What does an information security policy establish?

Management's required direction, responsibilities, and high-level rules for protecting information and systems.

A deceptive message intended to make a target reveal information, open malware, or take an unsafe action.

What does a public-key certificate bind to an identity?

A public key, together with identifying information and the issuer's signature.

What is data at rest?

Data stored on media such as disks, databases, backups, or mobile devices.

How does policy-driven access control decide a zero-trust access request?

Explicit policies or rules evaluate the access request and drive the allow-or-deny decision.

What does establishing a secure baseline produce?

An approved, documented configuration that defines the required secure state for a class of computing resource.

What is hashing used to verify?

Whether data has changed by comparing fixed-length digest values.

What is impersonation in social engineering?

Pretending to be a trusted person or organization to obtain access, data, or action.

What is virtualization?

Abstracting physical compute so multiple isolated guest systems can share a host.

What is chain of custody?

A documented history of who collected, handled, transferred, stored, and examined evidence.

What is quantitative risk analysis?

Estimating risk with numerical values such as money, frequency, or probability.

What is a phishing awareness campaign?

A planned series of guidance, exercises, and reminders that builds recognition and safe reporting behavior.

What is high availability?

Designing a service to remain accessible despite expected component failures.

What is a network security zone?

A group of systems with similar trust, function, or control requirements.

What is risk transfer?

Shifting some financial or operational consequence to another party, such as through insurance or contract.

What is media sanitization?

Making stored data infeasible to recover for the intended level of protection.

What does CVSS provide?

A standardized way to describe a vulnerability's technical severity characteristics.

What does security alerting do?

It turns matched events or behavior into a notification that the right responder can review.

What does a firewall rule enforce?

A permit, deny, or inspect decision for traffic that matches defined source, destination, service, protocol, direction, and state conditions.

What is deprovisioning?

Disabling or removing accounts, credentials, sessions, and access when they are no longer needed.

How does inline placement differ from a tap or monitor port?

Inline traffic passes through the control; a tap or monitor receives a copy for observation.

What is asymmetric encryption?

Encryption that uses a mathematically related public and private key pair.

What does SPF authorize?

Which mail servers may send mail for a domain in the SMTP envelope.

What is a possession factor?

Something the claimant has, such as a cryptographic authenticator.

What does ordinary TLS usually protect and authenticate?

It provides encryption and integrity protection, plus server authentication in the usual deployment. Client authentication is added when mutual TLS is configured.

What is single loss expectancy?

The estimated loss from one occurrence of a risk event.

What does a certificate authority do?

It validates certificate requests and signs certificates so relying parties can verify the binding between an identity and a public key.

What is a detective control meant to do?

Identify that an unwanted event has happened or is happening.

What is the security purpose of change-control approval?

Ensure authorized reviewers assess risk before the production change occurs.

Technology used for organizational work without required approval or oversight.

What is a buffer overflow vulnerability?

A bounds-checking failure that lets input overwrite memory outside its intended buffer.

Malware or an intrusion outcome that denies access to data or systems to extort the victim.

How does network segmentation limit an incident?

It restricts communication paths and reduces lateral movement between zones.

How do load balancing and clustering support availability differently?

Load balancing distributes requests across healthy instances; clustering makes systems cooperate as one service and tolerate member failure.

What is vendor due diligence?

Evaluating a provider's security, capability, stability, and fit before commitment.

Who is a data subject?

The person whose personal data is collected or processed.

A formal assertion or report about a subject matter, often supported by an independent examination.

What is a replay attack?

Valid captured data is retransmitted to repeat an authenticated or authorized action.

What does a wireless site survey establish?

Coverage, interference, channel use, access-point placement, and unauthorized radio sources in the real environment.

What is the time-of-check stage of a race-condition vulnerability?

The application verifies a condition or resource state before acting on it.

What is a penetration test?

An authorized attempt to exploit weaknesses and demonstrate practical impact.

What is a cold recovery site?

A facility with basic space and utilities but little preinstalled technology or current data.

What is data in transit?

Data moving between systems or across a network.

What is a vendor security questionnaire?

A structured request for information about a provider's controls and practices.

How does an internal actor's starting position differ from an external actor's?

An internal actor begins with some trusted access or proximity; an external actor must first cross the perimeter or obtain access.

What can unexpected account lockouts indicate?

Password guessing, credential stuffing, user error, or a broken client.

How do permissions enforce access control?

They specify which actions a subject may perform on a particular resource.

What is log aggregation?

Central collection of logs from multiple sources for search, correlation, and retention.

Why plan a service restart as part of a change?

The restart can interrupt dependent users or processes, so the plan needs timing, validation, and rollback steps.

What is infrastructure as code?

Managing infrastructure through versioned, machine-readable definitions rather than manual configuration.

What should security-awareness program development start with?

The audience's roles, risks, policies, incident lessons, desired behavior, and measurable outcomes.

CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 Flashcards: Complete Objective Review

Study every current SY0-701 exam domain with original, concise flashcards for security concepts, threats, architecture, operations, and governance.

Autors Flashcards Open Source App

Par šo kavu

Build reliable recall across all five current Security+ SY0-701 domains with 744 original, open-response cards. The deck follows the newest official objectives for the current exam series: Version 6.0, accessed on August 25, 2026.

What this deck covers

General security concepts: control functions, core principles, zero trust, change management, cryptography, certificates, and PKI.
Threats, vulnerabilities, and mitigations: threat actors, attack vectors, social engineering, platform and application weaknesses, malicious activity, indicators, and defensive choices.
Security architecture: cloud and virtualization models, secure infrastructure, data protection, availability, backups, and recovery design.
Security operations: hardening, asset and vulnerability management, monitoring, security tooling, identity and access, automation, incident response, and evidence sources.
Program management and oversight: governance, risk, third-party security, compliance, privacy, audits, and awareness.

Prompts include concept-to-purpose recall, scenario-to-control or threat identification, and operational comparisons. Reverse prompts appear only when choosing a control, evidence source, or response is useful in practice. Prerequisites come before dependent ideas, while related variants are spaced apart.

The deck excludes multiple-choice practice, copied exam material, dumps, raw objective wording, vague term-only prompts, vendor trivia, and mechanically reversed duplicates. Use it after a course or primary study guide, then add hands-on labs and legitimate practice questions to test application.

Scope was reconciled against CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 Certification Exam: Exam Objectives Version 6.0. Current certification requirements and exam-series status are on the official CompTIA Security+ page.

This is an unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or produced by CompTIA. All card wording and cover artwork are original; no exam questions, answer dumps, objective prose, logos, or trade dress were copied.

