Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
Study 300 independently selected cross-disciplinary academic words with concise meanings, collocations, and original context examples.
Σχετικά με αυτήν τη δέσμη
Study 300 independently selected cross-disciplinary academic words for reading, listening, speaking, and writing practice. Each card shows one word on the front. The back starts with a concise meaning, then gives a useful collocation and one original academic example.
What this deck practices
- Word → meaning and use: 300 single-word prompts selected through a documented, openly licensed academic-vocabulary source.
- Collocations in context: every answer pairs the word with a natural academic phrase and an original sentence.
Meaning → word cards are excluded because a short definition can fit several words, which would make many reverse prompts ambiguous. Pronunciation, translations, subject-specific terminology, exam tactics, predicted test frequency, and score claims are also outside the scope.
The deterministic sequence interleaves research methods, reasoning and claims, change and causation, comparison and evaluation, systems and processes, and society and policy. Close word-family variants stay at least three unrelated cards apart. The review scheduler handles longer-term spacing after installation.
Word selection starts from Magali Paquot's Academic Keyword List, published under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. This deck uses a filtered and reordered 300-word subset, with analyse → analyze and summarise → summarize normalizations. The source list itself warns that pedagogical mediation is still needed. All meanings, collocations, examples, grouping, and ordering here are independently authored. This is not an official or exhaustive vocabulary list for the TOEFL iBT® test.
Requested source citation: Paquot, M. (2010). Academic Vocabulary in Learner Writing: From Extraction to Analysis. London & New York: Continuum, pp. 56–58.
The Common knowledge · CC0 1.0 label applies only to the independently authored card text, organization, and metadata to the extent applicable rights exist. It does not replace or override the AKL's CC BY 4.0 terms; reusers must follow those terms for the source-list contribution. It does not claim ownership of facts or ordinary English words. For current test content, see ETS's TOEFL iBT® test content and structure.
TOEFL iBT® is a registered trademark of ETS. This product is not endorsed or approved by ETS. No ETS questions, answers, scoring guides, or source prose were copied.
Κάρτες σε αυτήν τη δέσμη
Κάρτα 1
Ερώτηση
adoption
Απάντηση
Meaning: The decision or process of starting to use an idea, method, or system.
Collocation: widespread adoption
Example: Widespread adoption of the new method took several years.
Κάρτα 2
Ερώτηση
argument
Απάντηση
Meaning: A set of reasons used to support a conclusion or position.
Collocation: central argument
Example: The article's central argument rests on evidence from two long-term studies.
Κάρτα 3
Ερώτηση
analysis
Απάντηση
Meaning: A careful examination of something to understand its parts or meaning.
Collocation: data analysis
Example: The data analysis revealed a clear seasonal pattern.
Κάρτα 4
Ερώτηση
association
Απάντηση
Meaning: A connection between two people, events, qualities, or variables.
Collocation: strong association
Example: The survey found a strong association between sleep and concentration.
Κάρτα 5
Ερώτηση
cause
Απάντηση
Meaning: Something that makes an event or condition happen.
Collocation: underlying cause
Example: The study examined the underlying cause of the population decline.
Κάρτα 6
Ερώτηση
advantage
Απάντηση
Meaning: A condition or feature that makes success more likely.
Collocation: significant advantage
Example: Early access to the archive gave the researchers a significant advantage.
Κάρτα 7
Ερώτηση
attitude
Απάντηση
Meaning: A settled way of thinking or feeling about something.
Collocation: public attitude
Example: Public attitudes toward urban transport changed after the pilot program.
Κάρτα 8
Ερώτηση
application
Απάντηση
Meaning: A practical use of an idea, method, or discovery.
Collocation: practical application
Example: The material has a practical application in water filtration.
Κάρτα 9
Ερώτηση
category
Απάντηση
Meaning: A group of things that share defined features.
Collocation: broad category
Example: The researchers placed both materials in the same broad category.
Κάρτα 10
Ερώτηση
assertion
Απάντηση
Meaning: A confident statement presented as true.
Collocation: unsupported assertion
Example: Without survey data, the claim remained an unsupported assertion.
Κάρτα 11
Ερώτηση
alternative
Απάντηση
Meaning: Another option that can be chosen instead of the usual one.
Collocation: viable alternative
Example: Solar heating offered a viable alternative to imported fuel.
Κάρτα 12
Ερώτηση
change
Απάντηση
Meaning: A shift from one state, condition, or form to another.
Collocation: gradual change
Example: The sediment layers record gradual change in the region's climate.
Κάρτα 13
Ερώτηση
assessment
Απάντηση
Meaning: A reasoned judgment about the quality, value, or condition of something.
Collocation: risk assessment
Example: The team completed a risk assessment before entering the cave.
Κάρτα 14
Ερώτηση
combination
Απάντηση
Meaning: Two or more things joined or used together.
Collocation: combination of factors
Example: A combination of factors shaped the city's growth.
Κάρτα 15
Ερώτηση
assumption
Απάντηση
Meaning: An idea accepted as true without complete proof.
Collocation: underlying assumption
Example: The model's underlying assumption is that demand remains stable.
Κάρτα 16
Ερώτηση
balance
Απάντηση
Meaning: A state in which competing factors have suitable proportions.
Collocation: achieve a balance
Example: The policy tries to achieve a balance between access and conservation.
Κάρτα 17
Ερώτηση
awareness
Απάντηση
Meaning: Knowledge or understanding that a situation or issue exists.
Collocation: raise awareness
Example: The campaign raised awareness of preventable water waste.
Κάρτα 18
Ερώτηση
consequence
Απάντηση
Meaning: A result that follows from an action or condition.
Collocation: unintended consequence
Example: Higher rents were an unintended consequence of the redevelopment plan.
Κάρτα 19
Ερώτηση
concept
Απάντηση
Meaning: A general idea used to understand or organize something.
Collocation: abstract concept
Example: The diagram makes the abstract concept easier to understand.
Κάρτα 20
Ερώτηση
conclusion
Απάντηση
Meaning: A judgment reached after considering evidence or reasoning.
Collocation: draw a conclusion
Example: The sample was too small to draw a firm conclusion.
Κάρτα 21
Ερώτηση
benefit
Απάντηση
Meaning: A helpful or favorable result.
Collocation: long-term benefit
Example: Better insulation provides a long-term benefit by reducing energy use.
Κάρτα 22
Ερώτηση
bias
Απάντηση
Meaning: A systematic tendency or error that can distort judgment, sampling, or results.
Collocation: selection bias
Example: Selection bias may occur if only frequent users answer the survey.
Κάρτα 23
Ερώτηση
decline
Απάντηση
Meaning: A gradual decrease in amount, quality, or importance.
Collocation: sharp decline
Example: The records show a sharp decline in fish populations after 1990.
Κάρτα 24
Ερώτηση
classification
Απάντηση
Meaning: The process or system of arranging things into groups.
Collocation: classification system
Example: The new classification system groups plants by shared genetic features.
Κάρτα 25
Ερώτηση
condition
Απάντηση
Meaning: A circumstance that affects how something happens or exists.
Collocation: controlled condition
Example: Each seedling grew under the same controlled conditions.
Κάρτα 26
Ερώτηση
contradiction
Απάντηση
Meaning: A conflict between statements, ideas, or results that cannot both be true.
Collocation: apparent contradiction
Example: Further testing resolved the apparent contradiction between the two findings.
Κάρτα 27
Ερώτηση
challenge
Απάντηση
Meaning: A difficult problem or task that requires effort to solve.
Collocation: major challenge
Example: Limited storage remains a major challenge for renewable energy systems.
Κάρτα 28
Ερώτηση
development
Απάντηση
Meaning: The process of growing, changing, or becoming more advanced.
Collocation: economic development
Example: The railway accelerated economic development across the region.
Κάρτα 29
Ερώτηση
data
Απάντηση
Meaning: Facts, measurements, or observations collected for analysis.
