The university expanded access to its digital archive.
কার্ড ১৭৭
প্রশ্ন
value
উত্তর
Meaning: The importance or usefulness of something.
Collocation: practical value
Example: The simple method has practical value in laboratories with limited equipment.
কার্ড ১৭৮
প্রশ্ন
resource
উত্তর
Meaning: A supply, asset, or source of support that can be used.
Collocation: natural resource
Example: Fresh water is a limited natural resource on the island.
কার্ড ১৭৯
প্রশ্ন
explain
উত্তর
Meaning: To make an idea, fact, or cause clear by giving details.
Collocation: explain a result
Example: Differences in soil depth may explain the result.
কার্ড ১৮০
প্রশ্ন
define
উত্তর
Meaning: To state the exact meaning, limits, or essential character of something.
Collocation: clearly define
Example: The authors clearly define what they mean by sustainable growth.
কার্ড ১৮১
প্রশ্ন
provision
উত্তর
Meaning: The act of supplying something that people need.
Collocation: service provision
Example: The reform improved service provision in remote districts.
কার্ড ১৮২
প্রশ্ন
variety
উত্তর
Meaning: A collection or range of different types.
Collocation: wide variety
Example: The reef supports a wide variety of marine organisms.
কার্ড ১৮৩
প্রশ্ন
scope
উত্তর
Meaning: The range of subjects, activities, or possibilities covered.
Collocation: limited scope
Example: The study's limited scope excludes private transportation.
কার্ড ১৮৪
প্রশ্ন
generate
উত্তর
Meaning: To produce or create something.
Collocation: generate electricity
Example: The turbines generate electricity during periods of strong wind.
কার্ড ১৮৫
প্রশ্ন
formulate
উত্তর
Meaning: To develop and express an idea, plan, or theory carefully.
Collocation: formulate a hypothesis
Example: The observations helped the students formulate a testable hypothesis.
কার্ড ১৮৬
প্রশ্ন
design
উত্তর
Meaning: To plan the structure, method, or appearance of something.
Collocation: design a study
Example: The team designed a study that compared three teaching methods.
কার্ড ১৮৭
প্রশ্ন
requirement
উত্তর
Meaning: Something that is necessary or officially demanded.
Collocation: legal requirement
Example: Public reporting is a legal requirement for the agency.
কার্ড ১৮৮
প্রশ্ন
compare
উত্তর
Meaning: To examine things to identify similarities and differences.
Collocation: compare results
Example: The researchers compared results from urban and rural schools.
কার্ড ১৮৯
প্রশ্ন
section
উত্তর
Meaning: A distinct part of a larger whole, text, or organization.
Collocation: final section
Example: The final section considers the study's limitations.
কার্ড ১৯০
প্রশ্ন
highlight
উত্তর
Meaning: To draw attention to something important.
Collocation: highlight a difference
Example: The map highlights the difference between summer and winter rainfall.
কার্ড ১৯১
প্রশ্ন
determine
উত্তর
Meaning: To discover, establish, or decide something through evidence or calculation.
Collocation: determine the cause
Example: Further testing was needed to determine the cause of the failure.
কার্ড ১৯২
প্রশ্ন
improve
উত্তর
Meaning: To make or become better in quality or performance.
Collocation: improve accuracy
Example: Repeated calibration improved the sensor's accuracy.
কার্ড ১৯৩
প্রশ্ন
resistance
উত্তর
Meaning: Opposition to a change, idea, or policy.
Collocation: resistance to change
Example: Resistance to change slowed the introduction of the new system.
কার্ড ১৯৪
প্রশ্ন
differ
উত্তর
Meaning: To be unlike or distinct from something else.
Collocation: differ significantly
Example: The two groups did not differ significantly in age.
কার্ড ১৯৫
প্রশ্ন
separation
উত্তর
Meaning: The state or process of dividing or keeping things apart.
Collocation: physical separation
Example: Physical separation prevented the two chemicals from reacting.
কার্ড ১৯৬
প্রশ্ন
illustrate
উত্তর
Meaning: To make an idea clear by giving an example, image, or comparison.
Collocation: illustrate a point
Example: The author uses a coastal town to illustrate the broader point.
কার্ড ১৯৭
প্রশ্ন
induce
উত্তর
Meaning: To cause a particular state, response, or change.
Collocation: induce a response
Example: The light signal induced a measurable response in the cells.
