Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
Practice cytoskeletal fibers, motor tracks, cell division, and ciliary patterns with 50 English flashcards and short checks for ambiguous clues.
Tentang dek ini
Practice cytoskeleton structure and function with 50 English flashcards for secondary and introductory-college biology. The focus is on telling actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments apart, then applying those distinctions to motors, cell structures, and short reasoning prompts. Basic cell knowledge is helpful; the cell organelle flashcards cover that prerequisite.
The cards map filament names to building proteins and structural properties, selected protein or shape clues back to filament families, motor names to tracks and specified travel directions, and named cell structures to their cytoskeletal components. Short error checks distinguish a fiber from its building protein or motor. Other prompts ask what information is missing when support, movement, cell division, vesicle transport, or ATP use does not identify a unique answer.
Start with the three filament families, their assembly, and polarity. Motor tracks and ATP use lead into the actin cortex, microvilli, keratins, nuclear lamins, the spindle, and the animal-cell contractile ring. Basic ciliary architecture and selected motor-direction exceptions then support the final mixed distinctions. Selected reverse prompts and related variants are separated; the review scheduler handles longer-term spacing. Every card carries the cytoskeleton tag.
This is text-based recall practice. It does not test diagram or micrograph identification. Exhaustive reverse cards, arbitrary name-to-example lists, exact filament diameters, detailed motor families, clinical diagnosis, drug treatment, bacterial cytoskeletons, and molecular regulation pathways are excluded to keep the deck focused. Typical ciliary patterns are taught with exceptions, not as universal motility rules. No complete biology course or examination alignment is claimed.
The questions, explanations, sequence, and metadata were written independently with AI assistance. Scientific facts were checked against research publications on cytoskeletal interactions and intermediate filaments, microtubule dynamics, motor proteins, microvilli, animal-cell cytokinesis, actin assembly, cell protrusion, motile cilia, and primary cilia. Source wording, exercises, and diagrams were not copied; those publications retain their own licenses, and scientific facts are not claimed as proprietary. Original material and the AI-generated decorative cover are dedicated under CC0 1.0 to the extent applicable rights exist. The cover is an abstract illustration, not a molecular diagram. This is independent study material without institutional endorsement.
Kartu dalam dek ini
Kartu 1
Pertanyaan
What are the three major cytoskeletal filament families in animal cells?
Jawaban
Actin filaments (microfilaments), microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
Kartu 2
Pertanyaan
Which protein builds microfilaments?
Jawaban
Actin.
Kartu 3
Pertanyaan
Which two tubulin subunits pair to build microtubules?
Jawaban
Alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin. Each building unit is an alpha–beta tubulin dimer.
Kartu 4
Pertanyaan
Do all intermediate filaments use the same building protein?
Jawaban
No. Different cells use different intermediate-filament proteins, such as keratins, vimentin, and nuclear lamins.
Kartu 5
Pertanyaan
What does filament polarity mean in the cytoskeleton?
Jawaban
The two ends have different molecular structures. Plus and minus label distinct ends, not electrical charges.
Kartu 6
Pertanyaan
What is the basic shape of an actin filament?
Jawaban
Two intertwined strands of actin subunits. It is a thin filament, not a hollow tube.
Kartu 7
Pertanyaan
Which major cytoskeletal filament forms a hollow tube?
Jawaban
A microtubule.
Kartu 8
Pertanyaan
Which major cytoskeletal filament has a rope-like assembly of fibrous proteins?
Jawaban
An intermediate filament.
Kartu 9
Pertanyaan
Which cytoskeletal filament is the track for myosin motors?
Jawaban
An actin filament.
Kartu 10
Pertanyaan
Which major cytoskeletal filament family lacks distinct plus and minus ends?
Jawaban
Intermediate filaments. Actin filaments and microtubules are polar.
Kartu 11
Pertanyaan
What directly powers the stepping of myosin, kinesin, and dynein motors?
Jawaban
ATP hydrolysis.
Kartu 12
Pertanyaan
Which two motor-protein families move along microtubules?
Jawaban
Kinesins and dyneins.
Kartu 13
Pertanyaan
Which filament network is especially prominent in the cortex just beneath an animal cell’s plasma membrane?
Jawaban
Actin filaments. The cortex helps control cell shape and surface mechanics.
Kartu 14
Pertanyaan
Keratin networks belong to which cytoskeletal filament family?
Jawaban
Intermediate filaments.
Kartu 15
Pertanyaan
What is microtubule dynamic instability?
Jawaban
Switching between growth and shrinkage. A microtubule can change length as tubulin subunits are added or lost.
Kartu 16
Pertanyaan
A cargo moves by kinesin along a microtubule. Which component is the motor?
Jawaban
Kinesin. The microtubule is the track.
Kartu 17
Pertanyaan
Which filaments form the supporting bundles inside microvilli?
Jawaban
Actin filaments.
Kartu 18
Pertanyaan
Which proteins form the nuclear lamina beneath the inner nuclear membrane?
Jawaban
Lamins, members of the intermediate-filament protein family.
Kartu 19
Pertanyaan
Which cytoskeletal filaments form the mitotic spindle?
Jawaban
Microtubules. Spindle microtubules help organize and separate chromosomes.
Kartu 20
Pertanyaan
Cytoplasmic dynein carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
Jawaban
The minus end.
Kartu 21
Pertanyaan
Which filament and motor form the main contractile machinery of the animal-cell cleavage ring?
Jawaban
Actin filaments and myosin II.
Kartu 22
Pertanyaan
How can actin assembly help a crawling cell extend its leading edge?