Collocation: collect data
Example: Researchers collected data from weather stations across the island.
Κάρτα 30
Ερώτηση
comparison
Απάντηση
Meaning: An examination of how two or more things are alike or different.
Collocation: direct comparison
Example: A direct comparison showed that the two methods produced similar results.
Κάρτα 31
Ερώτηση
criterion
Απάντηση
Meaning: A standard used to judge or decide something.
Collocation: selection criterion
Example: Research experience was one selection criterion for the program.
Κάρτα 32
Ερώτηση
construction
Απάντηση
Meaning: The process of building something or forming an idea.
Collocation: social construction
Example: The lecture examined identity as a social construction.
Κάρτα 33
Ερώτηση
effect
Απάντηση
Meaning: A change produced by a cause.
Collocation: measurable effect
Example: The treatment had a measurable effect on plant growth.
Κάρτα 34
Ερώτηση
choice
Απάντηση
Meaning: An act or possibility of selecting among options.
Collocation: informed choice
Example: Clear labels help consumers make an informed choice.
Κάρτα 35
Ερώτηση
definition
Απάντηση
Meaning: A statement that explains the exact meaning of a word or concept.
Collocation: precise definition
Example: The report begins with a precise definition of food security.
Κάρτα 36
Ερώτηση
complexity
Απάντηση
Meaning: The state of having many connected parts or difficult features.
Collocation: growing complexity
Example: The model captures the growing complexity of urban transport networks.
Κάρτα 37
Ερώτηση
criticism
Απάντηση
Meaning: A judgment that identifies faults or weaknesses.
Collocation: face criticism
Example: The proposal faced criticism for excluding rural communities.
Κάρτα 38
Ερώτηση
constraint
Απάντηση
Meaning: A limit that restricts what can be done.
Collocation: financial constraint
Example: Financial constraints reduced the size of the field study.
Κάρτα 39
Ερώτηση
evolution
Απάντηση
Meaning: Gradual development or change over time, especially across generations.
Collocation: cultural evolution
Example: Written records offer clues about the cultural evolution of the region.
Κάρτα 40
Ερώτηση
evidence
Απάντηση
Meaning: Information that supports or challenges a claim.
Collocation: strong evidence
Example: Ice cores provide strong evidence of past temperature changes.
Κάρτα 41
Ερώτηση
compromise
Απάντηση
Meaning: An agreement in which each side accepts less than it originally wanted.
Collocation: reach a compromise
Example: The two agencies reached a compromise on water use.
Κάρτα 42
Ερώτηση
circumstance
Απάντηση
Meaning: A fact or condition that shapes a situation.
Collocation: unusual circumstance
Example: Under normal circumstances, the reaction takes less than a minute.
Κάρτα 43
Ερώτηση
debate
Απάντηση
Meaning: A serious discussion in which different views on an issue are considered.
Collocation: ongoing debate
Example: The discovery renewed the ongoing debate about early migration routes.
Κάρτα 44
Ερώτηση
expansion
Απάντηση
Meaning: An increase in size, range, or activity.
Collocation: rapid expansion
Example: Rapid expansion of the city replaced much of the surrounding farmland.
Κάρτα 45
Ερώτηση
evaluation
Απάντηση
Meaning: A systematic judgment of quality, effectiveness, or value.
Collocation: program evaluation
Example: The program evaluation included interviews with teachers and students.
Κάρτα 46
Ερώτηση
contrast
Απάντηση
Meaning: A clear difference between two or more things.
Collocation: sharp contrast
Example: The dry interior stands in sharp contrast to the wet coast.
Κάρτα 47
Ερώτηση
commitment
Απάντηση
Meaning: A firm promise or continuing dedication to an aim.
Collocation: long-term commitment
Example: Restoring the forest requires a long-term commitment from local agencies.
Κάρτα 48
Ερώτηση
content
Απάντηση
Meaning: The information, ideas, or material contained in something.
Collocation: course content
Example: The instructor revised the course content to include recent research.
Κάρτα 49
Ερώτηση
factor
Απάντηση
Meaning: One element that helps produce a result.
Collocation: contributing factor
Example: Access to clean water was a contributing factor in the health improvement.
Κάρτα 50
Ερώτηση
experiment
Απάντηση
Meaning: A controlled test designed to investigate a question.
Collocation: laboratory experiment
Example: The laboratory experiment tested how temperature affects the reaction.
Κάρτα 51
Ερώτηση
correlation
Απάντηση
Meaning: A relationship in which two variables change together.
Collocation: positive correlation
Example: The data show a positive correlation between practice time and accuracy.
Κάρτα 52
Ερώτηση
explanation
Απάντηση
Meaning: A statement that makes a fact, process, or reason clear.
Collocation: plausible explanation
Example: Changes in rainfall offer a plausible explanation for the migration.
Κάρτα 53
Ερώτηση
control
Απάντηση
Meaning: The power or method used to direct, limit, or keep something stable.
Collocation: quality control
Example: Strict quality control reduced errors in the manufacturing process.
Κάρτα 54
Ερώτηση
communication
Απάντηση
Meaning: The exchange of information, ideas, or feelings.
Collocation: effective communication
Example: Effective communication helped the research teams coordinate their work.
Κάρτα 55
Ερώτηση
finding
Απάντηση
Meaning: A result discovered through research or investigation.
Collocation: key finding
Example: A key finding was that small wetlands support many species.
Κάρτα 56
Ερώτηση
growth
Απάντηση
Meaning: An increase in size, amount, or development.
Collocation: population growth
Example: Population growth increased demand for public transport.
Κάρτα 57
Ερώτηση
implication
Απάντηση
Meaning: A likely consequence or meaning that is suggested rather than stated.
Collocation: practical implication
Example: The finding has a practical implication for classroom design.
Κάρτα 58
Ερώτηση
dimension
Απάντηση
Meaning: One aspect or feature of a situation or system.
Collocation: social dimension
Example: The report adds a social dimension to the economic analysis.
Κάρτα 59
Ερώτηση
difference
Απάντηση
Meaning: A way in which two or more things are not the same.
Collocation: significant difference
Example: The trial found no significant difference between the two treatments.
Κάρτα 60
Ερώτηση
community
Απάντηση
Meaning: A group of people connected by place, identity, or shared interests.
Collocation: local community
Example: The local community helped design the coastal protection plan.
Κάρτα 61
Ερώτηση
hypothesis
Απάντηση
Meaning: A testable proposed explanation for an observation.
Collocation: test a hypothesis
Example: The researchers designed an experiment to test their hypothesis.
Κάρτα 62
Ερώτηση
insight
Απάντηση
Meaning: A clear and useful understanding of a complex issue.
Collocation: valuable insight
Example: The interviews provided valuable insight into students' study habits.
Κάρτα 63
Ερώτηση
element
Απάντηση
Meaning: A basic part of a larger whole.
Collocation: essential element
Example: Trust is an essential element of successful cooperation.
Κάρτα 64
Ερώτηση
difficulty
Απάντηση
Meaning: A problem or condition that makes something hard to do or understand.
Collocation: practical difficulty
Example: Recruiting enough participants created a practical difficulty for the study.
Κάρτα 65
Ερώτηση
conflict
Απάντηση
Meaning: A serious disagreement or clash between interests, ideas, or groups.
Collocation: conflict of interest
Example: Reviewers must disclose any conflict of interest.
Κάρτα 66
Ερώτηση
impact
Απάντηση
Meaning: A strong effect on a situation, system, or person.
Collocation: environmental impact
Example: The assessment considered the dam's environmental impact.
Κάρτα 67
Ερώτηση
investigation
Απάντηση
Meaning: A systematic search for facts or causes.
Collocation: detailed investigation
Example: A detailed investigation traced the contamination to a damaged pipe.
