Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
Practice cytoskeletal fibers, motor tracks, cell division, and ciliary patterns with 50 English flashcards and short checks for ambiguous clues.
A pakliról
Practice cytoskeleton structure and function with 50 English flashcards for secondary and introductory-college biology. The focus is on telling actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments apart, then applying those distinctions to motors, cell structures, and short reasoning prompts. Basic cell knowledge is helpful; the cell organelle flashcards cover that prerequisite.
The cards map filament names to building proteins and structural properties, selected protein or shape clues back to filament families, motor names to tracks and specified travel directions, and named cell structures to their cytoskeletal components. Short error checks distinguish a fiber from its building protein or motor. Other prompts ask what information is missing when support, movement, cell division, vesicle transport, or ATP use does not identify a unique answer.
Start with the three filament families, their assembly, and polarity. Motor tracks and ATP use lead into the actin cortex, microvilli, keratins, nuclear lamins, the spindle, and the animal-cell contractile ring. Basic ciliary architecture and selected motor-direction exceptions then support the final mixed distinctions. Selected reverse prompts and related variants are separated; the review scheduler handles longer-term spacing. Every card carries the cytoskeleton tag.
This is text-based recall practice. It does not test diagram or micrograph identification. Exhaustive reverse cards, arbitrary name-to-example lists, exact filament diameters, detailed motor families, clinical diagnosis, drug treatment, bacterial cytoskeletons, and molecular regulation pathways are excluded to keep the deck focused. Typical ciliary patterns are taught with exceptions, not as universal motility rules. No complete biology course or examination alignment is claimed.
The questions, explanations, sequence, and metadata were written independently with AI assistance. Scientific facts were checked against research publications on cytoskeletal interactions and intermediate filaments, microtubule dynamics, motor proteins, microvilli, animal-cell cytokinesis, actin assembly, cell protrusion, motile cilia, and primary cilia. Source wording, exercises, and diagrams were not copied; those publications retain their own licenses, and scientific facts are not claimed as proprietary. Original material and the AI-generated decorative cover are dedicated under CC0 1.0 to the extent applicable rights exist. The cover is an abstract illustration, not a molecular diagram. This is independent study material without institutional endorsement.
Kártyák ebben a pakliban
1. kártya
Kérdés
What are the three major cytoskeletal filament families in animal cells?
Válasz
Actin filaments (microfilaments), microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
2. kártya
Kérdés
Which protein builds microfilaments?
Válasz
Actin.
3. kártya
Kérdés
Which two tubulin subunits pair to build microtubules?
Válasz
Alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin. Each building unit is an alpha–beta tubulin dimer.
4. kártya
Kérdés
Do all intermediate filaments use the same building protein?
Válasz
No. Different cells use different intermediate-filament proteins, such as keratins, vimentin, and nuclear lamins.
5. kártya
Kérdés
What does filament polarity mean in the cytoskeleton?
Válasz
The two ends have different molecular structures. Plus and minus label distinct ends, not electrical charges.
6. kártya
Kérdés
What is the basic shape of an actin filament?
Válasz
Two intertwined strands of actin subunits. It is a thin filament, not a hollow tube.
7. kártya
Kérdés
Which major cytoskeletal filament forms a hollow tube?
Válasz
A microtubule.
8. kártya
Kérdés
Which major cytoskeletal filament has a rope-like assembly of fibrous proteins?
Válasz
An intermediate filament.
9. kártya
Kérdés
Which cytoskeletal filament is the track for myosin motors?
Válasz
An actin filament.
10. kártya
Kérdés
Which major cytoskeletal filament family lacks distinct plus and minus ends?
Válasz
Intermediate filaments. Actin filaments and microtubules are polar.
11. kártya
Kérdés
What directly powers the stepping of myosin, kinesin, and dynein motors?
Válasz
ATP hydrolysis.
12. kártya
Kérdés
Which two motor-protein families move along microtubules?
Válasz
Kinesins and dyneins.
13. kártya
Kérdés
Which filament network is especially prominent in the cortex just beneath an animal cell’s plasma membrane?
Válasz
Actin filaments. The cortex helps control cell shape and surface mechanics.
14. kártya
Kérdés
Keratin networks belong to which cytoskeletal filament family?
Válasz
Intermediate filaments.
15. kártya
Kérdés
What is microtubule dynamic instability?
Válasz
Switching between growth and shrinkage. A microtubule can change length as tubulin subunits are added or lost.
16. kártya
Kérdés
A cargo moves by kinesin along a microtubule. Which component is the motor?
Válasz
Kinesin. The microtubule is the track.
17. kártya
Kérdés
Which filaments form the supporting bundles inside microvilli?
Válasz
Actin filaments.
18. kártya
Kérdés
Which proteins form the nuclear lamina beneath the inner nuclear membrane?
Válasz
Lamins, members of the intermediate-filament protein family.
19. kártya
Kérdés
Which cytoskeletal filaments form the mitotic spindle?
Válasz
Microtubules. Spindle microtubules help organize and separate chromosomes.
20. kártya
Kérdés
Cytoplasmic dynein carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
Válasz
The minus end.
21. kártya
Kérdés
Which filament and motor form the main contractile machinery of the animal-cell cleavage ring?
Válasz
Actin filaments and myosin II.
