Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
Practice cytoskeletal fibers, motor tracks, cell division, and ciliary patterns with 50 English flashcards and short checks for ambiguous clues.
इस डेक के बारे में
Practice cytoskeleton structure and function with 50 English flashcards for secondary and introductory-college biology. The focus is on telling actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments apart, then applying those distinctions to motors, cell structures, and short reasoning prompts. Basic cell knowledge is helpful; the cell organelle flashcards cover that prerequisite.
The cards map filament names to building proteins and structural properties, selected protein or shape clues back to filament families, motor names to tracks and specified travel directions, and named cell structures to their cytoskeletal components. Short error checks distinguish a fiber from its building protein or motor. Other prompts ask what information is missing when support, movement, cell division, vesicle transport, or ATP use does not identify a unique answer.
Start with the three filament families, their assembly, and polarity. Motor tracks and ATP use lead into the actin cortex, microvilli, keratins, nuclear lamins, the spindle, and the animal-cell contractile ring. Basic ciliary architecture and selected motor-direction exceptions then support the final mixed distinctions. Selected reverse prompts and related variants are separated; the review scheduler handles longer-term spacing. Every card carries the cytoskeleton tag.
This is text-based recall practice. It does not test diagram or micrograph identification. Exhaustive reverse cards, arbitrary name-to-example lists, exact filament diameters, detailed motor families, clinical diagnosis, drug treatment, bacterial cytoskeletons, and molecular regulation pathways are excluded to keep the deck focused. Typical ciliary patterns are taught with exceptions, not as universal motility rules. No complete biology course or examination alignment is claimed.
The questions, explanations, sequence, and metadata were written independently with AI assistance. Scientific facts were checked against research publications on cytoskeletal interactions and intermediate filaments, microtubule dynamics, motor proteins, microvilli, animal-cell cytokinesis, actin assembly, cell protrusion, motile cilia, and primary cilia. Source wording, exercises, and diagrams were not copied; those publications retain their own licenses, and scientific facts are not claimed as proprietary. Original material and the AI-generated decorative cover are dedicated under CC0 1.0 to the extent applicable rights exist. The cover is an abstract illustration, not a molecular diagram. This is independent study material without institutional endorsement.
इस डेक के कार्ड
कार्ड 1
प्रश्न
What are the three major cytoskeletal filament families in animal cells?
उत्तर
Actin filaments (microfilaments), microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
कार्ड 2
प्रश्न
Which protein builds microfilaments?
उत्तर
Actin.
कार्ड 3
प्रश्न
Which two tubulin subunits pair to build microtubules?
उत्तर
Alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin. Each building unit is an alpha–beta tubulin dimer.
कार्ड 4
प्रश्न
Do all intermediate filaments use the same building protein?
उत्तर
No. Different cells use different intermediate-filament proteins, such as keratins, vimentin, and nuclear lamins.
कार्ड 5
प्रश्न
What does filament polarity mean in the cytoskeleton?
उत्तर
The two ends have different molecular structures. Plus and minus label distinct ends, not electrical charges.
कार्ड 6
प्रश्न
What is the basic shape of an actin filament?
उत्तर
Two intertwined strands of actin subunits. It is a thin filament, not a hollow tube.
कार्ड 7
प्रश्न
Which major cytoskeletal filament forms a hollow tube?
उत्तर
A microtubule.
कार्ड 8
प्रश्न
Which major cytoskeletal filament has a rope-like assembly of fibrous proteins?
उत्तर
An intermediate filament.
कार्ड 9
प्रश्न
Which cytoskeletal filament is the track for myosin motors?
उत्तर
An actin filament.
कार्ड 10
प्रश्न
Which major cytoskeletal filament family lacks distinct plus and minus ends?
उत्तर
Intermediate filaments. Actin filaments and microtubules are polar.
कार्ड 11
प्रश्न
What directly powers the stepping of myosin, kinesin, and dynein motors?
उत्तर
ATP hydrolysis.
कार्ड 12
प्रश्न
Which two motor-protein families move along microtubules?
उत्तर
Kinesins and dyneins.
कार्ड 13
प्रश्न
Which filament network is especially prominent in the cortex just beneath an animal cell’s plasma membrane?
उत्तर
Actin filaments. The cortex helps control cell shape and surface mechanics.
कार्ड 14
प्रश्न
Keratin networks belong to which cytoskeletal filament family?
उत्तर
Intermediate filaments.
कार्ड 15
प्रश्न
What is microtubule dynamic instability?
उत्तर
Switching between growth and shrinkage. A microtubule can change length as tubulin subunits are added or lost.
कार्ड 16
प्रश्न
A cargo moves by kinesin along a microtubule. Which component is the motor?
उत्तर
Kinesin. The microtubule is the track.
कार्ड 17
प्रश्न
Which filaments form the supporting bundles inside microvilli?
उत्तर
Actin filaments.
कार्ड 18
प्रश्न
Which proteins form the nuclear lamina beneath the inner nuclear membrane?
उत्तर
Lamins, members of the intermediate-filament protein family.
कार्ड 19
प्रश्न
Which cytoskeletal filaments form the mitotic spindle?
उत्तर
Microtubules. Spindle microtubules help organize and separate chromosomes.
कार्ड 20
प्रश्न
Cytoplasmic dynein carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
उत्तर
The minus end.
कार्ड 21
प्रश्न
Which filament and motor form the main contractile machinery of the animal-cell cleavage ring?
उत्तर
Actin filaments and myosin II.