Κάρτα 68
Ερώτηση
interpretation
Απάντηση
Meaning: An explanation of the meaning or importance of something.
Collocation: alternative interpretation
Example: The historian offered an alternative interpretation of the treaty.
Κάρτα 69
Ερώτηση
disadvantage
Απάντηση
Meaning: A condition or feature that makes success less likely.
Collocation: major disadvantage
Example: High maintenance costs are a major disadvantage of the older system.
Κάρτα 70
Ερώτηση
formation
Απάντηση
Meaning: The process by which something develops or takes shape.
Collocation: cloud formation
Example: Air temperature influences cloud formation above the mountains.
Κάρτα 71
Ερώτηση
improvement
Απάντηση
Meaning: A change that makes something better.
Collocation: marked improvement
Example: The second trial showed a marked improvement in accuracy.
Κάρτα 72
Ερώτηση
consensus
Απάντηση
Meaning: General agreement among members of a group.
Collocation: broad consensus
Example: Scientists reached a broad consensus after reviewing the new evidence.
Κάρτα 73
Ερώτηση
literature
Απάντηση
Meaning: Published research and writing about a subject.
Collocation: existing literature
Example: The review compares the new results with the existing literature.
Κάρτα 74
Ερώτηση
logic
Απάντηση
Meaning: A system of reasoning that connects ideas and conclusions.
Collocation: underlying logic
Example: The lecturer explained the underlying logic of the classification scheme.
Κάρτα 75
Ερώτηση
form
Απάντηση
Meaning: The structure, type, or visible shape that something takes.
Collocation: common form
Example: Oral history is a common form of evidence in community research.
Κάρτα 76
Ερώτηση
distinction
Απάντηση
Meaning: A meaningful difference between similar things or ideas.
Collocation: clear distinction
Example: The article makes a clear distinction between weather and climate.
Κάρτα 77
Ερώτηση
increase
Απάντηση
Meaning: A rise in amount, size, number, or intensity.
Collocation: substantial increase
Example: The region recorded a substantial increase in winter rainfall.
Κάρτα 78
Ερώτηση
convention
Απάντηση
Meaning: A widely accepted way of behaving, writing, or doing something.
Collocation: academic convention
Example: Citing sources is a basic academic convention.
Κάρτα 79
Ερώτηση
method
Απάντηση
Meaning: An organized way of doing or studying something.
Collocation: research method
Example: Interviews were the main research method used in the project.
Κάρτα 80
Ερώτηση
function
Απάντηση
Meaning: The purpose or activity for which something exists.
Collocation: primary function
Example: The wetland's primary function is to store and filter water.
Κάρτα 81
Ερώτηση
notion
Απάντηση
Meaning: An idea or belief about something.
Collocation: traditional notion
Example: The discovery challenged the traditional notion that the region was isolated.
Κάρτα 82
Ερώτηση
influence
Απάντηση
Meaning: The power to affect a person, process, or outcome.
Collocation: strong influence
Example: Ocean currents have a strong influence on the island's climate.
Κάρτα 83
Ερώτηση
culture
Απάντηση
Meaning: The shared beliefs, practices, arts, and ways of life of a group.
Collocation: academic culture
Example: The university's academic culture encouraged open debate.
Κάρτα 84
Ερώτηση
diversity
Απάντηση
Meaning: The presence of many different types within a group or system.
Collocation: biological diversity
Example: Habitat loss threatens the island's biological diversity.
Κάρτα 85
Ερώτηση
model
Απάντηση
Meaning: A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system.
Collocation: climate model
Example: The climate model predicts drier summers in the southern region.
Κάρτα 86
Ερώτηση
integration
Απάντηση
Meaning: The process of combining parts into a connected whole.
Collocation: social integration
Example: Shared public spaces can support social integration in new neighborhoods.
Κάρτα 87
Ερώτηση
progress
Απάντηση
Meaning: Movement toward a goal or a more developed state.
Collocation: make progress
Example: The restoration team made steady progress despite heavy rain.
Κάρτα 88
Ερώτηση
perspective
Απάντηση
Meaning: A particular way of understanding or viewing an issue.
Collocation: historical perspective
Example: A historical perspective helps explain the current border dispute.
Κάρτα 89
Ερώτηση
decision
Απάντηση
Meaning: A choice made after considering available options.
Collocation: policy decision
Example: The policy decision followed months of public consultation.
Κάρτα 90
Ερώτηση
effectiveness
Απάντηση
Meaning: The degree to which something achieves its intended result.
Collocation: evaluate effectiveness
Example: The trial evaluated the effectiveness of the new teaching method.
Κάρτα 91
Ερώτηση
observation
Απάντηση
Meaning: The act of carefully watching or measuring something to gather information.
Collocation: direct observation
Example: Direct observation confirmed that the birds feed at dawn.
Κάρτα 92
Ερώτηση
interaction
Απάντηση
Meaning: A process in which two or more things affect one another.
Collocation: complex interaction
Example: Soil quality depends on a complex interaction of water, minerals, and organisms.
Κάρτα 93
Ερώτηση
proposition
Απάντηση
Meaning: A statement or idea offered for consideration or testing.
Collocation: central proposition
Example: The essay tests the central proposition against three historical cases.
Κάρτα 94
Ερώτηση
discrimination
Απάντηση
Meaning: Unfair treatment based on a person's group or perceived characteristics.
Collocation: employment discrimination
Example: The study examined how employment discrimination affects income.
Κάρτα 95
Ερώτηση
exception
Απάντηση
Meaning: A case that does not follow a general rule or pattern.
Collocation: notable exception
Example: Most species migrated south, with one notable exception.
Κάρτα 96
Ερώτηση
reduction
Απάντηση
Meaning: A decrease in size, amount, or degree.
Collocation: significant reduction
Example: The insulation produced a significant reduction in energy use.
Κάρτα 97
Ερώτηση
participant
Απάντηση
Meaning: A person who takes part in an activity or study.
Collocation: study participant
Example: Each study participant completed the same questionnaire.
Κάρτα 98
Ερώτηση
reason
Απάντηση
Meaning: A cause, explanation, or basis for an action or belief.
Collocation: main reason
Example: Lower cost was the main reason for choosing the second material.
Κάρτα 99
Ερώτηση
environment
Απάντηση
Meaning: The natural or social surroundings in which something exists.
Collocation: learning environment
Example: Flexible seating changed the classroom's learning environment.
Κάρτα 100
Ερώτηση
link
Απάντηση
Meaning: A connection between people, ideas, events, or parts of a system.
Collocation: establish a link
Example: The study established a link between soil moisture and seed survival.
Κάρτα 101
Ερώτηση
rise
Απάντηση
Meaning: An increase in amount, level, or importance.
Collocation: steady rise
Example: The records show a steady rise in average sea temperature.
Κάρτα 102
Ερώτηση
limit
Απάντηση
Meaning: The greatest amount, extent, or level that is allowed or possible.
Collocation: upper limit
Example: The instrument has an upper limit beyond which readings are unreliable.
Κάρτα 103
Ερώτηση
reasoning
Απάντηση
Meaning: The process of using facts and logic to reach a judgment.
Collocation: logical reasoning
Example: The solution requires logical reasoning rather than memorization.
Κάρτα 104
Ερώτηση
procedure
Απάντηση
Meaning: An established series of steps for doing something.
Collocation: standard procedure
Example: Each laboratory followed the same standard procedure.
Κάρτα 105
Ερώτηση
maintenance
Απάντηση
Meaning: Work that keeps a system, condition, or structure functioning.
Collocation: routine maintenance
Example: Routine maintenance extended the bridge's useful life.
Κάρτα 106
Ερώτηση
establishment
Απάντηση
Meaning: The act of creating an organization, system, or lasting condition.
Collocation: establishment of a network
Example: The establishment of a monitoring network improved storm warnings.
