Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
Practice cytoskeletal fibers, motor tracks, cell division, and ciliary patterns with 50 English flashcards and short checks for ambiguous clues.
O tej talii
Practice cytoskeleton structure and function with 50 English flashcards for secondary and introductory-college biology. The focus is on telling actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments apart, then applying those distinctions to motors, cell structures, and short reasoning prompts. Basic cell knowledge is helpful; the cell organelle flashcards cover that prerequisite.
The cards map filament names to building proteins and structural properties, selected protein or shape clues back to filament families, motor names to tracks and specified travel directions, and named cell structures to their cytoskeletal components. Short error checks distinguish a fiber from its building protein or motor. Other prompts ask what information is missing when support, movement, cell division, vesicle transport, or ATP use does not identify a unique answer.
Start with the three filament families, their assembly, and polarity. Motor tracks and ATP use lead into the actin cortex, microvilli, keratins, nuclear lamins, the spindle, and the animal-cell contractile ring. Basic ciliary architecture and selected motor-direction exceptions then support the final mixed distinctions. Selected reverse prompts and related variants are separated; the review scheduler handles longer-term spacing. Every card carries the cytoskeleton tag.
This is text-based recall practice. It does not test diagram or micrograph identification. Exhaustive reverse cards, arbitrary name-to-example lists, exact filament diameters, detailed motor families, clinical diagnosis, drug treatment, bacterial cytoskeletons, and molecular regulation pathways are excluded to keep the deck focused. Typical ciliary patterns are taught with exceptions, not as universal motility rules. No complete biology course or examination alignment is claimed.
The questions, explanations, sequence, and metadata were written independently with AI assistance. Scientific facts were checked against research publications on cytoskeletal interactions and intermediate filaments, microtubule dynamics, motor proteins, microvilli, animal-cell cytokinesis, actin assembly, cell protrusion, motile cilia, and primary cilia. Source wording, exercises, and diagrams were not copied; those publications retain their own licenses, and scientific facts are not claimed as proprietary. Original material and the AI-generated decorative cover are dedicated under CC0 1.0 to the extent applicable rights exist. The cover is an abstract illustration, not a molecular diagram. This is independent study material without institutional endorsement.
Karty w tej talii
Karta 1
Pytanie
What are the three major cytoskeletal filament families in animal cells?
Odpowiedź
Actin filaments (microfilaments), microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
Karta 2
Pytanie
Which protein builds microfilaments?
Odpowiedź
Actin.
Karta 3
Pytanie
Which two tubulin subunits pair to build microtubules?
Odpowiedź
Alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin. Each building unit is an alpha–beta tubulin dimer.
Karta 4
Pytanie
Do all intermediate filaments use the same building protein?
Odpowiedź
No. Different cells use different intermediate-filament proteins, such as keratins, vimentin, and nuclear lamins.
Karta 5
Pytanie
What does filament polarity mean in the cytoskeleton?
Odpowiedź
The two ends have different molecular structures. Plus and minus label distinct ends, not electrical charges.
Karta 6
Pytanie
What is the basic shape of an actin filament?
Odpowiedź
Two intertwined strands of actin subunits. It is a thin filament, not a hollow tube.
Karta 7
Pytanie
Which major cytoskeletal filament forms a hollow tube?
Odpowiedź
A microtubule.
Karta 8
Pytanie
Which major cytoskeletal filament has a rope-like assembly of fibrous proteins?
Odpowiedź
An intermediate filament.
Karta 9
Pytanie
Which cytoskeletal filament is the track for myosin motors?
Odpowiedź
An actin filament.
Karta 10
Pytanie
Which major cytoskeletal filament family lacks distinct plus and minus ends?
Odpowiedź
Intermediate filaments. Actin filaments and microtubules are polar.
Karta 11
Pytanie
What directly powers the stepping of myosin, kinesin, and dynein motors?
Odpowiedź
ATP hydrolysis.
Karta 12
Pytanie
Which two motor-protein families move along microtubules?
Odpowiedź
Kinesins and dyneins.
Karta 13
Pytanie
Which filament network is especially prominent in the cortex just beneath an animal cell’s plasma membrane?
Odpowiedź
Actin filaments. The cortex helps control cell shape and surface mechanics.
Karta 14
Pytanie
Keratin networks belong to which cytoskeletal filament family?
Odpowiedź
Intermediate filaments.
Karta 15
Pytanie
What is microtubule dynamic instability?
Odpowiedź
Switching between growth and shrinkage. A microtubule can change length as tubulin subunits are added or lost.
Karta 16
Pytanie
A cargo moves by kinesin along a microtubule. Which component is the motor?
Odpowiedź
Kinesin. The microtubule is the track.
Karta 17
Pytanie
Which filaments form the supporting bundles inside microvilli?
Odpowiedź
Actin filaments.
Karta 18
Pytanie
Which proteins form the nuclear lamina beneath the inner nuclear membrane?
Odpowiedź
Lamins, members of the intermediate-filament protein family.
Karta 19
Pytanie
Which cytoskeletal filaments form the mitotic spindle?
Odpowiedź
Microtubules. Spindle microtubules help organize and separate chromosomes.
Karta 20
Pytanie
Cytoplasmic dynein carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
Odpowiedź
The minus end.
Karta 21
Pytanie
Which filament and motor form the main contractile machinery of the animal-cell cleavage ring?
Odpowiedź
Actin filaments and myosin II.