কার্ড ১৯৮
প্রশ্ন
evaluate
উত্তর
Meaning: To judge quality, effectiveness, or value using evidence or criteria.
Collocation: evaluate performance
Example: The committee evaluated the program's performance after one year.
কার্ড ১৯৯
প্রশ্ন
resolution
উত্তর
Meaning: A solution or settlement that ends a problem or conflict.
Collocation: peaceful resolution
Example: Mediation led to a peaceful resolution of the land dispute.
কার্ড ২০০
প্রশ্ন
series
উত্তর
Meaning: A number of related events, items, or values arranged in order.
Collocation: series of experiments
Example: A series of experiments tested the material under different pressures.
কার্ড ২০১
প্রশ্ন
differentiate
উত্তর
Meaning: To recognize, show, or create a difference between things.
Collocation: differentiate between
Example: The test can differentiate between the two closely related minerals.
কার্ড ২০২
প্রশ্ন
initiate
উত্তর
Meaning: To cause a process or action to begin.
Collocation: initiate a process
Example: A temperature change initiates the chemical process.
কার্ড ২০৩
প্রশ্ন
examine
উত্তর
Meaning: To inspect or consider something carefully.
Collocation: examine evidence
Example: The committee examined evidence from several independent sources.
কার্ড ২০৪
প্রশ্ন
imply
উত্তর
Meaning: To suggest something without stating it directly.
Collocation: results imply
Example: The results imply that water reached the valley earlier than expected.
কার্ড ২০৫
প্রশ্ন
risk
উত্তর
Meaning: The possibility of harm, loss, or an unwanted result.
Collocation: reduce risk
Example: Restoring vegetation can reduce the risk of soil erosion.
কার্ড ২০৬
প্রশ্ন
structure
উত্তর
Meaning: The arrangement of parts within a whole.
Collocation: social structure
Example: Trade changed the social structure of the port city.
কার্ড ২০৭
প্রশ্ন
lead
উত্তর
Meaning: To cause or contribute to a particular result.
Collocation: lead to
Example: Prolonged drought can lead to lower crop yields.
কার্ড ২০৮
প্রশ্ন
identify
উত্তর
Meaning: To recognize and name a person, thing, feature, or cause.
Collocation: identify a pattern
Example: The software identified a pattern in the satellite images.
কার্ড ২০৯
প্রশ্ন
distinguish
উত্তর
Meaning: To recognize or show the difference between things.
Collocation: distinguish between
Example: The analysis distinguishes between temporary variation and a lasting trend.
কার্ড ২১০
প্রশ্ন
interpret
উত্তর
Meaning: To explain or understand the meaning of information or evidence.
Collocation: interpret the results
Example: Researchers interpreted the results cautiously because the sample was small.
কার্ড ২১১
প্রশ্ন
role
উত্তর
Meaning: The function or expected part that someone or something has in a situation.
Collocation: play a role
Example: Local knowledge played a central role in the recovery plan.
কার্ড ২১২
প্রশ্ন
system
উত্তর
Meaning: A set of connected parts that work together.
Collocation: complex system
Example: A coral reef is a complex system of interacting organisms.
কার্ড ২১৩
প্রশ্ন
investigate
উত্তর
Meaning: To examine a question or problem systematically to discover facts.
Collocation: investigate a cause
Example: Engineers investigated the cause of the structural failure.
কার্ড ২১৪
প্রশ্ন
reduce
উত্তর
Meaning: To make something smaller in amount, size, or degree.
Collocation: reduce emissions
Example: Electric buses can reduce emissions on crowded routes.
কার্ড ২১৫
প্রশ্ন
outline
উত্তর
Meaning: To present the main points or structure without every detail.
Collocation: outline an approach
Example: The introduction outlines the approach used in the study.
কার্ড ২১৬
প্রশ্ন
exceed
উত্তর
Meaning: To be greater than a number, limit, or expectation.
Collocation: exceed a limit
Example: Pollution levels exceeded the legal limit on three days.
কার্ড ২১৭
প্রশ্ন
unit
উত্তর
Meaning: A single part, quantity, or group within a larger system.
Collocation: unit of measurement
Example: The meter is the standard unit of measurement used in the table.
কার্ড ২১৮
প্রশ্ন
society
উত্তর
Meaning: A large community connected by shared institutions, relationships, and culture.
Collocation: modern society
Example: Reliable electricity shapes nearly every part of modern society.
