Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
Practice cytoskeletal fibers, motor tracks, cell division, and ciliary patterns with 50 English flashcards and short checks for ambiguous clues.
اس ڈیک کے بارے میں
Practice cytoskeleton structure and function with 50 English flashcards for secondary and introductory-college biology. The focus is on telling actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments apart, then applying those distinctions to motors, cell structures, and short reasoning prompts. Basic cell knowledge is helpful; the cell organelle flashcards cover that prerequisite.
The cards map filament names to building proteins and structural properties, selected protein or shape clues back to filament families, motor names to tracks and specified travel directions, and named cell structures to their cytoskeletal components. Short error checks distinguish a fiber from its building protein or motor. Other prompts ask what information is missing when support, movement, cell division, vesicle transport, or ATP use does not identify a unique answer.
Start with the three filament families, their assembly, and polarity. Motor tracks and ATP use lead into the actin cortex, microvilli, keratins, nuclear lamins, the spindle, and the animal-cell contractile ring. Basic ciliary architecture and selected motor-direction exceptions then support the final mixed distinctions. Selected reverse prompts and related variants are separated; the review scheduler handles longer-term spacing. Every card carries the cytoskeleton tag.
This is text-based recall practice. It does not test diagram or micrograph identification. Exhaustive reverse cards, arbitrary name-to-example lists, exact filament diameters, detailed motor families, clinical diagnosis, drug treatment, bacterial cytoskeletons, and molecular regulation pathways are excluded to keep the deck focused. Typical ciliary patterns are taught with exceptions, not as universal motility rules. No complete biology course or examination alignment is claimed.
The questions, explanations, sequence, and metadata were written independently with AI assistance. Scientific facts were checked against research publications on cytoskeletal interactions and intermediate filaments, microtubule dynamics, motor proteins, microvilli, animal-cell cytokinesis, actin assembly, cell protrusion, motile cilia, and primary cilia. Source wording, exercises, and diagrams were not copied; those publications retain their own licenses, and scientific facts are not claimed as proprietary. Original material and the AI-generated decorative cover are dedicated under CC0 1.0 to the extent applicable rights exist. The cover is an abstract illustration, not a molecular diagram. This is independent study material without institutional endorsement.
اس ڈیک کے کارڈز
کارڈ 1
سوال
What are the three major cytoskeletal filament families in animal cells?
جواب
Actin filaments (microfilaments), microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
کارڈ 2
سوال
Which protein builds microfilaments?
جواب
Actin.
کارڈ 3
سوال
Which two tubulin subunits pair to build microtubules?
جواب
Alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin. Each building unit is an alpha–beta tubulin dimer.
کارڈ 4
سوال
Do all intermediate filaments use the same building protein?
جواب
No. Different cells use different intermediate-filament proteins, such as keratins, vimentin, and nuclear lamins.
کارڈ 5
سوال
What does filament polarity mean in the cytoskeleton?
جواب
The two ends have different molecular structures. Plus and minus label distinct ends, not electrical charges.
کارڈ 6
سوال
What is the basic shape of an actin filament?
جواب
Two intertwined strands of actin subunits. It is a thin filament, not a hollow tube.
کارڈ 7
سوال
Which major cytoskeletal filament forms a hollow tube?
جواب
A microtubule.
کارڈ 8
سوال
Which major cytoskeletal filament has a rope-like assembly of fibrous proteins?
جواب
An intermediate filament.
کارڈ 9
سوال
Which cytoskeletal filament is the track for myosin motors?
جواب
An actin filament.
کارڈ 10
سوال
Which major cytoskeletal filament family lacks distinct plus and minus ends?
جواب
Intermediate filaments. Actin filaments and microtubules are polar.
کارڈ 11
سوال
What directly powers the stepping of myosin, kinesin, and dynein motors?
جواب
ATP hydrolysis.
کارڈ 12
سوال
Which two motor-protein families move along microtubules?
جواب
Kinesins and dyneins.
کارڈ 13
سوال
Which filament network is especially prominent in the cortex just beneath an animal cell’s plasma membrane?
جواب
Actin filaments. The cortex helps control cell shape and surface mechanics.
کارڈ 14
سوال
Keratin networks belong to which cytoskeletal filament family?
جواب
Intermediate filaments.
کارڈ 15
سوال
What is microtubule dynamic instability?
جواب
Switching between growth and shrinkage. A microtubule can change length as tubulin subunits are added or lost.
کارڈ 16
سوال
A cargo moves by kinesin along a microtubule. Which component is the motor?
جواب
Kinesin. The microtubule is the track.
کارڈ 17
سوال
Which filaments form the supporting bundles inside microvilli?
جواب
Actin filaments.
کارڈ 18
سوال
Which proteins form the nuclear lamina beneath the inner nuclear membrane?
جواب
Lamins, members of the intermediate-filament protein family.
کارڈ 19
سوال
Which cytoskeletal filaments form the mitotic spindle?
جواب
Microtubules. Spindle microtubules help organize and separate chromosomes.
کارڈ 20
سوال
Cytoplasmic dynein carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
جواب
The minus end.
کارڈ 21
سوال
Which filament and motor form the main contractile machinery of the animal-cell cleavage ring?