22. kártya
Kérdés
How can actin assembly help a crawling cell extend its leading edge?
Válasz
Growing actin filaments can push the plasma membrane outward.
23. kártya
Kérdés
Which filaments form the axoneme, the internal framework of eukaryotic cilia and flagella?
Válasz
Microtubules.
24. kártya
Kérdés
Conventional kinesin-1 carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
Válasz
The plus end.
25. kártya
Kérdés
What mechanical role do intermediate-filament networks provide when a cell is stretched?
Válasz
They help distribute tensile stress and resist damage from stretching.
26. kártya
Kérdés
In an animal-cell contractile ring, is myosin II a motor or an actin building subunit?
Válasz
A motor. Actin supplies the filament subunits.
27. kártya
Kérdés
What does the typical 9 + 2 pattern of an airway motile cilium describe?
Válasz
Nine outer microtubule doublets around two central single microtubules.
28. kártya
Kérdés
Does the name kinesin alone guarantee plus-end-directed movement?
Válasz
No. Kinesin families differ; some move toward minus ends. Specify the kinesin type before assigning a direction.
29. kártya
Kérdés
How do the core filaments of microvilli differ from those of eukaryotic cilia?
Válasz
Microvilli have actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based axoneme.
30. kártya
Kérdés
The nuclear lamina is built from which major filament family?
Válasz
Intermediate filaments, specifically lamins.
31. kártya
Kérdés
In animal-cell division, which structure constricts the cell surface: the spindle or the contractile ring?
Válasz
The contractile ring. Its actin–myosin machinery narrows the cleavage furrow.
32. kártya
Kérdés
What is a common role of a non-motile primary cilium?
Válasz
Sensing and coordinating signals. It acts as a specialized signaling compartment.
33. kártya
Kérdés
Which motor family drives sliding between neighboring microtubule doublets in a motile cilium?
Válasz
Axonemal dyneins. Structural constraints convert that sliding into bending.
34. kártya
Kérdés
Does vesicle transport by itself identify a microtubule track?
Válasz
No. Vesicles can use microtubules or actin-based transport. The motor identity or filament composition supplies a better clue.
35. kártya
Kérdés
A prompt asks for the filament family containing keratin. Is keratin alone the requested answer?
Válasz
No. Answer intermediate filaments. Keratin names a building protein, not the filament family.
36. kártya
Kérdés
What microtubule pattern is commonly used to describe a primary cilium?
Válasz
The 9 + 0 pattern: nine outer doublets without a central pair. It is a typical description, not a universal rule for every cross-section.
37. kártya
Kérdés
A filament is assembled from alpha–beta tubulin dimers. Which filament family is it?
Válasz
Microtubules.
38. kártya
Kérdés
What does the centrosome do for microtubules in many animal cells?
Válasz
It acts as a microtubule-organizing center, helping nucleate and organize the microtubule array.
39. kártya
Kérdés
A vesicle is moved by myosin. Which filament supplies its track?
Válasz
Actin. Myosin-based cargo transport uses actin filaments.
40. kártya
Kérdés
Why can’t a 9 + 0 axoneme alone establish that a cilium is non-motile?
Válasz
Motile embryonic nodal cilia are a counterexample. Arrangement alone does not establish motility.
41. kártya
Kérdés
What extra clue would help identify a fiber described only as supporting cell shape?
Válasz
Its protein composition or a specific structure it forms. All three major filament systems contribute to cell mechanics.
42. kártya
Kérdés
Why is the claim that all intermediate filaments lie in the cytoplasm incorrect?
Válasz
Lamins form the nuclear lamina inside the nucleus.
43. kártya
Kérdés
In a 9 + 2 axoneme, does the 9 count nine individual microtubules?
Válasz
No. It counts nine outer doublets. The central 2 counts two single microtubules.
44. kártya
Kérdés
An ATP-powered motor uses either actin or microtubules. What missing information would identify its track?
Válasz
The motor family. Myosins use actin; kinesins and dyneins use microtubules. ATP use alone does not distinguish them.
45. kártya
Kérdés
What missing detail would distinguish fibers described only as helping animal-cell division?
Válasz
The division structure or step. Spindle fibers are microtubules; the contractile ring contains actin.
46. kártya
Kérdés
A student says microvilli are miniature cilia because both project from the cell. What core-filament correction is needed?
Válasz
Microvilli are supported by actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based core. Surface shape alone does not make them the same structure.
47. kártya
Kérdés
In microtubule-based transport, how does the filament’s role differ from the motor’s?
Válasz
The microtubule supplies a track; kinesin or dynein supplies motor activity.
48. kártya
Kérdés
What extra detail is needed to identify a cytoskeletal system described only as enabling cell movement?
Válasz
The type of movement. Actin supports crawling; microtubules and dyneins support ciliary or flagellar motion.
49. kártya
Kérdés
Is it accurate to say that microtubules have no role in animal-cell cytokinesis because the ring uses actin?
Válasz
No. Microtubules also help coordinate cytokinesis, including positioning and organizing the division machinery.
50. kártya
Kérdés
Is the cytoskeleton a permanent, unchanging scaffold?
Válasz
No. Its filaments and networks can assemble, disassemble, and reorganize as the cell’s needs change.
50 kártya
Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
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