Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
Study 300 independently selected cross-disciplinary academic words with concise meanings, collocations, and original context examples.
За това тесте
Study 300 independently selected cross-disciplinary academic words for reading, listening, speaking, and writing practice. Each card shows one word on the front. The back starts with a concise meaning, then gives a useful collocation and one original academic example.
What this deck practices
- Word → meaning and use: 300 single-word prompts selected through a documented, openly licensed academic-vocabulary source.
- Collocations in context: every answer pairs the word with a natural academic phrase and an original sentence.
Meaning → word cards are excluded because a short definition can fit several words, which would make many reverse prompts ambiguous. Pronunciation, translations, subject-specific terminology, exam tactics, predicted test frequency, and score claims are also outside the scope.
The deterministic sequence interleaves research methods, reasoning and claims, change and causation, comparison and evaluation, systems and processes, and society and policy. Close word-family variants stay at least three unrelated cards apart. The review scheduler handles longer-term spacing after installation.
Word selection starts from Magali Paquot's Academic Keyword List, published under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. This deck uses a filtered and reordered 300-word subset, with analyse → analyze and summarise → summarize normalizations. The source list itself warns that pedagogical mediation is still needed. All meanings, collocations, examples, grouping, and ordering here are independently authored. This is not an official or exhaustive vocabulary list for the TOEFL iBT® test.
Requested source citation: Paquot, M. (2010). Academic Vocabulary in Learner Writing: From Extraction to Analysis. London & New York: Continuum, pp. 56–58.
The Common knowledge · CC0 1.0 label applies only to the independently authored card text, organization, and metadata to the extent applicable rights exist. It does not replace or override the AKL's CC BY 4.0 terms; reusers must follow those terms for the source-list contribution. It does not claim ownership of facts or ordinary English words. For current test content, see ETS's TOEFL iBT® test content and structure.
TOEFL iBT® is a registered trademark of ETS. This product is not endorsed or approved by ETS. No ETS questions, answers, scoring guides, or source prose were copied.
Карти в това тесте
Карта 1
Въпрос
adoption
Отговор
Meaning: The decision or process of starting to use an idea, method, or system.
Collocation: widespread adoption
Example: Widespread adoption of the new method took several years.
Карта 2
Въпрос
argument
Отговор
Meaning: A set of reasons used to support a conclusion or position.
Collocation: central argument
Example: The article's central argument rests on evidence from two long-term studies.
Карта 3
Въпрос
analysis
Отговор
Meaning: A careful examination of something to understand its parts or meaning.
Collocation: data analysis
Example: The data analysis revealed a clear seasonal pattern.
Карта 4
Въпрос
association
Отговор
Meaning: A connection between two people, events, qualities, or variables.
Collocation: strong association
Example: The survey found a strong association between sleep and concentration.
Карта 5
Въпрос
cause
Отговор
Meaning: Something that makes an event or condition happen.
Collocation: underlying cause
Example: The study examined the underlying cause of the population decline.
Карта 6
Въпрос
advantage
Отговор
Meaning: A condition or feature that makes success more likely.
Collocation: significant advantage
Example: Early access to the archive gave the researchers a significant advantage.
Карта 7
Въпрос
attitude
Отговор
Meaning: A settled way of thinking or feeling about something.
Collocation: public attitude
Example: Public attitudes toward urban transport changed after the pilot program.
Карта 8
Въпрос
application
Отговор
Meaning: A practical use of an idea, method, or discovery.
Collocation: practical application
Example: The material has a practical application in water filtration.
Карта 9
Въпрос
category
Отговор
Meaning: A group of things that share defined features.
Collocation: broad category
Example: The researchers placed both materials in the same broad category.
Карта 10
Въпрос
assertion
Отговор
Meaning: A confident statement presented as true.
Collocation: unsupported assertion
Example: Without survey data, the claim remained an unsupported assertion.
Карта 11
Въпрос
alternative
Отговор
Meaning: Another option that can be chosen instead of the usual one.
Collocation: viable alternative
Example: Solar heating offered a viable alternative to imported fuel.
Карта 12
Въпрос
change
Отговор
Meaning: A shift from one state, condition, or form to another.
Collocation: gradual change
Example: The sediment layers record gradual change in the region's climate.
Карта 13
Въпрос
assessment
Отговор
Meaning: A reasoned judgment about the quality, value, or condition of something.
Collocation: risk assessment
Example: The team completed a risk assessment before entering the cave.
Карта 14
Въпрос
combination
Отговор
Meaning: Two or more things joined or used together.
Collocation: combination of factors
Example: A combination of factors shaped the city's growth.
Карта 15
Въпрос
assumption
Отговор
Meaning: An idea accepted as true without complete proof.
Collocation: underlying assumption
Example: The model's underlying assumption is that demand remains stable.
Карта 16
Въпрос
balance
Отговор
Meaning: A state in which competing factors have suitable proportions.
Collocation: achieve a balance
Example: The policy tries to achieve a balance between access and conservation.
Карта 17
Въпрос
awareness
Отговор
Meaning: Knowledge or understanding that a situation or issue exists.
Collocation: raise awareness
Example: The campaign raised awareness of preventable water waste.
Карта 18
Въпрос
consequence
Отговор
Meaning: A result that follows from an action or condition.
Collocation: unintended consequence
Example: Higher rents were an unintended consequence of the redevelopment plan.
Карта 19
Въпрос
concept
Отговор
Meaning: A general idea used to understand or organize something.
Collocation: abstract concept
Example: The diagram makes the abstract concept easier to understand.
Карта 20
Въпрос
conclusion
Отговор
Meaning: A judgment reached after considering evidence or reasoning.
Collocation: draw a conclusion
Example: The sample was too small to draw a firm conclusion.
Карта 21
Въпрос
benefit
Отговор
Meaning: A helpful or favorable result.
Collocation: long-term benefit
Example: Better insulation provides a long-term benefit by reducing energy use.
Карта 22
Въпрос
bias
Отговор
Meaning: A systematic tendency or error that can distort judgment, sampling, or results.
Collocation: selection bias
Example: Selection bias may occur if only frequent users answer the survey.
Карта 23
Въпрос
decline
Отговор
Meaning: A gradual decrease in amount, quality, or importance.
Collocation: sharp decline
Example: The records show a sharp decline in fish populations after 1990.
Карта 24
Въпрос
classification
Отговор
Meaning: The process or system of arranging things into groups.
Collocation: classification system
Example: The new classification system groups plants by shared genetic features.
Карта 25
Въпрос
condition
Отговор
Meaning: A circumstance that affects how something happens or exists.
Collocation: controlled condition
Example: Each seedling grew under the same controlled conditions.
Карта 26
Въпрос
contradiction
Отговор
Meaning: A conflict between statements, ideas, or results that cannot both be true.
Collocation: apparent contradiction
Example: Further testing resolved the apparent contradiction between the two findings.
Карта 27
Въпрос
challenge
Отговор
Meaning: A difficult problem or task that requires effort to solve.
Collocation: major challenge
Example: Limited storage remains a major challenge for renewable energy systems.
Карта 28
Въпрос
development
Отговор
Meaning: The process of growing, changing, or becoming more advanced.