কার্ড ২১৯
প্রশ্ন
reinforce
উত্তর
Meaning: To make an idea, behavior, or structure stronger.
Collocation: reinforce a pattern
Example: Unequal funding can reinforce an existing pattern of regional inequality.
কার্ড ২২০
প্রশ্ন
obtain
উত্তর
Meaning: To get or acquire something through effort or a process.
Collocation: obtain data
Example: The team obtained data from six monitoring stations.
কার্ড ২২১
প্রশ্ন
propose
উত্তর
Meaning: To put forward an idea, plan, or explanation for consideration.
Collocation: propose a solution
Example: The authors propose a solution based on shared water storage.
কার্ড ২২২
প্রশ্ন
restrict
উত্তর
Meaning: To limit the size, range, movement, or availability of something.
Collocation: restrict access
Example: The archive restricts access to fragile original documents.
কার্ড ২২৩
প্রশ্ন
version
উত্তর
Meaning: A particular form of something that differs from other forms of it.
Collocation: revised version
Example: The revised version of the model includes seasonal rainfall.
কার্ড ২২৪
প্রশ্ন
stimulate
উত্তর
Meaning: To encourage activity, growth, or a response.
Collocation: stimulate growth
Example: Lower transport costs stimulated growth in regional trade.
কার্ড ২২৫
প্রশ্ন
strategy
উত্তর
Meaning: A planned approach for achieving a long-term aim.
Collocation: effective strategy
Example: Water pricing was one part of the city's conservation strategy.
কার্ড ২২৬
প্রশ্ন
record
উত্তর
Meaning: To store information in writing, images, measurements, or another lasting form.
Collocation: record observations
Example: Students recorded their observations at five-minute intervals.
কার্ড ২২৭
প্রশ্ন
prove
উত্তর
Meaning: To establish that something is true through evidence or logical reasoning.
Collocation: prove a theorem
Example: The student used two earlier results to prove the theorem.
কার্ড ২২৮
প্রশ্ন
adequate
উত্তর
Meaning: Sufficient for a particular purpose, though not necessarily excellent.
Collocation: adequate evidence
Example: The report did not provide adequate evidence for such a broad claim.
কার্ড ২২৯
প্রশ্ন
strengthen
উত্তর
Meaning: To make something stronger, more effective, or more convincing.
Collocation: strengthen an argument
Example: Additional field data would strengthen the argument.
কার্ড ২৩০
প্রশ্ন
tradition
উত্তর
Meaning: A belief or practice passed between generations.
Collocation: local tradition
Example: The festival preserves a local tradition of communal farming.
কার্ড ২৩১
প্রশ্ন
volume
উত্তর
Meaning: The amount of something, especially material, flow, or activity.
Collocation: traffic volume
Example: Traffic volume fell after the new rail service opened.
কার্ড ২৩২
প্রশ্ন
select
উত্তর
Meaning: To choose something carefully from a group of options.
Collocation: select a sample
Example: Researchers selected a sample from each age group.
কার্ড ২৩৩
প্রশ্ন
appropriate
উত্তর
Meaning: Suitable for a particular purpose, situation, or audience.
Collocation: appropriate method
Example: Interviews were an appropriate method for exploring personal experience.
কার্ড ২৩৪
প্রশ্ন
quote
উত্তর
Meaning: To repeat someone's exact words and identify their source.
Collocation: quote directly
Example: The essay quotes directly from the explorer's journal.
কার্ড ২৩৫
প্রশ্ন
uncertainty
উত্তর
Meaning: A lack of complete knowledge or confidence about what will happen.
Collocation: policy uncertainty
Example: Policy uncertainty delayed investment in new infrastructure.
কার্ড ২৩৬
প্রশ্ন
sustain
উত্তর
Meaning: To keep a process or condition continuing over time.
Collocation: sustain growth
Example: Limited water supplies cannot sustain rapid population growth.
কার্ড ২৩৭
প্রশ্ন
combine
উত্তর
Meaning: To join two or more things into one whole or shared action.
Collocation: combine methods
Example: The study combined interviews with direct observation.
কার্ড ২৩৮
প্রশ্ন
complex
উত্তর
Meaning: Made of many connected parts and therefore difficult to understand or manage.
Collocation: complex issue
Example: Water rights became a complex issue involving law, ecology, and local custom.