Kartītes šajā kavā

1. kartīte
Jautājums
What does an information security policy establish?
Atbilde
Management's required direction, responsibilities, and high-level rules for protecting information and systems.
2. kartīte
Jautājums
What is phishing?
Atbilde
A deceptive message intended to make a target reveal information, open malware, or take an unsafe action.
3. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a public-key certificate bind to an identity?
Atbilde
A public key, together with identifying information and the issuer's signature.
4. kartīte
Jautājums
What is data at rest?
Atbilde
Data stored on media such as disks, databases, backups, or mobile devices.
5. kartīte
Jautājums
How does policy-driven access control decide a zero-trust access request?
Atbilde
Explicit policies or rules evaluate the access request and drive the allow-or-deny decision.
6. kartīte
Jautājums
What does establishing a secure baseline produce?
Atbilde
An approved, documented configuration that defines the required secure state for a class of computing resource.
7. kartīte
Jautājums
What is hashing used to verify?
Atbilde
Whether data has changed by comparing fixed-length digest values.
8. kartīte
Jautājums
What is impersonation in social engineering?
Atbilde
Pretending to be a trusted person or organization to obtain access, data, or action.
9. kartīte
Jautājums
What is virtualization?
Atbilde
Abstracting physical compute so multiple isolated guest systems can share a host.
10. kartīte
Jautājums
What is chain of custody?
Atbilde
A documented history of who collected, handled, transferred, stored, and examined evidence.
11. kartīte
Jautājums
What is quantitative risk analysis?
Atbilde
Estimating risk with numerical values such as money, frequency, or probability.
12. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a phishing awareness campaign?
Atbilde
A planned series of guidance, exercises, and reminders that builds recognition and safe reporting behavior.
13. kartīte
Jautājums
What is high availability?
Atbilde
Designing a service to remain accessible despite expected component failures.
14. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a network security zone?
Atbilde
A group of systems with similar trust, function, or control requirements.
15. kartīte
Jautājums
What is risk transfer?
Atbilde
Shifting some financial or operational consequence to another party, such as through insurance or contract.
16. kartīte
Jautājums
What is media sanitization?
Atbilde
Making stored data infeasible to recover for the intended level of protection.
17. kartīte
Jautājums
What does CVSS provide?
Atbilde
A standardized way to describe a vulnerability's technical severity characteristics.
18. kartīte
Jautājums
What does security alerting do?
Atbilde
It turns matched events or behavior into a notification that the right responder can review.
19. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a firewall rule enforce?
Atbilde
A permit, deny, or inspect decision for traffic that matches defined source, destination, service, protocol, direction, and state conditions.
20. kartīte
Jautājums
What is deprovisioning?
Atbilde
Disabling or removing accounts, credentials, sessions, and access when they are no longer needed.
21. kartīte
Jautājums
How does inline placement differ from a tap or monitor port?
Atbilde
Inline traffic passes through the control; a tap or monitor receives a copy for observation.
22. kartīte
Jautājums
What is asymmetric encryption?
Atbilde
Encryption that uses a mathematically related public and private key pair.
23. kartīte
Jautājums
What does SPF authorize?
Atbilde
Which mail servers may send mail for a domain in the SMTP envelope.
24. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a possession factor?
Atbilde
Something the claimant has, such as a cryptographic authenticator.
25. kartīte
Jautājums
What does ordinary TLS usually protect and authenticate?
Atbilde
It provides encryption and integrity protection, plus server authentication in the usual deployment. Client authentication is added when mutual TLS is configured.
26. kartīte
Jautājums
What is single loss expectancy?
Atbilde
The estimated loss from one occurrence of a risk event.
27. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a certificate authority do?
Atbilde
It validates certificate requests and signs certificates so relying parties can verify the binding between an identity and a public key.
28. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a detective control meant to do?
Atbilde
Identify that an unwanted event has happened or is happening.
29. kartīte
Jautājums
What is the security purpose of change-control approval?
Atbilde
Ensure authorized reviewers assess risk before the production change occurs.
30. kartīte
Jautājums
What is shadow IT?
Atbilde
Technology used for organizational work without required approval or oversight.
31. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a buffer overflow vulnerability?
Atbilde
A bounds-checking failure that lets input overwrite memory outside its intended buffer.
32. kartīte
Jautājums
What is ransomware?
Atbilde
Malware or an intrusion outcome that denies access to data or systems to extort the victim.
33. kartīte
Jautājums
How does network segmentation limit an incident?
Atbilde
It restricts communication paths and reduces lateral movement between zones.
34. kartīte
Jautājums
How do load balancing and clustering support availability differently?
Atbilde
Load balancing distributes requests across healthy instances; clustering makes systems cooperate as one service and tolerate member failure.
35. kartīte
Jautājums
What is vendor due diligence?
Atbilde
Evaluating a provider's security, capability, stability, and fit before commitment.
36. kartīte
Jautājums
Who is a data subject?
Atbilde
The person whose personal data is collected or processed.
37. kartīte
Jautājums
What is attestation?
Atbilde
A formal assertion or report about a subject matter, often supported by an independent examination.
38. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a replay attack?
Atbilde
Valid captured data is retransmitted to repeat an authenticated or authorized action.
39. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a wireless site survey establish?
Atbilde
Coverage, interference, channel use, access-point placement, and unauthorized radio sources in the real environment.
40. kartīte
Jautājums
What is the time-of-check stage of a race-condition vulnerability?
Atbilde
The application verifies a condition or resource state before acting on it.
41. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a penetration test?
Atbilde
An authorized attempt to exploit weaknesses and demonstrate practical impact.
42. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a cold recovery site?
Atbilde
A facility with basic space and utilities but little preinstalled technology or current data.
43. kartīte
Jautājums
What is data in transit?
Atbilde
Data moving between systems or across a network.
44. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a vendor security questionnaire?
Atbilde
A structured request for information about a provider's controls and practices.
45. kartīte
Jautājums
How does an internal actor's starting position differ from an external actor's?
Atbilde
An internal actor begins with some trusted access or proximity; an external actor must first cross the perimeter or obtain access.
46. kartīte
Jautājums
What can unexpected account lockouts indicate?
Atbilde
Password guessing, credential stuffing, user error, or a broken client.
47. kartīte
Jautājums
How do permissions enforce access control?
Atbilde
They specify which actions a subject may perform on a particular resource.
48. kartīte
Jautājums
What is log aggregation?
Atbilde
Central collection of logs from multiple sources for search, correlation, and retention.
49. kartīte
Jautājums
Why plan a service restart as part of a change?
Atbilde
The restart can interrupt dependent users or processes, so the plan needs timing, validation, and rollback steps.
50. kartīte
Jautājums
What is infrastructure as code?
Atbilde
Managing infrastructure through versioned, machine-readable definitions rather than manual configuration.
51. kartīte
Jautājums
What should security-awareness program development start with?
Atbilde
The audience's roles, risks, policies, incident lessons, desired behavior, and measurable outcomes.
52. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a voice-based social-engineering attack called?
Atbilde
Vishing.
53. kartīte
Jautājums
What happens during incident-response preparation?
Atbilde
Teams establish people, tools, access, communications, training, and procedures before an incident.
54. kartīte
Jautājums
What does an offensive penetration-testing team do?
Atbilde
It emulates authorized attacker behavior to discover and demonstrate exploitable paths.
55. kartīte
Jautājums
What is federation?
Atbilde
One security domain relies on identity assertions from another trusted domain.
56. kartīte
Jautājums
What is asset classification?
Atbilde
Grouping an asset by sensitivity, criticality, or required handling.
57. kartīte
Jautājums
What is cross-site scripting?
Atbilde
Injection of script-capable content that a browser executes in another site's security context.
58. kartīte
Jautājums
What can IDS or IPS trends reveal?
Atbilde
Changes in the frequency, source, target, or type of detected activity that one isolated event may not show.
59. kartīte
Jautājums
What can unexpected resource inaccessibility indicate?
Atbilde
Denial of service, destructive activity, ransomware, permission changes, or an ordinary outage.
60. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a corrective control meant to do?
Atbilde
Limit damage and restore a secure state after an event.
61. kartīte
Jautājums
How do containers differ from virtual machines?
Atbilde
Containers share the host kernel; virtual machines normally run separate guest operating systems.
62. kartīte
Jautājums
How does an active security device differ from a passive one?
Atbilde
An active device can alter or block traffic; a passive device observes and reports without changing the flow.
63. kartīte
Jautājums
Why is unsupported software a persistent attack surface?
Atbilde
Known weaknesses may remain reachable because supported fixes and vendor help are no longer available.
64. kartīte
Jautājums
What is annualized rate of occurrence?
Atbilde
The estimated number of times a risk event occurs per year.
65. kartīte
Jautājums
What is an inherence factor?
Atbilde
A biometric characteristic of the claimant.
66. kartīte
Jautājums
What do a threat actor's sophistication and capability describe?
Atbilde
The technical skill, tools, knowledge, resources, and operational discipline the actor can apply.
67. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a SIEM?
Atbilde
A platform that centralizes security data and supports search, correlation, alerting, and investigation.
68. kartīte
Jautājums
What is sideloading?
Atbilde
Installing software from outside the platform's approved distribution path.
69. kartīte
Jautājums
What does an IDS or IPS signature match?
Atbilde
A known pattern in traffic or behavior associated with a threat, exploit, or policy violation.
70. kartīte
Jautājums
Why are embedded systems often difficult to patch?
Atbilde
They may have long lifecycles, specialized firmware, limited downtime, or weak vendor support.
71. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a virtual private network?
Atbilde
An encrypted logical connection that carries private traffic across an untrusted or shared network.
72. kartīte
Jautājums
What should an initial security-awareness report establish?
Atbilde
The starting participation, knowledge, behavior, incident, and reporting measures against which later results will be compared.
73. kartīte
Jautājums
What is symmetric encryption?
Atbilde
Encryption that uses the same secret key to encrypt and decrypt data.
74. kartīte
Jautājums
What happens during incident detection?
Atbilde
Monitoring or a report identifies activity that may meet the organization's incident criteria.
75. kartīte
Jautājums
What is recovery time objective?
Atbilde
The target maximum time to restore a function after disruption.
76. kartīte
Jautājums
Why prioritize password length?
Atbilde
Longer passwords expand the guessing space and support memorable passphrases without predictable substitutions.
77. kartīte
Jautājums
What must sanitization accomplish before an asset leaves organizational control?
Atbilde
It must make the retained data infeasible to recover with the method appropriate to the media and risk.
78. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a real-time operating system designed to provide?
Atbilde
Predictable response timing for tasks with strict deadlines.
79. kartīte
Jautājums
What does fail-open behavior do when a control fails?
Atbilde
It permits traffic or access to preserve availability.
80. kartīte
Jautājums
What is jailbreaking or rooting a mobile device?
Atbilde
Removing platform restrictions to gain privileged control over the operating system.
81. kartīte
Jautājums
What does network access control enforce?
Atbilde
Identity, device posture, and access policy at network connection time and during a session.
82. kartīte
Jautājums
What does data loss prevention do?
Atbilde
Detects and may block sensitive data use or transfer that violates policy.
83. kartīte
Jautājums
What security property does a blockchain provide?
Atbilde
A chained, tamper-evident record in which changing an earlier entry invalidates later cryptographic links.
84. kartīte
Jautājums
What is recovery point objective?
Atbilde
The target maximum acceptable data loss measured backward in time.
85. kartīte
Jautājums
How do ICS and SCADA relate?
Atbilde
An industrial control system controls physical processes; SCADA provides supervisory monitoring and control across distributed industrial equipment.
86. kartīte
Jautājums
What does fail-closed behavior do when a control fails?
Atbilde
It denies traffic or access to preserve security.
87. kartīte
Jautājums
Which keys create and verify a typical digital signature?
Atbilde
The signer creates it with a private key, and others verify it with the corresponding public key.
88. kartīte
Jautājums
What is SQL injection?
Atbilde
Input that alters the structure or meaning of a database query because code and data were not safely separated.
89. kartīte
Jautājums
What does DKIM verify?
Atbilde
That selected message content was signed by a domain and was not altered after signing.
90. kartīte
Jautājums
What is post-incident activity?
Atbilde
Learning from the event and improving controls, plans, and recovery based on evidence.
91. kartīte
Jautājums
What characterizes an expansionary risk appetite?
Atbilde
A greater willingness to accept uncertainty and exposure in pursuit of growth, return, or strategic opportunity.
92. kartīte
Jautājums
How do centralized and decentralized architectures differ?
Atbilde
Centralized architecture concentrates key services or decisions; decentralized architecture distributes them across independent components or locations.
93. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a certificate revocation list publish?
Atbilde
Certificate serial numbers that the issuer has invalidated before their scheduled expiration.
94. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a legal hold?
Atbilde
A directive to preserve potentially relevant information by suspending normal deletion or disposal.
95. kartīte
Jautājums
What is exposure factor in quantitative risk analysis?
Atbilde
The estimated percentage of an asset's value lost in one event.
96. kartīte
Jautājums
What is decentralized architecture?
Atbilde
Control or service responsibility is distributed across multiple independent components or locations.
97. kartīte
Jautājums
What is tokenization?
Atbilde
Replacing sensitive data with a non-sensitive token whose mapping is held separately.
98. kartīte
Jautājums
How can automation act as a workforce multiplier?
Atbilde
It handles repeatable work consistently so people can focus on judgment, exceptions, investigation, and improvement.
99. kartīte
Jautājums
What can endpoint process logs reveal?
Atbilde
Which programs ran, their parent-child relationships, users, timing, and command details when captured.
100. kartīte
Jautājums
What does the CIA triad protect?
Atbilde
Confidentiality protects against unauthorized disclosure, integrity protects accuracy and completeness, and availability protects reliable, timely access.
101. kartīte
Jautājums
How does data masking protect information?
Atbilde
It hides selected values or characters while preserving a usable representation.
102. kartīte
Jautājums
How can a national requirement affect security governance?
Atbilde
It can impose country-level duties that policies, controls, records, and oversight must satisfy.
103. kartīte
Jautājums
What do integrations and APIs provide to security orchestration?
Atbilde
Defined interfaces for exchanging data and triggering actions across tools without manual handoffs.
104. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes a compliance report external?
Atbilde
It is prepared for a regulator, customer, auditor, partner, or other party outside the organization.
105. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a cryptographic algorithm define?
Atbilde
The mathematical procedure used to encrypt, decrypt, hash, sign, or otherwise transform protected data.
106. kartīte
Jautājums
Why compare systems with a secure baseline regularly?
Atbilde
To detect drift, unauthorized changes, and missing hardening.
107. kartīte