Collocation: economic development
Example: The railway accelerated economic development across the region.
Карта 29
Въпрос
data
Отговор
Meaning: Facts, measurements, or observations collected for analysis.
Collocation: collect data
Example: Researchers collected data from weather stations across the island.
Карта 30
Въпрос
comparison
Отговор
Meaning: An examination of how two or more things are alike or different.
Collocation: direct comparison
Example: A direct comparison showed that the two methods produced similar results.
Карта 31
Въпрос
criterion
Отговор
Meaning: A standard used to judge or decide something.
Collocation: selection criterion
Example: Research experience was one selection criterion for the program.
Карта 32
Въпрос
construction
Отговор
Meaning: The process of building something or forming an idea.
Collocation: social construction
Example: The lecture examined identity as a social construction.
Карта 33
Въпрос
effect
Отговор
Meaning: A change produced by a cause.
Collocation: measurable effect
Example: The treatment had a measurable effect on plant growth.
Карта 34
Въпрос
choice
Отговор
Meaning: An act or possibility of selecting among options.
Collocation: informed choice
Example: Clear labels help consumers make an informed choice.
Карта 35
Въпрос
definition
Отговор
Meaning: A statement that explains the exact meaning of a word or concept.
Collocation: precise definition
Example: The report begins with a precise definition of food security.
Карта 36
Въпрос
complexity
Отговор
Meaning: The state of having many connected parts or difficult features.
Collocation: growing complexity
Example: The model captures the growing complexity of urban transport networks.
Карта 37
Въпрос
criticism
Отговор
Meaning: A judgment that identifies faults or weaknesses.
Collocation: face criticism
Example: The proposal faced criticism for excluding rural communities.
Карта 38
Въпрос
constraint
Отговор
Meaning: A limit that restricts what can be done.
Collocation: financial constraint
Example: Financial constraints reduced the size of the field study.
Карта 39
Въпрос
evolution
Отговор
Meaning: Gradual development or change over time, especially across generations.
Collocation: cultural evolution
Example: Written records offer clues about the cultural evolution of the region.
Карта 40
Въпрос
evidence
Отговор
Meaning: Information that supports or challenges a claim.
Collocation: strong evidence
Example: Ice cores provide strong evidence of past temperature changes.
Карта 41
Въпрос
compromise
Отговор
Meaning: An agreement in which each side accepts less than it originally wanted.
Collocation: reach a compromise
Example: The two agencies reached a compromise on water use.
Карта 42
Въпрос
circumstance
Отговор
Meaning: A fact or condition that shapes a situation.
Collocation: unusual circumstance
Example: Under normal circumstances, the reaction takes less than a minute.
Карта 43
Въпрос
debate
Отговор
Meaning: A serious discussion in which different views on an issue are considered.
Collocation: ongoing debate
Example: The discovery renewed the ongoing debate about early migration routes.
Карта 44
Въпрос
expansion
Отговор
Meaning: An increase in size, range, or activity.
Collocation: rapid expansion
Example: Rapid expansion of the city replaced much of the surrounding farmland.
Карта 45
Въпрос
evaluation
Отговор
Meaning: A systematic judgment of quality, effectiveness, or value.
Collocation: program evaluation
Example: The program evaluation included interviews with teachers and students.
Карта 46
Въпрос
contrast
Отговор
Meaning: A clear difference between two or more things.
Collocation: sharp contrast
Example: The dry interior stands in sharp contrast to the wet coast.
Карта 47
Въпрос
commitment
Отговор
Meaning: A firm promise or continuing dedication to an aim.
Collocation: long-term commitment
Example: Restoring the forest requires a long-term commitment from local agencies.
Карта 48
Въпрос
content
Отговор
Meaning: The information, ideas, or material contained in something.
Collocation: course content
Example: The instructor revised the course content to include recent research.
Карта 49
Въпрос
factor
Отговор
Meaning: One element that helps produce a result.
Collocation: contributing factor
Example: Access to clean water was a contributing factor in the health improvement.
Карта 50
Въпрос
experiment
Отговор
Meaning: A controlled test designed to investigate a question.
Collocation: laboratory experiment
Example: The laboratory experiment tested how temperature affects the reaction.
Карта 51
Въпрос
correlation
Отговор
Meaning: A relationship in which two variables change together.
Collocation: positive correlation
Example: The data show a positive correlation between practice time and accuracy.
Карта 52
Въпрос
explanation
Отговор
Meaning: A statement that makes a fact, process, or reason clear.
Collocation: plausible explanation
Example: Changes in rainfall offer a plausible explanation for the migration.
Карта 53
Въпрос
control
Отговор
Meaning: The power or method used to direct, limit, or keep something stable.
Collocation: quality control
Example: Strict quality control reduced errors in the manufacturing process.
Карта 54
Въпрос
communication
Отговор
Meaning: The exchange of information, ideas, or feelings.
Collocation: effective communication
Example: Effective communication helped the research teams coordinate their work.
Карта 55
Въпрос
finding
Отговор
Meaning: A result discovered through research or investigation.
Collocation: key finding
Example: A key finding was that small wetlands support many species.
Карта 56
Въпрос
growth
Отговор
Meaning: An increase in size, amount, or development.
Collocation: population growth
Example: Population growth increased demand for public transport.
Карта 57
Въпрос
implication
Отговор
Meaning: A likely consequence or meaning that is suggested rather than stated.
Collocation: practical implication
Example: The finding has a practical implication for classroom design.
Карта 58
Въпрос
dimension
Отговор
Meaning: One aspect or feature of a situation or system.
Collocation: social dimension
Example: The report adds a social dimension to the economic analysis.
Карта 59
Въпрос
difference
Отговор
Meaning: A way in which two or more things are not the same.
Collocation: significant difference
Example: The trial found no significant difference between the two treatments.
Карта 60
Въпрос
community
Отговор
Meaning: A group of people connected by place, identity, or shared interests.
Collocation: local community
Example: The local community helped design the coastal protection plan.
Карта 61
Въпрос
hypothesis
Отговор
Meaning: A testable proposed explanation for an observation.
Collocation: test a hypothesis
Example: The researchers designed an experiment to test their hypothesis.
Карта 62
Въпрос
insight
Отговор
Meaning: A clear and useful understanding of a complex issue.
Collocation: valuable insight
Example: The interviews provided valuable insight into students' study habits.
Карта 63
Въпрос
element
Отговор
Meaning: A basic part of a larger whole.
Collocation: essential element
Example: Trust is an essential element of successful cooperation.
Карта 64
Въпрос
difficulty
Отговор
Meaning: A problem or condition that makes something hard to do or understand.
Collocation: practical difficulty
Example: Recruiting enough participants created a practical difficulty for the study.
Карта 65
Въпрос
conflict
Отговор
Meaning: A serious disagreement or clash between interests, ideas, or groups.
Collocation: conflict of interest
Example: Reviewers must disclose any conflict of interest.
Карта 66
Въпрос
impact
Отговор
Meaning: A strong effect on a situation, system, or person.
Collocation: environmental impact
Example: The assessment considered the dam's environmental impact.
Карта 67
Въпрос
investigation
Отговор
Meaning: A systematic search for facts or causes.