কার্ড ২৩৯
প্রশ্ন
specify
উত্তর
Meaning: To state something precisely and explicitly.
Collocation: specify the conditions
Example: The protocol specifies the conditions required for storage.
কার্ড ২৪০
প্রশ্ন
refer
উত্তর
Meaning: To mention, direct attention to, or use a source of information.
Collocation: refer to evidence
Example: The author refers to archaeological evidence from the northern coast.
কার্ড ২৪১
প্রশ্ন
transform
উত্তর
Meaning: To change something greatly in form, structure, or character.
Collocation: transform a system
Example: Digital records transformed the hospital's information system.
কার্ড ২৪২
প্রশ্ন
adopt
উত্তর
Meaning: To begin using an idea, policy, or method.
Collocation: adopt a policy
Example: Several cities adopted a policy of free weekend transit.
কার্ড ২৪৩
প্রশ্ন
consistent
উত্তর
Meaning: Remaining in agreement, form, or quality across cases or time.
Collocation: consistent result
Example: The three laboratories reported consistent results.
কার্ড ২৪৪
প্রশ্ন
study
উত্তর
Meaning: To investigate or learn about a subject carefully.
Collocation: study a phenomenon
Example: The team studied the phenomenon under controlled conditions.
কার্ড ২৪৫
প্রশ্ন
reflect
উত্তর
Meaning: To show, express, or be a result of something.
Collocation: reflect a change
Example: The revised map reflects changes in the river's course.
কার্ড ২৪৬
প্রশ্ন
comprise
উত্তর
Meaning: To be made up of all the stated parts.
Collocation: comprise three sections
Example: The final report comprises three sections and an appendix.
কার্ড ২৪৭
প্রশ্ন
vary
উত্তর
Meaning: To differ or change across cases, places, or time.
Collocation: vary considerably
Example: Rainfall totals vary considerably across the island.
কার্ড ২৪৮
প্রশ্ন
advocate
উত্তর
Meaning: To publicly support a policy, idea, or course of action.
Collocation: advocate reform
Example: Several researchers advocated reform of the approval process.
কার্ড ২৪৯
প্রশ্ন
systematic
উত্তর
Meaning: Done according to an organized and consistent method.
Collocation: systematic review
Example: A systematic review compared evidence from forty studies.
কার্ড ২৫০
প্রশ্ন
critical
উত্তর
Meaning: Essential to the success or outcome of something.
Collocation: critical factor
Example: Reliable storage is a critical factor in the vaccine program.
কার্ড ২৫১
প্রশ্ন
consist
উত্তর
Meaning: To be made of particular parts or elements.
Collocation: consist of
Example: The sample consisted of soil from twelve sites.
কার্ড ২৫২
প্রশ্ন
state
উত্তর
Meaning: To express something clearly in speech or writing.
Collocation: clearly state
Example: The introduction clearly states the study's main question.
কার্ড ২৫৩
প্রশ্ন
allocate
উত্তর
Meaning: To distribute money, time, or resources for a particular purpose.
Collocation: allocate resources
Example: The agency allocated more resources to preventive care.
কার্ড ২৫৪
প্রশ্ন
yield
উত্তর
Meaning: To produce a result or amount.
Collocation: yield results
Example: The second search yielded more reliable results.
কার্ড ২৫৫
প্রশ্ন
equivalent
উত্তর
Meaning: Equal in value, meaning, function, or effect.
Collocation: roughly equivalent
Example: The two measures produced roughly equivalent estimates.
কার্ড ২৫৬
প্রশ্ন
constitute
উত্তর
Meaning: To form or make up a whole or a stated share of it.
Collocation: constitute a majority
Example: Small businesses constitute a majority of employers in the district.
কার্ড ২৫৭
প্রশ্ন
suggest
উত্তর
Meaning: To offer an idea or indicate a possible conclusion without proving it.
Collocation: evidence suggests
Example: The evidence suggests that the settlement was occupied year-round.
কার্ড ২৫৮
প্রশ্ন
experimental
উত্তর
Meaning: Used to test a new idea or based on an experiment.
Collocation: experimental method
Example: The team used an experimental method to remove salt from the soil.
কার্ড ২৫৯
প্রশ্ন
enable
উত্তর
Meaning: To make an action or result possible.
Collocation: enable access
Example: Digital copies enabled access to records from remote towns.
কার্ড ২৬০
প্রশ্ন
excessive
উত্তর
Meaning: Greater than is reasonable, necessary, or safe.