Jautājums
What does integrity protect?
Atbilde
The accuracy and completeness of data and systems against unauthorized change.
108. kartīte
Jautājums
What does vulnerability classification organize?
Atbilde
Findings into meaningful types or categories so teams can route, compare, and remediate them consistently.
109. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a password standard define?
Atbilde
Mandatory, measurable requirements for creating, storing, using, and changing passwords.
110. kartīte
Jautājums
What technology capacity must a recovery design plan for?
Atbilde
The compute, storage, software, licenses, and supporting services needed to meet recovery demand.
111. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a confidential data classification indicate?
Atbilde
Disclosure is limited to authorized people because exposure could harm the organization or affected parties.
112. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes a vendor assessment independent?
Atbilde
The assessor is free from responsibility for the vendor activity being evaluated and reports evidence against defined criteria.
113. kartīte
Jautājums
What lets a worm spread without attaching itself to another file?
Atbilde
It is a standalone program that replicates across reachable systems or services.
114. kartīte
Jautājums
What is microsegmentation?
Atbilde
Fine-grained isolation of individual workloads or small groups with explicit communication policy.
115. kartīte
Jautājums
What can application logs reveal?
Atbilde
Transactions, errors, user actions, and application-specific security events.
116. kartīte
Jautājums
What does deploying a secure baseline require?
Atbilde
Applying the approved settings consistently to the intended resources and verifying the realized configuration.
117. kartīte
Jautājums
How can resource-provisioning automation improve security?
Atbilde
It creates infrastructure from approved templates with consistent ownership, logging, and baseline controls.
118. kartīte
Jautājums
What does availability protect?
Atbilde
Reliable, timely access to systems and data when authorized users need them.
119. kartīte
Jautājums
Why must a change request describe business impact?
Atbilde
So approvers can weigh the benefit, risk, outage, and affected users before authorizing it.
120. kartīte
Jautājums
What does an authenticated vulnerability scan add?
Atbilde
Credentialed inspection of local versions, settings, and missing patches that a remote scan may miss.
121. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a change-management procedure specify?
Atbilde
The required steps, roles, evidence, approvals, testing, implementation, validation, and rollback for a change.
122. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a sanction for noncompliance?
Atbilde
A formal penalty or restriction imposed by an authority for failing to meet a requirement.
123. kartīte
Jautājums
How can email deliver a security attack?
Atbilde
It can carry a malicious link, attachment, request, or embedded content designed to exploit software or manipulate a recipient.
124. kartīte
Jautājums
What is an internal compliance audit?
Atbilde
An organization-led examination of whether selected operations and controls meet defined requirements.
125. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a Trojan?
Atbilde
Malware disguised as legitimate or desirable software.
126. kartīte
Jautājums
What is clustering?
Atbilde
Multiple systems work together to provide a service and tolerate member failure.
127. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes data regulated?
Atbilde
A law or regulation imposes specific collection, handling, retention, protection, or disclosure duties.
128. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a wireless heat map show?
Atbilde
Measured or modeled signal strength and coverage across a physical area.
129. kartīte
Jautājums
How should vendor criticality affect due diligence?
Atbilde
Higher access, concentration, data sensitivity, or operational dependence warrants deeper evidence and stronger approval.
130. kartīte
Jautājums
How can a digital signature support non-repudiation?
Atbilde
It provides evidence that the holder of a private key signed specific data.
131. kartīte
Jautājums
What should vulnerability prioritization consider beyond severity?
Atbilde
Exploitability, exposure, asset importance, environmental context, business impact, and available mitigations.
132. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a security guideline?
Atbilde
Recommended practice that allows judgment unless adopted as a requirement.
133. kartīte
Jautājums
What usually distinguishes a nation-state threat actor?
Atbilde
Strategic objectives, substantial resources, patience, and advanced operational capability.
134. kartīte
Jautājums
What is spyware?
Atbilde
Software that secretly collects information about a user or system.
135. kartīte
Jautājums
Why maintain an allow list for applications?
Atbilde
Only explicitly approved software is permitted to execute.
136. kartīte
Jautājums
How can an image become an attack vector?
Atbilde
It may exploit a decoder flaw, hide malicious data, or direct a user through an embedded code.
137. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes a security control technical?
Atbilde
It is enforced mainly by technology, such as a firewall rule or endpoint policy.
138. kartīte
Jautājums
What is identity proofing?
Atbilde
Establishing that a person is who they claim to be before issuing an account or credential.
139. kartīte
Jautājums
What is an automated security guardrail?
Atbilde
A policy control that prevents, flags, or corrects unsafe configuration, such as an overexposed security group.
140. kartīte
Jautājums
Why assign an owner to a planned change?
Atbilde
To make one party accountable for coordination, execution, and follow-through.
141. kartīte
Jautājums
How can national privacy law affect data handling?
Atbilde
It can set country-level duties for collection, use, access, retention, transfer, security, and individual rights.
142. kartīte
Jautājums
What is continuity of operations?
Atbilde
Maintaining essential functions during disruption and restoring supporting capabilities in a planned order.
143. kartīte
Jautājums
What security tradeoff comes with BYOD?
Atbilde
The organization gains flexibility but has less control over personally owned device configuration, privacy, and lifecycle.
144. kartīte
Jautājums
How should policies and handbooks support security training?
Atbilde
They provide accessible, current rules and reporting steps that training can apply to real situations.
145. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a keylogger?
Atbilde
A tool that records keystrokes to capture data such as credentials.
146. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes information a trade secret?
Atbilde
It provides business value because it is not generally known and is protected through reasonable secrecy measures.
147. kartīte
Jautājums
What does authentication establish?
Atbilde
It verifies a presented authenticator or credential bound to the claimed identity. Identity proofing establishes the real-world identity behind the claim.
148. kartīte
Jautājums
What risk comes from an untrusted file attachment?
Atbilde
Opening or parsing it can execute malicious code or expose data.
149. kartīte
Jautājums
How does risk tolerance affect vulnerability remediation?
Atbilde
It sets how much residual exposure the organization will accept and how quickly a finding must be treated.
150. kartīte
Jautājums
How can a global requirement affect security governance?
Atbilde
It can require a common control and oversight approach across multiple countries while local obligations still apply.
151. kartīte
Jautājums
Why should questionnaire answers be supported by evidence?
Atbilde
Self-assertions alone may not prove that controls are designed or operating effectively.
152. kartīte
Jautājums
What is an independent third-party audit?
Atbilde
An external party with suitable independence examines evidence against defined criteria.
153. kartīte
Jautājums
What do account provisioning and deprovisioning do?
Atbilde
Provisioning creates an identity and approved access; deprovisioning disables or removes accounts, credentials, sessions, and access when no longer needed.
154. kartīte
Jautājums
What is an unskilled attacker commonly called?
Atbilde
A script kiddie: someone who relies on tools or instructions created by others.
155. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a rootkit?
Atbilde
Software designed to maintain privileged, concealed access by altering or subverting the system.
156. kartīte
Jautājums
What does an access control list enforce?
Atbilde
Explicit permit or deny rules for subjects, traffic, or actions on a protected resource.
157. kartīte
Jautājums
What should system security monitoring observe?
Atbilde
Host state and behavior such as processes, authentication, configuration, resource use, and security events.
158. kartīte
Jautājums
What can operating-system security logs reveal?
Atbilde
Authentication, privilege use, policy changes, services, and other host security events.
159. kartīte
Jautājums
Why isolate operational technology from general business networks?
Atbilde
To limit attack paths into safety- and availability-critical processes.
160. kartīte
Jautājums
What is the COPE mobile deployment model?
Atbilde
The organization owns the device but permits defined personal use while retaining management control.
161. kartīte
Jautājums
What security work belongs in asset acquisition and procurement?
Atbilde
Define security requirements before purchase, evaluate the product and vendor against them, and obtain approval before acquisition or deployment.
162. kartīte
Jautājums
How can user-provisioning automation improve security?
Atbilde
It creates, changes, and removes access from authoritative identity events with consistent approvals and logging.
163. kartīte
Jautājums
What people capacity must a continuity plan account for?
Atbilde
Enough trained staff, coverage, authority, and specialist knowledge to operate and recover essential services.
164. kartīte
Jautājums
What do authorization models define?
Atbilde
How permissions are assigned to authenticated subjects and evaluated for requested actions.
165. kartīte
Jautājums
Why are removable devices an attack vector?
Atbilde
They can introduce malware or remove data while bypassing network controls.
166. kartīte
Jautājums
What should predeployment change-test results show?
Atbilde
Whether the change meets its acceptance criteria without unacceptable functional, security, or operational effects.
167. kartīte
Jautājums
What is the time-of-use stage of a race-condition vulnerability?
Atbilde
The application acts on a resource after the check, creating a gap in which another process may change the resource.
168. kartīte
Jautājums
What is data in use?
Atbilde
Data actively processed in memory or by an application.
169. kartīte
Jautājums
What does open-source vulnerability intelligence contribute?
Atbilde
Public advisories, exploit reporting, research, and observable activity that help identify and prioritize exposure.
170. kartīte
Jautājums
What can file-integrity monitoring detect?
Atbilde
Unexpected changes to protected files, directories, or configuration.
171. kartīte
Jautājums
Why should deprovisioning be prompt?
Atbilde
Former users or roles should not retain usable access.
172. kartīte
Jautājums
What is an acceptable use policy?
Atbilde
Rules for permitted and prohibited use of organizational systems, accounts, and data.
173. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes a compliance report internal?
Atbilde
It is prepared for the organization's owners, operators, management, or governance bodies to track compliance and action.
174. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a logic bomb?
Atbilde
Malicious code that activates when a specified condition or time is reached.
175. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a right-to-audit clause provide?
Atbilde
Contractual authority to inspect or obtain evidence about agreed controls.
176. kartīte
Jautājums
Where should a forward proxy sit in an enterprise traffic path?
Atbilde
Between clients and external services so outbound requests pass through policy and logging before reaching destinations.
177. kartīte
Jautājums
Which cues should make a message look suspicious?
Atbilde
Unexpected context, mismatched identity or links, unusual attachments, urgency, secrecy, and requests for credentials or payment.
178. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes a security control managerial?
Atbilde
It directs risk and governance through decisions such as policies, assessments, and oversight.
179. kartīte
Jautājums
What is the CYOD mobile deployment model?
Atbilde
The user selects from organization-approved device options that remain subject to corporate security requirements.
180. kartīte
Jautājums
How does client-based vulnerable software differ from an agentless exposure?
Atbilde
Client-based exposure depends on installed endpoint software, while an agentless service can be reached and assessed without a local agent.
181. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes a risk assessment recurring?
Atbilde
It is repeated on a defined schedule so changes in threats, assets, controls, and impact are reevaluated.
182. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a defensive penetration-testing team practice?
Atbilde
Detection, investigation, containment, and improvement while authorized offensive activity tests the environment.
183. kartīte
Jautājums
In a zero-trust data plane, what can the subject or system represent?
Atbilde
The user, device, workload, or service requesting access to a protected resource.
184. kartīte
Jautājums
What primarily motivates a hacktivist?
Atbilde
A political, social, or ideological cause.
185. kartīte
Jautājums
What is bloatware?
Atbilde
Unnecessary preinstalled software that consumes resources and can expand the attack surface.
186. kartīte
Jautājums
Why keep endpoint-protection signatures and engines current?
Atbilde
They need current detection logic to recognize newly identified malware and exploit behavior.
187. kartīte
Jautājums
What should application security monitoring observe?
Atbilde
Application errors, authentication, requests, transactions, dependencies, and behavior that may indicate misuse or compromise.
188. kartīte
Jautājums
What is role-based access control?
Atbilde
Permissions are assigned to roles, and identities receive access through their roles.
189. kartīte
Jautājums
What is geographic dispersal?
Atbilde
Placing redundant resources in separate locations so one regional event does not affect all copies.
190. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a malicious update?
Atbilde
An update that has been intentionally altered or distributed to install harmful code through a trusted update path.
191. kartīte
Jautājums
What does static application analysis inspect?
Atbilde
Source code, bytecode, or compiled code without executing the application.
192. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a firewall access list define?
Atbilde
An ordered set of traffic-matching conditions and the action applied when a condition matches.
193. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a disaster recovery policy establish?
Atbilde
Management expectations for restoring technology and data after a disruptive event.
194. kartīte
Jautājums
How does logical segmentation separate workloads that share physical infrastructure?
Atbilde
It uses enforced network, identity, or virtualization boundaries to restrict communication without requiring separate hardware.
195. kartīte
Jautājums
How should IDS and IPS placement differ?
Atbilde
An IDS can monitor copied traffic out of band; an IPS must sit inline to block traffic.
196. kartīte
Jautājums
What should automated ticket creation capture?
Atbilde
The triggering evidence, affected resource, severity, owner, required action, and a traceable link to the source event.
197. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes information intellectual property?
Atbilde
It is a protected creation or intangible asset, such as copyrighted work, a patentable invention, a trademark, or a trade secret.
198. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a backout plan?
Atbilde
Predefined steps for safely reversing a failed or harmful change.
199. kartīte
Jautājums
Why is an unsecure wireless network an attack vector?
Atbilde
Nearby attackers may intercept traffic, impersonate access points, or reach exposed services when encryption and authentication are weak.
200. kartīte
Jautājums
What is physical brute force?
Atbilde
Using force to defeat a lock, barrier, enclosure, or other physical control.
201. kartīte
Jautājums
What is application sandboxing?
Atbilde
Running code in a constrained environment with limited access to the host and data.
202. kartīte
Jautājums
Why assign an asset owner?
Atbilde
One accountable party must decide its use, protection, and lifecycle.
203. kartīte
Jautājums
What happens during risk identification?
Atbilde
Teams identify assets, objectives, threats, vulnerabilities, events, and dependencies that could create uncertainty or harm.
204. kartīte
Jautājums
What should an SLA state about breach notification?
Atbilde
The triggering conditions, notification deadline, required content, contacts, update cadence, and cooperation duties.
205. kartīte
Jautājums
How do due diligence and due care differ in compliance?
Atbilde
Due diligence investigates and monitors obligations or risk; due care takes the reasonable actions those findings require.
