Cell Organelle Flashcards: 24 Structures & Functions in Both Directions

Question 1

Cell structure: plasma membrane → primary function

Accepted Answer

Selectively controls which materials enter and leave the cell.

Question 2

Cell structure: cytoplasm → primary function

Accepted Answer

Provides the fluid-filled region where organelles are suspended and many cellular reactions occur.

Question 3

Cell structure: nucleus → primary function

Accepted Answer

Stores most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA in chromosomes.

Question 4

Cell structure: nucleolus → primary function

Accepted Answer

Produces ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomal subunits inside the nucleus.

Question 5

Which cell boundary selectively controls materials entering and leaving a plant or animal cell?

Accepted Answer

Plasma membrane (cell membrane).

Question 6

Cell structure: ribosome → primary function

Accepted Answer

Builds proteins by translating messenger RNA into amino acid chains.

Question 7

Which region inside a eukaryotic cell, but outside its nucleus, suspends organelles and hosts many cellular reactions?

Accepted Answer

Cytoplasm.

Question 8

Cell structure: rough endoplasmic reticulum → primary function

Accepted Answer

Folds and begins processing proteins made for secretion, membranes, or certain organelles.

Question 9

Which membrane-enclosed organelle stores most of a plant or animal cell's DNA in chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Nucleus.

Question 10

Cell structure: smooth endoplasmic reticulum → primary function

Accepted Answer

Synthesizes lipids for membranes and other cell needs.

Question 11

Which structure inside the nucleus produces ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomal subunits?

Accepted Answer

Nucleolus.

Question 12

Cell structure: Golgi apparatus → primary function

Accepted Answer

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for delivery to their destinations.

Question 13

Which cellular structure translates messenger RNA into an amino acid chain?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome.

Question 14

Cell structure: transport vesicle → primary function

Accepted Answer

Carries proteins and lipids between membrane-bound compartments or to the plasma membrane.

Question 15

Which ribosome-studded membrane network folds and begins processing proteins for secretion or membranes?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER).

Question 16

Cell structure: mitochondrion → primary function

Accepted Answer

Generates ATP by converting energy from food molecules in many eukaryotic cells.

Question 17

Which ribosome-free endoplasmic reticulum network synthesizes lipids for membranes and other cell needs?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER).

Question 18

Cell structure: lysosome → primary function

Accepted Answer

Breaks down and recycles macromolecules and worn cell parts with acidic enzymes, especially in animal cells.

Question 19

Which eukaryotic organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for delivery?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus.

Question 20

Cell structure: peroxisome → primary function

Accepted Answer

Breaks down fatty acids through oxidation and uses catalase to remove the resulting hydrogen peroxide.

Question 21

Which small membrane-bound carrier moves protein or lipid cargo between cell compartments?

Accepted Answer

Transport vesicle.

Question 22

Cell structure: cytoskeleton → primary function

Accepted Answer

Supports cell shape and organizes movement of the cell and its internal components.

Question 23

Which organelle generates ATP by converting energy from food molecules in many plant and animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion.

Question 24

Cell structure: microtubule → primary function

Accepted Answer

Forms rigid cytoskeletal tracks for organelle transport and helps build the mitotic spindle.

Question 25

Which acidic, enzyme-filled organelle breaks down and recycles macromolecules and worn parts in many animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome.

Question 26

Cell structure: microfilament (actin filament) → primary function

Accepted Answer

Drives cell-surface shape changes and contraction through thin actin-based fibers.

Question 27

Which eukaryotic organelle oxidizes fatty acids and uses catalase to break down hydrogen peroxide?

Accepted Answer

Peroxisome.

Question 28

Cell structure: intermediate filament → primary function

Accepted Answer

Provides tensile strength that helps many animal cells withstand mechanical stress.

Question 29

Which network of protein filaments supports cell shape and organizes cell and organelle movement?

Accepted Answer

Cytoskeleton.

Question 30

Cell structure: centrosome → primary function

Accepted Answer

Organizes microtubules in most animal cells, including those used to form the mitotic spindle.

Question 31

Which rigid, hollow cytoskeletal filament serves as a track for organelle transport and helps form the mitotic spindle?

Accepted Answer

Microtubule.

Question 32

Cell structure: centriole → primary function

Accepted Answer

Can become a basal body that anchors and organizes a cilium or flagellum in many animal cells.

Question 33

Which thin actin-based cytoskeletal filament drives cell-surface shape changes and contraction?

Accepted Answer

Microfilament (actin filament).

Question 34

Cell structure: cilium → primary function

Accepted Answer

Moves fluid or mucus across the surfaces of many animal tissues when motile.

Question 35

Which rope-like cytoskeletal filament gives many animal cells tensile strength against mechanical stress?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate filament.

Question 36

Cell structure: flagellum → primary function

Accepted Answer

Propels a eukaryotic cell through fluid, as in a sperm cell.

Question 37

Which microtubule-organizing center in most animal cells helps arrange the mitotic spindle?

Accepted Answer

Centrosome.

Question 38

Cell structure: cell wall → primary function

Accepted Answer

Provides rigid external support and resists internal turgor pressure in plant cells.

Question 39

Which cylindrical microtubule structure can become the basal body that anchors a cilium or flagellum?

Accepted Answer

Centriole.

Question 40

Cell structure: chloroplast → primary function

Accepted Answer

Carries out photosynthesis in photosynthetic plant cells, converting light energy into chemical energy stored in sugars.

Question 41

Which short, often numerous eukaryotic surface projection beats to move fluid or mucus across many animal tissues?

Accepted Answer

Cilium.

Question 42

Cell structure: central vacuole → primary function

Accepted Answer

Stores water and dissolved substances and helps maintain turgor pressure in many mature plant cells.

Question 43

Which long eukaryotic surface projection usually occurs one or a few per cell and propels the whole cell through fluid?

Accepted Answer

Flagellum.

Question 44

Cell structure: plasmodesma → primary function

Accepted Answer

Forms a channel through plant cell walls for direct transport and signaling between adjacent cells.

Question 45

Which rigid layer outside a plant cell's plasma membrane supports the cell and resists turgor pressure?

Accepted Answer

Cell wall.

Question 46

Which organelle converts light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis in photosynthetic plant cells?

Accepted Answer

Chloroplast.

Question 47

Which large organelle in many mature plant cells stores water and dissolved substances while supporting turgor pressure?

Accepted Answer

Central vacuole.

Question 48

Which channel through a plant cell wall allows materials and signals to pass directly between adjacent cells?

Accepted Answer

Plasmodesma.

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Cell Organelle Flashcards: 24 Structures & Functions in Both Directions