Collocation: detailed investigation
Example: A detailed investigation traced the contamination to a damaged pipe.
Карта 68
Въпрос
interpretation
Отговор
Meaning: An explanation of the meaning or importance of something.
Collocation: alternative interpretation
Example: The historian offered an alternative interpretation of the treaty.
Карта 69
Въпрос
disadvantage
Отговор
Meaning: A condition or feature that makes success less likely.
Collocation: major disadvantage
Example: High maintenance costs are a major disadvantage of the older system.
Карта 70
Въпрос
formation
Отговор
Meaning: The process by which something develops or takes shape.
Collocation: cloud formation
Example: Air temperature influences cloud formation above the mountains.
Карта 71
Въпрос
improvement
Отговор
Meaning: A change that makes something better.
Collocation: marked improvement
Example: The second trial showed a marked improvement in accuracy.
Карта 72
Въпрос
consensus
Отговор
Meaning: General agreement among members of a group.
Collocation: broad consensus
Example: Scientists reached a broad consensus after reviewing the new evidence.
Карта 73
Въпрос
literature
Отговор
Meaning: Published research and writing about a subject.
Collocation: existing literature
Example: The review compares the new results with the existing literature.
Карта 74
Въпрос
logic
Отговор
Meaning: A system of reasoning that connects ideas and conclusions.
Collocation: underlying logic
Example: The lecturer explained the underlying logic of the classification scheme.
Карта 75
Въпрос
form
Отговор
Meaning: The structure, type, or visible shape that something takes.
Collocation: common form
Example: Oral history is a common form of evidence in community research.
Карта 76
Въпрос
distinction
Отговор
Meaning: A meaningful difference between similar things or ideas.
Collocation: clear distinction
Example: The article makes a clear distinction between weather and climate.
Карта 77
Въпрос
increase
Отговор
Meaning: A rise in amount, size, number, or intensity.
Collocation: substantial increase
Example: The region recorded a substantial increase in winter rainfall.
Карта 78
Въпрос
convention
Отговор
Meaning: A widely accepted way of behaving, writing, or doing something.
Collocation: academic convention
Example: Citing sources is a basic academic convention.
Карта 79
Въпрос
method
Отговор
Meaning: An organized way of doing or studying something.
Collocation: research method
Example: Interviews were the main research method used in the project.
Карта 80
Въпрос
function
Отговор
Meaning: The purpose or activity for which something exists.
Collocation: primary function
Example: The wetland's primary function is to store and filter water.
Карта 81
Въпрос
notion
Отговор
Meaning: An idea or belief about something.
Collocation: traditional notion
Example: The discovery challenged the traditional notion that the region was isolated.
Карта 82
Въпрос
influence
Отговор
Meaning: The power to affect a person, process, or outcome.
Collocation: strong influence
Example: Ocean currents have a strong influence on the island's climate.
Карта 83
Въпрос
culture
Отговор
Meaning: The shared beliefs, practices, arts, and ways of life of a group.
Collocation: academic culture
Example: The university's academic culture encouraged open debate.
Карта 84
Въпрос
diversity
Отговор
Meaning: The presence of many different types within a group or system.
Collocation: biological diversity
Example: Habitat loss threatens the island's biological diversity.
Карта 85
Въпрос
model
Отговор
Meaning: A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system.
Collocation: climate model
Example: The climate model predicts drier summers in the southern region.
Карта 86
Въпрос
integration
Отговор
Meaning: The process of combining parts into a connected whole.
Collocation: social integration
Example: Shared public spaces can support social integration in new neighborhoods.
Карта 87
Въпрос
progress
Отговор
Meaning: Movement toward a goal or a more developed state.
Collocation: make progress
Example: The restoration team made steady progress despite heavy rain.
Карта 88
Въпрос
perspective
Отговор
Meaning: A particular way of understanding or viewing an issue.
Collocation: historical perspective
Example: A historical perspective helps explain the current border dispute.
Карта 89
Въпрос
decision
Отговор
Meaning: A choice made after considering available options.
Collocation: policy decision
Example: The policy decision followed months of public consultation.
Карта 90
Въпрос
effectiveness
Отговор
Meaning: The degree to which something achieves its intended result.
Collocation: evaluate effectiveness
Example: The trial evaluated the effectiveness of the new teaching method.
Карта 91
Въпрос
observation
Отговор
Meaning: The act of carefully watching or measuring something to gather information.
Collocation: direct observation
Example: Direct observation confirmed that the birds feed at dawn.
Карта 92
Въпрос
interaction
Отговор
Meaning: A process in which two or more things affect one another.
Collocation: complex interaction
Example: Soil quality depends on a complex interaction of water, minerals, and organisms.
Карта 93
Въпрос
proposition
Отговор
Meaning: A statement or idea offered for consideration or testing.
Collocation: central proposition
Example: The essay tests the central proposition against three historical cases.
Карта 94
Въпрос
discrimination
Отговор
Meaning: Unfair treatment based on a person's group or perceived characteristics.
Collocation: employment discrimination
Example: The study examined how employment discrimination affects income.
Карта 95
Въпрос
exception
Отговор
Meaning: A case that does not follow a general rule or pattern.
Collocation: notable exception
Example: Most species migrated south, with one notable exception.
Карта 96
Въпрос
reduction
Отговор
Meaning: A decrease in size, amount, or degree.
Collocation: significant reduction
Example: The insulation produced a significant reduction in energy use.
Карта 97
Въпрос
participant
Отговор
Meaning: A person who takes part in an activity or study.
Collocation: study participant
Example: Each study participant completed the same questionnaire.
Карта 98
Въпрос
reason
Отговор
Meaning: A cause, explanation, or basis for an action or belief.
Collocation: main reason
Example: Lower cost was the main reason for choosing the second material.
Карта 99
Въпрос
environment
Отговор
Meaning: The natural or social surroundings in which something exists.
Collocation: learning environment
Example: Flexible seating changed the classroom's learning environment.
Карта 100
Въпрос
link
Отговор
Meaning: A connection between people, ideas, events, or parts of a system.
Collocation: establish a link
Example: The study established a link between soil moisture and seed survival.
Карта 101
Въпрос
rise
Отговор
Meaning: An increase in amount, level, or importance.
Collocation: steady rise
Example: The records show a steady rise in average sea temperature.
Карта 102
Въпрос
limit
Отговор
Meaning: The greatest amount, extent, or level that is allowed or possible.
Collocation: upper limit
Example: The instrument has an upper limit beyond which readings are unreliable.
Карта 103
Въпрос
reasoning
Отговор
Meaning: The process of using facts and logic to reach a judgment.
Collocation: logical reasoning
Example: The solution requires logical reasoning rather than memorization.
Карта 104
Въпрос
procedure
Отговор
Meaning: An established series of steps for doing something.
Collocation: standard procedure
Example: Each laboratory followed the same standard procedure.
Карта 105
Въпрос
maintenance
Отговор
Meaning: Work that keeps a system, condition, or structure functioning.
Collocation: routine maintenance
Example: Routine maintenance extended the bridge's useful life.
Карта 106
Въпрос
establishment
Отговор
Meaning: The act of creating an organization, system, or lasting condition.
Collocation: establishment of a network
Example: The establishment of a monitoring network improved storm warnings.