Collocation: excessive use
Example: Excessive use of fertilizer damaged nearby streams.
কার্ড ২৬১
প্রশ্ন
construct
উত্তর
Meaning: To build or form something by joining parts.
Collocation: construct a model
Example: Students constructed a model of the river basin.
কার্ড ২৬২
প্রশ্ন
rapid
উত্তর
Meaning: Happening or changing in a short time.
Collocation: rapid growth
Example: Rapid growth placed pressure on the city's water supply.
কার্ড ২৬৩
প্রশ্ন
random
উত্তর
Meaning: Chosen or occurring without a predictable pattern or deliberate selection.
Collocation: random sample
Example: The researchers drew a random sample from the full list of households.
কার্ড ২৬৪
প্রশ্ন
summarize
উত্তর
Meaning: To give the main points in a shorter form.
Collocation: summarize the findings
Example: The final paragraph summarizes the findings without adding new claims.
কার্ড ২৬৫
প্রশ্ন
govern
উত্তর
Meaning: To control, regulate, or determine how a group or process operates.
Collocation: rules govern
Example: Clear rules govern how the shared laboratory may be used.
কার্ড ২৬৬
প্রশ্ন
contain
উত্তর
Meaning: To have something inside or include it as a part.
Collocation: contain evidence
Example: The oldest layer contains evidence of repeated flooding.
কার্ড ২৬৭
প্রশ্ন
relative
উত্তর
Meaning: Considered in comparison with something else rather than alone.
Collocation: relative importance
Example: The study compares the relative importance of rainfall and soil type.
কার্ড ২৬৮
প্রশ্ন
representative
উত্তর
Meaning: Typical of a larger group and suitable for standing in for it.
Collocation: representative example
Example: The chosen village is a representative example of settlement along the river.
কার্ড ২৬৯
প্রশ্ন
support
উত্তর
Meaning: To provide evidence, strength, or assistance for something.
Collocation: support a conclusion
Example: The observations support the conclusion that the species is nocturnal.
কার্ড ২৭০
প্রশ্ন
progressive
উত্তর
Meaning: Developing gradually through a series of stages.
Collocation: progressive decline
Example: The archive documents a progressive decline in the lake's water level.
কার্ড ২৭১
প্রশ্ন
convert
উত্তর
Meaning: To change something from one form, function, or system into another.
Collocation: convert energy
Example: Solar cells convert light energy into electricity.
কার্ড ২৭২
প্রশ্ন
impose
উত্তর
Meaning: To officially require a rule, limit, duty, or cost.
Collocation: impose restrictions
Example: The city imposed restrictions on construction near the shoreline.
কার্ড ২৭৩
প্রশ্ন
significant
উত্তর
Meaning: Large or important enough to matter.
Collocation: significant change
Example: The policy produced a significant change in weekday bus use.
কার্ড ২৭৪
প্রশ্ন
explicit
উত্তর
Meaning: Stated clearly and directly, with no need for inference.
Collocation: explicit statement
Example: The report makes an explicit statement about its data limitations.
কার্ড ২৭৫
প্রশ্ন
scientific
উত্তর
Meaning: Related to the systematic study of the natural or social world through evidence.
Collocation: scientific evidence
Example: The regulation was revised in response to new scientific evidence.
কার্ড ২৭৬
প্রশ্ন
subsequent
উত্তর
Meaning: Happening or existing after the event already mentioned.
Collocation: subsequent study
Example: A subsequent study repeated the test with a larger sample.
কার্ড ২৭৭
প্রশ্ন
participate
উত্তর
Meaning: To take part in an activity, process, or event.
Collocation: participate in research
Example: More than two hundred residents agreed to participate in the research.
কার্ড ২৭৮
প্রশ্ন
correspond
উত্তর
Meaning: To match, agree with, or be closely connected to something.
Collocation: correspond closely
Example: The tree-ring record corresponds closely with measured rainfall.
কার্ড ২৭৯
প্রশ্ন
logical
উত্তর
Meaning: Following a clear and valid pattern of reasoning.
Collocation: logical conclusion
Example: The evidence led to the logical conclusion that the river had changed course.
কার্ড ২৮০
প্রশ্ন
theoretical
উত্তর
Meaning: Based on ideas or principles rather than direct observation or practical testing.
Collocation: theoretical model
Example: The observed pattern matched the theoretical model.