Jawaban
Growing actin filaments can push the plasma membrane outward.
Kartu 23
Pertanyaan
Which filaments form the axoneme, the internal framework of eukaryotic cilia and flagella?
Jawaban
Microtubules.
Kartu 24
Pertanyaan
Conventional kinesin-1 carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
Jawaban
The plus end.
Kartu 25
Pertanyaan
What mechanical role do intermediate-filament networks provide when a cell is stretched?
Jawaban
They help distribute tensile stress and resist damage from stretching.
Kartu 26
Pertanyaan
In an animal-cell contractile ring, is myosin II a motor or an actin building subunit?
Jawaban
A motor. Actin supplies the filament subunits.
Kartu 27
Pertanyaan
What does the typical 9 + 2 pattern of an airway motile cilium describe?
Jawaban
Nine outer microtubule doublets around two central single microtubules.
Kartu 28
Pertanyaan
Does the name kinesin alone guarantee plus-end-directed movement?
Jawaban
No. Kinesin families differ; some move toward minus ends. Specify the kinesin type before assigning a direction.
Kartu 29
Pertanyaan
How do the core filaments of microvilli differ from those of eukaryotic cilia?
Jawaban
Microvilli have actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based axoneme.
Kartu 30
Pertanyaan
The nuclear lamina is built from which major filament family?
Jawaban
Intermediate filaments, specifically lamins.
Kartu 31
Pertanyaan
In animal-cell division, which structure constricts the cell surface: the spindle or the contractile ring?
Jawaban
The contractile ring. Its actin–myosin machinery narrows the cleavage furrow.
Kartu 32
Pertanyaan
What is a common role of a non-motile primary cilium?
Jawaban
Sensing and coordinating signals. It acts as a specialized signaling compartment.
Kartu 33
Pertanyaan
Which motor family drives sliding between neighboring microtubule doublets in a motile cilium?
Jawaban
Axonemal dyneins. Structural constraints convert that sliding into bending.
Kartu 34
Pertanyaan
Does vesicle transport by itself identify a microtubule track?
Jawaban
No. Vesicles can use microtubules or actin-based transport. The motor identity or filament composition supplies a better clue.
Kartu 35
Pertanyaan
A prompt asks for the filament family containing keratin. Is keratin alone the requested answer?
Jawaban
No. Answer intermediate filaments. Keratin names a building protein, not the filament family.
Kartu 36
Pertanyaan
What microtubule pattern is commonly used to describe a primary cilium?
Jawaban
The 9 + 0 pattern: nine outer doublets without a central pair. It is a typical description, not a universal rule for every cross-section.
Kartu 37
Pertanyaan
A filament is assembled from alpha–beta tubulin dimers. Which filament family is it?
Jawaban
Microtubules.
Kartu 38
Pertanyaan
What does the centrosome do for microtubules in many animal cells?
Jawaban
It acts as a microtubule-organizing center, helping nucleate and organize the microtubule array.
Kartu 39
Pertanyaan
A vesicle is moved by myosin. Which filament supplies its track?
Jawaban
Actin. Myosin-based cargo transport uses actin filaments.
Kartu 40
Pertanyaan
Why can’t a 9 + 0 axoneme alone establish that a cilium is non-motile?
Jawaban
Motile embryonic nodal cilia are a counterexample. Arrangement alone does not establish motility.
Kartu 41
Pertanyaan
What extra clue would help identify a fiber described only as supporting cell shape?
Jawaban
Its protein composition or a specific structure it forms. All three major filament systems contribute to cell mechanics.
Kartu 42
Pertanyaan
Why is the claim that all intermediate filaments lie in the cytoplasm incorrect?
Jawaban
Lamins form the nuclear lamina inside the nucleus.
Kartu 43
Pertanyaan
In a 9 + 2 axoneme, does the 9 count nine individual microtubules?
Jawaban
No. It counts nine outer doublets. The central 2 counts two single microtubules.
Kartu 44
Pertanyaan
An ATP-powered motor uses either actin or microtubules. What missing information would identify its track?
Jawaban
The motor family. Myosins use actin; kinesins and dyneins use microtubules. ATP use alone does not distinguish them.
Kartu 45
Pertanyaan
What missing detail would distinguish fibers described only as helping animal-cell division?
Jawaban
The division structure or step. Spindle fibers are microtubules; the contractile ring contains actin.
Kartu 46
Pertanyaan
A student says microvilli are miniature cilia because both project from the cell. What core-filament correction is needed?
Jawaban
Microvilli are supported by actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based core. Surface shape alone does not make them the same structure.
Kartu 47
Pertanyaan
In microtubule-based transport, how does the filament’s role differ from the motor’s?
Jawaban
The microtubule supplies a track; kinesin or dynein supplies motor activity.
Kartu 48
Pertanyaan
What extra detail is needed to identify a cytoskeletal system described only as enabling cell movement?
Jawaban
The type of movement. Actin supports crawling; microtubules and dyneins support ciliary or flagellar motion.
Kartu 49
Pertanyaan
Is it accurate to say that microtubules have no role in animal-cell cytokinesis because the ring uses actin?
Jawaban
No. Microtubules also help coordinate cytokinesis, including positioning and organizing the division machinery.
Kartu 50
Pertanyaan
Is the cytoskeleton a permanent, unchanging scaffold?
Jawaban
No. Its filaments and networks can assemble, disassemble, and reorganize as the cell’s needs change.
50 kartu
Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
Nibomo akan terbuka agar Anda bisa mulai belajar.