206. kartīte
Jautājums
What is attribute-based access control?
Atbilde
Policy evaluates attributes of the subject, resource, action, and environment.
207. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a zero-trust policy engine do?
Atbilde
It evaluates policy and signals to decide whether access should be allowed.
208. kartīte
Jautājums
How does a cloud responsibility matrix allocate security duties?
Atbilde
It maps each security task to the provider, the customer, or both, according to the service model and agreement.
209. kartīte
Jautājums
Where should a load balancer sit in a service path?
Atbilde
In front of service instances so it can route requests to healthy backends.
210. kartīte
Jautājums
What should the security team do with a reported suspicious message?
Atbilde
Triage it, protect other recipients, preserve useful evidence, and tell the reporter what action to take.
211. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes an operating-system vulnerability high impact?
Atbilde
It can affect every application and security control that relies on the compromised OS.
212. kartīte
Jautājums
What does dynamic application analysis inspect?
Atbilde
The behavior and externally visible weaknesses of a running application.
213. kartīte
Jautājums
How can false-positive trends affect IDS or IPS tuning?
Atbilde
Repeated false positives reveal signatures, thresholds, or contexts that need adjustment; IPS errors also risk blocking legitimate traffic.
214. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a business continuity policy establish?
Atbilde
Management expectations for sustaining and restoring critical business functions.
215. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a hot recovery site?
Atbilde
A ready, synchronized environment intended to take over quickly.
216. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes an insider threat distinct?
Atbilde
The actor has legitimate access or organizational knowledge that can be misused.
217. kartīte
Jautājums
What is RFID cloning?
Atbilde
Copying an RFID credential's data so another token can impersonate it when the system lacks stronger protections.
218. kartīte
Jautājums
Why apply vendor security updates promptly?
Atbilde
They remove known weaknesses before attackers can exploit the unpatched exposure.
219. kartīte
Jautājums
What should infrastructure security monitoring observe?
Atbilde
Network, cloud, identity, facility, and platform signals that reveal availability, configuration, or attack activity.
220. kartīte
Jautājums
What can firewall logs reveal?
Atbilde
Allowed or denied network connections across controlled boundaries.
221. kartīte
Jautājums
Why minimize open service ports?
Atbilde
Each reachable service adds code, configuration, and authentication paths an attacker can probe.
222. kartīte
Jautājums
What is threat hunting?
Atbilde
A proactive search for evidence of malicious activity that existing detections have not confirmed.
223. kartīte
Jautājums
What triggers an ad hoc risk assessment?
Atbilde
A specific change, incident, finding, or decision that requires evaluation outside the regular schedule.
224. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes an assessment external?
Atbilde
A party outside the organization evaluates a defined scope against stated criteria and reports its conclusions.
225. kartīte
Jautājums
What is data sovereignty?
Atbilde
The principle that data is subject to laws and governance of the jurisdiction where it is located or controlled.
226. kartīte
Jautājums
What security boundary does a cellular connection create for a mobile device?
Atbilde
It uses the carrier network instead of local Wi-Fi, but still requires trusted applications, encrypted traffic, and managed device policy.
227. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes a security control operational?
Atbilde
It is carried out mainly by people and processes, such as security-awareness training or incident-response procedures.
228. kartīte
Jautājums
What is discretionary access control?
Atbilde
A resource owner can decide who receives access, within system policy.
229. kartīte
Jautājums
How can careful automation support employee retention?
Atbilde
It reduces repetitive toil and alert handling while leaving meaningful judgment and improvement work with people.
230. kartīte
Jautājums
Why does ease of deployment matter in an architecture decision?
Atbilde
A design that can be deployed consistently and safely reduces configuration error, rollout time, and operational burden.
231. kartīte
Jautājums
What tradeoff comes with placing an NGFW inline?
Atbilde
It can block application-aware threats, but failure or overload can interrupt traffic unless availability and fail-mode behavior are designed.
232. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a zero-trust policy administrator do?
Atbilde
It carries out the policy engine's decision, such as creating or ending a session.
233. kartīte
Jautājums
What should a master service agreement define for data return and deletion?
Atbilde
The format, timing, verification, retained copies, exceptions, and responsibilities when the service or contract ends.
234. kartīte
Jautājums
What is an environmental physical attack?
Atbilde
Causing harmful conditions such as heat, water, fire, or power loss to disrupt equipment or facilities.
235. kartīte
Jautājums
When should a maintenance window be chosen?
Atbilde
When disruption and rollback can be managed with the least business impact.
236. kartīte
Jautājums
What is memory injection?
Atbilde
Placing malicious code or data into another process's memory so it executes in that process's context.
237. kartīte
Jautājums
What does software composition analysis find?
Atbilde
Known risks and license information in third-party dependencies.
238. kartīte
Jautājums
What is DNS filtering?
Atbilde
Blocking or redirecting DNS lookups for domains that policy considers malicious or inappropriate.
239. kartīte
Jautājums
What should an incident response policy establish?
Atbilde
Authority, scope, reporting duties, and organizational commitment for incident handling.
240. kartīte
Jautājums
How can noncompliance cause reputational damage?
Atbilde
Customers, partners, employees, or the public may lose trust when the organization fails a stated or required duty.
241. kartīte
Jautājums
What does full-disk encryption protect?
Atbilde
All data stored on the disk while the device is powered off or the disk is removed, subject to proper key protection.
242. kartīte
Jautājums
Why are default credentials dangerous?
Atbilde
They are widely known or easily discovered and often remain unchanged.
243. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes a risk assessment one-time?
Atbilde
It evaluates a defined decision or scope once without an established repeating cadence.
244. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a warm recovery site?
Atbilde
A partially equipped environment that needs some data restoration or configuration before use.
245. kartīte
Jautājums
What does application input validation do?
Atbilde
It checks that input matches the expected type, length, range, and format before use.
246. kartīte
Jautājums
What should an asset inventory record besides a device name?
Atbilde
Identifiers, owner, location, status, classification, dependencies, and supported version as applicable.
247. kartīte
Jautājums
What is mandatory access control?
Atbilde
A central authority enforces access through labels and rules that ordinary owners cannot override.
248. kartīte
Jautājums
What security benefit does infrastructure as code provide?
Atbilde
Repeatable, reviewable deployments that reduce undocumented configuration drift.
249. kartīte
Jautājums
When should a public service control fail closed?
Atbilde
When allowing unchecked traffic would create greater harm than an outage, the failed control should block the path.
250. kartīte
Jautājums
What should users do with a suspicious message?
Atbilde
Report it through the approved channel without interacting with its links or attachments.
251. kartīte
Jautājums
What usually motivates organized cybercrime?
Atbilde
Financial gain through scalable or repeatable criminal activity.
252. kartīte
Jautājums
How can malicious code support a network attack?
Atbilde
It can establish control, scan reachable systems, move laterally, or disrupt networked services after execution.
253. kartīte
Jautājums
When is virtual patching useful?
Atbilde
When a network or application control can block exploit traffic before the underlying system can be patched.
254. kartīte
Jautājums
What does security-monitoring reporting provide?
Atbilde
A summarized, audience-appropriate view of findings, trends, risk, and response status.
255. kartīte
Jautājums
What does data geolocation identify?
Atbilde
The physical or legal location where data is stored, processed, or transmitted.
256. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a zero-trust policy enforcement point do?
Atbilde
It enables, monitors, and terminates the connection between a subject and a resource.
257. kartīte
Jautājums
What is cryptographic key exchange?
Atbilde
A method for parties to establish shared key material over an untrusted channel.
258. kartīte
Jautājums
How can a vendor become a supply-chain attack vector?
Atbilde
An attacker can compromise the vendor's product, update, credentials, or support channel to reach the vendor's customers.
259. kartīte
Jautājums
Why can legacy hardware remain vulnerable?
Atbilde
It may lack current security features, supported firmware, replacement parts, or compatibility with modern controls.
260. kartīte
Jautājums
What can proprietary vulnerability intelligence add beyond open sources?
Atbilde
Curated analysis, customer-specific context, private telemetry, or earlier reporting available under a commercial or trusted relationship.
261. kartīte
Jautājums
How does a centralized proxy apply web filtering?
Atbilde
It receives client web requests at a shared enforcement point and applies policy before forwarding allowed traffic.
262. kartīte
Jautājums
How can continuous integration and testing improve security automation?
Atbilde
Changes receive repeatable checks before deployment instead of reaching production unvalidated.
263. kartīte
Jautājums
What is containment?
Atbilde
Limiting an incident's spread or damage while preserving necessary operations and evidence.
264. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a software development lifecycle policy meant to ensure?
Atbilde
Security requirements and checks are integrated throughout design, development, release, and maintenance.
265. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes risk assessment continuous?
Atbilde
Relevant signals and changes update the risk view as they occur instead of waiting for a scheduled review.
266. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a memorandum of agreement?
Atbilde
A document that records agreed responsibilities and commitments between parties; its legal effect depends on its terms and jurisdiction.
267. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes a penetration test integrated?
Atbilde
Offensive and defensive teams coordinate the exercise to test both attack paths and detection or response.
268. kartīte
Jautājums
How does a DNS amplification attack magnify traffic?
Atbilde
It sends small spoofed queries that trigger larger replies toward the victim.
269. kartīte
Jautājums
Why does ease of recovery matter in an architecture decision?
Atbilde
The design should let operators restore service and trusted state without fragile, slow, or undocumented steps.
270. kartīte
Jautājums
What does 802.1X control before a device receives normal network access?
Atbilde
Port-based admission; the device or user must authenticate through the access device before ordinary traffic is allowed.
271. kartīte
Jautājums
What is rule-based access control?
Atbilde
System-wide rules grant or deny access based on conditions such as network, time, or action.
272. kartīte
Jautājums
What is mobile device management?
Atbilde
Central enrollment, configuration, monitoring, and enforcement for managed mobile devices.
273. kartīte
Jautājums
What tradeoff comes with a cold recovery site?
Atbilde
It costs less to maintain, but recovery takes longer because systems, data, and connectivity must be prepared after activation.
274. kartīte
Jautājums
Why identify stakeholders before approving a security-sensitive change?
Atbilde
They can identify operational impact, dependencies, and acceptance criteria that the implementer may otherwise miss.
275. kartīte
Jautājums
How do attestation and acknowledgement differ?
Atbilde
Attestation asserts that a condition or control is true; acknowledgement confirms receipt or understanding of a requirement.
276. kartīte
Jautājums
What does zero-trust adaptive identity mean?
Atbilde
Access decisions adjust to current risk signals rather than relying only on a static login.
277. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes a security control physical?
Atbilde
It protects facilities or equipment through a tangible barrier or mechanism.
278. kartīte
Jautājums
What is geo-fencing for data?
Atbilde
Enforcing location-based boundaries on where data or services may be accessed or operated.
279. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a Trusted Platform Module protect?
Atbilde
Hardware-backed keys and measurements used for device identity, disk protection, and boot-state attestation.
280. kartīte
Jautājums
Why can a managed service provider amplify risk?
Atbilde
Its privileged access and shared tooling can provide a path into many customers.
281. kartīte
Jautājums
What does probability express in risk analysis?
Atbilde
A quantified chance that a defined event will occur within stated conditions or time.
282. kartīte
Jautājums
Why can shadow IT create a threat?
Atbilde
It bypasses security review, inventory, monitoring, and supported configuration.
283. kartīte
Jautājums
What is on-path interception?
Atbilde
An attacker positions between communicating parties to observe or alter traffic.
284. kartīte
Jautājums
Why include encryption in a system-hardening baseline?
Atbilde
It limits data exposure if storage, traffic, or a protected secret is accessed outside the intended trust boundary.
285. kartīte
Jautājums
Why tune security alerts?
Atbilde
To keep useful detections while reducing noise that wastes analyst attention.
286. kartīte
Jautājums
What can IPS or IDS logs contribute to an investigation?
Atbilde
The matched rule or signature, source and destination, timestamp, action, and traffic context around detected activity.
287. kartīte
Jautājums
What is VM escape?
Atbilde
A vulnerability that lets code break out of a virtual machine and affect the host or another guest.
288. kartīte
Jautājums
How can segmentation reduce vulnerability exposure before a patch is available?
Atbilde
It limits which systems and users can reach the vulnerable service and restricts paths for lateral movement.
289. kartīte
Jautājums
Why should firewall policy name the required ports and protocols explicitly?
Atbilde
Explicit scope permits only the intended service traffic and avoids exposing unnecessary network paths.
290. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a change management policy meant to control?
Atbilde
How changes are requested, assessed, approved, tested, implemented, and reviewed.
291. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a hybrid-cloud architecture?
Atbilde
An environment that integrates private or on-premises resources with public cloud services.
292. kartīte
Jautājums
How do AH and ESP differ in the security services they can provide?
Atbilde
AH provides integrity and data-origin authentication without confidentiality. ESP can provide confidentiality and may also provide integrity and data-origin authentication. Actual services depend on AH or ESP, mode, algorithms, and policy/configuration.
293. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes user behavior risky?
Atbilde
It creates avoidable exposure, such as bypassing controls, mishandling data, or using unapproved access paths.
294. kartīte
Jautājums
What is least privilege?
Atbilde
Granting only the access needed for the required task and no more.
295. kartīte
Jautājums
What do Secure, HttpOnly, and SameSite cookie attributes restrict?
Atbilde
Transmission to HTTPS, script access, and cross-site sending, respectively.
296. kartīte
Jautājums
Why discover unmanaged assets?
Atbilde
Unknown systems cannot be patched, monitored, or governed reliably.
297. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a service-level agreement?
Atbilde
Measurable service commitments and remedies, such as availability or response targets.
298. kartīte
Jautājums
What should govern automated security escalation?
Atbilde
Clear severity criteria, ownership, evidence, rate limits, and a fallback path when the automation cannot decide safely.
299. kartīte
Jautājums
What is platform diversity as a resilience strategy?
Atbilde
Using different implementations so one common flaw or failure is less likely to affect every copy.
300. kartīte
Jautājums
How can replayed session material affect an application?
Atbilde
It can let an attacker reuse a captured token or request to impersonate a valid session or repeat an authorized action.
301. kartīte
Jautājums
What is an implicit trust zone in zero trust?
Atbilde
A boundary where access was previously trusted by location alone and must instead receive explicit policy enforcement.
302. kartīte
Jautājums
What does salting a password hash accomplish?
Atbilde
