Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
Practice cytoskeletal fibers, motor tracks, cell division, and ciliary patterns with 50 English flashcards and short checks for ambiguous clues.
Σχετικά με αυτήν τη δέσμη
Practice cytoskeleton structure and function with 50 English flashcards for secondary and introductory-college biology. The focus is on telling actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments apart, then applying those distinctions to motors, cell structures, and short reasoning prompts. Basic cell knowledge is helpful; the cell organelle flashcards cover that prerequisite.
The cards map filament names to building proteins and structural properties, selected protein or shape clues back to filament families, motor names to tracks and specified travel directions, and named cell structures to their cytoskeletal components. Short error checks distinguish a fiber from its building protein or motor. Other prompts ask what information is missing when support, movement, cell division, vesicle transport, or ATP use does not identify a unique answer.
Start with the three filament families, their assembly, and polarity. Motor tracks and ATP use lead into the actin cortex, microvilli, keratins, nuclear lamins, the spindle, and the animal-cell contractile ring. Basic ciliary architecture and selected motor-direction exceptions then support the final mixed distinctions. Selected reverse prompts and related variants are separated; the review scheduler handles longer-term spacing. Every card carries the cytoskeleton tag.
This is text-based recall practice. It does not test diagram or micrograph identification. Exhaustive reverse cards, arbitrary name-to-example lists, exact filament diameters, detailed motor families, clinical diagnosis, drug treatment, bacterial cytoskeletons, and molecular regulation pathways are excluded to keep the deck focused. Typical ciliary patterns are taught with exceptions, not as universal motility rules. No complete biology course or examination alignment is claimed.
The questions, explanations, sequence, and metadata were written independently with AI assistance. Scientific facts were checked against research publications on cytoskeletal interactions and intermediate filaments, microtubule dynamics, motor proteins, microvilli, animal-cell cytokinesis, actin assembly, cell protrusion, motile cilia, and primary cilia. Source wording, exercises, and diagrams were not copied; those publications retain their own licenses, and scientific facts are not claimed as proprietary. Original material and the AI-generated decorative cover are dedicated under CC0 1.0 to the extent applicable rights exist. The cover is an abstract illustration, not a molecular diagram. This is independent study material without institutional endorsement.
Κάρτες σε αυτήν τη δέσμη
Κάρτα 1
Ερώτηση
What are the three major cytoskeletal filament families in animal cells?
Απάντηση
Actin filaments (microfilaments), microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
Κάρτα 2
Ερώτηση
Which protein builds microfilaments?
Απάντηση
Actin.
Κάρτα 3
Ερώτηση
Which two tubulin subunits pair to build microtubules?
Απάντηση
Alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin. Each building unit is an alpha–beta tubulin dimer.
Κάρτα 4
Ερώτηση
Do all intermediate filaments use the same building protein?
Απάντηση
No. Different cells use different intermediate-filament proteins, such as keratins, vimentin, and nuclear lamins.
Κάρτα 5
Ερώτηση
What does filament polarity mean in the cytoskeleton?
Απάντηση
The two ends have different molecular structures. Plus and minus label distinct ends, not electrical charges.
Κάρτα 6
Ερώτηση
What is the basic shape of an actin filament?
Απάντηση
Two intertwined strands of actin subunits. It is a thin filament, not a hollow tube.
Κάρτα 7
Ερώτηση
Which major cytoskeletal filament forms a hollow tube?
Απάντηση
A microtubule.
Κάρτα 8
Ερώτηση
Which major cytoskeletal filament has a rope-like assembly of fibrous proteins?
Απάντηση
An intermediate filament.
Κάρτα 9
Ερώτηση
Which cytoskeletal filament is the track for myosin motors?
Απάντηση
An actin filament.
Κάρτα 10
Ερώτηση
Which major cytoskeletal filament family lacks distinct plus and minus ends?
Απάντηση
Intermediate filaments. Actin filaments and microtubules are polar.
Κάρτα 11
Ερώτηση
What directly powers the stepping of myosin, kinesin, and dynein motors?
Απάντηση
ATP hydrolysis.
Κάρτα 12
Ερώτηση
Which two motor-protein families move along microtubules?
Απάντηση
Kinesins and dyneins.
Κάρτα 13
Ερώτηση
Which filament network is especially prominent in the cortex just beneath an animal cell’s plasma membrane?
Απάντηση
Actin filaments. The cortex helps control cell shape and surface mechanics.
Κάρτα 14
Ερώτηση
Keratin networks belong to which cytoskeletal filament family?
Απάντηση
Intermediate filaments.
Κάρτα 15
Ερώτηση
What is microtubule dynamic instability?
Απάντηση
Switching between growth and shrinkage. A microtubule can change length as tubulin subunits are added or lost.
Κάρτα 16
Ερώτηση
A cargo moves by kinesin along a microtubule. Which component is the motor?
Απάντηση
Kinesin. The microtubule is the track.
Κάρτα 17
Ερώτηση
Which filaments form the supporting bundles inside microvilli?
Απάντηση
Actin filaments.
Κάρτα 18
Ερώτηση
Which proteins form the nuclear lamina beneath the inner nuclear membrane?
Απάντηση
Lamins, members of the intermediate-filament protein family.
Κάρτα 19
Ερώτηση
Which cytoskeletal filaments form the mitotic spindle?
Απάντηση
Microtubules. Spindle microtubules help organize and separate chromosomes.
Κάρτα 20
Ερώτηση
Cytoplasmic dynein carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
Απάντηση
The minus end.
Κάρτα 21
Ερώτηση
Which filament and motor form the main contractile machinery of the animal-cell cleavage ring?
Απάντηση
Actin filaments and myosin II.