कार्ड 22
प्रश्न
How can actin assembly help a crawling cell extend its leading edge?
उत्तर
Growing actin filaments can push the plasma membrane outward.
कार्ड 23
प्रश्न
Which filaments form the axoneme, the internal framework of eukaryotic cilia and flagella?
उत्तर
Microtubules.
कार्ड 24
प्रश्न
Conventional kinesin-1 carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
उत्तर
The plus end.
कार्ड 25
प्रश्न
What mechanical role do intermediate-filament networks provide when a cell is stretched?
उत्तर
They help distribute tensile stress and resist damage from stretching.
कार्ड 26
प्रश्न
In an animal-cell contractile ring, is myosin II a motor or an actin building subunit?
उत्तर
A motor. Actin supplies the filament subunits.
कार्ड 27
प्रश्न
What does the typical 9 + 2 pattern of an airway motile cilium describe?
उत्तर
Nine outer microtubule doublets around two central single microtubules.
कार्ड 28
प्रश्न
Does the name kinesin alone guarantee plus-end-directed movement?
उत्तर
No. Kinesin families differ; some move toward minus ends. Specify the kinesin type before assigning a direction.
कार्ड 29
प्रश्न
How do the core filaments of microvilli differ from those of eukaryotic cilia?
उत्तर
Microvilli have actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based axoneme.
कार्ड 30
प्रश्न
The nuclear lamina is built from which major filament family?
उत्तर
Intermediate filaments, specifically lamins.
कार्ड 31
प्रश्न
In animal-cell division, which structure constricts the cell surface: the spindle or the contractile ring?
उत्तर
The contractile ring. Its actin–myosin machinery narrows the cleavage furrow.
कार्ड 32
प्रश्न
What is a common role of a non-motile primary cilium?
उत्तर
Sensing and coordinating signals. It acts as a specialized signaling compartment.
कार्ड 33
प्रश्न
Which motor family drives sliding between neighboring microtubule doublets in a motile cilium?
उत्तर
Axonemal dyneins. Structural constraints convert that sliding into bending.
कार्ड 34
प्रश्न
Does vesicle transport by itself identify a microtubule track?
उत्तर
No. Vesicles can use microtubules or actin-based transport. The motor identity or filament composition supplies a better clue.
कार्ड 35
प्रश्न
A prompt asks for the filament family containing keratin. Is keratin alone the requested answer?
उत्तर
No. Answer intermediate filaments. Keratin names a building protein, not the filament family.
कार्ड 36
प्रश्न
What microtubule pattern is commonly used to describe a primary cilium?
उत्तर
The 9 + 0 pattern: nine outer doublets without a central pair. It is a typical description, not a universal rule for every cross-section.
कार्ड 37
प्रश्न
A filament is assembled from alpha–beta tubulin dimers. Which filament family is it?
उत्तर
Microtubules.
कार्ड 38
प्रश्न
What does the centrosome do for microtubules in many animal cells?
उत्तर
It acts as a microtubule-organizing center, helping nucleate and organize the microtubule array.
कार्ड 39
प्रश्न
A vesicle is moved by myosin. Which filament supplies its track?
उत्तर
Actin. Myosin-based cargo transport uses actin filaments.
कार्ड 40
प्रश्न
Why can’t a 9 + 0 axoneme alone establish that a cilium is non-motile?
उत्तर
Motile embryonic nodal cilia are a counterexample. Arrangement alone does not establish motility.
कार्ड 41
प्रश्न
What extra clue would help identify a fiber described only as supporting cell shape?
उत्तर
Its protein composition or a specific structure it forms. All three major filament systems contribute to cell mechanics.
कार्ड 42
प्रश्न
Why is the claim that all intermediate filaments lie in the cytoplasm incorrect?
उत्तर
Lamins form the nuclear lamina inside the nucleus.
कार्ड 43
प्रश्न
In a 9 + 2 axoneme, does the 9 count nine individual microtubules?
उत्तर
No. It counts nine outer doublets. The central 2 counts two single microtubules.
कार्ड 44
प्रश्न
An ATP-powered motor uses either actin or microtubules. What missing information would identify its track?
उत्तर
The motor family. Myosins use actin; kinesins and dyneins use microtubules. ATP use alone does not distinguish them.
कार्ड 45
प्रश्न
What missing detail would distinguish fibers described only as helping animal-cell division?
उत्तर
The division structure or step. Spindle fibers are microtubules; the contractile ring contains actin.
कार्ड 46
प्रश्न
A student says microvilli are miniature cilia because both project from the cell. What core-filament correction is needed?
उत्तर
Microvilli are supported by actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based core. Surface shape alone does not make them the same structure.
कार्ड 47
प्रश्न
In microtubule-based transport, how does the filament’s role differ from the motor’s?
उत्तर
The microtubule supplies a track; kinesin or dynein supplies motor activity.
कार्ड 48
प्रश्न
What extra detail is needed to identify a cytoskeletal system described only as enabling cell movement?
उत्तर
The type of movement. Actin supports crawling; microtubules and dyneins support ciliary or flagellar motion.
कार्ड 49
प्रश्न
Is it accurate to say that microtubules have no role in animal-cell cytokinesis because the ring uses actin?
उत्तर
No. Microtubules also help coordinate cytokinesis, including positioning and organizing the division machinery.
कार्ड 50
प्रश्न
Is the cytoskeleton a permanent, unchanging scaffold?
उत्तर
No. Its filaments and networks can assemble, disassemble, and reorganize as the cell’s needs change.
50 कार्ड
Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
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