It makes identical passwords hash differently and defeats precomputed hash tables.
303. kartīte
Jautājums
What is spear phishing?
Atbilde
Phishing tailored to a specific person, role, or organization.
304. kartīte
Jautājums
What is eradication?
Atbilde
Removing the attacker's access, malicious artifacts, and exploited conditions.
305. kartīte
Jautājums
Who is a risk owner?
Atbilde
The person accountable for deciding and monitoring how a specific risk is handled.
306. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a partially known penetration-test environment provide?
Atbilde
The tester receives limited information or access, modeling an attacker with some insider knowledge or initial foothold.
307. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a microservices architecture?
Atbilde
An application is split into small independently deployable services with explicit interfaces and distributed trust boundaries.
308. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a jump server?
Atbilde
A hardened intermediary used to reach systems in a restricted management network.
309. kartīte
Jautājums
What can happen when a configuration change is made without dependency analysis?
Atbilde
A downstream service can fail even when the changed component works.
310. kartīte
Jautājums
What is resource reuse exposure?
Atbilde
Sensitive data from a previous use remains accessible when storage or memory is reassigned.
311. kartīte
Jautājums
Why does financial information require explicit protection?
Atbilde
It can expose accounts, transactions, forecasts, or reporting and may create fraud, legal, or business risk if altered or disclosed.
312. kartīte
Jautājums
What does CVE provide?
Atbilde
A common identifier for a publicly disclosed vulnerability.
313. kartīte
Jautājums
Where can DLP controls operate?
Atbilde
On endpoints, networks, email, and cloud services, depending on the product and visibility.
314. kartīte
Jautājums
What does privileged password vaulting protect?
Atbilde
It stores and controls use of privileged secrets so users or automation do not need to know or retain the underlying password.
315. kartīte
Jautājums
What does an access-control standard define?
Atbilde
Mandatory, measurable requirements for identity, authentication, authorization, review, and removal of access.
316. kartīte
Jautājums
How can automation support compliance monitoring?
Atbilde
It can collect evidence, test controls, flag exceptions, and produce repeatable reports, with human review of context.
317. kartīte
Jautājums
What does static code analysis examine?
Atbilde
Source or compiled code for weakness patterns without executing the application.
318. kartīte
Jautājums
What actor attribute describes funding, time, and personnel?
Atbilde
Resources.
319. kartīte
Jautājums
What is DNS poisoning?
Atbilde
Introducing false DNS data so names resolve to attacker-chosen destinations.
320. kartīte
Jautājums
Why change default credentials during hardening?
Atbilde
Default secrets are predictable and commonly targeted.
321. kartīte
Jautājums
What does quarantine do after a security alert?
Atbilde
It restricts a suspected asset or object while analysts validate and remediate the risk.
322. kartīte
Jautājums
What does key stretching do for stored passwords?
Atbilde
It deliberately makes each password guess more computationally expensive.
323. kartīte
Jautājums
What is smishing?
Atbilde
Phishing delivered through SMS or another text-messaging service.
324. kartīte
Jautājums
What is qualitative risk analysis?
Atbilde
Using descriptive scales such as low, medium, and high to compare likelihood and impact.
325. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a master service agreement?
Atbilde
An umbrella contract establishing general legal and commercial terms for ongoing work.
326. kartīte
Jautājums
What is threat scope reduction?
Atbilde
Narrowing the systems, privileges, or paths an attacker can reach.
327. kartīte
Jautājums
Why use a third-party cloud service instead of building locally?
Atbilde
It can provide faster deployment, elasticity, and managed capabilities, with added dependency and governance risk.
328. kartīte
Jautājums
What should determine security-device placement?
Atbilde
The traffic or resource to observe or enforce, the trust boundary, failure behavior, reachability, and resilience needs.
329. kartīte
Jautājums
What does situational awareness mean for a user?
Atbilde
Notice the people, devices, requests, location, and context around a task before acting.
330. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a failover test validate?
Atbilde
That the service can transfer to the alternate component or site within the required recovery targets under the tested conditions.
331. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a preventive control meant to do?
Atbilde
Stop an unwanted event before it succeeds.
332. kartīte
Jautājums
What is just-in-time privileged access?
Atbilde
Elevated access is granted only when needed and expires after a short approved period.
333. kartīte
Jautājums
What safeguard should security-group automation enforce?
Atbilde
Least-privileged rules tied to an approved resource, owner, purpose, and review or expiration point.
334. kartīte
Jautājums
How does a reflected DDoS attack hide and multiply sources?
Atbilde
The attacker spoofs the victim's address so many third-party services send their replies to the victim.
335. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a security misconfiguration?
Atbilde
An unsafe setting, such as public storage, default access, or excessive permissions, that exposes a resource.
336. kartīte
Jautājums
Why can the same vulnerability have different organizational impact?
Atbilde
Industry obligations, business processes, safety needs, data sensitivity, and asset criticality change the consequence of exploitation.
337. kartīte
Jautājums
What does URL scanning evaluate before a user opens a web destination?
Atbilde
The address, redirect chain, reputation, category, and known threat indicators associated with the destination.
338. kartīte
Jautājums
What is the board's security governance role?
Atbilde
Provide oversight, set risk direction, and hold executives accountable.
339. kartīte
Jautājums
What does code signing establish?
Atbilde
That code came from the holder of the signing key and has not changed since signing.
340. kartīte
Jautājums
How should an asset's classification affect security operations?
Atbilde
It should drive handling, access, monitoring, recovery, and disposal controls that match the asset's sensitivity and impact.
341. kartīte
Jautājums
How does encryption protect data?
Atbilde
It uses a cryptographic key to transform plaintext into ciphertext, which authorized parties can decrypt with the required key while unauthorized readers cannot feasibly recover the original data.
342. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a secure enclave?
Atbilde
A hardware-isolated execution area intended to protect selected code and data from the rest of the system.
343. kartīte
Jautājums
What is business email compromise?
Atbilde
Impersonation or takeover of a business identity to induce a fraudulent action, often a payment or data release.
344. kartīte
Jautājums
What is recovery in incident response?
Atbilde
Restoring services safely, monitoring them, and returning to normal operations.
345. kartīte
Jautājums
How is single loss expectancy commonly estimated?
Atbilde
Asset value multiplied by the exposure factor.
346. kartīte
Jautājums
What does an unknown penetration-test environment provide?
Atbilde
The tester begins with little or no internal information, modeling an external attacker's discovery process.
347. kartīte
Jautājums
What security boundary does a hypervisor provide?
Atbilde
It isolates virtual machines while controlling their access to shared hardware.
348. kartīte
Jautājums
Why does a TLS tunnel not protect a compromised endpoint?
Atbilde
TLS protects data between endpoints; malware or misuse at either endpoint can access the data before encryption or after decryption.
349. kartīte
Jautājums
Why update diagrams after an infrastructure change?
Atbilde
Operations and incident responders need the documentation to match the deployed environment.
350. kartīte
Jautājums
What does privacy ownership assign?
Atbilde
An accountable role for privacy decisions, obligations, data inventory, and corrective action.
351. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a security control gap analysis compare?
Atbilde
The controls required for the target state with the controls currently in place.
352. kartīte
Jautājums
Someone outside the organization steals an employee's VPN credentials and logs in. Is the actor internal or external?
Atbilde
External. Stolen internal credentials provide access but do not change the outsider's relationship to the organization.
353. kartīte
Jautājums
What is application privilege escalation?
Atbilde
Exploiting a flaw or misconfiguration to gain permissions beyond those originally granted.
354. kartīte
Jautājums
What risk remains when unnecessary software is left installed?
Atbilde
Its code, services, dependencies, and privileges add attack surface even when users do not need it.
355. kartīte
Jautājums
What does SCAP standardize?
Atbilde
Formats and identifiers for expressing, checking, and scoring security configuration and vulnerability information.
356. kartīte
Jautājums
What can packet capture reveal?
Atbilde
Protocol-level conversation details and payloads when traffic is not encrypted and collection is authorized.
357. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes a privileged credential ephemeral?
Atbilde
It is created for a limited task or session and expires or is destroyed automatically after that use.
358. kartīte
Jautājums
How do a statement of work and a work order differ?
Atbilde
A statement of work defines scope, deliverables, schedule, and responsibilities; a work order authorizes a defined unit of work under an agreement.
359. kartīte
Jautājums
Why might multi-cloud improve resilience?
Atbilde
A provider-wide failure need not stop workloads that can run independently elsewhere.
360. kartīte
Jautājums
How can a service provider introduce a supply-chain vulnerability?
Atbilde
Its privileged access, hosted service, or compromised integration can expose customers that depend on it.
361. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a false positive in vulnerability scanning?
Atbilde
A reported weakness that is not actually present or exploitable in the assessed context.
362. kartīte
Jautājums
How do EDR and XDR differ?
Atbilde
EDR focuses on endpoint telemetry and response; XDR correlates detection and response across endpoints and other security domains.
363. kartīte
Jautājums
What should onboarding and offboarding procedures coordinate?
Atbilde
Identity, access, equipment, data, training, approvals, and ownership changes at the start or end of a relationship.
364. kartīte
Jautājums
How should an organization harden managed mobile devices?
Atbilde
Enforce an MDM baseline with timely updates, screen lock and encryption, least privilege, approved apps, and remote lock or wipe.
365. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a certificate signing request?
Atbilde
A request containing a public key and subject information for a certificate authority to sign.
366. kartīte
Jautājums
What is pretexting?
Atbilde
Using a fabricated role or situation to make a request seem legitimate.
367. kartīte
Jautājums
How is annualized loss expectancy commonly estimated?
Atbilde
Single loss expectancy multiplied by annualized rate of occurrence.
368. kartīte
Jautājums
What security consequence follows from containers sharing a kernel?
Atbilde
A host-kernel compromise can affect multiple containers, so kernel and runtime hardening matter.
369. kartīte
Jautājums
Where does 802.1X enforce a network admission decision?
Atbilde
At the controlled switch port or wireless access point before normal network access is granted.
370. kartīte
Jautājums
What should insider-threat awareness teach?
Atbilde
Recognize misuse or concerning behavior without profiling people, and report evidence through approved channels.
371. kartīte
Jautājums
What access action is suitable for careful automation?
Atbilde
Enabling or disabling a defined service or account from an approved lifecycle or incident event.
372. kartīte
Jautājums
What is an evil twin?
Atbilde
A rogue wireless network made to resemble a legitimate one so users connect to it.
744 kartītes
CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 Flashcards: Complete Objective Review
Mācies šo kavu bez maksas
Atvērsies Nibomo, lai vari sākt mācīties.
373. kartīte
Jautājums
Does non-human-readable data need less protection?
Atbilde
No. Encoded or machine-readable data can carry the same sensitive meaning and impact.
374. kartīte
Jautājums
What does authenticating a system establish?
Atbilde
It verifies a presented authenticator or credential bound to the claimed device, workload, or service identity. Identity proofing or enrollment establishes what real-world entity that identity represents.
375. kartīte
Jautājums
What does LDAP provide in identity systems?
Atbilde
A standard protocol for querying and modifying directory entries such as users, groups, and attributes.
376. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a deterrent control meant to do?
Atbilde
Discourage an attacker from attempting an unwanted action.
377. kartīte
Jautājums
Why update procedures after changing a security control?
Atbilde
Staff need accurate steps for operating, monitoring, and recovering the new control.
378. kartīte
Jautājums
How does OCSP differ from a certificate revocation list?
Atbilde
OCSP returns status for a specific certificate, while a revocation list distributes a signed set of revoked certificate serial numbers.
379. kartīte
Jautājums
What is the goal of data exfiltration?
Atbilde
Remove data from its authorized environment without permission.
380. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a watering-hole attack?
Atbilde
Compromising a site frequented by the intended targets so their visits expose them.
381. kartīte
Jautājums
How can a hardware provider introduce a supply-chain vulnerability?
Atbilde
A compromised component, firmware image, manufacturing step, or delivery path can weaken the device before deployment.
382. kartīte
Jautājums
What is application forgery?
Atbilde
Creating or altering a request, token, or object so the application treats it as authentic.
383. kartīte
Jautājums
How does least privilege mitigate compromise?
Atbilde
It limits the actions and resources available to a compromised account or process.
384. kartīte
Jautājums
What is serverless computing?
Atbilde
A model where the provider manages servers and the customer deploys event-driven code or functions.
385. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes an infrastructure control effective for a specific risk?
Atbilde
Its placement, failure behavior, visibility, enforcement scope, and operating cost match the protected path and threat.
386. kartīte
Jautājums
What does parallel recovery processing test?
Atbilde
Whether primary and alternate environments can run together consistently before a controlled cutover.
387. kartīte
Jautājums
Which password-authentication method does WPA3-Personal use?
Atbilde
Simultaneous Authentication of Equals, which replaces WPA2-Personal's PSK authentication and resists offline password guessing.
388. kartīte
Jautājums
How does data retention affect asset disposal?
Atbilde
Required data must be preserved for its retention period, while expired data should be sanitized before reuse or destruction.
389. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a false negative in vulnerability scanning?
Atbilde
A real weakness that the assessment fails to report.
390. kartīte
Jautājums
What does recurring security scanning add to monitoring?
Atbilde
Periodic discovery of exposed services, missing fixes, weak configurations, or other detectable changes.
391. kartīte
Jautājums
What should guide port selection for a secure protocol?
Atbilde
Use the documented service port or an explicitly managed alternative, and expose it only on the required interfaces and paths.
392. kartīte
Jautājums
What does forensic acquisition create?
Atbilde
A controlled, documented copy or collection of relevant evidence while preserving its integrity and context.
393. kartīte
Jautājums
How do system owners and data owners divide security accountability?
Atbilde
A system owner is accountable for the system's risk, access, operation, and lifecycle; a data owner sets the data's classification, access, handling, and retention requirements.
394. kartīte
Jautājums
What does likelihood express in risk analysis?
Atbilde
A reasoned estimate of how plausible or frequent an event is, often stated qualitatively when precise probability is unavailable.
395. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a memorandum of understanding?
Atbilde
A documented understanding of intentions and responsibilities, whose legal effect depends on its terms and jurisdiction.
396. kartīte
Jautājums
What does the right to be forgotten generally require?
Atbilde
Deletion of qualifying personal data when the applicable law grants the right and no overriding retention duty applies.
397. kartīte
Jautājums
What does an audit committee oversee?
Atbilde
Audit independence, plans, significant findings, management responses, and corrective-action follow-through.
398. kartīte
Jautājums
What does identity interoperability require?
Atbilde
Compatible protocols, attribute meanings, trust, and lifecycle behavior across connected systems.