Карта 107
Въпрос
shift
Отговор
Meaning: A change in position, direction, emphasis, or opinion.
Collocation: major shift
Example: The findings prompted a major shift in conservation policy.
Карта 108
Въпрос
limitation
Отговор
Meaning: A restriction or weakness that affects what is possible or reliable.
Collocation: major limitation
Example: The study's major limitation was its short observation period.
Карта 109
Въпрос
research
Отговор
Meaning: Systematic study intended to establish facts or develop understanding.
Collocation: conduct research
Example: The team conducted research on low-cost water filters.
Карта 110
Въпрос
medium
Отговор
Meaning: A channel or material through which information or an effect is carried.
Collocation: communication medium
Example: Radio remained an important communication medium in remote areas.
Карта 111
Въпрос
relevance
Отговор
Meaning: The degree to which something relates to the matter being considered.
Collocation: practical relevance
Example: The lecturer explained the theory's practical relevance to urban planning.
Карта 112
Въпрос
identity
Отговор
Meaning: The qualities, beliefs, or affiliations that define a person or group.
Collocation: cultural identity
Example: Language played a central role in the community's cultural identity.
Карта 113
Въпрос
likelihood
Отговор
Meaning: The degree to which something is likely to happen.
Collocation: reduce the likelihood
Example: Early detection can reduce the likelihood of a larger outbreak.
Карта 114
Въпрос
transition
Отговор
Meaning: The process of changing from one state or system to another.
Collocation: gradual transition
Example: The region made a gradual transition from coal to renewable energy.
Карта 115
Въпрос
sample
Отговор
Meaning: A smaller group or amount selected to represent a larger whole.
Collocation: representative sample
Example: The survey used a representative sample of households from each district.
Карта 116
Въпрос
theory
Отговор
Meaning: A well-supported explanation that connects facts or observations.
Collocation: scientific theory
Example: New observations strengthened the scientific theory rather than replacing it.
Карта 117
Въпрос
institution
Отговор
Meaning: An established organization or social system with a public role.
Collocation: educational institution
Example: Each educational institution set its own admission policy.
Карта 118
Въпрос
mode
Отговор
Meaning: A particular way in which something happens or operates.
Collocation: mode of transport
Example: Cycling became the preferred mode of transport for short trips.
Карта 119
Въпрос
possibility
Отговор
Meaning: A chance that something may exist or happen.
Collocation: explore the possibility
Example: The team explored the possibility of reusing wastewater.
Карта 120
Въпрос
trend
Отговор
Meaning: A general direction in which a situation is changing.
Collocation: long-term trend
Example: A single cold year did not reverse the long-term warming trend.
Карта 121
Въпрос
viewpoint
Отговор
Meaning: A particular opinion or position from which an issue is considered.
Collocation: opposing viewpoint
Example: The seminar required students to address an opposing viewpoint fairly.
Карта 122
Въпрос
intervention
Отговор
Meaning: An action taken to change a situation or prevent a problem.
Collocation: early intervention
Example: Early intervention helped prevent minor reading difficulties from growing.
Карта 123
Въпрос
network
Отговор
Meaning: A connected system of people, places, or components.
Collocation: transport network
Example: The new rail line connected two previously isolated towns to the regional transport network.
Карта 124
Въпрос
scale
Отговор
Meaning: The size, extent, or level at which something occurs or is measured.
Collocation: large scale
Example: Producing the material on a large scale requires less energy than expected.
Карта 125
Въпрос
variation
Отговор
Meaning: A difference or change within a group, range, or pattern.
Collocation: regional variation
Example: The map shows regional variation in annual rainfall.
Карта 126
Въпрос
potential
Отговор
Meaning: The capacity to develop, happen, or become useful in the future.
Collocation: considerable potential
Example: The coastal winds have considerable potential for electricity generation.
Карта 127
Въпрос
claim
Отговор
Meaning: A statement that something is true, often requiring evidence.
Collocation: support a claim
Example: The author used census records to support the claim.
Карта 128
Въпрос
majority
Отговор
Meaning: More than half of a group or amount.
Collocation: clear majority
Example: A clear majority of respondents preferred the quieter route.
Карта 129
Въпрос
operation
Отговор
Meaning: The process of working or the way a system functions.
Collocation: normal operation
Example: The backup battery keeps the sensor in normal operation during outages.
Карта 130
Въпрос
statistics
Отговор
Meaning: Numerical facts collected and analyzed to describe a group or situation.
Collocation: official statistics
Example: Official statistics show a decline in household energy use.
Карта 131
Въпрос
affect
Отговор
Meaning: To produce a change in someone or something.
Collocation: significantly affect
Example: Soil acidity can significantly affect nutrient availability.
Карта 132
Въпрос
proportion
Отговор
Meaning: A part or share of a whole, often expressed as a fraction or percentage.
Collocation: large proportion
Example: A large proportion of the city's water comes from underground sources.
Карта 133
Въпрос
minority
Отговор
Meaning: A group or amount that forms less than half of a larger whole.
Collocation: small minority
Example: Only a small minority of participants left the study early.
Карта 134
Въпрос
outcome
Отговор
Meaning: The final result of a process, event, or action.
Collocation: learning outcome
Example: Regular feedback improved the course's main learning outcome.
Карта 135
Въпрос
clarify
Отговор
Meaning: To make an idea, statement, or situation easier to understand.
Collocation: clarify the distinction
Example: The final section clarifies the distinction between correlation and cause.
Карта 136
Въпрос
alter
Отговор
Meaning: To change something, usually without replacing it completely.
Collocation: substantially alter
Example: A new dam could substantially alter the river's seasonal flow.
Карта 137
Въпрос
survey
Отговор
Meaning: A study that systematically collects information, often from a sample of people.
Collocation: national survey
Example: A national survey measured changes in commuting habits.
Карта 138
Въпрос
quality
Отговор
Meaning: The degree of excellence or a distinguishing feature of something.
Collocation: data quality
Example: Missing observations reduced the overall quality of the data.
Карта 139
Въпрос
motivation
Отговор
Meaning: The reason or desire that drives someone to act.
Collocation: strong motivation
Example: Curiosity was her strongest motivation for joining the research team.
Карта 140
Въпрос
output
Отговор
Meaning: The amount or product generated by a person, machine, or system.
Collocation: energy output
Example: Cloud cover reduced the panels' energy output.
Карта 141
Въпрос
cite
Отговор
Meaning: To name a source or example as evidence or authority.
Collocation: cite a source
Example: The report cites a recent study of coastal erosion.
Карта 142
Въпрос
technique
Отговор
Meaning: A specific skill or way of carrying out a task.
Collocation: sampling technique
Example: The team used a new sampling technique to collect deep-water organisms.
Карта 143
Въпрос
range
Отговор
Meaning: The full set or span of possible values, types, or choices.
Collocation: wide range
Example: The library holds a wide range of regional newspapers.
Карта 144
Въпрос
arise
Отговор
Meaning: To begin to exist or become noticeable.
Collocation: problems arise
Example: Problems may arise when the two databases use different definitions.
Карта 145
Въпрос
norm
Отговор
Meaning: A standard or expected pattern of behavior within a group.
