Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
Practice cytoskeletal fibers, motor tracks, cell division, and ciliary patterns with 50 English flashcards and short checks for ambiguous clues.
Sobre este baralho
Practice cytoskeleton structure and function with 50 English flashcards for secondary and introductory-college biology. The focus is on telling actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments apart, then applying those distinctions to motors, cell structures, and short reasoning prompts. Basic cell knowledge is helpful; the cell organelle flashcards cover that prerequisite.
The cards map filament names to building proteins and structural properties, selected protein or shape clues back to filament families, motor names to tracks and specified travel directions, and named cell structures to their cytoskeletal components. Short error checks distinguish a fiber from its building protein or motor. Other prompts ask what information is missing when support, movement, cell division, vesicle transport, or ATP use does not identify a unique answer.
Start with the three filament families, their assembly, and polarity. Motor tracks and ATP use lead into the actin cortex, microvilli, keratins, nuclear lamins, the spindle, and the animal-cell contractile ring. Basic ciliary architecture and selected motor-direction exceptions then support the final mixed distinctions. Selected reverse prompts and related variants are separated; the review scheduler handles longer-term spacing. Every card carries the cytoskeleton tag.
This is text-based recall practice. It does not test diagram or micrograph identification. Exhaustive reverse cards, arbitrary name-to-example lists, exact filament diameters, detailed motor families, clinical diagnosis, drug treatment, bacterial cytoskeletons, and molecular regulation pathways are excluded to keep the deck focused. Typical ciliary patterns are taught with exceptions, not as universal motility rules. No complete biology course or examination alignment is claimed.
The questions, explanations, sequence, and metadata were written independently with AI assistance. Scientific facts were checked against research publications on cytoskeletal interactions and intermediate filaments, microtubule dynamics, motor proteins, microvilli, animal-cell cytokinesis, actin assembly, cell protrusion, motile cilia, and primary cilia. Source wording, exercises, and diagrams were not copied; those publications retain their own licenses, and scientific facts are not claimed as proprietary. Original material and the AI-generated decorative cover are dedicated under CC0 1.0 to the extent applicable rights exist. The cover is an abstract illustration, not a molecular diagram. This is independent study material without institutional endorsement.
Cartões deste baralho
Cartão 1
Pergunta
What are the three major cytoskeletal filament families in animal cells?
Resposta
Actin filaments (microfilaments), microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
Cartão 2
Pergunta
Which protein builds microfilaments?
Resposta
Actin.
Cartão 3
Pergunta
Which two tubulin subunits pair to build microtubules?
Resposta
Alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin. Each building unit is an alpha–beta tubulin dimer.
Cartão 4
Pergunta
Do all intermediate filaments use the same building protein?
Resposta
No. Different cells use different intermediate-filament proteins, such as keratins, vimentin, and nuclear lamins.
Cartão 5
Pergunta
What does filament polarity mean in the cytoskeleton?
Resposta
The two ends have different molecular structures. Plus and minus label distinct ends, not electrical charges.
Cartão 6
Pergunta
What is the basic shape of an actin filament?
Resposta
Two intertwined strands of actin subunits. It is a thin filament, not a hollow tube.
Cartão 7
Pergunta
Which major cytoskeletal filament forms a hollow tube?
Resposta
A microtubule.
Cartão 8
Pergunta
Which major cytoskeletal filament has a rope-like assembly of fibrous proteins?
Resposta
An intermediate filament.
Cartão 9
Pergunta
Which cytoskeletal filament is the track for myosin motors?
Resposta
An actin filament.
Cartão 10
Pergunta
Which major cytoskeletal filament family lacks distinct plus and minus ends?
Resposta
Intermediate filaments. Actin filaments and microtubules are polar.
Cartão 11
Pergunta
What directly powers the stepping of myosin, kinesin, and dynein motors?
Resposta
ATP hydrolysis.
Cartão 12
Pergunta
Which two motor-protein families move along microtubules?
Resposta
Kinesins and dyneins.
Cartão 13
Pergunta
Which filament network is especially prominent in the cortex just beneath an animal cell’s plasma membrane?
Resposta
Actin filaments. The cortex helps control cell shape and surface mechanics.
Cartão 14
Pergunta
Keratin networks belong to which cytoskeletal filament family?
Resposta
Intermediate filaments.
Cartão 15
Pergunta
What is microtubule dynamic instability?
Resposta
Switching between growth and shrinkage. A microtubule can change length as tubulin subunits are added or lost.
Cartão 16
Pergunta
A cargo moves by kinesin along a microtubule. Which component is the motor?
Resposta
Kinesin. The microtubule is the track.
Cartão 17
Pergunta
Which filaments form the supporting bundles inside microvilli?
Resposta
Actin filaments.
Cartão 18
Pergunta
Which proteins form the nuclear lamina beneath the inner nuclear membrane?
Resposta
Lamins, members of the intermediate-filament protein family.
Cartão 19
Pergunta
Which cytoskeletal filaments form the mitotic spindle?
Resposta
Microtubules. Spindle microtubules help organize and separate chromosomes.
Cartão 20
Pergunta
Cytoplasmic dynein carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
Resposta
The minus end.
Cartão 21
Pergunta
Which filament and motor form the main contractile machinery of the animal-cell cleavage ring?
Resposta
Actin filaments and myosin II.
