Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
Practice cytoskeletal fibers, motor tracks, cell division, and ciliary patterns with 50 English flashcards and short checks for ambiguous clues.
Par šo kavu
Practice cytoskeleton structure and function with 50 English flashcards for secondary and introductory-college biology. The focus is on telling actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments apart, then applying those distinctions to motors, cell structures, and short reasoning prompts. Basic cell knowledge is helpful; the cell organelle flashcards cover that prerequisite.
The cards map filament names to building proteins and structural properties, selected protein or shape clues back to filament families, motor names to tracks and specified travel directions, and named cell structures to their cytoskeletal components. Short error checks distinguish a fiber from its building protein or motor. Other prompts ask what information is missing when support, movement, cell division, vesicle transport, or ATP use does not identify a unique answer.
Start with the three filament families, their assembly, and polarity. Motor tracks and ATP use lead into the actin cortex, microvilli, keratins, nuclear lamins, the spindle, and the animal-cell contractile ring. Basic ciliary architecture and selected motor-direction exceptions then support the final mixed distinctions. Selected reverse prompts and related variants are separated; the review scheduler handles longer-term spacing. Every card carries the cytoskeleton tag.
This is text-based recall practice. It does not test diagram or micrograph identification. Exhaustive reverse cards, arbitrary name-to-example lists, exact filament diameters, detailed motor families, clinical diagnosis, drug treatment, bacterial cytoskeletons, and molecular regulation pathways are excluded to keep the deck focused. Typical ciliary patterns are taught with exceptions, not as universal motility rules. No complete biology course or examination alignment is claimed.
The questions, explanations, sequence, and metadata were written independently with AI assistance. Scientific facts were checked against research publications on cytoskeletal interactions and intermediate filaments, microtubule dynamics, motor proteins, microvilli, animal-cell cytokinesis, actin assembly, cell protrusion, motile cilia, and primary cilia. Source wording, exercises, and diagrams were not copied; those publications retain their own licenses, and scientific facts are not claimed as proprietary. Original material and the AI-generated decorative cover are dedicated under CC0 1.0 to the extent applicable rights exist. The cover is an abstract illustration, not a molecular diagram. This is independent study material without institutional endorsement.
Kartītes šajā kavā
1. kartīte
Jautājums
What are the three major cytoskeletal filament families in animal cells?
Atbilde
Actin filaments (microfilaments), microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
2. kartīte
Jautājums
Which protein builds microfilaments?
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Actin.
3. kartīte
Jautājums
Which two tubulin subunits pair to build microtubules?
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Alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin. Each building unit is an alpha–beta tubulin dimer.
4. kartīte
Jautājums
Do all intermediate filaments use the same building protein?
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No. Different cells use different intermediate-filament proteins, such as keratins, vimentin, and nuclear lamins.
5. kartīte
Jautājums
What does filament polarity mean in the cytoskeleton?
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The two ends have different molecular structures. Plus and minus label distinct ends, not electrical charges.
6. kartīte
Jautājums
What is the basic shape of an actin filament?
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Two intertwined strands of actin subunits. It is a thin filament, not a hollow tube.
7. kartīte
Jautājums
Which major cytoskeletal filament forms a hollow tube?
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A microtubule.
8. kartīte
Jautājums
Which major cytoskeletal filament has a rope-like assembly of fibrous proteins?
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An intermediate filament.
9. kartīte
Jautājums
Which cytoskeletal filament is the track for myosin motors?
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An actin filament.
10. kartīte
Jautājums
Which major cytoskeletal filament family lacks distinct plus and minus ends?
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Intermediate filaments. Actin filaments and microtubules are polar.
11. kartīte
Jautājums
What directly powers the stepping of myosin, kinesin, and dynein motors?
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ATP hydrolysis.
12. kartīte
Jautājums
Which two motor-protein families move along microtubules?
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Kinesins and dyneins.
13. kartīte
Jautājums
Which filament network is especially prominent in the cortex just beneath an animal cell’s plasma membrane?
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Actin filaments. The cortex helps control cell shape and surface mechanics.
14. kartīte
Jautājums
Keratin networks belong to which cytoskeletal filament family?
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Intermediate filaments.
15. kartīte
Jautājums
What is microtubule dynamic instability?
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Switching between growth and shrinkage. A microtubule can change length as tubulin subunits are added or lost.
16. kartīte
Jautājums
A cargo moves by kinesin along a microtubule. Which component is the motor?
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Kinesin. The microtubule is the track.
17. kartīte
Jautājums
Which filaments form the supporting bundles inside microvilli?
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Actin filaments.
18. kartīte
Jautājums
Which proteins form the nuclear lamina beneath the inner nuclear membrane?
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Lamins, members of the intermediate-filament protein family.
19. kartīte
Jautājums
Which cytoskeletal filaments form the mitotic spindle?
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Microtubules. Spindle microtubules help organize and separate chromosomes.
20. kartīte
Jautājums
Cytoplasmic dynein carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
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The minus end.
21. kartīte
Jautājums
Which filament and motor form the main contractile machinery of the animal-cell cleavage ring?
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Actin filaments and myosin II.