Collocation: social norm
Example: Remote work changed the social norm of daily office attendance.
Карта 146
Въпрос
pattern
Отговор
Meaning: A repeated or regular arrangement, behavior, or trend.
Collocation: consistent pattern
Example: The interviews revealed a consistent pattern of delayed enrollment.
Карта 147
Въпрос
conclude
Отговор
Meaning: To reach a judgment after considering evidence.
Collocation: conclude that
Example: The researchers concluded that both habitats supported similar populations.
Карта 148
Въпрос
validity
Отговор
Meaning: The degree to which a method measures what it should or an inference is well supported.
Collocation: assess validity
Example: A second experiment helped assess the validity of the original result.
Карта 149
Въпрос
rate
Отговор
Meaning: A measure of how often or how quickly something happens.
Collocation: growth rate
Example: The seedlings had a slower growth rate in colder soil.
Карта 150
Въпрос
develop
Отговор
Meaning: To grow, change, or make something more advanced over time.
Collocation: develop a method
Example: Engineers developed a method for recycling the damaged material.
300 карти
Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
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Карта 151
Въпрос
process
Отговор
Meaning: A connected series of actions or changes that produces a result.
Collocation: decision-making process
Example: Residents took part in every stage of the decision-making process.
Карта 152
Въпрос
demonstrate
Отговор
Meaning: To show clearly through evidence, reasoning, or an example.
Collocation: demonstrate a relationship
Example: The results demonstrate a relationship between shade and soil moisture.
Карта 153
Въпрос
opportunity
Отговор
Meaning: A favorable situation that makes an action or achievement possible.
Collocation: equal opportunity
Example: The scholarship gave rural students an equal opportunity to attend the course.
Карта 154
Въпрос
significance
Отговор
Meaning: The importance or practical meaning of something.
Collocation: practical significance
Example: The small difference had little practical significance for patients.
Карта 155
Въпрос
analyze
Отговор
Meaning: To examine something carefully by separating it into parts.
Collocation: analyze data
Example: The researchers analyzed the data before drawing a conclusion.
Карта 156
Въпрос
diminish
Отговор
Meaning: To become or make something smaller, weaker, or less important.
Collocation: gradually diminish
Example: The sound gradually diminished as the storm moved inland.
Карта 157
Въпрос
describe
Отговор
Meaning: To state the features, appearance, or course of something in words.
Collocation: describe a process
Example: The report describes the process used to restore the wetland.
Карта 158
Въпрос
policy
Отговор
Meaning: An agreed plan or principle used to guide decisions.
Collocation: public policy
Example: The findings influenced public policy on building insulation.
Карта 159
Въпрос
similarity
Отговор
Meaning: A feature or degree of being alike.
Collocation: striking similarity
Example: The two languages share a striking similarity in sentence structure.
Карта 160
Въпрос
assess
Отговор
Meaning: To judge the quality, importance, or condition of something.
Collocation: assess the impact
Example: The team assessed the impact of tourism on nesting birds.
Карта 161
Въпрос
emerge
Отговор
Meaning: To become visible, known, or important.
Collocation: new evidence emerges
Example: A different explanation emerged after the fossils were dated.
Карта 162
Въпрос
production
Отговор
Meaning: The process of creating goods, energy, or other output.
Collocation: food production
Example: Improved irrigation increased food production during dry years.
Карта 163
Въпрос
population
Отговор
Meaning: All people or organisms of a defined group or area.
Collocation: study population
Example: The study population included adults from four coastal towns.
Карта 164
Въпрос
discuss
Отговор
Meaning: To examine an issue in speech or writing by considering its details.
Collocation: discuss the findings
Example: The final chapter discusses the findings in relation to earlier research.
Карта 165
Въпрос
standard
Отговор
Meaning: An accepted level or rule used to judge quality or performance.
Collocation: meet a standard
Example: Every sample had to meet the same purity standard.
Карта 166
Въпрос
enhance
Отговор
Meaning: To improve the quality, value, or strength of something.
Collocation: enhance understanding
Example: The interactive map enhanced students' understanding of migration routes.
Карта 167
Въпрос
classify
Отговор
Meaning: To arrange things into groups based on shared features.
Collocation: classify species
Example: Biologists classified the species by examining their genetic differences.
Карта 168
Въпрос
property
Отговор
Meaning: A characteristic or quality that something possesses.
Collocation: physical property
Example: Flexibility is a useful physical property of the new material.
Карта 169
Въпрос
practice
Отговор
Meaning: A customary or repeated way of doing something.
Collocation: common practice
Example: Rotating crops became common practice among local farmers.
Карта 170
Въпрос
tolerance
Отговор
Meaning: The ability of an organism, material, or system to endure a condition without failing.
Collocation: heat tolerance
Example: The experiment measured each plant's heat tolerance.
Карта 171
Въпрос
evolve
Отговор
Meaning: To develop gradually over time.
Collocation: gradually evolve
Example: The trade network gradually evolved into a formal market system.
Карта 172
Въпрос
conduct
Отговор
Meaning: To organize and carry out an activity or study.
Collocation: conduct an experiment
Example: The students conducted an experiment under controlled conditions.
Карта 173
Въпрос
relationship
Отговор
Meaning: The way in which two or more things are connected.
Collocation: causal relationship
Example: The data alone cannot establish a causal relationship.
Карта 174
Въпрос
exemplify
Отговор
Meaning: To serve as a clear example of an idea or quality.
Collocation: exemplify a trend
Example: The renovated station exemplifies the trend toward mixed-use design.
Карта 175
Въпрос
protection
Отговор
Meaning: Action taken to keep someone or something safe from harm.
Collocation: environmental protection
Example: The law strengthened environmental protection around the wetland.
Карта 176
Въпрос
expand
Отговор
Meaning: To become or make something larger in size, range, or detail.
Collocation: expand access
Example: The university expanded access to its digital archive.
Карта 177
Въпрос
value
Отговор
Meaning: The importance or usefulness of something.
Collocation: practical value
Example: The simple method has practical value in laboratories with limited equipment.
Карта 178
Въпрос
resource
Отговор
Meaning: A supply, asset, or source of support that can be used.
Collocation: natural resource
Example: Fresh water is a limited natural resource on the island.
Карта 179
Въпрос
explain
Отговор
Meaning: To make an idea, fact, or cause clear by giving details.
Collocation: explain a result
Example: Differences in soil depth may explain the result.
Карта 180
Въпрос
define
Отговор
Meaning: To state the exact meaning, limits, or essential character of something.
Collocation: clearly define
Example: The authors clearly define what they mean by sustainable growth.
Карта 181
Въпрос
provision
Отговор
Meaning: The act of supplying something that people need.
Collocation: service provision
Example: The reform improved service provision in remote districts.
Карта 182
Въпрос
variety
Отговор
Meaning: A collection or range of different types.
Collocation: wide variety
Example: The reef supports a wide variety of marine organisms.
Карта 183
Въпрос
scope
Отговор
Meaning: The range of subjects, activities, or possibilities covered.
Collocation: limited scope
Example: The study's limited scope excludes private transportation.
Карта 184
Въпрос
generate
Отговор
Meaning: To produce or create something.
Collocation: generate electricity
Example: The turbines generate electricity during periods of strong wind.