399. kartīte
Jautājums
How does a bollard protect a facility?
Atbilde
It blocks or redirects vehicles before they can reach a protected area.
400. kartīte
Jautājums
How can hashing protect a downloaded file?
Atbilde
A trusted digest lets the recipient detect whether the file changed.
401. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a credential replay attack?
Atbilde
Using captured valid credentials or tokens again without needing to discover the secret.
402. kartīte
Jautājums
How can automation complexity create security risk?
Atbilde
Hidden dependencies and branching behavior can make failures difficult to predict, diagnose, contain, or reverse.
403. kartīte
Jautājums
What must an architecture provide when a component cannot be patched?
Atbilde
Compensating isolation, restricted access, monitoring, and a replacement plan that reduce exposure until the component can be retired.
404. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes remote access secure?
Atbilde
Controlled, authenticated, encrypted access to a private resource from outside its local trusted network.
405. kartīte
Jautājums
What should users verify before connecting removable media or a cable?
Atbilde
That the device and connection are approved, expected, and handled under organizational policy.
406. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a self-signed certificate?
Atbilde
A certificate signed by its own private key rather than by a separate trusted issuer.
407. kartīte
Jautājums
What is brand impersonation?
Atbilde
Using a trusted organization's identity or look to deceive people.
408. kartīte
Jautājums
What characterizes a conservative risk appetite?
Atbilde
A preference for lower uncertainty and exposure, even when that limits speed, return, or opportunity.
409. kartīte
Jautājums
What should a managed mobile device verify before using Wi-Fi?
Atbilde
The expected network identity, strong encryption, trusted authentication, and policy compliance before sending sensitive traffic.
410. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a zero-day vulnerability?
Atbilde
A flaw previously unknown to the vendor or defenders, or one without an available fix when discovered. A zero-day exploit is code or a technique that attacks such a flaw.
411. kartīte
Jautājums
What does verification confirm after vulnerability remediation?
Atbilde
Retesting confirms that the remediation removed or reduced the finding as intended within the tested scope.
412. kartīte
Jautājums
What is user and entity behavior analytics?
Atbilde
Analysis that identifies deviations from expected behavior for users, accounts, hosts, or services.
413. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a physical security policy establish?
Atbilde
Required protection for facilities, people, equipment, entry, monitoring, and response to physical events.
414. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a UPS provide?
Atbilde
Immediate short-term power and power conditioning while systems shut down or alternate power starts.
415. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a nondisclosure agreement?
Atbilde
A contract restricting use and disclosure of defined confidential information.
416. kartīte
Jautājums
What should be checked before assigning a user permission?
Atbilde
The user's approved duties, the resource and action allowed, separation-of-duties conflicts, and the impact if the permission is misused.
417. kartīte
Jautājums
How does espionage differ from ordinary theft?
Atbilde
It seeks confidential intelligence for strategic advantage, often while remaining hidden.
418. kartīte
Jautājums
What is password spraying?
Atbilde
Trying a small set of common passwords across many accounts to avoid lockouts.
419. kartīte
Jautājums
What is the purpose of system isolation during an incident?
Atbilde
Stop harmful communication while preserving the system for response and investigation.
420. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a security benchmark?
Atbilde
A documented set of recommended configuration checks for a platform or product.
421. kartīte
Jautājums
Which metadata fields give a log record investigative context?
Atbilde
Fields such as timestamp and time zone, source system, user or process identity, event ID or type, severity, and correlation ID.
422. kartīte
Jautājums
What does an access-control vestibule prevent?
Atbilde
It limits tailgating by allowing controlled passage through one door at a time.
423. kartīte
Jautājums
What is version control's security value for configuration?
Atbilde
It preserves attributable history and enables review or rollback of changes.
424. kartīte
Jautājums
Why use both internal and external compliance monitoring?
Atbilde
Internal monitoring supports continuous correction; external review adds independent or regulatory scrutiny.
425. kartīte
Jautājums
What distinguishes on-premises architecture?
Atbilde
The organization operates the infrastructure in facilities it controls and retains the associated physical and platform duties.
426. kartīte
Jautājums
What risk can split tunneling add to a VPN?
Atbilde
The endpoint can reach the protected network and an untrusted network at the same time, creating a path around centralized inspection.
427. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a certificate root of trust?
Atbilde
A trusted root certificate or key from which a client validates a certificate chain.
428. kartīte
Jautājums
What is typosquatting?
Atbilde
Registering a look-alike domain based on common typing errors or visual similarity.
429. kartīte
Jautājums
What is root-cause analysis?
Atbilde
Identifying the underlying conditions that allowed an incident, not just its visible symptoms.
430. kartīte
Jautājums
What is risk tolerance?
Atbilde
The acceptable variation or boundary around a specific objective or risk area.
431. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a security self-assessment?
Atbilde
A structured internal evaluation in which the organization measures its own controls against selected criteria.
432. kartīte
Jautājums
What does data masking change?
Atbilde
It replaces sensitive values with altered but usable representations, often preserving format for testing or display.
433. kartīte
Jautājums
How do wireless authentication protocols let clients prove identity securely?
Atbilde
They define how a client proves control of a credential, such as a password-derived secret or a certificate's private key; stronger choices also validate the server and protect the exchange.
434. kartīte
Jautājums
Why reconcile inventory with network discovery?
Atbilde
Differences expose missing records, retired systems, or unauthorized devices.
435. kartīte
Jautājums
Why does sideloading raise mobile risk?
Atbilde
It can bypass store review, signing policy, and managed application controls.
436. kartīte
Jautājums
What does an information-sharing organization add to vulnerability management?
Atbilde
Sector or community intelligence about relevant threats, incidents, and defensive action.
437. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a web-filter block rule specify?
Atbilde
The URL, domain, category, reputation, content, user, or context that should prevent a web request.
438. kartīte
Jautājums
How do data custodians and data stewards differ?
Atbilde
Custodians implement and operate technical safeguards for data; stewards guide its definitions, quality, handling, and proper use under the owner’s direction.
439. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a brute-force password attack?
Atbilde
Systematically trying many candidate secrets against an account or protected value.
440. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a compensating control?
Atbilde
An alternative safeguard used when the preferred control is impractical or unavailable.
441. kartīte
Jautājums
How can location act as an authentication factor?
Atbilde
A system can evaluate where the claimant is, but location signals are usually contextual and spoofable rather than sufficient alone.
442. kartīte
Jautājums
Why must security automation remain supportable?
Atbilde
Owners must be able to update dependencies, understand failures, rotate credentials, and adapt the workflow as systems change.
443. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a standby generator provide?
Atbilde
Longer-duration power during a utility outage, after a startup delay.
444. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes an architecture air-gapped?
Atbilde
It has no direct network path to less-trusted networks, although removable media and maintenance workflows can still cross the boundary.
445. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a software-defined WAN?
Atbilde
A centrally managed overlay that selects wide-area paths by policy across underlying network links.
446. kartīte
Jautājums
What password-management behavior should awareness training reinforce?
Atbilde
Use unique long passwords through an approved manager and report suspected compromise promptly.
447. kartīte
Jautājums
What security value does fencing provide?
Atbilde
It defines and delays entry across a physical perimeter.
448. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a wildcard certificate?
Atbilde
A certificate that can match multiple hosts at one domain level, such as subdomains of an example domain.
449. kartīte
Jautājums
How does misinformation differ from disinformation?
Atbilde
Misinformation is false regardless of intent; disinformation is deliberately false or misleading.
450. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a risk threshold?
Atbilde
A defined level that triggers escalation, treatment, or another required response.
451. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a vendor penetration test contribute to assessment?
Atbilde
Authorized evidence of exploitable paths in the vendor's relevant environment under agreed scope.
452. kartīte
Jautājums
What is the objective of a service-disruption attack?
Atbilde
Make a system or business function unavailable or unreliable.
453. kartīte
Jautājums
What is directory traversal?
Atbilde
Manipulating a file path to reach files outside the directory the application intended to expose.
454. kartīte
Jautājums
Why decommission an unsupported system?
Atbilde
Removing it eliminates an exposure that can no longer be patched or securely maintained.
455. kartīte
Jautājums
Why archive security-monitoring data?
Atbilde
To preserve evidence for investigations, trend analysis, compliance, and retention requirements beyond the live system.
456. kartīte
Jautājums
What role does RADIUS commonly play in enterprise Wi-Fi?
Atbilde
It centralizes authentication, authorization information, and accounting for network access.
457. kartīte
Jautājums
Why separate the requester and approver of a high-risk change?
Atbilde
To reduce error, fraud, and unilateral unauthorized modification.
458. kartīte
Jautājums
Why can a jailbroken device violate a security baseline?
Atbilde
It weakens platform isolation and allows unapproved privileged changes.
459. kartīte
Jautājums
When is tokenization especially useful?
Atbilde
When a system needs a surrogate value without retaining the original sensitive value in that workflow.
460. kartīte
Jautājums
Why can dark-web intelligence affect vulnerability priority?
Atbilde
Discussion, exploit sales, or leaked access can signal attacker interest, but the evidence must be validated.
461. kartīte
Jautājums
What firewall policy should govern traffic from a screened subnet to internal systems?
Atbilde
Deny it by default and allow only explicitly required flows.
462. kartīte
Jautājums
What does SAML commonly carry?
Atbilde
XML assertions about authentication and attributes between an identity provider and service provider; signatures commonly protect their authenticity and integrity.
463. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a security governance committee do?
Atbilde
It coordinates stakeholders, reviews risk and performance, and makes or recommends decisions within its charter.
464. kartīte
Jautājums
How can global privacy requirements affect one data process?
Atbilde
A shared process may need to satisfy overlapping duties across jurisdictions where people, systems, or data are located.
465. kartīte
Jautājums
What characterizes an IoT device?
Atbilde
It combines sensing or actuation with network connectivity, often under tight resource and update constraints.
466. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a unified threat management appliance?
Atbilde
One device combines several controls, such as firewalling, intrusion prevention, filtering, and malware inspection.
467. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a hardware security module provide?
Atbilde
A dedicated, tamper-resistant environment for generating, storing, and using cryptographic keys.
468. kartīte
Jautājums
A remotely reachable API is fixed, but its desktop client stays vulnerable. What exposure remains?
Atbilde
Client-based exposure remains because the installed endpoint software is still vulnerable; fixing the remote API does not remediate the client.
469. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a tabletop exercise?
Atbilde
A discussion-based walkthrough of a scenario to test decisions, roles, and procedures.
470. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a risk exemption authorize?
Atbilde
A documented release from a requirement for a defined scope, owner, rationale, controls, review, and expiration.
471. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a regulatory examination?
Atbilde
An authorized regulator reviews records, controls, and practices to determine whether the organization meets applicable requirements.
472. kartīte
Jautājums
What does physical video surveillance primarily provide?
Atbilde
Detection and evidence of activity in monitored areas.
473. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a birthday attack against a hash?
Atbilde
Using collision probability to find any two matching digests much faster than targeting one exact preimage.
474. kartīte
Jautājums
Why keep backups both onsite and offsite?
Atbilde
Onsite copies support fast recovery, while offsite copies survive a site-wide loss.
475. kartīte
Jautājums
How does technical debt affect security automation?
Atbilde
Outdated assumptions, dependencies, and workarounds make the workflow harder to change and more likely to fail unsafely.
476. kartīte
Jautājums
What should switch hardening restrict first?
Atbilde
Administrative access, unused ports, insecure management protocols, and unauthorized changes to switching configuration.
477. kartīte
Jautājums
What should happen when an asset changes owners?
Atbilde
Inventory, access, support responsibility, and data handling should be updated.
478. kartīte
Jautājums
What does evidence of a vendor's internal audits contribute?
Atbilde
It shows how the vendor tests its own controls, records findings, assigns remediation, and follows issues to closure.
479. kartīte
Jautājums
What is identity attestation?
Atbilde
Evidence that an identity, device, authenticator, or claim has been verified by a trusted process.
480. kartīte
Jautājums
Why can standard enterprise patching be unsafe for an RTOS device?
Atbilde
A change can disrupt timing guarantees or certified operational behavior.
481. kartīte
Jautājums
What is secure access service edge?
Atbilde
A cloud-delivered architecture that combines wide-area connectivity with policy-driven security services near users and resources.
482. kartīte
Jautājums
What social-engineering habit should awareness training reinforce?
Atbilde
Pause and independently verify unusual requests instead of trusting urgency, authority, or familiarity.
483. kartīte
Jautājums
How can a software provider introduce a supply-chain vulnerability?
Atbilde
A compromised package, build system, dependency, or update channel can deliver vulnerable or malicious code to customers.
484. kartīte
Jautājums
Why include internet exposure in remediation priority?
Atbilde
A reachable vulnerable service usually has more attack opportunity than an isolated one.
485. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a mail gateway inspect?
Atbilde
Inbound and outbound email for threats, policy violations, spoofing, and sensitive data.
486. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a data controller?
Atbilde
The entity that determines why and how personal data is processed.
487. kartīte
Jautājums
How does blackmail motivate a cyberattack?
Atbilde
The attacker threatens disclosure or harm unless the victim complies.
488. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a downgrade attack?
Atbilde
Forcing parties to use an older or weaker protocol or security mode.
489. kartīte
Jautājums
How does encryption mitigate data exposure?
Atbilde
It makes captured data unreadable without the required key.
490. kartīte
Jautājums
How do network and web vulnerability scanners differ?
Atbilde
Network scanners assess reachable hosts, services, versions, and configurations; web scanners exercise running web behavior for application weaknesses.
491. kartīte
Jautājums
How can vulnerability-scan data support an investigation?
Atbilde
It shows which weaknesses, versions, services, and exposures were known on the affected systems near the incident timeline.
492. kartīte
Jautājums
What is key escrow?
Atbilde
Controlled storage of a recoverable copy of a cryptographic key by an authorized party.
493. kartīte
Jautājums
Which human vector commonly uses a fake sign-in page to harvest credentials?
Atbilde
Phishing; the message sends the target to an imitation service that captures the submitted credentials.