Κάρτα 107
Ερώτηση
shift
Απάντηση
Meaning: A change in position, direction, emphasis, or opinion.
Collocation: major shift
Example: The findings prompted a major shift in conservation policy.
Κάρτα 108
Ερώτηση
limitation
Απάντηση
Meaning: A restriction or weakness that affects what is possible or reliable.
Collocation: major limitation
Example: The study's major limitation was its short observation period.
Κάρτα 109
Ερώτηση
research
Απάντηση
Meaning: Systematic study intended to establish facts or develop understanding.
Collocation: conduct research
Example: The team conducted research on low-cost water filters.
Κάρτα 110
Ερώτηση
medium
Απάντηση
Meaning: A channel or material through which information or an effect is carried.
Collocation: communication medium
Example: Radio remained an important communication medium in remote areas.
Κάρτα 111
Ερώτηση
relevance
Απάντηση
Meaning: The degree to which something relates to the matter being considered.
Collocation: practical relevance
Example: The lecturer explained the theory's practical relevance to urban planning.
Κάρτα 112
Ερώτηση
identity
Απάντηση
Meaning: The qualities, beliefs, or affiliations that define a person or group.
Collocation: cultural identity
Example: Language played a central role in the community's cultural identity.
Κάρτα 113
Ερώτηση
likelihood
Απάντηση
Meaning: The degree to which something is likely to happen.
Collocation: reduce the likelihood
Example: Early detection can reduce the likelihood of a larger outbreak.
Κάρτα 114
Ερώτηση
transition
Απάντηση
Meaning: The process of changing from one state or system to another.
Collocation: gradual transition
Example: The region made a gradual transition from coal to renewable energy.
Κάρτα 115
Ερώτηση
sample
Απάντηση
Meaning: A smaller group or amount selected to represent a larger whole.
Collocation: representative sample
Example: The survey used a representative sample of households from each district.
Κάρτα 116
Ερώτηση
theory
Απάντηση
Meaning: A well-supported explanation that connects facts or observations.
Collocation: scientific theory
Example: New observations strengthened the scientific theory rather than replacing it.
Κάρτα 117
Ερώτηση
institution
Απάντηση
Meaning: An established organization or social system with a public role.
Collocation: educational institution
Example: Each educational institution set its own admission policy.
Κάρτα 118
Ερώτηση
mode
Απάντηση
Meaning: A particular way in which something happens or operates.
Collocation: mode of transport
Example: Cycling became the preferred mode of transport for short trips.
Κάρτα 119
Ερώτηση
possibility
Απάντηση
Meaning: A chance that something may exist or happen.
Collocation: explore the possibility
Example: The team explored the possibility of reusing wastewater.
Κάρτα 120
Ερώτηση
trend
Απάντηση
Meaning: A general direction in which a situation is changing.
Collocation: long-term trend
Example: A single cold year did not reverse the long-term warming trend.
Κάρτα 121
Ερώτηση
viewpoint
Απάντηση
Meaning: A particular opinion or position from which an issue is considered.
Collocation: opposing viewpoint
Example: The seminar required students to address an opposing viewpoint fairly.
Κάρτα 122
Ερώτηση
intervention
Απάντηση
Meaning: An action taken to change a situation or prevent a problem.
Collocation: early intervention
Example: Early intervention helped prevent minor reading difficulties from growing.
Κάρτα 123
Ερώτηση
network
Απάντηση
Meaning: A connected system of people, places, or components.
Collocation: transport network
Example: The new rail line connected two previously isolated towns to the regional transport network.
Κάρτα 124
Ερώτηση
scale
Απάντηση
Meaning: The size, extent, or level at which something occurs or is measured.
Collocation: large scale
Example: Producing the material on a large scale requires less energy than expected.
Κάρτα 125
Ερώτηση
variation
Απάντηση
Meaning: A difference or change within a group, range, or pattern.
Collocation: regional variation
Example: The map shows regional variation in annual rainfall.
Κάρτα 126
Ερώτηση
potential
Απάντηση
Meaning: The capacity to develop, happen, or become useful in the future.
Collocation: considerable potential
Example: The coastal winds have considerable potential for electricity generation.
Κάρτα 127
Ερώτηση
claim
Απάντηση
Meaning: A statement that something is true, often requiring evidence.
Collocation: support a claim
Example: The author used census records to support the claim.
Κάρτα 128
Ερώτηση
majority
Απάντηση
Meaning: More than half of a group or amount.
Collocation: clear majority
Example: A clear majority of respondents preferred the quieter route.
Κάρτα 129
Ερώτηση
operation
Απάντηση
Meaning: The process of working or the way a system functions.
Collocation: normal operation
Example: The backup battery keeps the sensor in normal operation during outages.
Κάρτα 130
Ερώτηση
statistics
Απάντηση
Meaning: Numerical facts collected and analyzed to describe a group or situation.
Collocation: official statistics
Example: Official statistics show a decline in household energy use.
Κάρτα 131
Ερώτηση
affect
Απάντηση
Meaning: To produce a change in someone or something.
Collocation: significantly affect
Example: Soil acidity can significantly affect nutrient availability.
Κάρτα 132
Ερώτηση
proportion
Απάντηση
Meaning: A part or share of a whole, often expressed as a fraction or percentage.
Collocation: large proportion
Example: A large proportion of the city's water comes from underground sources.
Κάρτα 133
Ερώτηση
minority
Απάντηση
Meaning: A group or amount that forms less than half of a larger whole.
Collocation: small minority
Example: Only a small minority of participants left the study early.
Κάρτα 134
Ερώτηση
outcome
Απάντηση
Meaning: The final result of a process, event, or action.
Collocation: learning outcome
Example: Regular feedback improved the course's main learning outcome.
Κάρτα 135
Ερώτηση
clarify
Απάντηση
Meaning: To make an idea, statement, or situation easier to understand.
Collocation: clarify the distinction
Example: The final section clarifies the distinction between correlation and cause.
Κάρτα 136
Ερώτηση
alter
Απάντηση
Meaning: To change something, usually without replacing it completely.
Collocation: substantially alter
Example: A new dam could substantially alter the river's seasonal flow.
Κάρτα 137
Ερώτηση
survey
Απάντηση
Meaning: A study that systematically collects information, often from a sample of people.
Collocation: national survey
Example: A national survey measured changes in commuting habits.
Κάρτα 138
Ερώτηση
quality
Απάντηση
Meaning: The degree of excellence or a distinguishing feature of something.
Collocation: data quality
Example: Missing observations reduced the overall quality of the data.
Κάρτα 139
Ερώτηση
motivation
Απάντηση
Meaning: The reason or desire that drives someone to act.
Collocation: strong motivation
Example: Curiosity was her strongest motivation for joining the research team.
Κάρτα 140
Ερώτηση
output
Απάντηση
Meaning: The amount or product generated by a person, machine, or system.
Collocation: energy output
Example: Cloud cover reduced the panels' energy output.
Κάρτα 141
Ερώτηση
cite
Απάντηση
Meaning: To name a source or example as evidence or authority.
Collocation: cite a source
Example: The report cites a recent study of coastal erosion.
Κάρτα 142
Ερώτηση
technique
Απάντηση
Meaning: A specific skill or way of carrying out a task.
Collocation: sampling technique
Example: The team used a new sampling technique to collect deep-water organisms.
Κάρτα 143
Ερώτηση
range
Απάντηση
Meaning: The full set or span of possible values, types, or choices.
Collocation: wide range
Example: The library holds a wide range of regional newspapers.
Κάρτα 144
Ερώτηση
arise
Απάντηση
Meaning: To begin to exist or become noticeable.
Collocation: problems arise
Example: Problems may arise when the two databases use different definitions.
Κάρτα 145
Ερώτηση
norm
Απάντηση
Meaning: A standard or expected pattern of behavior within a group.
Collocation: social norm
Example: Remote work changed the social norm of daily office attendance.