Κάρτα 22
Ερώτηση
How can actin assembly help a crawling cell extend its leading edge?
Απάντηση
Growing actin filaments can push the plasma membrane outward.
Κάρτα 23
Ερώτηση
Which filaments form the axoneme, the internal framework of eukaryotic cilia and flagella?
Απάντηση
Microtubules.
Κάρτα 24
Ερώτηση
Conventional kinesin-1 carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
Απάντηση
The plus end.
Κάρτα 25
Ερώτηση
What mechanical role do intermediate-filament networks provide when a cell is stretched?
Απάντηση
They help distribute tensile stress and resist damage from stretching.
Κάρτα 26
Ερώτηση
In an animal-cell contractile ring, is myosin II a motor or an actin building subunit?
Απάντηση
A motor. Actin supplies the filament subunits.
Κάρτα 27
Ερώτηση
What does the typical 9 + 2 pattern of an airway motile cilium describe?
Απάντηση
Nine outer microtubule doublets around two central single microtubules.
Κάρτα 28
Ερώτηση
Does the name kinesin alone guarantee plus-end-directed movement?
Απάντηση
No. Kinesin families differ; some move toward minus ends. Specify the kinesin type before assigning a direction.
Κάρτα 29
Ερώτηση
How do the core filaments of microvilli differ from those of eukaryotic cilia?
Απάντηση
Microvilli have actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based axoneme.
Κάρτα 30
Ερώτηση
The nuclear lamina is built from which major filament family?
Απάντηση
Intermediate filaments, specifically lamins.
Κάρτα 31
Ερώτηση
In animal-cell division, which structure constricts the cell surface: the spindle or the contractile ring?
Απάντηση
The contractile ring. Its actin–myosin machinery narrows the cleavage furrow.
Κάρτα 32
Ερώτηση
What is a common role of a non-motile primary cilium?
Απάντηση
Sensing and coordinating signals. It acts as a specialized signaling compartment.
Κάρτα 33
Ερώτηση
Which motor family drives sliding between neighboring microtubule doublets in a motile cilium?
Απάντηση
Axonemal dyneins. Structural constraints convert that sliding into bending.
Κάρτα 34
Ερώτηση
Does vesicle transport by itself identify a microtubule track?
Απάντηση
No. Vesicles can use microtubules or actin-based transport. The motor identity or filament composition supplies a better clue.
Κάρτα 35
Ερώτηση
A prompt asks for the filament family containing keratin. Is keratin alone the requested answer?
Απάντηση
No. Answer intermediate filaments. Keratin names a building protein, not the filament family.
Κάρτα 36
Ερώτηση
What microtubule pattern is commonly used to describe a primary cilium?
Απάντηση
The 9 + 0 pattern: nine outer doublets without a central pair. It is a typical description, not a universal rule for every cross-section.
Κάρτα 37
Ερώτηση
A filament is assembled from alpha–beta tubulin dimers. Which filament family is it?
Απάντηση
Microtubules.
Κάρτα 38
Ερώτηση
What does the centrosome do for microtubules in many animal cells?
Απάντηση
It acts as a microtubule-organizing center, helping nucleate and organize the microtubule array.
Κάρτα 39
Ερώτηση
A vesicle is moved by myosin. Which filament supplies its track?
Απάντηση
Actin. Myosin-based cargo transport uses actin filaments.
Κάρτα 40
Ερώτηση
Why can’t a 9 + 0 axoneme alone establish that a cilium is non-motile?
Απάντηση
Motile embryonic nodal cilia are a counterexample. Arrangement alone does not establish motility.
Κάρτα 41
Ερώτηση
What extra clue would help identify a fiber described only as supporting cell shape?
Απάντηση
Its protein composition or a specific structure it forms. All three major filament systems contribute to cell mechanics.
Κάρτα 42
Ερώτηση
Why is the claim that all intermediate filaments lie in the cytoplasm incorrect?
Απάντηση
Lamins form the nuclear lamina inside the nucleus.
Κάρτα 43
Ερώτηση
In a 9 + 2 axoneme, does the 9 count nine individual microtubules?
Απάντηση
No. It counts nine outer doublets. The central 2 counts two single microtubules.
Κάρτα 44
Ερώτηση
An ATP-powered motor uses either actin or microtubules. What missing information would identify its track?
Απάντηση
The motor family. Myosins use actin; kinesins and dyneins use microtubules. ATP use alone does not distinguish them.
Κάρτα 45
Ερώτηση
What missing detail would distinguish fibers described only as helping animal-cell division?
Απάντηση
The division structure or step. Spindle fibers are microtubules; the contractile ring contains actin.
Κάρτα 46
Ερώτηση
A student says microvilli are miniature cilia because both project from the cell. What core-filament correction is needed?
Απάντηση
Microvilli are supported by actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based core. Surface shape alone does not make them the same structure.
Κάρτα 47
Ερώτηση
In microtubule-based transport, how does the filament’s role differ from the motor’s?
Απάντηση
The microtubule supplies a track; kinesin or dynein supplies motor activity.
Κάρτα 48
Ερώτηση
What extra detail is needed to identify a cytoskeletal system described only as enabling cell movement?
Απάντηση
The type of movement. Actin supports crawling; microtubules and dyneins support ciliary or flagellar motion.
Κάρτα 49
Ερώτηση
Is it accurate to say that microtubules have no role in animal-cell cytokinesis because the ring uses actin?
Απάντηση
No. Microtubules also help coordinate cytokinesis, including positioning and organizing the division machinery.
Κάρτα 50
Ερώτηση
Is the cytoskeleton a permanent, unchanging scaffold?
Απάντηση
No. Its filaments and networks can assemble, disassemble, and reorganize as the cell’s needs change.
50 κάρτες
Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
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