22. kartīte
Jautājums
How can actin assembly help a crawling cell extend its leading edge?
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Growing actin filaments can push the plasma membrane outward.
23. kartīte
Jautājums
Which filaments form the axoneme, the internal framework of eukaryotic cilia and flagella?
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Microtubules.
24. kartīte
Jautājums
Conventional kinesin-1 carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
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The plus end.
25. kartīte
Jautājums
What mechanical role do intermediate-filament networks provide when a cell is stretched?
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They help distribute tensile stress and resist damage from stretching.
26. kartīte
Jautājums
In an animal-cell contractile ring, is myosin II a motor or an actin building subunit?
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A motor. Actin supplies the filament subunits.
27. kartīte
Jautājums
What does the typical 9 + 2 pattern of an airway motile cilium describe?
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Nine outer microtubule doublets around two central single microtubules.
28. kartīte
Jautājums
Does the name kinesin alone guarantee plus-end-directed movement?
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No. Kinesin families differ; some move toward minus ends. Specify the kinesin type before assigning a direction.
29. kartīte
Jautājums
How do the core filaments of microvilli differ from those of eukaryotic cilia?
Atbilde
Microvilli have actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based axoneme.
30. kartīte
Jautājums
The nuclear lamina is built from which major filament family?
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Intermediate filaments, specifically lamins.
31. kartīte
Jautājums
In animal-cell division, which structure constricts the cell surface: the spindle or the contractile ring?
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The contractile ring. Its actin–myosin machinery narrows the cleavage furrow.
32. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a common role of a non-motile primary cilium?
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Sensing and coordinating signals. It acts as a specialized signaling compartment.
33. kartīte
Jautājums
Which motor family drives sliding between neighboring microtubule doublets in a motile cilium?
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Axonemal dyneins. Structural constraints convert that sliding into bending.
34. kartīte
Jautājums
Does vesicle transport by itself identify a microtubule track?
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No. Vesicles can use microtubules or actin-based transport. The motor identity or filament composition supplies a better clue.
35. kartīte
Jautājums
A prompt asks for the filament family containing keratin. Is keratin alone the requested answer?
Atbilde
No. Answer intermediate filaments. Keratin names a building protein, not the filament family.
36. kartīte
Jautājums
What microtubule pattern is commonly used to describe a primary cilium?
Atbilde
The 9 + 0 pattern: nine outer doublets without a central pair. It is a typical description, not a universal rule for every cross-section.
37. kartīte
Jautājums
A filament is assembled from alpha–beta tubulin dimers. Which filament family is it?
Atbilde
Microtubules.
38. kartīte
Jautājums
What does the centrosome do for microtubules in many animal cells?
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It acts as a microtubule-organizing center, helping nucleate and organize the microtubule array.
39. kartīte
Jautājums
A vesicle is moved by myosin. Which filament supplies its track?
Atbilde
Actin. Myosin-based cargo transport uses actin filaments.
40. kartīte
Jautājums
Why can’t a 9 + 0 axoneme alone establish that a cilium is non-motile?
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Motile embryonic nodal cilia are a counterexample. Arrangement alone does not establish motility.
41. kartīte
Jautājums
What extra clue would help identify a fiber described only as supporting cell shape?
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Its protein composition or a specific structure it forms. All three major filament systems contribute to cell mechanics.
42. kartīte
Jautājums
Why is the claim that all intermediate filaments lie in the cytoplasm incorrect?
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Lamins form the nuclear lamina inside the nucleus.
43. kartīte
Jautājums
In a 9 + 2 axoneme, does the 9 count nine individual microtubules?
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No. It counts nine outer doublets. The central 2 counts two single microtubules.
44. kartīte
Jautājums
An ATP-powered motor uses either actin or microtubules. What missing information would identify its track?
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The motor family. Myosins use actin; kinesins and dyneins use microtubules. ATP use alone does not distinguish them.
45. kartīte
Jautājums
What missing detail would distinguish fibers described only as helping animal-cell division?
Atbilde
The division structure or step. Spindle fibers are microtubules; the contractile ring contains actin.
46. kartīte
Jautājums
A student says microvilli are miniature cilia because both project from the cell. What core-filament correction is needed?
Atbilde
Microvilli are supported by actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based core. Surface shape alone does not make them the same structure.
47. kartīte
Jautājums
In microtubule-based transport, how does the filament’s role differ from the motor’s?
Atbilde
The microtubule supplies a track; kinesin or dynein supplies motor activity.
48. kartīte
Jautājums
What extra detail is needed to identify a cytoskeletal system described only as enabling cell movement?
Atbilde
The type of movement. Actin supports crawling; microtubules and dyneins support ciliary or flagellar motion.
49. kartīte
Jautājums
Is it accurate to say that microtubules have no role in animal-cell cytokinesis because the ring uses actin?
Atbilde
No. Microtubules also help coordinate cytokinesis, including positioning and organizing the division machinery.
50. kartīte
Jautājums
Is the cytoskeleton a permanent, unchanging scaffold?
Atbilde
No. Its filaments and networks can assemble, disassemble, and reorganize as the cell’s needs change.
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Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
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