Κάρτα 146
Ερώτηση
pattern
Απάντηση
Meaning: A repeated or regular arrangement, behavior, or trend.
Collocation: consistent pattern
Example: The interviews revealed a consistent pattern of delayed enrollment.
Κάρτα 147
Ερώτηση
conclude
Απάντηση
Meaning: To reach a judgment after considering evidence.
Collocation: conclude that
Example: The researchers concluded that both habitats supported similar populations.
Κάρτα 148
Ερώτηση
validity
Απάντηση
Meaning: The degree to which a method measures what it should or an inference is well supported.
Collocation: assess validity
Example: A second experiment helped assess the validity of the original result.
Κάρτα 149
Ερώτηση
rate
Απάντηση
Meaning: A measure of how often or how quickly something happens.
Collocation: growth rate
Example: The seedlings had a slower growth rate in colder soil.
Κάρτα 150
Ερώτηση
develop
Απάντηση
Meaning: To grow, change, or make something more advanced over time.
Collocation: develop a method
Example: Engineers developed a method for recycling the damaged material.
300 κάρτες
Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
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Κάρτα 151
Ερώτηση
process
Απάντηση
Meaning: A connected series of actions or changes that produces a result.
Collocation: decision-making process
Example: Residents took part in every stage of the decision-making process.
Κάρτα 152
Ερώτηση
demonstrate
Απάντηση
Meaning: To show clearly through evidence, reasoning, or an example.
Collocation: demonstrate a relationship
Example: The results demonstrate a relationship between shade and soil moisture.
Κάρτα 153
Ερώτηση
opportunity
Απάντηση
Meaning: A favorable situation that makes an action or achievement possible.
Collocation: equal opportunity
Example: The scholarship gave rural students an equal opportunity to attend the course.
Κάρτα 154
Ερώτηση
significance
Απάντηση
Meaning: The importance or practical meaning of something.
Collocation: practical significance
Example: The small difference had little practical significance for patients.
Κάρτα 155
Ερώτηση
analyze
Απάντηση
Meaning: To examine something carefully by separating it into parts.
Collocation: analyze data
Example: The researchers analyzed the data before drawing a conclusion.
Κάρτα 156
Ερώτηση
diminish
Απάντηση
Meaning: To become or make something smaller, weaker, or less important.
Collocation: gradually diminish
Example: The sound gradually diminished as the storm moved inland.
Κάρτα 157
Ερώτηση
describe
Απάντηση
Meaning: To state the features, appearance, or course of something in words.
Collocation: describe a process
Example: The report describes the process used to restore the wetland.
Κάρτα 158
Ερώτηση
policy
Απάντηση
Meaning: An agreed plan or principle used to guide decisions.
Collocation: public policy
Example: The findings influenced public policy on building insulation.
Κάρτα 159
Ερώτηση
similarity
Απάντηση
Meaning: A feature or degree of being alike.
Collocation: striking similarity
Example: The two languages share a striking similarity in sentence structure.
Κάρτα 160
Ερώτηση
assess
Απάντηση
Meaning: To judge the quality, importance, or condition of something.
Collocation: assess the impact
Example: The team assessed the impact of tourism on nesting birds.
Κάρτα 161
Ερώτηση
emerge
Απάντηση
Meaning: To become visible, known, or important.
Collocation: new evidence emerges
Example: A different explanation emerged after the fossils were dated.
Κάρτα 162
Ερώτηση
production
Απάντηση
Meaning: The process of creating goods, energy, or other output.
Collocation: food production
Example: Improved irrigation increased food production during dry years.
Κάρτα 163
Ερώτηση
population
Απάντηση
Meaning: All people or organisms of a defined group or area.
Collocation: study population
Example: The study population included adults from four coastal towns.
Κάρτα 164
Ερώτηση
discuss
Απάντηση
Meaning: To examine an issue in speech or writing by considering its details.
Collocation: discuss the findings
Example: The final chapter discusses the findings in relation to earlier research.
Κάρτα 165
Ερώτηση
standard
Απάντηση
Meaning: An accepted level or rule used to judge quality or performance.
Collocation: meet a standard
Example: Every sample had to meet the same purity standard.
Κάρτα 166
Ερώτηση
enhance
Απάντηση
Meaning: To improve the quality, value, or strength of something.
Collocation: enhance understanding
Example: The interactive map enhanced students' understanding of migration routes.
Κάρτα 167
Ερώτηση
classify
Απάντηση
Meaning: To arrange things into groups based on shared features.
Collocation: classify species
Example: Biologists classified the species by examining their genetic differences.
Κάρτα 168
Ερώτηση
property
Απάντηση
Meaning: A characteristic or quality that something possesses.
Collocation: physical property
Example: Flexibility is a useful physical property of the new material.
Κάρτα 169
Ερώτηση
practice
Απάντηση
Meaning: A customary or repeated way of doing something.
Collocation: common practice
Example: Rotating crops became common practice among local farmers.
Κάρτα 170
Ερώτηση
tolerance
Απάντηση
Meaning: The ability of an organism, material, or system to endure a condition without failing.
Collocation: heat tolerance
Example: The experiment measured each plant's heat tolerance.
Κάρτα 171
Ερώτηση
evolve
Απάντηση
Meaning: To develop gradually over time.
Collocation: gradually evolve
Example: The trade network gradually evolved into a formal market system.
Κάρτα 172
Ερώτηση
conduct
Απάντηση
Meaning: To organize and carry out an activity or study.
Collocation: conduct an experiment
Example: The students conducted an experiment under controlled conditions.
Κάρτα 173
Ερώτηση
relationship
Απάντηση
Meaning: The way in which two or more things are connected.
Collocation: causal relationship
Example: The data alone cannot establish a causal relationship.
Κάρτα 174
Ερώτηση
exemplify
Απάντηση
Meaning: To serve as a clear example of an idea or quality.
Collocation: exemplify a trend
Example: The renovated station exemplifies the trend toward mixed-use design.
Κάρτα 175
Ερώτηση
protection
Απάντηση
Meaning: Action taken to keep someone or something safe from harm.
Collocation: environmental protection
Example: The law strengthened environmental protection around the wetland.
Κάρτα 176
Ερώτηση
expand
Απάντηση
Meaning: To become or make something larger in size, range, or detail.
Collocation: expand access
Example: The university expanded access to its digital archive.
Κάρτα 177
Ερώτηση
value
Απάντηση
Meaning: The importance or usefulness of something.
Collocation: practical value
Example: The simple method has practical value in laboratories with limited equipment.
Κάρτα 178
Ερώτηση
resource
Απάντηση
Meaning: A supply, asset, or source of support that can be used.
Collocation: natural resource
Example: Fresh water is a limited natural resource on the island.
Κάρτα 179
Ερώτηση
explain
Απάντηση
Meaning: To make an idea, fact, or cause clear by giving details.
Collocation: explain a result
Example: Differences in soil depth may explain the result.
Κάρτα 180
Ερώτηση
define
Απάντηση
Meaning: To state the exact meaning, limits, or essential character of something.
Collocation: clearly define
Example: The authors clearly define what they mean by sustainable growth.
Κάρτα 181
Ερώτηση
provision
Απάντηση
Meaning: The act of supplying something that people need.
Collocation: service provision
Example: The reform improved service provision in remote districts.
Κάρτα 182
Ερώτηση
variety
Απάντηση
Meaning: A collection or range of different types.
Collocation: wide variety
Example: The reef supports a wide variety of marine organisms.
Κάρτα 183
Ερώτηση
scope
Απάντηση
Meaning: The range of subjects, activities, or possibilities covered.
Collocation: limited scope
Example: The study's limited scope excludes private transportation.
Κάρτα 184
Ερώτηση
generate
Απάντηση
Meaning: To produce or create something.
Collocation: generate electricity
Example: The turbines generate electricity during periods of strong wind.
