Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
Practice cytoskeletal fibers, motor tracks, cell division, and ciliary patterns with 50 English flashcards and short checks for ambiguous clues.
เกี่ยวกับเด็คนี้
Practice cytoskeleton structure and function with 50 English flashcards for secondary and introductory-college biology. The focus is on telling actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments apart, then applying those distinctions to motors, cell structures, and short reasoning prompts. Basic cell knowledge is helpful; the cell organelle flashcards cover that prerequisite.
The cards map filament names to building proteins and structural properties, selected protein or shape clues back to filament families, motor names to tracks and specified travel directions, and named cell structures to their cytoskeletal components. Short error checks distinguish a fiber from its building protein or motor. Other prompts ask what information is missing when support, movement, cell division, vesicle transport, or ATP use does not identify a unique answer.
Start with the three filament families, their assembly, and polarity. Motor tracks and ATP use lead into the actin cortex, microvilli, keratins, nuclear lamins, the spindle, and the animal-cell contractile ring. Basic ciliary architecture and selected motor-direction exceptions then support the final mixed distinctions. Selected reverse prompts and related variants are separated; the review scheduler handles longer-term spacing. Every card carries the cytoskeleton tag.
This is text-based recall practice. It does not test diagram or micrograph identification. Exhaustive reverse cards, arbitrary name-to-example lists, exact filament diameters, detailed motor families, clinical diagnosis, drug treatment, bacterial cytoskeletons, and molecular regulation pathways are excluded to keep the deck focused. Typical ciliary patterns are taught with exceptions, not as universal motility rules. No complete biology course or examination alignment is claimed.
The questions, explanations, sequence, and metadata were written independently with AI assistance. Scientific facts were checked against research publications on cytoskeletal interactions and intermediate filaments, microtubule dynamics, motor proteins, microvilli, animal-cell cytokinesis, actin assembly, cell protrusion, motile cilia, and primary cilia. Source wording, exercises, and diagrams were not copied; those publications retain their own licenses, and scientific facts are not claimed as proprietary. Original material and the AI-generated decorative cover are dedicated under CC0 1.0 to the extent applicable rights exist. The cover is an abstract illustration, not a molecular diagram. This is independent study material without institutional endorsement.
การ์ดในเด็คนี้
การ์ด 1
คำถาม
What are the three major cytoskeletal filament families in animal cells?
คำตอบ
Actin filaments (microfilaments), microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
การ์ด 2
คำถาม
Which protein builds microfilaments?
คำตอบ
Actin.
การ์ด 3
คำถาม
Which two tubulin subunits pair to build microtubules?
คำตอบ
Alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin. Each building unit is an alpha–beta tubulin dimer.
การ์ด 4
คำถาม
Do all intermediate filaments use the same building protein?
คำตอบ
No. Different cells use different intermediate-filament proteins, such as keratins, vimentin, and nuclear lamins.
การ์ด 5
คำถาม
What does filament polarity mean in the cytoskeleton?
คำตอบ
The two ends have different molecular structures. Plus and minus label distinct ends, not electrical charges.
การ์ด 6
คำถาม
What is the basic shape of an actin filament?
คำตอบ
Two intertwined strands of actin subunits. It is a thin filament, not a hollow tube.
การ์ด 7
คำถาม
Which major cytoskeletal filament forms a hollow tube?
คำตอบ
A microtubule.
การ์ด 8
คำถาม
Which major cytoskeletal filament has a rope-like assembly of fibrous proteins?
คำตอบ
An intermediate filament.
การ์ด 9
คำถาม
Which cytoskeletal filament is the track for myosin motors?
คำตอบ
An actin filament.
การ์ด 10
คำถาม
Which major cytoskeletal filament family lacks distinct plus and minus ends?
คำตอบ
Intermediate filaments. Actin filaments and microtubules are polar.
การ์ด 11
คำถาม
What directly powers the stepping of myosin, kinesin, and dynein motors?
คำตอบ
ATP hydrolysis.
การ์ด 12
คำถาม
Which two motor-protein families move along microtubules?
คำตอบ
Kinesins and dyneins.
การ์ด 13
คำถาม
Which filament network is especially prominent in the cortex just beneath an animal cell’s plasma membrane?
คำตอบ
Actin filaments. The cortex helps control cell shape and surface mechanics.
การ์ด 14
คำถาม
Keratin networks belong to which cytoskeletal filament family?
คำตอบ
Intermediate filaments.
การ์ด 15
คำถาม
What is microtubule dynamic instability?
คำตอบ
Switching between growth and shrinkage. A microtubule can change length as tubulin subunits are added or lost.
การ์ด 16
คำถาม
A cargo moves by kinesin along a microtubule. Which component is the motor?
คำตอบ
Kinesin. The microtubule is the track.
การ์ด 17
คำถาม
Which filaments form the supporting bundles inside microvilli?
คำตอบ
Actin filaments.
การ์ด 18
คำถาม
Which proteins form the nuclear lamina beneath the inner nuclear membrane?
คำตอบ
Lamins, members of the intermediate-filament protein family.
การ์ด 19
คำถาม
Which cytoskeletal filaments form the mitotic spindle?
คำตอบ
Microtubules. Spindle microtubules help organize and separate chromosomes.
การ์ด 20
คำถาม
Cytoplasmic dynein carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
คำตอบ
The minus end.
การ์ด 21
คำถาม
Which filament and motor form the main contractile machinery of the animal-cell cleavage ring?
คำตอบ
Actin filaments and myosin II.
การ์ด 22
คำถาม
How can actin assembly help a crawling cell extend its leading edge?
