Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
Practice cytoskeletal fibers, motor tracks, cell division, and ciliary patterns with 50 English flashcards and short checks for ambiguous clues.
دربارهٔ این دسته
Practice cytoskeleton structure and function with 50 English flashcards for secondary and introductory-college biology. The focus is on telling actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments apart, then applying those distinctions to motors, cell structures, and short reasoning prompts. Basic cell knowledge is helpful; the cell organelle flashcards cover that prerequisite.
The cards map filament names to building proteins and structural properties, selected protein or shape clues back to filament families, motor names to tracks and specified travel directions, and named cell structures to their cytoskeletal components. Short error checks distinguish a fiber from its building protein or motor. Other prompts ask what information is missing when support, movement, cell division, vesicle transport, or ATP use does not identify a unique answer.
Start with the three filament families, their assembly, and polarity. Motor tracks and ATP use lead into the actin cortex, microvilli, keratins, nuclear lamins, the spindle, and the animal-cell contractile ring. Basic ciliary architecture and selected motor-direction exceptions then support the final mixed distinctions. Selected reverse prompts and related variants are separated; the review scheduler handles longer-term spacing. Every card carries the cytoskeleton tag.
This is text-based recall practice. It does not test diagram or micrograph identification. Exhaustive reverse cards, arbitrary name-to-example lists, exact filament diameters, detailed motor families, clinical diagnosis, drug treatment, bacterial cytoskeletons, and molecular regulation pathways are excluded to keep the deck focused. Typical ciliary patterns are taught with exceptions, not as universal motility rules. No complete biology course or examination alignment is claimed.
The questions, explanations, sequence, and metadata were written independently with AI assistance. Scientific facts were checked against research publications on cytoskeletal interactions and intermediate filaments, microtubule dynamics, motor proteins, microvilli, animal-cell cytokinesis, actin assembly, cell protrusion, motile cilia, and primary cilia. Source wording, exercises, and diagrams were not copied; those publications retain their own licenses, and scientific facts are not claimed as proprietary. Original material and the AI-generated decorative cover are dedicated under CC0 1.0 to the extent applicable rights exist. The cover is an abstract illustration, not a molecular diagram. This is independent study material without institutional endorsement.
کارتهای این دسته
کارت ۱
پرسش
What are the three major cytoskeletal filament families in animal cells?
پاسخ
Actin filaments (microfilaments), microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
کارت ۲
پرسش
Which protein builds microfilaments?
پاسخ
Actin.
کارت ۳
پرسش
Which two tubulin subunits pair to build microtubules?
پاسخ
Alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin. Each building unit is an alpha–beta tubulin dimer.
کارت ۴
پرسش
Do all intermediate filaments use the same building protein?
پاسخ
No. Different cells use different intermediate-filament proteins, such as keratins, vimentin, and nuclear lamins.
کارت ۵
پرسش
What does filament polarity mean in the cytoskeleton?
پاسخ
The two ends have different molecular structures. Plus and minus label distinct ends, not electrical charges.
کارت ۶
پرسش
What is the basic shape of an actin filament?
پاسخ
Two intertwined strands of actin subunits. It is a thin filament, not a hollow tube.
کارت ۷
پرسش
Which major cytoskeletal filament forms a hollow tube?
پاسخ
A microtubule.
کارت ۸
پرسش
Which major cytoskeletal filament has a rope-like assembly of fibrous proteins?
پاسخ
An intermediate filament.
کارت ۹
پرسش
Which cytoskeletal filament is the track for myosin motors?
پاسخ
An actin filament.
کارت ۱۰
پرسش
Which major cytoskeletal filament family lacks distinct plus and minus ends?
پاسخ
Intermediate filaments. Actin filaments and microtubules are polar.
کارت ۱۱
پرسش
What directly powers the stepping of myosin, kinesin, and dynein motors?
پاسخ
ATP hydrolysis.
کارت ۱۲
پرسش
Which two motor-protein families move along microtubules?
پاسخ
Kinesins and dyneins.
کارت ۱۳
پرسش
Which filament network is especially prominent in the cortex just beneath an animal cell’s plasma membrane?
پاسخ
Actin filaments. The cortex helps control cell shape and surface mechanics.
کارت ۱۴
پرسش
Keratin networks belong to which cytoskeletal filament family?
پاسخ
Intermediate filaments.
کارت ۱۵
پرسش
What is microtubule dynamic instability?
پاسخ
Switching between growth and shrinkage. A microtubule can change length as tubulin subunits are added or lost.
کارت ۱۶
پرسش
A cargo moves by kinesin along a microtubule. Which component is the motor?
پاسخ
Kinesin. The microtubule is the track.
کارت ۱۷
پرسش
Which filaments form the supporting bundles inside microvilli?
پاسخ
Actin filaments.
کارت ۱۸
پرسش
Which proteins form the nuclear lamina beneath the inner nuclear membrane?
پاسخ
Lamins, members of the intermediate-filament protein family.
کارت ۱۹
پرسش
Which cytoskeletal filaments form the mitotic spindle?
پاسخ
Microtubules. Spindle microtubules help organize and separate chromosomes.
کارت ۲۰
پرسش
Cytoplasmic dynein carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
پاسخ
The minus end.
کارت ۲۱
پرسش
Which filament and motor form the main contractile machinery of the animal-cell cleavage ring?
پاسخ
Actin filaments and myosin II.
کارت ۲۲
پرسش
How can actin assembly help a crawling cell extend its leading edge?