Κάρτα 185
Ερώτηση
formulate
Απάντηση
Meaning: To develop and express an idea, plan, or theory carefully.
Collocation: formulate a hypothesis
Example: The observations helped the students formulate a testable hypothesis.
Κάρτα 186
Ερώτηση
design
Απάντηση
Meaning: To plan the structure, method, or appearance of something.
Collocation: design a study
Example: The team designed a study that compared three teaching methods.
Κάρτα 187
Ερώτηση
requirement
Απάντηση
Meaning: Something that is necessary or officially demanded.
Collocation: legal requirement
Example: Public reporting is a legal requirement for the agency.
Κάρτα 188
Ερώτηση
compare
Απάντηση
Meaning: To examine things to identify similarities and differences.
Collocation: compare results
Example: The researchers compared results from urban and rural schools.
Κάρτα 189
Ερώτηση
section
Απάντηση
Meaning: A distinct part of a larger whole, text, or organization.
Collocation: final section
Example: The final section considers the study's limitations.
Κάρτα 190
Ερώτηση
highlight
Απάντηση
Meaning: To draw attention to something important.
Collocation: highlight a difference
Example: The map highlights the difference between summer and winter rainfall.
Κάρτα 191
Ερώτηση
determine
Απάντηση
Meaning: To discover, establish, or decide something through evidence or calculation.
Collocation: determine the cause
Example: Further testing was needed to determine the cause of the failure.
Κάρτα 192
Ερώτηση
improve
Απάντηση
Meaning: To make or become better in quality or performance.
Collocation: improve accuracy
Example: Repeated calibration improved the sensor's accuracy.
Κάρτα 193
Ερώτηση
resistance
Απάντηση
Meaning: Opposition to a change, idea, or policy.
Collocation: resistance to change
Example: Resistance to change slowed the introduction of the new system.
Κάρτα 194
Ερώτηση
differ
Απάντηση
Meaning: To be unlike or distinct from something else.
Collocation: differ significantly
Example: The two groups did not differ significantly in age.
Κάρτα 195
Ερώτηση
separation
Απάντηση
Meaning: The state or process of dividing or keeping things apart.
Collocation: physical separation
Example: Physical separation prevented the two chemicals from reacting.
Κάρτα 196
Ερώτηση
illustrate
Απάντηση
Meaning: To make an idea clear by giving an example, image, or comparison.
Collocation: illustrate a point
Example: The author uses a coastal town to illustrate the broader point.
Κάρτα 197
Ερώτηση
induce
Απάντηση
Meaning: To cause a particular state, response, or change.
Collocation: induce a response
Example: The light signal induced a measurable response in the cells.
Κάρτα 198
Ερώτηση
evaluate
Απάντηση
Meaning: To judge quality, effectiveness, or value using evidence or criteria.
Collocation: evaluate performance
Example: The committee evaluated the program's performance after one year.
Κάρτα 199
Ερώτηση
resolution
Απάντηση
Meaning: A solution or settlement that ends a problem or conflict.
Collocation: peaceful resolution
Example: Mediation led to a peaceful resolution of the land dispute.
Κάρτα 200
Ερώτηση
series
Απάντηση
Meaning: A number of related events, items, or values arranged in order.
Collocation: series of experiments
Example: A series of experiments tested the material under different pressures.
Κάρτα 201
Ερώτηση
differentiate
Απάντηση
Meaning: To recognize, show, or create a difference between things.
Collocation: differentiate between
Example: The test can differentiate between the two closely related minerals.
Κάρτα 202
Ερώτηση
initiate
Απάντηση
Meaning: To cause a process or action to begin.
Collocation: initiate a process
Example: A temperature change initiates the chemical process.
Κάρτα 203
Ερώτηση
examine
Απάντηση
Meaning: To inspect or consider something carefully.
Collocation: examine evidence
Example: The committee examined evidence from several independent sources.
Κάρτα 204
Ερώτηση
imply
Απάντηση
Meaning: To suggest something without stating it directly.
Collocation: results imply
Example: The results imply that water reached the valley earlier than expected.
Κάρτα 205
Ερώτηση
risk
Απάντηση
Meaning: The possibility of harm, loss, or an unwanted result.
Collocation: reduce risk
Example: Restoring vegetation can reduce the risk of soil erosion.
Κάρτα 206
Ερώτηση
structure
Απάντηση
Meaning: The arrangement of parts within a whole.
Collocation: social structure
Example: Trade changed the social structure of the port city.
Κάρτα 207
Ερώτηση
lead
Απάντηση
Meaning: To cause or contribute to a particular result.
Collocation: lead to
Example: Prolonged drought can lead to lower crop yields.
Κάρτα 208
Ερώτηση
identify
Απάντηση
Meaning: To recognize and name a person, thing, feature, or cause.
Collocation: identify a pattern
Example: The software identified a pattern in the satellite images.
Κάρτα 209
Ερώτηση
distinguish
Απάντηση
Meaning: To recognize or show the difference between things.
Collocation: distinguish between
Example: The analysis distinguishes between temporary variation and a lasting trend.
Κάρτα 210
Ερώτηση
interpret
Απάντηση
Meaning: To explain or understand the meaning of information or evidence.
Collocation: interpret the results
Example: Researchers interpreted the results cautiously because the sample was small.
Κάρτα 211
Ερώτηση
role
Απάντηση
Meaning: The function or expected part that someone or something has in a situation.
Collocation: play a role
Example: Local knowledge played a central role in the recovery plan.
Κάρτα 212
Ερώτηση
system
Απάντηση
Meaning: A set of connected parts that work together.
Collocation: complex system
Example: A coral reef is a complex system of interacting organisms.
Κάρτα 213
Ερώτηση
investigate
Απάντηση
Meaning: To examine a question or problem systematically to discover facts.
Collocation: investigate a cause
Example: Engineers investigated the cause of the structural failure.
Κάρτα 214
Ερώτηση
reduce
Απάντηση
Meaning: To make something smaller in amount, size, or degree.
Collocation: reduce emissions
Example: Electric buses can reduce emissions on crowded routes.
Κάρτα 215
Ερώτηση
outline
Απάντηση
Meaning: To present the main points or structure without every detail.
Collocation: outline an approach
Example: The introduction outlines the approach used in the study.
Κάρτα 216
Ερώτηση
exceed
Απάντηση
Meaning: To be greater than a number, limit, or expectation.
Collocation: exceed a limit
Example: Pollution levels exceeded the legal limit on three days.
Κάρτα 217
Ερώτηση
unit
Απάντηση
Meaning: A single part, quantity, or group within a larger system.
Collocation: unit of measurement
Example: The meter is the standard unit of measurement used in the table.
Κάρτα 218
Ερώτηση
society
Απάντηση
Meaning: A large community connected by shared institutions, relationships, and culture.
Collocation: modern society
Example: Reliable electricity shapes nearly every part of modern society.
Κάρτα 219
Ερώτηση
reinforce
Απάντηση
Meaning: To make an idea, behavior, or structure stronger.
Collocation: reinforce a pattern
Example: Unequal funding can reinforce an existing pattern of regional inequality.
Κάρτα 220
Ερώτηση
obtain
Απάντηση
Meaning: To get or acquire something through effort or a process.
Collocation: obtain data
Example: The team obtained data from six monitoring stations.
Κάρτα 221
Ερώτηση
propose
Απάντηση
Meaning: To put forward an idea, plan, or explanation for consideration.
Collocation: propose a solution
Example: The authors propose a solution based on shared water storage.
Κάρτα 222
Ερώτηση
restrict
Απάντηση
Meaning: To limit the size, range, movement, or availability of something.
Collocation: restrict access
Example: The archive restricts access to fragile original documents.
Κάρτα 223
Ερώτηση
version
Απάντηση
Meaning: A particular form of something that differs from other forms of it.