494. kartīte
Jautājums
What is risk avoidance?
Atbilde
Stopping or not starting the activity that creates the risk.
495. kartīte
Jautājums
What is data obfuscation?
Atbilde
Making data harder to understand while preserving some utility, without necessarily providing cryptographic secrecy.
496. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a directive control?
Atbilde
A safeguard that tells people what behavior or action is required.
497. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a security guard add that a camera cannot?
Atbilde
Human judgment and an immediate physical response.
498. kartīte
Jautājums
Why define restricted activities in change management?
Atbilde
High-risk actions can then require extra authorization, separation of duties, or a prohibited window.
499. kartīte
Jautājums
What contractual impact can noncompliance create?
Atbilde
It can trigger remediation duties, service credits, indemnity, audit rights, suspension, termination, or claims for breach.
500. kartīte
Jautājums
What should determine backup frequency?
Atbilde
The recovery point objective, data-change rate, business impact, and available replication or storage capacity.
501. kartīte
Jautājums
What should router hardening protect?
Atbilde
Administrative access, routing configuration, exposed services, and the integrity of traffic-control policy.
502. kartīte
Jautājums
What problem does OAuth 2.0 address?
Atbilde
Delegated authorization: a client obtains limited access to a resource without receiving the user's password.
503. kartīte
Jautājums
What does SCADA do?
Atbilde
It provides supervisory monitoring and control across distributed industrial equipment.
504. kartīte
Jautājums
How does a Layer 3/4 firewall rule differ from a Layer 7 rule?
Atbilde
Layer 3/4 evaluates IP addresses plus transport protocols and ports; Layer 7 evaluates application content or actions.
505. kartīte
Jautājums
What distinguishes a computer virus?
Atbilde
It attaches to a host file or program and spreads when that infected host executes or is shared.
506. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a key management system coordinate?
Atbilde
Secure key creation, storage, access, rotation, revocation, recovery, and destruction.
507. kartīte
Jautājums
How can an unsecure wired network expose traffic?
Atbilde
An unauthorized device on the network may observe, redirect, or inject traffic when access control and link protections are weak.
508. kartīte
Jautājums
Why is vulnerable device firmware hard to remediate?
Atbilde
Firmware updates may be rare, vendor-dependent, or impossible after support ends.
509. kartīte
Jautājums
What does patching change in vulnerability remediation?
Atbilde
It installs the vendor's corrected code or configuration to remove the underlying software weakness.
510. kartīte
Jautājums
What does DMARC add to SPF and DKIM?
Atbilde
Domain alignment, receiver policy, and reporting for messages claiming the visible From domain.
511. kartīte
Jautājums
How does automation improve security efficiency?
Atbilde
It performs repeatable actions quickly and consistently while reducing manual handoffs and rework.
512. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a simulation exercise?
Atbilde
A more realistic practice in which participants respond to injected events using operational processes.
513. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a data processor?
Atbilde
An entity that processes personal data on behalf of a controller.
514. kartīte
Jautājums
What is risk mitigation?
Atbilde
Reducing likelihood, impact, or both through controls or process changes.
515. kartīte
Jautājums
Why monitor a vendor after onboarding?
Atbilde
Security posture, ownership, services, incidents, and dependencies can change.
516. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a physical penetration test assess?
Atbilde
Whether authorized testers can bypass facility, personnel, and physical access controls under agreed rules.
517. kartīte
Jautājums
Why use access badges at a facility?
Atbilde
To associate entry attempts with authorized identities and enforce access rules.
518. kartīte
Jautājums
How does permission restriction protect data?
Atbilde
Only authorized identities receive the actions and scope their roles require.
519. kartīte
Jautājums
What is the usual objective of ransomware extortion?
Atbilde
Force payment by denying access, threatening disclosure, or both.
520. kartīte
Jautājums
What does impossible travel indicate?
Atbilde
One identity appears to authenticate from distant locations too quickly for legitimate travel.
521. kartīte
Jautājums
What is configuration enforcement?
Atbilde
Continuously applying or restoring approved settings so systems do not remain in an insecure state.
522. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a web vulnerability scanner inspect?
Atbilde
Running web behavior for issues such as unsafe input handling and insecure configuration.
523. kartīte
Jautājums
How does cost affect an architecture choice?
Atbilde
It constrains acquisition, operation, staffing, resilience, and recovery options across the system's life.
524. kartīte
Jautājums
What does EAP provide with 802.1X?
Atbilde
A framework for carrying an authentication method between the supplicant and authentication infrastructure.
525. kartīte
Jautājums
What should operational-security training help users protect?
Atbilde
Sensitive routines, capabilities, locations, relationships, and small details that an observer could combine into useful intelligence.
526. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a time-of-day access rule do?
Atbilde
Allows or denies a requested action according to an approved schedule.
527. kartīte
Jautājums
What should cloud infrastructure hardening establish?
Atbilde
Secure identities, network boundaries, logging, encryption, approved configurations, and continuous checks for drift.
528. kartīte
Jautājums
What should an asset owner ensure during offboarding?
Atbilde
Assigned assets, access, data, and custody records are returned, transferred, or disposed of under the approved process.
529. kartīte
Jautājums
Why encrypt backups?
Atbilde
Backup media and transfers can expose the same sensitive data as production systems.
530. kartīte
Jautājums
What is steganography?
Atbilde
Hiding the existence of data inside another medium rather than merely encrypting its contents.
531. kartīte
Jautājums
Which human vector uses a fabricated authority role to justify a sensitive request?
Atbilde
Pretexting; the attacker invents a credible role and situation to make the request seem legitimate.
532. kartīte
Jautājums
Why does risk transfer not remove accountability?
Atbilde
The organization can retain legal, reputational, operational, and oversight consequences.
533. kartīte
Jautājums
Why validate a change after deployment?
Atbilde
To confirm the intended result occurred without introducing unacceptable side effects.
534. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes end-of-life hardware a security vulnerability?
Atbilde
The vendor no longer supplies fixes or support, so known weaknesses can persist without a reliable remediation path.
535. kartīte
Jautājums
What does an audit add to remediation validation?
Atbilde
Independent evidence that the approved fix, process, and documentation were completed and remain effective.
536. kartīte
Jautājums
Why can SPF pass while a message still impersonates a brand?
Atbilde
SPF checks the envelope domain, which may differ from the visible From domain.
537. kartīte
Jautājums
What role can a government entity have in security governance?
Atbilde
It can establish, enforce, or oversee legal and regulatory requirements within its authority.
538. kartīte
Jautājums
How do data inventory and retention support privacy governance?
Atbilde
The inventory records what data is processed and where; retention rules define how long it is kept and when it is deleted or anonymized.
539. kartīte
Jautājums
What can concurrent sessions from distant regions indicate?
Atbilde
A stolen account or shared credential, subject to VPN and proxy context.
540. kartīte
Jautājums
What does supply-chain analysis examine?
Atbilde
Upstream providers, components, dependencies, concentration, and compromise paths that can affect the purchased service.
541. kartīte
Jautājums
What is the purpose of facility lighting as a control?
Atbilde
Deter covert activity and improve observation of people and areas.
542. kartīte
Jautājums
What architecture quality keeps a service usable during component failure?
Atbilde
Availability.
543. kartīte
Jautājums
When is fail-open behavior preferable to fail-closed behavior?
Atbilde
When preserving availability during control failure is more important than blocking uninspected traffic, based on the system's risk decision.
544. kartīte
Jautājums
Which control function does a login-failure alert provide?
Atbilde
Detection; it reveals suspicious authentication activity.
545. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a biometric MFA implementation verify?
Atbilde
A measured physical or behavioral characteristic presented by the user, matched against an enrolled template.
546. kartīte
Jautājums
How can automation enforce a security baseline?
Atbilde
It compares realized settings with the approved state and reports or corrects unauthorized drift.
547. kartīte
Jautājums
How do wireless cryptographic protocols protect network traffic?
Atbilde
They encrypt frames over the air and add integrity protection, reducing eavesdropping and tampering when a secure protocol and configuration are used.
548. kartīte
Jautājums
Why segment sensitive data stores?
Atbilde
It limits reachable paths and separates them from lower-trust workloads.
549. kartīte
Jautājums
What must remain secret in an asymmetric key pair?
Atbilde
The private key; disclosure lets another party impersonate the owner or decrypt data intended for that key, depending on its use.
550. kartīte
Jautājums
How can a supplier become a supply-chain attack vector?
Atbilde
A compromised material, component, credential, or delivery process can weaken products before they reach the organization.
551. kartīte
Jautājums
What is e-discovery?
Atbilde
Identifying, preserving, collecting, reviewing, and producing electronically stored information for a legal matter.
552. kartīte
Jautājums
What characterizes a neutral risk appetite?
Atbilde
A balanced willingness to accept uncertainty when expected value and controls justify the exposure.
553. kartīte
Jautājums
What is passive reconnaissance?
Atbilde
Gathering information without directly interacting with the target's systems.
554. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a philosophical motive mean for a threat actor?
Atbilde
The actor acts to advance a belief or moral position rather than primarily for money.
555. kartīte
Jautājums
What does unexpected resource consumption indicate?
Atbilde
Possible malware, denial of service, cryptomining, or a malfunction that needs investigation.
556. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a host-based intrusion prevention system do?
Atbilde
It monitors activity on one host and can block behavior that matches exploit or attack rules.
557. kartīte
Jautājums
How does agent-based monitoring differ from agentless monitoring?
Atbilde
An agent collects local detail on the host; agentless monitoring uses remote interfaces and may have less visibility.
558. kartīte
Jautājums
What can network logs contribute to an investigation?
Atbilde
Connection timing, endpoints, protocols, routing, name resolution, and other evidence of communication across the environment.
559. kartīte
Jautājums
What is the purpose of a backup restore test?
Atbilde
Demonstrate under tested conditions that required data and systems can be recovered within expectations.
560. kartīte
Jautājums
Why can obsolete hardware become a security risk?
Atbilde
It may lack supported firmware, modern protections, or replacement parts.
561. kartīte
Jautājums
What does rescanning confirm after remediation?
Atbilde
Whether the scanner can still detect the original finding on the affected asset.
562. kartīte
Jautājums
What should a secure transport method provide?
Atbilde
Authenticated endpoints where required, confidentiality, integrity, replay resistance, and supported cryptography for the traffic.
563. kartīte
Jautājums
How can law affect security governance?
Atbilde
It can impose mandatory duties based on jurisdiction, data, industry, or activity.
564. kartīte
Jautājums
What does resilience mean for a security architecture?
Atbilde
The ability to withstand disruption, adapt, and recover while preserving essential functions.
565. kartīte
Jautājums
Why minimize an infrastructure's attack surface?
Atbilde
Fewer exposed services and paths leave fewer opportunities for exploitation.
566. kartīte
Jautājums
What does executing a security-awareness program require?
Atbilde
Delivering the approved content to the intended audiences, tracking participation, handling exceptions, and measuring outcomes.
567. kartīte
Jautājums
What does an infrared security sensor detect?
Atbilde
A change in infrared energy, often the heat pattern created by a person moving through its field of view.
568. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a knowledge factor?
Atbilde
Something the claimant knows, such as a password.
569. kartīte
Jautājums
Why review allow-list and deny-list impact before a change?
Atbilde
Adding or removing an entry can unexpectedly grant access, block users, or interrupt dependencies.
570. kartīte
Jautājums
What does partition-level encryption protect?
Atbilde
One selected disk partition, leaving other partitions outside that encryption boundary.
571. kartīte
Jautājums
How can instant messaging deliver a security attack?
Atbilde
It can deliver a malicious link, file, request, or impersonated conversation through a fast, trusted-looking channel.
572. kartīte
Jautājums
What can repeated blocked-content events indicate?
Atbilde
Malware, policy bypass, a misconfigured application, or a user repeatedly reaching prohibited resources.
573. kartīte
Jautājums
What should a server-hardening baseline reduce?
Atbilde
Unnecessary services, exposed administration, weak identity controls, insecure defaults, and unmonitored configuration change.
574. kartīte
Jautājums
When is physical media destruction appropriate?
Atbilde
When reuse is unnecessary or sanitization cannot provide adequate assurance.
575. kartīte
Jautājums
What is mean time to repair?
Atbilde
The average time required to restore a failed component or service.
576. kartīte
Jautājums
Why disclose conflicts of interest during vendor selection?
Atbilde
A personal or financial relationship can bias evaluation away from the organization's requirements.
577. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a fine for noncompliance?
Atbilde
A monetary penalty imposed for failing to meet a legal, regulatory, or contractual requirement.
578. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a public data classification authorize?
Atbilde
Approved disclosure without confidentiality restrictions, while integrity and availability requirements may still apply.
579. kartīte
Jautājums
What security benefit comes from standard infrastructure configurations?
Atbilde
They reduce variation, make review repeatable, and let the same approved controls be applied across resources.
580. kartīte
Jautājums
How does horizontal scaling increase capacity?
Atbilde
It adds more service instances and distributes work among them.
581. kartīte
Jautājums
Why can added connectivity weaken segmentation?
Atbilde
Each allowed path can become a route for lateral movement or data escape.
582. kartīte
Jautājums
What coding practice is central to preventing SQL injection?
Atbilde
Use parameterized queries so untrusted values remain data rather than executable query syntax.
583. kartīte
Jautājums
When is a compensating control appropriate for a vulnerability?
Atbilde
When timely removal or patching is infeasible and another control can reduce the risk.
584. kartīte
Jautājums
How does agent-based web filtering enforce policy?
Atbilde
Software on the endpoint evaluates or redirects web traffic, including traffic that does not pass through a central network proxy.
585. kartīte
Jautājums
How can regulation differ from an internal policy?
Atbilde
Regulation is externally enforceable; internal policy is an organizational rule that may implement external duties.
586. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a storage snapshot?
Atbilde
A point-in-time representation of data or system state, whose independence depends on how it is stored.
587. kartīte
Jautājums
What does password age measure?
Atbilde
How long the current password has existed, which policy may use to prevent immediate reuse or trigger a risk-based change.
588. kartīte
Jautājums
What does an ethical motive mean in vulnerability research?
Atbilde
The researcher intends to improve security, typically through authorized testing and responsible disclosure.
589. kartīte
Jautājums
What can missing security logs indicate?
Atbilde
Logging failure, tampering, retention misconfiguration, or an inactive source.
590. kartīte
Jautājums
Why disable unused ports and protocols?
Atbilde
They expose unnecessary communication paths and code that attackers can reach.
591. kartīte
Jautājums
What does antivirus contribute to monitoring?
Atbilde
It scans files, memory, or behavior and reports suspected malicious code.
592. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a honeypot?
Atbilde
A decoy system or service designed to attract and observe malicious activity.
593. kartīte
Jautājums
What does file-level encryption protect?