Cartão 22
Pergunta
How can actin assembly help a crawling cell extend its leading edge?
Resposta
Growing actin filaments can push the plasma membrane outward.
Cartão 23
Pergunta
Which filaments form the axoneme, the internal framework of eukaryotic cilia and flagella?
Resposta
Microtubules.
Cartão 24
Pergunta
Conventional kinesin-1 carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
Resposta
The plus end.
Cartão 25
Pergunta
What mechanical role do intermediate-filament networks provide when a cell is stretched?
Resposta
They help distribute tensile stress and resist damage from stretching.
Cartão 26
Pergunta
In an animal-cell contractile ring, is myosin II a motor or an actin building subunit?
Resposta
A motor. Actin supplies the filament subunits.
Cartão 27
Pergunta
What does the typical 9 + 2 pattern of an airway motile cilium describe?
Resposta
Nine outer microtubule doublets around two central single microtubules.
Cartão 28
Pergunta
Does the name kinesin alone guarantee plus-end-directed movement?
Resposta
No. Kinesin families differ; some move toward minus ends. Specify the kinesin type before assigning a direction.
Cartão 29
Pergunta
How do the core filaments of microvilli differ from those of eukaryotic cilia?
Resposta
Microvilli have actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based axoneme.
Cartão 30
Pergunta
The nuclear lamina is built from which major filament family?
Resposta
Intermediate filaments, specifically lamins.
Cartão 31
Pergunta
In animal-cell division, which structure constricts the cell surface: the spindle or the contractile ring?
Resposta
The contractile ring. Its actin–myosin machinery narrows the cleavage furrow.
Cartão 32
Pergunta
What is a common role of a non-motile primary cilium?
Resposta
Sensing and coordinating signals. It acts as a specialized signaling compartment.
Cartão 33
Pergunta
Which motor family drives sliding between neighboring microtubule doublets in a motile cilium?
Resposta
Axonemal dyneins. Structural constraints convert that sliding into bending.
Cartão 34
Pergunta
Does vesicle transport by itself identify a microtubule track?
Resposta
No. Vesicles can use microtubules or actin-based transport. The motor identity or filament composition supplies a better clue.
Cartão 35
Pergunta
A prompt asks for the filament family containing keratin. Is keratin alone the requested answer?
Resposta
No. Answer intermediate filaments. Keratin names a building protein, not the filament family.
Cartão 36
Pergunta
What microtubule pattern is commonly used to describe a primary cilium?
Resposta
The 9 + 0 pattern: nine outer doublets without a central pair. It is a typical description, not a universal rule for every cross-section.
Cartão 37
Pergunta
A filament is assembled from alpha–beta tubulin dimers. Which filament family is it?
Resposta
Microtubules.
Cartão 38
Pergunta
What does the centrosome do for microtubules in many animal cells?
Resposta
It acts as a microtubule-organizing center, helping nucleate and organize the microtubule array.
Cartão 39
Pergunta
A vesicle is moved by myosin. Which filament supplies its track?
Resposta
Actin. Myosin-based cargo transport uses actin filaments.
Cartão 40
Pergunta
Why can’t a 9 + 0 axoneme alone establish that a cilium is non-motile?
Resposta
Motile embryonic nodal cilia are a counterexample. Arrangement alone does not establish motility.
Cartão 41
Pergunta
What extra clue would help identify a fiber described only as supporting cell shape?
Resposta
Its protein composition or a specific structure it forms. All three major filament systems contribute to cell mechanics.
Cartão 42
Pergunta
Why is the claim that all intermediate filaments lie in the cytoplasm incorrect?
Resposta
Lamins form the nuclear lamina inside the nucleus.
Cartão 43
Pergunta
In a 9 + 2 axoneme, does the 9 count nine individual microtubules?
Resposta
No. It counts nine outer doublets. The central 2 counts two single microtubules.
Cartão 44
Pergunta
An ATP-powered motor uses either actin or microtubules. What missing information would identify its track?
Resposta
The motor family. Myosins use actin; kinesins and dyneins use microtubules. ATP use alone does not distinguish them.
Cartão 45
Pergunta
What missing detail would distinguish fibers described only as helping animal-cell division?
Resposta
The division structure or step. Spindle fibers are microtubules; the contractile ring contains actin.
Cartão 46
Pergunta
A student says microvilli are miniature cilia because both project from the cell. What core-filament correction is needed?
Resposta
Microvilli are supported by actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based core. Surface shape alone does not make them the same structure.
Cartão 47
Pergunta
In microtubule-based transport, how does the filament’s role differ from the motor’s?
Resposta
The microtubule supplies a track; kinesin or dynein supplies motor activity.
Cartão 48
Pergunta
What extra detail is needed to identify a cytoskeletal system described only as enabling cell movement?
Resposta
The type of movement. Actin supports crawling; microtubules and dyneins support ciliary or flagellar motion.
Cartão 49
Pergunta
Is it accurate to say that microtubules have no role in animal-cell cytokinesis because the ring uses actin?
Resposta
No. Microtubules also help coordinate cytokinesis, including positioning and organizing the division machinery.
Cartão 50
Pergunta
Is the cytoskeleton a permanent, unchanging scaffold?
Resposta
No. Its filaments and networks can assemble, disassemble, and reorganize as the cell’s needs change.
50 cartões
Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
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