คำตอบ
Growing actin filaments can push the plasma membrane outward.
การ์ด 23
คำถาม
Which filaments form the axoneme, the internal framework of eukaryotic cilia and flagella?
คำตอบ
Microtubules.
การ์ด 24
คำถาม
Conventional kinesin-1 carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
คำตอบ
The plus end.
การ์ด 25
คำถาม
What mechanical role do intermediate-filament networks provide when a cell is stretched?
คำตอบ
They help distribute tensile stress and resist damage from stretching.
การ์ด 26
คำถาม
In an animal-cell contractile ring, is myosin II a motor or an actin building subunit?
คำตอบ
A motor. Actin supplies the filament subunits.
การ์ด 27
คำถาม
What does the typical 9 + 2 pattern of an airway motile cilium describe?
คำตอบ
Nine outer microtubule doublets around two central single microtubules.
การ์ด 28
คำถาม
Does the name kinesin alone guarantee plus-end-directed movement?
คำตอบ
No. Kinesin families differ; some move toward minus ends. Specify the kinesin type before assigning a direction.
การ์ด 29
คำถาม
How do the core filaments of microvilli differ from those of eukaryotic cilia?
คำตอบ
Microvilli have actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based axoneme.
การ์ด 30
คำถาม
The nuclear lamina is built from which major filament family?
คำตอบ
Intermediate filaments, specifically lamins.
การ์ด 31
คำถาม
In animal-cell division, which structure constricts the cell surface: the spindle or the contractile ring?
คำตอบ
The contractile ring. Its actin–myosin machinery narrows the cleavage furrow.
การ์ด 32
คำถาม
What is a common role of a non-motile primary cilium?
คำตอบ
Sensing and coordinating signals. It acts as a specialized signaling compartment.
การ์ด 33
คำถาม
Which motor family drives sliding between neighboring microtubule doublets in a motile cilium?
คำตอบ
Axonemal dyneins. Structural constraints convert that sliding into bending.
การ์ด 34
คำถาม
Does vesicle transport by itself identify a microtubule track?
คำตอบ
No. Vesicles can use microtubules or actin-based transport. The motor identity or filament composition supplies a better clue.
การ์ด 35
คำถาม
A prompt asks for the filament family containing keratin. Is keratin alone the requested answer?
คำตอบ
No. Answer intermediate filaments. Keratin names a building protein, not the filament family.
การ์ด 36
คำถาม
What microtubule pattern is commonly used to describe a primary cilium?
คำตอบ
The 9 + 0 pattern: nine outer doublets without a central pair. It is a typical description, not a universal rule for every cross-section.
การ์ด 37
คำถาม
A filament is assembled from alpha–beta tubulin dimers. Which filament family is it?
คำตอบ
Microtubules.
การ์ด 38
คำถาม
What does the centrosome do for microtubules in many animal cells?
คำตอบ
It acts as a microtubule-organizing center, helping nucleate and organize the microtubule array.
การ์ด 39
คำถาม
A vesicle is moved by myosin. Which filament supplies its track?
คำตอบ
Actin. Myosin-based cargo transport uses actin filaments.
การ์ด 40
คำถาม
Why can’t a 9 + 0 axoneme alone establish that a cilium is non-motile?
คำตอบ
Motile embryonic nodal cilia are a counterexample. Arrangement alone does not establish motility.
การ์ด 41
คำถาม
What extra clue would help identify a fiber described only as supporting cell shape?
คำตอบ
Its protein composition or a specific structure it forms. All three major filament systems contribute to cell mechanics.
การ์ด 42
คำถาม
Why is the claim that all intermediate filaments lie in the cytoplasm incorrect?
คำตอบ
Lamins form the nuclear lamina inside the nucleus.
การ์ด 43
คำถาม
In a 9 + 2 axoneme, does the 9 count nine individual microtubules?
คำตอบ
No. It counts nine outer doublets. The central 2 counts two single microtubules.
การ์ด 44
คำถาม
An ATP-powered motor uses either actin or microtubules. What missing information would identify its track?
คำตอบ
The motor family. Myosins use actin; kinesins and dyneins use microtubules. ATP use alone does not distinguish them.
การ์ด 45
คำถาม
What missing detail would distinguish fibers described only as helping animal-cell division?
คำตอบ
The division structure or step. Spindle fibers are microtubules; the contractile ring contains actin.
การ์ด 46
คำถาม
A student says microvilli are miniature cilia because both project from the cell. What core-filament correction is needed?
คำตอบ
Microvilli are supported by actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based core. Surface shape alone does not make them the same structure.
การ์ด 47
คำถาม
In microtubule-based transport, how does the filament’s role differ from the motor’s?
คำตอบ
The microtubule supplies a track; kinesin or dynein supplies motor activity.
การ์ด 48
คำถาม
What extra detail is needed to identify a cytoskeletal system described only as enabling cell movement?
คำตอบ
The type of movement. Actin supports crawling; microtubules and dyneins support ciliary or flagellar motion.
การ์ด 49
คำถาม
Is it accurate to say that microtubules have no role in animal-cell cytokinesis because the ring uses actin?
คำตอบ
No. Microtubules also help coordinate cytokinesis, including positioning and organizing the division machinery.
การ์ด 50
คำถาม
Is the cytoskeleton a permanent, unchanging scaffold?
คำตอบ
No. Its filaments and networks can assemble, disassemble, and reorganize as the cell’s needs change.
50 การ์ด
Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
Nibomo จะเปิดขึ้นเพื่อให้คุณเริ่มเรียนได้ทันที