Карта 185
Въпрос
formulate
Отговор
Meaning: To develop and express an idea, plan, or theory carefully.
Collocation: formulate a hypothesis
Example: The observations helped the students formulate a testable hypothesis.
Карта 186
Въпрос
design
Отговор
Meaning: To plan the structure, method, or appearance of something.
Collocation: design a study
Example: The team designed a study that compared three teaching methods.
Карта 187
Въпрос
requirement
Отговор
Meaning: Something that is necessary or officially demanded.
Collocation: legal requirement
Example: Public reporting is a legal requirement for the agency.
Карта 188
Въпрос
compare
Отговор
Meaning: To examine things to identify similarities and differences.
Collocation: compare results
Example: The researchers compared results from urban and rural schools.
Карта 189
Въпрос
section
Отговор
Meaning: A distinct part of a larger whole, text, or organization.
Collocation: final section
Example: The final section considers the study's limitations.
Карта 190
Въпрос
highlight
Отговор
Meaning: To draw attention to something important.
Collocation: highlight a difference
Example: The map highlights the difference between summer and winter rainfall.
Карта 191
Въпрос
determine
Отговор
Meaning: To discover, establish, or decide something through evidence or calculation.
Collocation: determine the cause
Example: Further testing was needed to determine the cause of the failure.
Карта 192
Въпрос
improve
Отговор
Meaning: To make or become better in quality or performance.
Collocation: improve accuracy
Example: Repeated calibration improved the sensor's accuracy.
Карта 193
Въпрос
resistance
Отговор
Meaning: Opposition to a change, idea, or policy.
Collocation: resistance to change
Example: Resistance to change slowed the introduction of the new system.
Карта 194
Въпрос
differ
Отговор
Meaning: To be unlike or distinct from something else.
Collocation: differ significantly
Example: The two groups did not differ significantly in age.
Карта 195
Въпрос
separation
Отговор
Meaning: The state or process of dividing or keeping things apart.
Collocation: physical separation
Example: Physical separation prevented the two chemicals from reacting.
Карта 196
Въпрос
illustrate
Отговор
Meaning: To make an idea clear by giving an example, image, or comparison.
Collocation: illustrate a point
Example: The author uses a coastal town to illustrate the broader point.
Карта 197
Въпрос
induce
Отговор
Meaning: To cause a particular state, response, or change.
Collocation: induce a response
Example: The light signal induced a measurable response in the cells.
Карта 198
Въпрос
evaluate
Отговор
Meaning: To judge quality, effectiveness, or value using evidence or criteria.
Collocation: evaluate performance
Example: The committee evaluated the program's performance after one year.
Карта 199
Въпрос
resolution
Отговор
Meaning: A solution or settlement that ends a problem or conflict.
Collocation: peaceful resolution
Example: Mediation led to a peaceful resolution of the land dispute.
Карта 200
Въпрос
series
Отговор
Meaning: A number of related events, items, or values arranged in order.
Collocation: series of experiments
Example: A series of experiments tested the material under different pressures.
Карта 201
Въпрос
differentiate
Отговор
Meaning: To recognize, show, or create a difference between things.
Collocation: differentiate between
Example: The test can differentiate between the two closely related minerals.
Карта 202
Въпрос
initiate
Отговор
Meaning: To cause a process or action to begin.
Collocation: initiate a process
Example: A temperature change initiates the chemical process.
Карта 203
Въпрос
examine
Отговор
Meaning: To inspect or consider something carefully.
Collocation: examine evidence
Example: The committee examined evidence from several independent sources.
Карта 204
Въпрос
imply
Отговор
Meaning: To suggest something without stating it directly.
Collocation: results imply
Example: The results imply that water reached the valley earlier than expected.
Карта 205
Въпрос
risk
Отговор
Meaning: The possibility of harm, loss, or an unwanted result.
Collocation: reduce risk
Example: Restoring vegetation can reduce the risk of soil erosion.
Карта 206
Въпрос
structure
Отговор
Meaning: The arrangement of parts within a whole.
Collocation: social structure
Example: Trade changed the social structure of the port city.
Карта 207
Въпрос
lead
Отговор
Meaning: To cause or contribute to a particular result.
Collocation: lead to
Example: Prolonged drought can lead to lower crop yields.
Карта 208
Въпрос
identify
Отговор
Meaning: To recognize and name a person, thing, feature, or cause.
Collocation: identify a pattern
Example: The software identified a pattern in the satellite images.
Карта 209
Въпрос
distinguish
Отговор
Meaning: To recognize or show the difference between things.
Collocation: distinguish between
Example: The analysis distinguishes between temporary variation and a lasting trend.
Карта 210
Въпрос
interpret
Отговор
Meaning: To explain or understand the meaning of information or evidence.
Collocation: interpret the results
Example: Researchers interpreted the results cautiously because the sample was small.
Карта 211
Въпрос
role
Отговор
Meaning: The function or expected part that someone or something has in a situation.
Collocation: play a role
Example: Local knowledge played a central role in the recovery plan.
Карта 212
Въпрос
system
Отговор
Meaning: A set of connected parts that work together.
Collocation: complex system
Example: A coral reef is a complex system of interacting organisms.
Карта 213
Въпрос
investigate
Отговор
Meaning: To examine a question or problem systematically to discover facts.
Collocation: investigate a cause
Example: Engineers investigated the cause of the structural failure.
Карта 214
Въпрос
reduce
Отговор
Meaning: To make something smaller in amount, size, or degree.
Collocation: reduce emissions
Example: Electric buses can reduce emissions on crowded routes.
Карта 215
Въпрос
outline
Отговор
Meaning: To present the main points or structure without every detail.
Collocation: outline an approach
Example: The introduction outlines the approach used in the study.
Карта 216
Въпрос
exceed
Отговор
Meaning: To be greater than a number, limit, or expectation.
Collocation: exceed a limit
Example: Pollution levels exceeded the legal limit on three days.
Карта 217
Въпрос
unit
Отговор
Meaning: A single part, quantity, or group within a larger system.
Collocation: unit of measurement
Example: The meter is the standard unit of measurement used in the table.
Карта 218
Въпрос
society
Отговор
Meaning: A large community connected by shared institutions, relationships, and culture.
Collocation: modern society
Example: Reliable electricity shapes nearly every part of modern society.
Карта 219
Въпрос
reinforce
Отговор
Meaning: To make an idea, behavior, or structure stronger.
Collocation: reinforce a pattern
Example: Unequal funding can reinforce an existing pattern of regional inequality.
Карта 220
Въпрос
obtain
Отговор
Meaning: To get or acquire something through effort or a process.
Collocation: obtain data
Example: The team obtained data from six monitoring stations.
Карта 221
Въпрос
propose
Отговор
Meaning: To put forward an idea, plan, or explanation for consideration.
Collocation: propose a solution
Example: The authors propose a solution based on shared water storage.
Карта 222
Въпрос
restrict
Отговор
Meaning: To limit the size, range, movement, or availability of something.
Collocation: restrict access
Example: The archive restricts access to fragile original documents.
Карта 223
Въпрос
version
Отговор
Meaning: A particular form of something that differs from other forms of it.