جواب
Actin filaments and myosin II.
کارڈ 22
سوال
How can actin assembly help a crawling cell extend its leading edge?
جواب
Growing actin filaments can push the plasma membrane outward.
کارڈ 23
سوال
Which filaments form the axoneme, the internal framework of eukaryotic cilia and flagella?
جواب
Microtubules.
کارڈ 24
سوال
Conventional kinesin-1 carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
جواب
The plus end.
کارڈ 25
سوال
What mechanical role do intermediate-filament networks provide when a cell is stretched?
جواب
They help distribute tensile stress and resist damage from stretching.
کارڈ 26
سوال
In an animal-cell contractile ring, is myosin II a motor or an actin building subunit?
جواب
A motor. Actin supplies the filament subunits.
کارڈ 27
سوال
What does the typical 9 + 2 pattern of an airway motile cilium describe?
جواب
Nine outer microtubule doublets around two central single microtubules.
کارڈ 28
سوال
Does the name kinesin alone guarantee plus-end-directed movement?
جواب
No. Kinesin families differ; some move toward minus ends. Specify the kinesin type before assigning a direction.
کارڈ 29
سوال
How do the core filaments of microvilli differ from those of eukaryotic cilia?
جواب
Microvilli have actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based axoneme.
کارڈ 30
سوال
The nuclear lamina is built from which major filament family?
جواب
Intermediate filaments, specifically lamins.
کارڈ 31
سوال
In animal-cell division, which structure constricts the cell surface: the spindle or the contractile ring?
جواب
The contractile ring. Its actin–myosin machinery narrows the cleavage furrow.
کارڈ 32
سوال
What is a common role of a non-motile primary cilium?
جواب
Sensing and coordinating signals. It acts as a specialized signaling compartment.
کارڈ 33
سوال
Which motor family drives sliding between neighboring microtubule doublets in a motile cilium?
جواب
Axonemal dyneins. Structural constraints convert that sliding into bending.
کارڈ 34
سوال
Does vesicle transport by itself identify a microtubule track?
جواب
No. Vesicles can use microtubules or actin-based transport. The motor identity or filament composition supplies a better clue.
کارڈ 35
سوال
A prompt asks for the filament family containing keratin. Is keratin alone the requested answer?
جواب
No. Answer intermediate filaments. Keratin names a building protein, not the filament family.
کارڈ 36
سوال
What microtubule pattern is commonly used to describe a primary cilium?
جواب
The 9 + 0 pattern: nine outer doublets without a central pair. It is a typical description, not a universal rule for every cross-section.
کارڈ 37
سوال
A filament is assembled from alpha–beta tubulin dimers. Which filament family is it?
جواب
Microtubules.
کارڈ 38
سوال
What does the centrosome do for microtubules in many animal cells?
جواب
It acts as a microtubule-organizing center, helping nucleate and organize the microtubule array.
کارڈ 39
سوال
A vesicle is moved by myosin. Which filament supplies its track?
جواب
Actin. Myosin-based cargo transport uses actin filaments.
کارڈ 40
سوال
Why can’t a 9 + 0 axoneme alone establish that a cilium is non-motile?
جواب
Motile embryonic nodal cilia are a counterexample. Arrangement alone does not establish motility.
کارڈ 41
سوال
What extra clue would help identify a fiber described only as supporting cell shape?
جواب
Its protein composition or a specific structure it forms. All three major filament systems contribute to cell mechanics.
کارڈ 42
سوال
Why is the claim that all intermediate filaments lie in the cytoplasm incorrect?
جواب
Lamins form the nuclear lamina inside the nucleus.
کارڈ 43
سوال
In a 9 + 2 axoneme, does the 9 count nine individual microtubules?
جواب
No. It counts nine outer doublets. The central 2 counts two single microtubules.
کارڈ 44
سوال
An ATP-powered motor uses either actin or microtubules. What missing information would identify its track?
جواب
The motor family. Myosins use actin; kinesins and dyneins use microtubules. ATP use alone does not distinguish them.
کارڈ 45
سوال
What missing detail would distinguish fibers described only as helping animal-cell division?
جواب
The division structure or step. Spindle fibers are microtubules; the contractile ring contains actin.
کارڈ 46
سوال
A student says microvilli are miniature cilia because both project from the cell. What core-filament correction is needed?
جواب
Microvilli are supported by actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based core. Surface shape alone does not make them the same structure.
کارڈ 47
سوال
In microtubule-based transport, how does the filament’s role differ from the motor’s?
جواب
The microtubule supplies a track; kinesin or dynein supplies motor activity.
کارڈ 48
سوال
What extra detail is needed to identify a cytoskeletal system described only as enabling cell movement?
جواب
The type of movement. Actin supports crawling; microtubules and dyneins support ciliary or flagellar motion.
کارڈ 49
سوال
Is it accurate to say that microtubules have no role in animal-cell cytokinesis because the ring uses actin?
جواب
No. Microtubules also help coordinate cytokinesis, including positioning and organizing the division machinery.
کارڈ 50
سوال
Is the cytoskeleton a permanent, unchanging scaffold?
جواب
No. Its filaments and networks can assemble, disassemble, and reorganize as the cell’s needs change.
50 کارڈز
Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
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