پاسخ
Growing actin filaments can push the plasma membrane outward.
کارت ۲۳
پرسش
Which filaments form the axoneme, the internal framework of eukaryotic cilia and flagella?
پاسخ
Microtubules.
کارت ۲۴
پرسش
Conventional kinesin-1 carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
پاسخ
The plus end.
کارت ۲۵
پرسش
What mechanical role do intermediate-filament networks provide when a cell is stretched?
پاسخ
They help distribute tensile stress and resist damage from stretching.
کارت ۲۶
پرسش
In an animal-cell contractile ring, is myosin II a motor or an actin building subunit?
پاسخ
A motor. Actin supplies the filament subunits.
کارت ۲۷
پرسش
What does the typical 9 + 2 pattern of an airway motile cilium describe?
پاسخ
Nine outer microtubule doublets around two central single microtubules.
کارت ۲۸
پرسش
Does the name kinesin alone guarantee plus-end-directed movement?
پاسخ
No. Kinesin families differ; some move toward minus ends. Specify the kinesin type before assigning a direction.
کارت ۲۹
پرسش
How do the core filaments of microvilli differ from those of eukaryotic cilia?
پاسخ
Microvilli have actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based axoneme.
کارت ۳۰
پرسش
The nuclear lamina is built from which major filament family?
پاسخ
Intermediate filaments, specifically lamins.
کارت ۳۱
پرسش
In animal-cell division, which structure constricts the cell surface: the spindle or the contractile ring?
پاسخ
The contractile ring. Its actin–myosin machinery narrows the cleavage furrow.
کارت ۳۲
پرسش
What is a common role of a non-motile primary cilium?
پاسخ
Sensing and coordinating signals. It acts as a specialized signaling compartment.
کارت ۳۳
پرسش
Which motor family drives sliding between neighboring microtubule doublets in a motile cilium?
پاسخ
Axonemal dyneins. Structural constraints convert that sliding into bending.
کارت ۳۴
پرسش
Does vesicle transport by itself identify a microtubule track?
پاسخ
No. Vesicles can use microtubules or actin-based transport. The motor identity or filament composition supplies a better clue.
کارت ۳۵
پرسش
A prompt asks for the filament family containing keratin. Is keratin alone the requested answer?
پاسخ
No. Answer intermediate filaments. Keratin names a building protein, not the filament family.
کارت ۳۶
پرسش
What microtubule pattern is commonly used to describe a primary cilium?
پاسخ
The 9 + 0 pattern: nine outer doublets without a central pair. It is a typical description, not a universal rule for every cross-section.
کارت ۳۷
پرسش
A filament is assembled from alpha–beta tubulin dimers. Which filament family is it?
پاسخ
Microtubules.
کارت ۳۸
پرسش
What does the centrosome do for microtubules in many animal cells?
پاسخ
It acts as a microtubule-organizing center, helping nucleate and organize the microtubule array.
کارت ۳۹
پرسش
A vesicle is moved by myosin. Which filament supplies its track?
پاسخ
Actin. Myosin-based cargo transport uses actin filaments.
کارت ۴۰
پرسش
Why can’t a 9 + 0 axoneme alone establish that a cilium is non-motile?
پاسخ
Motile embryonic nodal cilia are a counterexample. Arrangement alone does not establish motility.
کارت ۴۱
پرسش
What extra clue would help identify a fiber described only as supporting cell shape?
پاسخ
Its protein composition or a specific structure it forms. All three major filament systems contribute to cell mechanics.
کارت ۴۲
پرسش
Why is the claim that all intermediate filaments lie in the cytoplasm incorrect?
پاسخ
Lamins form the nuclear lamina inside the nucleus.
کارت ۴۳
پرسش
In a 9 + 2 axoneme, does the 9 count nine individual microtubules?
پاسخ
No. It counts nine outer doublets. The central 2 counts two single microtubules.
کارت ۴۴
پرسش
An ATP-powered motor uses either actin or microtubules. What missing information would identify its track?
پاسخ
The motor family. Myosins use actin; kinesins and dyneins use microtubules. ATP use alone does not distinguish them.
کارت ۴۵
پرسش
What missing detail would distinguish fibers described only as helping animal-cell division?
پاسخ
The division structure or step. Spindle fibers are microtubules; the contractile ring contains actin.
کارت ۴۶
پرسش
A student says microvilli are miniature cilia because both project from the cell. What core-filament correction is needed?
پاسخ
Microvilli are supported by actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based core. Surface shape alone does not make them the same structure.
کارت ۴۷
پرسش
In microtubule-based transport, how does the filament’s role differ from the motor’s?
پاسخ
The microtubule supplies a track; kinesin or dynein supplies motor activity.
کارت ۴۸
پرسش
What extra detail is needed to identify a cytoskeletal system described only as enabling cell movement?
پاسخ
The type of movement. Actin supports crawling; microtubules and dyneins support ciliary or flagellar motion.
کارت ۴۹
پرسش
Is it accurate to say that microtubules have no role in animal-cell cytokinesis because the ring uses actin?
پاسخ
No. Microtubules also help coordinate cytokinesis, including positioning and organizing the division machinery.
کارت ۵۰
پرسش
Is the cytoskeleton a permanent, unchanging scaffold?
پاسخ
No. Its filaments and networks can assemble, disassemble, and reorganize as the cell’s needs change.
۵۰ کارت
Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
Nibomo باز میشود تا بتوانید مطالعه را شروع کنید.