Collocation: revised version
Example: The revised version of the model includes seasonal rainfall.
Κάρτα 224
Ερώτηση
stimulate
Απάντηση
Meaning: To encourage activity, growth, or a response.
Collocation: stimulate growth
Example: Lower transport costs stimulated growth in regional trade.
Κάρτα 225
Ερώτηση
strategy
Απάντηση
Meaning: A planned approach for achieving a long-term aim.
Collocation: effective strategy
Example: Water pricing was one part of the city's conservation strategy.
Κάρτα 226
Ερώτηση
record
Απάντηση
Meaning: To store information in writing, images, measurements, or another lasting form.
Collocation: record observations
Example: Students recorded their observations at five-minute intervals.
Κάρτα 227
Ερώτηση
prove
Απάντηση
Meaning: To establish that something is true through evidence or logical reasoning.
Collocation: prove a theorem
Example: The student used two earlier results to prove the theorem.
Κάρτα 228
Ερώτηση
adequate
Απάντηση
Meaning: Sufficient for a particular purpose, though not necessarily excellent.
Collocation: adequate evidence
Example: The report did not provide adequate evidence for such a broad claim.
Κάρτα 229
Ερώτηση
strengthen
Απάντηση
Meaning: To make something stronger, more effective, or more convincing.
Collocation: strengthen an argument
Example: Additional field data would strengthen the argument.
Κάρτα 230
Ερώτηση
tradition
Απάντηση
Meaning: A belief or practice passed between generations.
Collocation: local tradition
Example: The festival preserves a local tradition of communal farming.
Κάρτα 231
Ερώτηση
volume
Απάντηση
Meaning: The amount of something, especially material, flow, or activity.
Collocation: traffic volume
Example: Traffic volume fell after the new rail service opened.
Κάρτα 232
Ερώτηση
select
Απάντηση
Meaning: To choose something carefully from a group of options.
Collocation: select a sample
Example: Researchers selected a sample from each age group.
Κάρτα 233
Ερώτηση
appropriate
Απάντηση
Meaning: Suitable for a particular purpose, situation, or audience.
Collocation: appropriate method
Example: Interviews were an appropriate method for exploring personal experience.
Κάρτα 234
Ερώτηση
quote
Απάντηση
Meaning: To repeat someone's exact words and identify their source.
Collocation: quote directly
Example: The essay quotes directly from the explorer's journal.
Κάρτα 235
Ερώτηση
uncertainty
Απάντηση
Meaning: A lack of complete knowledge or confidence about what will happen.
Collocation: policy uncertainty
Example: Policy uncertainty delayed investment in new infrastructure.
Κάρτα 236
Ερώτηση
sustain
Απάντηση
Meaning: To keep a process or condition continuing over time.
Collocation: sustain growth
Example: Limited water supplies cannot sustain rapid population growth.
Κάρτα 237
Ερώτηση
combine
Απάντηση
Meaning: To join two or more things into one whole or shared action.
Collocation: combine methods
Example: The study combined interviews with direct observation.
Κάρτα 238
Ερώτηση
complex
Απάντηση
Meaning: Made of many connected parts and therefore difficult to understand or manage.
Collocation: complex issue
Example: Water rights became a complex issue involving law, ecology, and local custom.
Κάρτα 239
Ερώτηση
specify
Απάντηση
Meaning: To state something precisely and explicitly.
Collocation: specify the conditions
Example: The protocol specifies the conditions required for storage.
Κάρτα 240
Ερώτηση
refer
Απάντηση
Meaning: To mention, direct attention to, or use a source of information.
Collocation: refer to evidence
Example: The author refers to archaeological evidence from the northern coast.
Κάρτα 241
Ερώτηση
transform
Απάντηση
Meaning: To change something greatly in form, structure, or character.
Collocation: transform a system
Example: Digital records transformed the hospital's information system.
Κάρτα 242
Ερώτηση
adopt
Απάντηση
Meaning: To begin using an idea, policy, or method.
Collocation: adopt a policy
Example: Several cities adopted a policy of free weekend transit.
Κάρτα 243
Ερώτηση
consistent
Απάντηση
Meaning: Remaining in agreement, form, or quality across cases or time.
Collocation: consistent result
Example: The three laboratories reported consistent results.
Κάρτα 244
Ερώτηση
study
Απάντηση
Meaning: To investigate or learn about a subject carefully.
Collocation: study a phenomenon
Example: The team studied the phenomenon under controlled conditions.
Κάρτα 245
Ερώτηση
reflect
Απάντηση
Meaning: To show, express, or be a result of something.
Collocation: reflect a change
Example: The revised map reflects changes in the river's course.
Κάρτα 246
Ερώτηση
comprise
Απάντηση
Meaning: To be made up of all the stated parts.
Collocation: comprise three sections
Example: The final report comprises three sections and an appendix.
Κάρτα 247
Ερώτηση
vary
Απάντηση
Meaning: To differ or change across cases, places, or time.
Collocation: vary considerably
Example: Rainfall totals vary considerably across the island.
Κάρτα 248
Ερώτηση
advocate
Απάντηση
Meaning: To publicly support a policy, idea, or course of action.
Collocation: advocate reform
Example: Several researchers advocated reform of the approval process.
Κάρτα 249
Ερώτηση
systematic
Απάντηση
Meaning: Done according to an organized and consistent method.
Collocation: systematic review
Example: A systematic review compared evidence from forty studies.
Κάρτα 250
Ερώτηση
critical
Απάντηση
Meaning: Essential to the success or outcome of something.
Collocation: critical factor
Example: Reliable storage is a critical factor in the vaccine program.
Κάρτα 251
Ερώτηση
consist
Απάντηση
Meaning: To be made of particular parts or elements.
Collocation: consist of
Example: The sample consisted of soil from twelve sites.
Κάρτα 252
Ερώτηση
state
Απάντηση
Meaning: To express something clearly in speech or writing.
Collocation: clearly state
Example: The introduction clearly states the study's main question.
Κάρτα 253
Ερώτηση
allocate
Απάντηση
Meaning: To distribute money, time, or resources for a particular purpose.
Collocation: allocate resources
Example: The agency allocated more resources to preventive care.
Κάρτα 254
Ερώτηση
yield
Απάντηση
Meaning: To produce a result or amount.
Collocation: yield results
Example: The second search yielded more reliable results.
Κάρτα 255
Ερώτηση
equivalent
Απάντηση
Meaning: Equal in value, meaning, function, or effect.
Collocation: roughly equivalent
Example: The two measures produced roughly equivalent estimates.
Κάρτα 256
Ερώτηση
constitute
Απάντηση
Meaning: To form or make up a whole or a stated share of it.
Collocation: constitute a majority
Example: Small businesses constitute a majority of employers in the district.
Κάρτα 257
Ερώτηση
suggest
Απάντηση
Meaning: To offer an idea or indicate a possible conclusion without proving it.
Collocation: evidence suggests
Example: The evidence suggests that the settlement was occupied year-round.
Κάρτα 258
Ερώτηση
experimental
Απάντηση
Meaning: Used to test a new idea or based on an experiment.
Collocation: experimental method
Example: The team used an experimental method to remove salt from the soil.
Κάρτα 259
Ερώτηση
enable
Απάντηση
Meaning: To make an action or result possible.
Collocation: enable access
Example: Digital copies enabled access to records from remote towns.
Κάρτα 260
Ερώτηση
excessive
Απάντηση
Meaning: Greater than is reasonable, necessary, or safe.
Collocation: excessive use
Example: Excessive use of fertilizer damaged nearby streams.
Κάρτα 261
Ερώτηση
construct
Απάντηση
Meaning: To build or form something by joining parts.
Collocation: construct a model
Example: Students constructed a model of the river basin.
Κάρτα 262
Ερώτηση
rapid
Απάντηση
Meaning: Happening or changing in a short time.