Collocation: revised version
Example: The revised version of the model includes seasonal rainfall.
Карта 224
Въпрос
stimulate
Отговор
Meaning: To encourage activity, growth, or a response.
Collocation: stimulate growth
Example: Lower transport costs stimulated growth in regional trade.
Карта 225
Въпрос
strategy
Отговор
Meaning: A planned approach for achieving a long-term aim.
Collocation: effective strategy
Example: Water pricing was one part of the city's conservation strategy.
Карта 226
Въпрос
record
Отговор
Meaning: To store information in writing, images, measurements, or another lasting form.
Collocation: record observations
Example: Students recorded their observations at five-minute intervals.
Карта 227
Въпрос
prove
Отговор
Meaning: To establish that something is true through evidence or logical reasoning.
Collocation: prove a theorem
Example: The student used two earlier results to prove the theorem.
Карта 228
Въпрос
adequate
Отговор
Meaning: Sufficient for a particular purpose, though not necessarily excellent.
Collocation: adequate evidence
Example: The report did not provide adequate evidence for such a broad claim.
Карта 229
Въпрос
strengthen
Отговор
Meaning: To make something stronger, more effective, or more convincing.
Collocation: strengthen an argument
Example: Additional field data would strengthen the argument.
Карта 230
Въпрос
tradition
Отговор
Meaning: A belief or practice passed between generations.
Collocation: local tradition
Example: The festival preserves a local tradition of communal farming.
Карта 231
Въпрос
volume
Отговор
Meaning: The amount of something, especially material, flow, or activity.
Collocation: traffic volume
Example: Traffic volume fell after the new rail service opened.
Карта 232
Въпрос
select
Отговор
Meaning: To choose something carefully from a group of options.
Collocation: select a sample
Example: Researchers selected a sample from each age group.
Карта 233
Въпрос
appropriate
Отговор
Meaning: Suitable for a particular purpose, situation, or audience.
Collocation: appropriate method
Example: Interviews were an appropriate method for exploring personal experience.
Карта 234
Въпрос
quote
Отговор
Meaning: To repeat someone's exact words and identify their source.
Collocation: quote directly
Example: The essay quotes directly from the explorer's journal.
Карта 235
Въпрос
uncertainty
Отговор
Meaning: A lack of complete knowledge or confidence about what will happen.
Collocation: policy uncertainty
Example: Policy uncertainty delayed investment in new infrastructure.
Карта 236
Въпрос
sustain
Отговор
Meaning: To keep a process or condition continuing over time.
Collocation: sustain growth
Example: Limited water supplies cannot sustain rapid population growth.
Карта 237
Въпрос
combine
Отговор
Meaning: To join two or more things into one whole or shared action.
Collocation: combine methods
Example: The study combined interviews with direct observation.
Карта 238
Въпрос
complex
Отговор
Meaning: Made of many connected parts and therefore difficult to understand or manage.
Collocation: complex issue
Example: Water rights became a complex issue involving law, ecology, and local custom.
Карта 239
Въпрос
specify
Отговор
Meaning: To state something precisely and explicitly.
Collocation: specify the conditions
Example: The protocol specifies the conditions required for storage.
Карта 240
Въпрос
refer
Отговор
Meaning: To mention, direct attention to, or use a source of information.
Collocation: refer to evidence
Example: The author refers to archaeological evidence from the northern coast.
Карта 241
Въпрос
transform
Отговор
Meaning: To change something greatly in form, structure, or character.
Collocation: transform a system
Example: Digital records transformed the hospital's information system.
Карта 242
Въпрос
adopt
Отговор
Meaning: To begin using an idea, policy, or method.
Collocation: adopt a policy
Example: Several cities adopted a policy of free weekend transit.
Карта 243
Въпрос
consistent
Отговор
Meaning: Remaining in agreement, form, or quality across cases or time.
Collocation: consistent result
Example: The three laboratories reported consistent results.
Карта 244
Въпрос
study
Отговор
Meaning: To investigate or learn about a subject carefully.
Collocation: study a phenomenon
Example: The team studied the phenomenon under controlled conditions.
Карта 245
Въпрос
reflect
Отговор
Meaning: To show, express, or be a result of something.
Collocation: reflect a change
Example: The revised map reflects changes in the river's course.
Карта 246
Въпрос
comprise
Отговор
Meaning: To be made up of all the stated parts.
Collocation: comprise three sections
Example: The final report comprises three sections and an appendix.
Карта 247
Въпрос
vary
Отговор
Meaning: To differ or change across cases, places, or time.
Collocation: vary considerably
Example: Rainfall totals vary considerably across the island.
Карта 248
Въпрос
advocate
Отговор
Meaning: To publicly support a policy, idea, or course of action.
Collocation: advocate reform
Example: Several researchers advocated reform of the approval process.
Карта 249
Въпрос
systematic
Отговор
Meaning: Done according to an organized and consistent method.
Collocation: systematic review
Example: A systematic review compared evidence from forty studies.
Карта 250
Въпрос
critical
Отговор
Meaning: Essential to the success or outcome of something.
Collocation: critical factor
Example: Reliable storage is a critical factor in the vaccine program.
Карта 251
Въпрос
consist
Отговор
Meaning: To be made of particular parts or elements.
Collocation: consist of
Example: The sample consisted of soil from twelve sites.
Карта 252
Въпрос
state
Отговор
Meaning: To express something clearly in speech or writing.
Collocation: clearly state
Example: The introduction clearly states the study's main question.
Карта 253
Въпрос
allocate
Отговор
Meaning: To distribute money, time, or resources for a particular purpose.
Collocation: allocate resources
Example: The agency allocated more resources to preventive care.
Карта 254
Въпрос
yield
Отговор
Meaning: To produce a result or amount.
Collocation: yield results
Example: The second search yielded more reliable results.
Карта 255
Въпрос
equivalent
Отговор
Meaning: Equal in value, meaning, function, or effect.
Collocation: roughly equivalent
Example: The two measures produced roughly equivalent estimates.
Карта 256
Въпрос
constitute
Отговор
Meaning: To form or make up a whole or a stated share of it.
Collocation: constitute a majority
Example: Small businesses constitute a majority of employers in the district.
Карта 257
Въпрос
suggest
Отговор
Meaning: To offer an idea or indicate a possible conclusion without proving it.
Collocation: evidence suggests
Example: The evidence suggests that the settlement was occupied year-round.
Карта 258
Въпрос
experimental
Отговор
Meaning: Used to test a new idea or based on an experiment.
Collocation: experimental method
Example: The team used an experimental method to remove salt from the soil.
Карта 259
Въпрос
enable
Отговор
Meaning: To make an action or result possible.
Collocation: enable access
Example: Digital copies enabled access to records from remote towns.
Карта 260
Въпрос
excessive
Отговор
Meaning: Greater than is reasonable, necessary, or safe.
Collocation: excessive use
Example: Excessive use of fertilizer damaged nearby streams.
Карта 261
Въпрос
construct
Отговор
Meaning: To build or form something by joining parts.
Collocation: construct a model
Example: Students constructed a model of the river basin.
Карта 262
Въпрос
rapid
Отговор
Meaning: Happening or changing in a short time.