কার্ড ২৮১
প্রশ্ন
similar
উত্তর
Meaning: Alike in important ways, though not identical.
Collocation: broadly similar
Example: The two regions have broadly similar rainfall patterns.
কার্ড ২৮২
প্রশ্ন
successive
উত্তর
Meaning: Following one after another in a sequence.
Collocation: successive generations
Example: Successive generations adapted the building to new uses.
কার্ড ২৮৩
প্রশ্ন
incorporate
উত্তর
Meaning: To include something as part of a larger whole.
Collocation: incorporate feedback
Example: The revised plan incorporates feedback from local residents.
কার্ড ২৮৪
প্রশ্ন
rational
উত্তর
Meaning: Based on reason and evidence rather than impulse.
Collocation: rational explanation
Example: The apparent pattern has a rational explanation based on sampling methods.
কার্ড ২৮৫
প্রশ্ন
accurately
উত্তর
Meaning: In a way that is correct and free from important error.
Collocation: accurately measure
Example: The device can accurately measure very small changes in pressure.
কার্ড ২৮৬
প্রশ্ন
sufficient
উত্তর
Meaning: As much as is needed for a particular purpose.
Collocation: sufficient evidence
Example: The available evidence was sufficient to reject the first explanation.
কার্ড ২৮৭
প্রশ্ন
increasingly
উত্তর
Meaning: To a growing degree or with greater frequency over time.
Collocation: increasingly common
Example: Shared research facilities are increasingly common at smaller universities.
কার্ড ২৮৮
প্রশ্ন
preserve
উত্তর
Meaning: To protect something from loss, damage, or major change.
Collocation: preserve cultural heritage
Example: The archive helped preserve the community's cultural heritage.
কার্ড ২৮৯
প্রশ্ন
relevant
উত্তর
Meaning: Directly connected to the question or subject being considered.
Collocation: relevant evidence
Example: The review excluded studies that did not provide relevant evidence.
কার্ড ২৯০
প্রশ্ন
approximately
উত্তর
Meaning: Close to an amount or value but not exactly equal to it.
Collocation: approximately equal
Example: The two study groups were approximately equal in size.
কার্ড ২৯১
প্রশ্ন
integrate
উত্তর
Meaning: To combine parts so they work together as a whole.
Collocation: integrate data
Example: The platform integrates data from satellites and ground sensors.
কার্ড ২৯২
প্রশ্ন
suitable
উত্তর
Meaning: Right or acceptable for a particular purpose or situation.
Collocation: suitable method
Example: Satellite imaging was the most suitable method for the remote region.
কার্ড ২৯৩
প্রশ্ন
regulate
উত্তর
Meaning: To control an activity or process through rules or adjustments.
Collocation: regulate an industry
Example: The agency regulates the industry through regular inspections.
কার্ড ২৯৪
প্রশ্ন
consequently
উত্তর
Meaning: As a result of what was just stated.
Collocation: consequently reduce
Example: The new filter removes more particles and consequently reduces treatment costs.
কার্ড ২৯৫
প্রশ্ন
clearly
উত্তর
Meaning: In a way that is easy to understand, see, or recognize.
Collocation: clearly indicate
Example: The results clearly indicate that the second filter removed more particles.
কার্ড ২৯৬
প্রশ্ন
independently
উত্তর
Meaning: Without relying on another person, source, or result.
Collocation: independently verify
Example: A second laboratory independently verified the result.
কার্ড ২৯৭
প্রশ্ন
maintain
উত্তর
Meaning: To keep something in a particular condition or continue it over time.
Collocation: maintain water quality
Example: The wetland helps maintain water quality during heavy rain.
কার্ড ২৯৮
প্রশ্ন
undertake
উত্তর
Meaning: To accept responsibility for and begin a task or project.
Collocation: undertake research
Example: The university undertook research on affordable housing materials.
কার্ড ২৯৯
প্রশ্ন
valuable
উত্তর
Meaning: Very useful, important, or worth having.
Collocation: valuable information
Example: The interviews provided valuable information about informal trade routes.
কার্ড ৩০০
প্রশ্ন
ultimately
উত্তর
Meaning: Finally, after all stages or factors have been considered.
Collocation: ultimately depend on
Example: The project's success ultimately depends on reliable local funding.
৩০০টি কার্ড
Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
পড়া শুরু করতে Nibomo খুলবে।