Karta 22
Pytanie
How can actin assembly help a crawling cell extend its leading edge?
Odpowiedź
Growing actin filaments can push the plasma membrane outward.
Karta 23
Pytanie
Which filaments form the axoneme, the internal framework of eukaryotic cilia and flagella?
Odpowiedź
Microtubules.
Karta 24
Pytanie
Conventional kinesin-1 carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
Odpowiedź
The plus end.
Karta 25
Pytanie
What mechanical role do intermediate-filament networks provide when a cell is stretched?
Odpowiedź
They help distribute tensile stress and resist damage from stretching.
Karta 26
Pytanie
In an animal-cell contractile ring, is myosin II a motor or an actin building subunit?
Odpowiedź
A motor. Actin supplies the filament subunits.
Karta 27
Pytanie
What does the typical 9 + 2 pattern of an airway motile cilium describe?
Odpowiedź
Nine outer microtubule doublets around two central single microtubules.
Karta 28
Pytanie
Does the name kinesin alone guarantee plus-end-directed movement?
Odpowiedź
No. Kinesin families differ; some move toward minus ends. Specify the kinesin type before assigning a direction.
Karta 29
Pytanie
How do the core filaments of microvilli differ from those of eukaryotic cilia?
Odpowiedź
Microvilli have actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based axoneme.
Karta 30
Pytanie
The nuclear lamina is built from which major filament family?
Odpowiedź
Intermediate filaments, specifically lamins.
Karta 31
Pytanie
In animal-cell division, which structure constricts the cell surface: the spindle or the contractile ring?
Odpowiedź
The contractile ring. Its actin–myosin machinery narrows the cleavage furrow.
Karta 32
Pytanie
What is a common role of a non-motile primary cilium?
Odpowiedź
Sensing and coordinating signals. It acts as a specialized signaling compartment.
Karta 33
Pytanie
Which motor family drives sliding between neighboring microtubule doublets in a motile cilium?
Odpowiedź
Axonemal dyneins. Structural constraints convert that sliding into bending.
Karta 34
Pytanie
Does vesicle transport by itself identify a microtubule track?
Odpowiedź
No. Vesicles can use microtubules or actin-based transport. The motor identity or filament composition supplies a better clue.
Karta 35
Pytanie
A prompt asks for the filament family containing keratin. Is keratin alone the requested answer?
Odpowiedź
No. Answer intermediate filaments. Keratin names a building protein, not the filament family.
Karta 36
Pytanie
What microtubule pattern is commonly used to describe a primary cilium?
Odpowiedź
The 9 + 0 pattern: nine outer doublets without a central pair. It is a typical description, not a universal rule for every cross-section.
Karta 37
Pytanie
A filament is assembled from alpha–beta tubulin dimers. Which filament family is it?
Odpowiedź
Microtubules.
Karta 38
Pytanie
What does the centrosome do for microtubules in many animal cells?
Odpowiedź
It acts as a microtubule-organizing center, helping nucleate and organize the microtubule array.
Karta 39
Pytanie
A vesicle is moved by myosin. Which filament supplies its track?
Odpowiedź
Actin. Myosin-based cargo transport uses actin filaments.
Karta 40
Pytanie
Why can’t a 9 + 0 axoneme alone establish that a cilium is non-motile?
Odpowiedź
Motile embryonic nodal cilia are a counterexample. Arrangement alone does not establish motility.
Karta 41
Pytanie
What extra clue would help identify a fiber described only as supporting cell shape?
Odpowiedź
Its protein composition or a specific structure it forms. All three major filament systems contribute to cell mechanics.
Karta 42
Pytanie
Why is the claim that all intermediate filaments lie in the cytoplasm incorrect?
Odpowiedź
Lamins form the nuclear lamina inside the nucleus.
Karta 43
Pytanie
In a 9 + 2 axoneme, does the 9 count nine individual microtubules?
Odpowiedź
No. It counts nine outer doublets. The central 2 counts two single microtubules.
Karta 44
Pytanie
An ATP-powered motor uses either actin or microtubules. What missing information would identify its track?
Odpowiedź
The motor family. Myosins use actin; kinesins and dyneins use microtubules. ATP use alone does not distinguish them.
Karta 45
Pytanie
What missing detail would distinguish fibers described only as helping animal-cell division?
Odpowiedź
The division structure or step. Spindle fibers are microtubules; the contractile ring contains actin.
Karta 46
Pytanie
A student says microvilli are miniature cilia because both project from the cell. What core-filament correction is needed?
Odpowiedź
Microvilli are supported by actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based core. Surface shape alone does not make them the same structure.
Karta 47
Pytanie
In microtubule-based transport, how does the filament’s role differ from the motor’s?
Odpowiedź
The microtubule supplies a track; kinesin or dynein supplies motor activity.
Karta 48
Pytanie
What extra detail is needed to identify a cytoskeletal system described only as enabling cell movement?
Odpowiedź
The type of movement. Actin supports crawling; microtubules and dyneins support ciliary or flagellar motion.
Karta 49
Pytanie
Is it accurate to say that microtubules have no role in animal-cell cytokinesis because the ring uses actin?
Odpowiedź
No. Microtubules also help coordinate cytokinesis, including positioning and organizing the division machinery.
Karta 50
Pytanie
Is the cytoskeleton a permanent, unchanging scaffold?
Odpowiedź
No. Its filaments and networks can assemble, disassemble, and reorganize as the cell’s needs change.
50 kart
Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
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