Collocation: rapid growth
Example: Rapid growth placed pressure on the city's water supply.
Карта 263
Въпрос
random
Отговор
Meaning: Chosen or occurring without a predictable pattern or deliberate selection.
Collocation: random sample
Example: The researchers drew a random sample from the full list of households.
Карта 264
Въпрос
summarize
Отговор
Meaning: To give the main points in a shorter form.
Collocation: summarize the findings
Example: The final paragraph summarizes the findings without adding new claims.
Карта 265
Въпрос
govern
Отговор
Meaning: To control, regulate, or determine how a group or process operates.
Collocation: rules govern
Example: Clear rules govern how the shared laboratory may be used.
Карта 266
Въпрос
contain
Отговор
Meaning: To have something inside or include it as a part.
Collocation: contain evidence
Example: The oldest layer contains evidence of repeated flooding.
Карта 267
Въпрос
relative
Отговор
Meaning: Considered in comparison with something else rather than alone.
Collocation: relative importance
Example: The study compares the relative importance of rainfall and soil type.
Карта 268
Въпрос
representative
Отговор
Meaning: Typical of a larger group and suitable for standing in for it.
Collocation: representative example
Example: The chosen village is a representative example of settlement along the river.
Карта 269
Въпрос
support
Отговор
Meaning: To provide evidence, strength, or assistance for something.
Collocation: support a conclusion
Example: The observations support the conclusion that the species is nocturnal.
Карта 270
Въпрос
progressive
Отговор
Meaning: Developing gradually through a series of stages.
Collocation: progressive decline
Example: The archive documents a progressive decline in the lake's water level.
Карта 271
Въпрос
convert
Отговор
Meaning: To change something from one form, function, or system into another.
Collocation: convert energy
Example: Solar cells convert light energy into electricity.
Карта 272
Въпрос
impose
Отговор
Meaning: To officially require a rule, limit, duty, or cost.
Collocation: impose restrictions
Example: The city imposed restrictions on construction near the shoreline.
Карта 273
Въпрос
significant
Отговор
Meaning: Large or important enough to matter.
Collocation: significant change
Example: The policy produced a significant change in weekday bus use.
Карта 274
Въпрос
explicit
Отговор
Meaning: Stated clearly and directly, with no need for inference.
Collocation: explicit statement
Example: The report makes an explicit statement about its data limitations.
Карта 275
Въпрос
scientific
Отговор
Meaning: Related to the systematic study of the natural or social world through evidence.
Collocation: scientific evidence
Example: The regulation was revised in response to new scientific evidence.
Карта 276
Въпрос
subsequent
Отговор
Meaning: Happening or existing after the event already mentioned.
Collocation: subsequent study
Example: A subsequent study repeated the test with a larger sample.
Карта 277
Въпрос
participate
Отговор
Meaning: To take part in an activity, process, or event.
Collocation: participate in research
Example: More than two hundred residents agreed to participate in the research.
Карта 278
Въпрос
correspond
Отговор
Meaning: To match, agree with, or be closely connected to something.
Collocation: correspond closely
Example: The tree-ring record corresponds closely with measured rainfall.
Карта 279
Въпрос
logical
Отговор
Meaning: Following a clear and valid pattern of reasoning.
Collocation: logical conclusion
Example: The evidence led to the logical conclusion that the river had changed course.
Карта 280
Въпрос
theoretical
Отговор
Meaning: Based on ideas or principles rather than direct observation or practical testing.
Collocation: theoretical model
Example: The observed pattern matched the theoretical model.
Карта 281
Въпрос
similar
Отговор
Meaning: Alike in important ways, though not identical.
Collocation: broadly similar
Example: The two regions have broadly similar rainfall patterns.
Карта 282
Въпрос
successive
Отговор
Meaning: Following one after another in a sequence.
Collocation: successive generations
Example: Successive generations adapted the building to new uses.
Карта 283
Въпрос
incorporate
Отговор
Meaning: To include something as part of a larger whole.
Collocation: incorporate feedback
Example: The revised plan incorporates feedback from local residents.
Карта 284
Въпрос
rational
Отговор
Meaning: Based on reason and evidence rather than impulse.
Collocation: rational explanation
Example: The apparent pattern has a rational explanation based on sampling methods.
Карта 285
Въпрос
accurately
Отговор
Meaning: In a way that is correct and free from important error.
Collocation: accurately measure
Example: The device can accurately measure very small changes in pressure.
Карта 286
Въпрос
sufficient
Отговор
Meaning: As much as is needed for a particular purpose.
Collocation: sufficient evidence
Example: The available evidence was sufficient to reject the first explanation.
Карта 287
Въпрос
increasingly
Отговор
Meaning: To a growing degree or with greater frequency over time.
Collocation: increasingly common
Example: Shared research facilities are increasingly common at smaller universities.
Карта 288
Въпрос
preserve
Отговор
Meaning: To protect something from loss, damage, or major change.
Collocation: preserve cultural heritage
Example: The archive helped preserve the community's cultural heritage.
Карта 289
Въпрос
relevant
Отговор
Meaning: Directly connected to the question or subject being considered.
Collocation: relevant evidence
Example: The review excluded studies that did not provide relevant evidence.
Карта 290
Въпрос
approximately
Отговор
Meaning: Close to an amount or value but not exactly equal to it.
Collocation: approximately equal
Example: The two study groups were approximately equal in size.
Карта 291
Въпрос
integrate
Отговор
Meaning: To combine parts so they work together as a whole.
Collocation: integrate data
Example: The platform integrates data from satellites and ground sensors.
Карта 292
Въпрос
suitable
Отговор
Meaning: Right or acceptable for a particular purpose or situation.
Collocation: suitable method
Example: Satellite imaging was the most suitable method for the remote region.
Карта 293
Въпрос
regulate
Отговор
Meaning: To control an activity or process through rules or adjustments.
Collocation: regulate an industry
Example: The agency regulates the industry through regular inspections.
Карта 294
Въпрос
consequently
Отговор
Meaning: As a result of what was just stated.
Collocation: consequently reduce
Example: The new filter removes more particles and consequently reduces treatment costs.
Карта 295
Въпрос
clearly
Отговор
Meaning: In a way that is easy to understand, see, or recognize.
Collocation: clearly indicate
Example: The results clearly indicate that the second filter removed more particles.
Карта 296
Въпрос
independently
Отговор
Meaning: Without relying on another person, source, or result.
Collocation: independently verify
Example: A second laboratory independently verified the result.
Карта 297
Въпрос
maintain
Отговор
Meaning: To keep something in a particular condition or continue it over time.
Collocation: maintain water quality
Example: The wetland helps maintain water quality during heavy rain.
Карта 298
Въпрос
undertake
Отговор
Meaning: To accept responsibility for and begin a task or project.
Collocation: undertake research
Example: The university undertook research on affordable housing materials.
Карта 299
Въпрос
valuable
Отговор
Meaning: Very useful, important, or worth having.
Collocation: valuable information
Example: The interviews provided valuable information about informal trade routes.
Карта 300
Въпрос
ultimately
Отговор
Meaning: Finally, after all stages or factors have been considered.
Collocation: ultimately depend on
Example: The project's success ultimately depends on reliable local funding.
300 карти
Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
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