Collocation: rapid growth
Example: Rapid growth placed pressure on the city's water supply.
Κάρτα 263
Ερώτηση
random
Απάντηση
Meaning: Chosen or occurring without a predictable pattern or deliberate selection.
Collocation: random sample
Example: The researchers drew a random sample from the full list of households.
Κάρτα 264
Ερώτηση
summarize
Απάντηση
Meaning: To give the main points in a shorter form.
Collocation: summarize the findings
Example: The final paragraph summarizes the findings without adding new claims.
Κάρτα 265
Ερώτηση
govern
Απάντηση
Meaning: To control, regulate, or determine how a group or process operates.
Collocation: rules govern
Example: Clear rules govern how the shared laboratory may be used.
Κάρτα 266
Ερώτηση
contain
Απάντηση
Meaning: To have something inside or include it as a part.
Collocation: contain evidence
Example: The oldest layer contains evidence of repeated flooding.
Κάρτα 267
Ερώτηση
relative
Απάντηση
Meaning: Considered in comparison with something else rather than alone.
Collocation: relative importance
Example: The study compares the relative importance of rainfall and soil type.
Κάρτα 268
Ερώτηση
representative
Απάντηση
Meaning: Typical of a larger group and suitable for standing in for it.
Collocation: representative example
Example: The chosen village is a representative example of settlement along the river.
Κάρτα 269
Ερώτηση
support
Απάντηση
Meaning: To provide evidence, strength, or assistance for something.
Collocation: support a conclusion
Example: The observations support the conclusion that the species is nocturnal.
Κάρτα 270
Ερώτηση
progressive
Απάντηση
Meaning: Developing gradually through a series of stages.
Collocation: progressive decline
Example: The archive documents a progressive decline in the lake's water level.
Κάρτα 271
Ερώτηση
convert
Απάντηση
Meaning: To change something from one form, function, or system into another.
Collocation: convert energy
Example: Solar cells convert light energy into electricity.
Κάρτα 272
Ερώτηση
impose
Απάντηση
Meaning: To officially require a rule, limit, duty, or cost.
Collocation: impose restrictions
Example: The city imposed restrictions on construction near the shoreline.
Κάρτα 273
Ερώτηση
significant
Απάντηση
Meaning: Large or important enough to matter.
Collocation: significant change
Example: The policy produced a significant change in weekday bus use.
Κάρτα 274
Ερώτηση
explicit
Απάντηση
Meaning: Stated clearly and directly, with no need for inference.
Collocation: explicit statement
Example: The report makes an explicit statement about its data limitations.
Κάρτα 275
Ερώτηση
scientific
Απάντηση
Meaning: Related to the systematic study of the natural or social world through evidence.
Collocation: scientific evidence
Example: The regulation was revised in response to new scientific evidence.
Κάρτα 276
Ερώτηση
subsequent
Απάντηση
Meaning: Happening or existing after the event already mentioned.
Collocation: subsequent study
Example: A subsequent study repeated the test with a larger sample.
Κάρτα 277
Ερώτηση
participate
Απάντηση
Meaning: To take part in an activity, process, or event.
Collocation: participate in research
Example: More than two hundred residents agreed to participate in the research.
Κάρτα 278
Ερώτηση
correspond
Απάντηση
Meaning: To match, agree with, or be closely connected to something.
Collocation: correspond closely
Example: The tree-ring record corresponds closely with measured rainfall.
Κάρτα 279
Ερώτηση
logical
Απάντηση
Meaning: Following a clear and valid pattern of reasoning.
Collocation: logical conclusion
Example: The evidence led to the logical conclusion that the river had changed course.
Κάρτα 280
Ερώτηση
theoretical
Απάντηση
Meaning: Based on ideas or principles rather than direct observation or practical testing.
Collocation: theoretical model
Example: The observed pattern matched the theoretical model.
Κάρτα 281
Ερώτηση
similar
Απάντηση
Meaning: Alike in important ways, though not identical.
Collocation: broadly similar
Example: The two regions have broadly similar rainfall patterns.
Κάρτα 282
Ερώτηση
successive
Απάντηση
Meaning: Following one after another in a sequence.
Collocation: successive generations
Example: Successive generations adapted the building to new uses.
Κάρτα 283
Ερώτηση
incorporate
Απάντηση
Meaning: To include something as part of a larger whole.
Collocation: incorporate feedback
Example: The revised plan incorporates feedback from local residents.
Κάρτα 284
Ερώτηση
rational
Απάντηση
Meaning: Based on reason and evidence rather than impulse.
Collocation: rational explanation
Example: The apparent pattern has a rational explanation based on sampling methods.
Κάρτα 285
Ερώτηση
accurately
Απάντηση
Meaning: In a way that is correct and free from important error.
Collocation: accurately measure
Example: The device can accurately measure very small changes in pressure.
Κάρτα 286
Ερώτηση
sufficient
Απάντηση
Meaning: As much as is needed for a particular purpose.
Collocation: sufficient evidence
Example: The available evidence was sufficient to reject the first explanation.
Κάρτα 287
Ερώτηση
increasingly
Απάντηση
Meaning: To a growing degree or with greater frequency over time.
Collocation: increasingly common
Example: Shared research facilities are increasingly common at smaller universities.
Κάρτα 288
Ερώτηση
preserve
Απάντηση
Meaning: To protect something from loss, damage, or major change.
Collocation: preserve cultural heritage
Example: The archive helped preserve the community's cultural heritage.
Κάρτα 289
Ερώτηση
relevant
Απάντηση
Meaning: Directly connected to the question or subject being considered.
Collocation: relevant evidence
Example: The review excluded studies that did not provide relevant evidence.
Κάρτα 290
Ερώτηση
approximately
Απάντηση
Meaning: Close to an amount or value but not exactly equal to it.
Collocation: approximately equal
Example: The two study groups were approximately equal in size.
Κάρτα 291
Ερώτηση
integrate
Απάντηση
Meaning: To combine parts so they work together as a whole.
Collocation: integrate data
Example: The platform integrates data from satellites and ground sensors.
Κάρτα 292
Ερώτηση
suitable
Απάντηση
Meaning: Right or acceptable for a particular purpose or situation.
Collocation: suitable method
Example: Satellite imaging was the most suitable method for the remote region.
Κάρτα 293
Ερώτηση
regulate
Απάντηση
Meaning: To control an activity or process through rules or adjustments.
Collocation: regulate an industry
Example: The agency regulates the industry through regular inspections.
Κάρτα 294
Ερώτηση
consequently
Απάντηση
Meaning: As a result of what was just stated.
Collocation: consequently reduce
Example: The new filter removes more particles and consequently reduces treatment costs.
Κάρτα 295
Ερώτηση
clearly
Απάντηση
Meaning: In a way that is easy to understand, see, or recognize.
Collocation: clearly indicate
Example: The results clearly indicate that the second filter removed more particles.
Κάρτα 296
Ερώτηση
independently
Απάντηση
Meaning: Without relying on another person, source, or result.
Collocation: independently verify
Example: A second laboratory independently verified the result.
Κάρτα 297
Ερώτηση
maintain
Απάντηση
Meaning: To keep something in a particular condition or continue it over time.
Collocation: maintain water quality
Example: The wetland helps maintain water quality during heavy rain.
Κάρτα 298
Ερώτηση
undertake
Απάντηση
Meaning: To accept responsibility for and begin a task or project.
Collocation: undertake research
Example: The university undertook research on affordable housing materials.
Κάρτα 299
Ερώτηση
valuable
Απάντηση
Meaning: Very useful, important, or worth having.
Collocation: valuable information
Example: The interviews provided valuable information about informal trade routes.
Κάρτα 300
Ερώτηση
ultimately
Απάντηση
Meaning: Finally, after all stages or factors have been considered.
Collocation: ultimately depend on
Example: The project's success ultimately depends on reliable local funding.
300 κάρτες
Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
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