Atbilde
Selected files independently of whether the rest of the disk or volume is encrypted.
594. kartīte
Jautājums
How can SMS deliver a security attack?
Atbilde
A text message can carry a malicious link or urgent request that exploits the recipient's trust in the phone channel.
595. kartīte
Jautājums
What happens during incident analysis?
Atbilde
Responders validate the event, determine scope and impact, build a timeline, and identify the systems, accounts, and data involved.
596. kartīte
Jautājums
What is mean time between failures?
Atbilde
The average operating time between repairable failures.
597. kartīte
Jautājums
What is active reconnaissance?
Atbilde
Probing or interacting with target systems to discover services and behavior.
598. kartīte
Jautājums
What constraint should guide ICS or SCADA hardening?
Atbilde
Safety and process availability must be preserved while access, services, network paths, and changes are tightly controlled.
599. kartīte
Jautājums
Which control function does restoring a clean system image provide?
Atbilde
Correction; it returns the system to a known-good state.
600. kartīte
Jautājums
What does responsiveness mean in an architecture decision?
Atbilde
How quickly the system and its operators can adapt to demand, failure, or attack.
601. kartīte
Jautājums
How does out-of-band access strengthen remote administration?
Atbilde
It uses a management path separate from production traffic, preserving controlled access during an outage or compromise.
602. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes user behavior unexpected?
Atbilde
It differs materially from the person's normal role, timing, location, resource use, or established work pattern.
603. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a work order?
Atbilde
A document authorizing a defined unit of work under an existing agreement.
604. kartīte
Jautājums
What can out-of-cycle logging indicate?
Atbilde
Unexpected activity outside a system's normal schedule, including misuse, compromise, or an unplanned job.
605. kartīte
Jautājums
Why update a standard operating procedure after a change?
Atbilde
It keeps routine work aligned with the new approved state and reduces inconsistent or unsafe execution.
606. kartīte
Jautājums
What coding practice limits cross-site scripting?
Atbilde
Context-appropriate output encoding, supported by safe templating and input handling.
607. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a restricted data classification indicate?
Atbilde
Access is tightly limited because unauthorized disclosure, alteration, or loss would create serious harm.
608. kartīte
Jautājums
How does a bug bounty support responsible disclosure?
Atbilde
It defines eligible systems, rules, reporting, and possible rewards for external researchers.
609. kartīte
Jautājums
What does web-filter content categorization provide?
Atbilde
A policy label for a site or page based on its subject, function, or risk so access rules can treat categories consistently.
610. kartīte
Jautājums
How do hard and soft authentication tokens differ?
Atbilde
A hard token is a separate physical device; a soft token is implemented in software on a general-purpose device.
611. kartīte
Jautājums
How can industry requirements affect security governance?
Atbilde
Industry standards, shared practices, assurance expectations, and sector-specific risks can shape required policies and controls.
612. kartīte
Jautājums
How can noncompliance cause loss of a license?
Atbilde
An authority may suspend or revoke the permission needed to operate, sell, or perform regulated work.
613. kartīte
Jautājums
What does volume-level encryption protect?
Atbilde
All data within a selected logical storage volume.
614. kartīte
Jautājums
How can impersonation exploit familiarity?
Atbilde
The attacker imitates a known person or routine communication style so the request receives less scrutiny.
615. kartīte
Jautājums
How does RTO guide recovery design?
Atbilde
It sets the target maximum time to restore the function, driving recovery automation, staffing, capacity, and site choices.
616. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a honeynet?
Atbilde
A network of decoy systems used to study or divert attackers.
617. kartīte
Jautājums
What does backup replication provide?
Atbilde
Additional synchronized or copied recovery data in another system or location.
618. kartīte
Jautājums
What lets automation scale securely?
Atbilde
Bounded permissions, validated inputs, rate controls, audit records, and consistent policy at every new resource.
619. kartīte
Jautājums
Why monitor a hardened computing resource continuously?
Atbilde
New drift, failures, attacks, and unsupported changes can appear after a secure baseline is deployed.
620. kartīte
Jautājums
Why keep a certificate of destruction?
Atbilde
It documents that a disposal provider handled specified media under the agreed process.
621. kartīte
Jautājums
Why consider patch availability before selecting a platform?
Atbilde
Unsupported or difficult-to-update components accumulate known exposure.
622. kartīte
Jautājums
Why should remote administration use an encrypted, authenticated protocol?
Atbilde
It keeps credentials and commands confidential in transit. When correctly configured with integrity protection, the protocol also detects tampering and authenticates the intended endpoint.
623. kartīte
Jautājums
How can revenge motivate an insider incident?
Atbilde
A disgruntled person may damage systems or disclose data to punish the organization.
624. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a published or documented indicator of malicious activity?
Atbilde
A malicious observable or behavior—such as a hash, domain, IP address, or TTP—shared through threat intelligence, an advisory, or an incident report to help identify related malicious activity.
625. kartīte
Jautājums
Why monitor a system more closely when a mitigation exception is accepted?
Atbilde
Monitoring can reveal exploitation or control failure while the documented exception remains open.
626. kartīte
Jautājums
What is an SNMP trap?
Atbilde
An unsolicited device notification sent to a management system when a configured event occurs.
627. kartīte
Jautājums
How can an automated report support an investigation?
Atbilde
It assembles repeatable findings, trends, or control results that investigators can correlate with the incident timeline.
628. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a security key?
Atbilde
A hardware authenticator that uses cryptographic proof, often bound to the legitimate service origin.
629. kartīte
Jautājums
What does database-level encryption protect?
Atbilde
A database or selected database structures through controls managed at the database layer.
630. kartīte
Jautājums
How does brand impersonation exploit trust?
Atbilde
It copies a familiar organization's identity so a fraudulent message, site, or account appears legitimate.
631. kartīte
Jautājums
What browser-side impact can a cross-site scripting vulnerability create?
Atbilde
It can run attacker-controlled script in a trusted site's origin and access data or actions available to the victim's session.
632. kartīte
Jautājums
How can a system or process audit identify vulnerabilities?
Atbilde
It compares evidence with required configuration and procedure to reveal control gaps.
633. kartīte
Jautājums
What security role can Group Policy provide?
Atbilde
Centralized Windows configuration of account, application, audit, and system security settings.
634. kartīte
Jautājums
What should incident-response training prepare people to do?
Atbilde
Recognize their role, use the communication and escalation paths, preserve evidence, and perform approved response actions.
635. kartīte
Jautājums
Why must governance track local or regional requirements?
Atbilde
They may impose location-specific duties that differ from national, global, industry, or contractual rules.
636. kartīte
Jautājums
How can a dependency become a useful key risk indicator?
Atbilde
A measurable change in its availability, capacity, control state, or concentration can warn that exposure is increasing.
637. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a business partners agreement?
Atbilde
An agreement defining how business partners will work together, including responsibilities and security or data-handling terms.
638. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes an audit regulatory?
Atbilde
It evaluates compliance with requirements established or enforced by a government or delegated authority.
639. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a honeyfile?
Atbilde
A decoy file whose access can reveal unauthorized activity.
640. kartīte
Jautājums
Why does legal information require explicit protection?
Atbilde
It may contain privileged advice, case strategy, evidence, or regulated records whose disclosure or alteration creates legal risk.
641. kartīte
Jautājums
Which indicator can mass file renaming and encryption produce?
Atbilde
Resource inaccessibility; users may be unable to open files after an attacker encrypts or renames them.
642. kartīte
Jautājums
What remains with an organization after transferring architecture risk?
Atbilde
Oversight and residual risk remain, even when a provider or insurer accepts defined responsibility or financial consequences.
643. kartīte
Jautājums
When does local console placement provide useful administrative access?
Atbilde
When network management is unavailable or unsafe, a physically controlled console offers a direct recovery path.
644. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes a harmful user action unintentional?
Atbilde
The user causes exposure or policy violation through error or misunderstanding rather than deliberate misuse.
645. kartīte
Jautājums
How should an organization harden workstations?
Atbilde
Apply a managed secure baseline: patch the OS and applications, remove unnecessary software and services, enforce least privilege, and enable endpoint protection and a host firewall.
646. kartīte
Jautājums
What is journaling in recovery?
Atbilde
Recording ordered changes so data can be replayed or restored to a consistent point.
647. kartīte
Jautājums
What downtime must a change plan account for?
Atbilde
The period when the affected service will be unavailable or degraded, including the impact on users and dependent systems.
648. kartīte
Jautājums
Why must a privacy program map local or regional law to data flows?
Atbilde
The applicable duties can change with the location of the person, organization, processing, or stored data.
649. kartīte
Jautājums
Why combine independent preventive controls at different layers?
Atbilde
A failure at one layer does not automatically let the same attack succeed at the next layer.
650. kartīte
Jautājums
What is passwordless authentication?
Atbilde
A flow that does not require the user to enter a memorized password, often using public-key credentials.
651. kartīte
Jautājums
How can automation improve security reaction time?
Atbilde
It can collect context and perform preapproved containment or routing as soon as a reliable trigger occurs.
652. kartīte
Jautājums
What does record-level encryption protect?
Atbilde
Individual records or fields, allowing finer protection than encrypting the entire database.
653. kartīte
Jautājums
How can business email compromise misuse urgency?
Atbilde
It pressures an employee to bypass normal verification for a payment, credential, or data request.
654. kartīte
Jautājums
What does impact measure in risk analysis?
Atbilde
The consequence to objectives, such as financial, operational, safety, legal, or reputational harm.
655. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes cyber activity part of warfare?
Atbilde
It supports military or state conflict objectives such as disruption, intelligence, or influence.
656. kartīte
Jautājums
Which indicator can a newly created privileged account produce outside the normal change window?
Atbilde
Out-of-cycle logging; the account event appears at a time when no authorized administrative change was scheduled.
657. kartīte
Jautājums
How can configuration enforcement validate a deployed mitigation?
Atbilde
It compares the realized settings with the approved state and corrects or reports drift.
658. kartīte
Jautājums
How does validating an alert improve alert tuning?
Atbilde
The analyst can identify which conditions, thresholds, or context caused noise or missed important evidence.
659. kartīte
Jautājums
What data-layer impact can a SQL injection vulnerability create?
Atbilde
It can let untrusted input alter a database query, exposing or changing data and sometimes executing administrative operations.
660. kartīte
Jautājums
What environmental variables can change vulnerability priority?
Atbilde
Local exposure, configuration, existing controls, asset importance, and the effect on the organization's actual environment.
661. kartīte
Jautājums
What security role does SELinux provide?
Atbilde
Mandatory access controls that confine processes according to centrally defined policy.
662. kartīte
Jautājums
Why review governance documents periodically?
Atbilde
Business, technology, threats, and external obligations change.
663. kartīte
Jautājums
Why evaluate power requirements for a system design?
Atbilde
Power capacity and redundancy constrain availability and recovery.
664. kartīte
Jautājums
When is IPsec a better tunnel choice than TLS?
Atbilde
Choose IPsec when policy must protect IP traffic broadly below individual applications—for example, across a site-to-site gateway tunnel. Choose TLS for a specific service connection.
665. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a honeytoken?
Atbilde
A fake credential or data element that generates a high-confidence alert when used.
666. kartīte
Jautājums
What should embedded-system hardening prioritize?
Atbilde
Trusted firmware, restricted interfaces, secure defaults, minimal services, and a supported update path.
667. kartīte
Jautājums
Why must sanitization address data remanence?
Atbilde
Residual data may remain recoverable after ordinary deletion, so the sanitization method must make recovery infeasible for the media and risk.
668. kartīte
Jautājums
Why require rules of engagement for vendor testing?
Atbilde
Authorized scope, timing, methods, contacts, and stop conditions prevent unsafe or mistaken activity.
669. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a private data classification indicate?
Atbilde
The information concerns an individual or limited internal audience and should not be exposed publicly.
670. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a tabletop recovery exercise test?
Atbilde
Participants walk through a scenario and decisions without switching production systems, exposing plan and coordination gaps.
671. kartīte
Jautājums
Why prevent password reuse?
Atbilde
One compromised password should not unlock other accounts or services.
672. kartīte
Jautājums
Which malicious-activity indicator is unexplained sustained CPU or memory use?
Atbilde
Abnormal resource consumption, such as unusual CPU, memory, power, storage, or network-bandwidth use.
673. kartīte
Jautājums
What does transport encryption protect?
Atbilde
It protects data-in-transit confidentiality: captured or intercepted traffic is unreadable without the key. Encryption does not prevent interception or, by itself, provide integrity or authenticate endpoints.
674. kartīte
Jautājums
How can a voice call become an attack vector?
Atbilde
An attacker can use a live or synthetic voice to impersonate a trusted party and request secrets, money, or unsafe actions.
675. kartīte
Jautājums
What should a digital-forensics report document?
Atbilde
The question examined, methods, evidence sources, timeline, findings, limitations, and the basis for each conclusion.
676. kartīte
Jautājums
What tradeoff comes with an expansionary risk appetite?
Atbilde
It accepts more uncertainty and exposure to pursue growth or return, so limits and monitoring must remain explicit.
677. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a known penetration-test environment provide?
Atbilde
The tester receives substantial internal knowledge or access so the exercise can focus on deeper control and attack-path testing.
678. kartīte
Jautājums
Why evaluate compute requirements before deployment?
Atbilde
Insufficient resources can cause failure, while excessive resources increase cost and attack surface.
679. kartīte
Jautājums
Why place sensors at network choke points?
Atbilde
They can observe traffic crossing important trust boundaries.
680. kartīte
Jautājums
What should hybrid or remote-work security training emphasize?
Atbilde
Trusted networks and devices, physical privacy, secure communication, reporting, data handling, and separation of work from shared environments.
681. kartīte
Jautājums
Why plan an application restart separately from a service restart?
Atbilde
The application may need its own state handling, user coordination, health checks, and rollback point.
682. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a cryptographic vulnerability?
Atbilde
A weakness in algorithm choice, key handling, implementation, or protocol use that defeats the intended protection.
683. kartīte
Jautājums
Why report findings by asset owner?
Atbilde
Owners need clear accountability and a prioritized remediation queue.
684. kartīte
Jautājums
What should guide selection of a secure protocol?
Atbilde
The protocol must protect the required data flow, authenticate the right endpoints, use supported cryptography, and fit operational constraints.
685. kartīte
Jautājums
How do centralized and decentralized governance structures differ?
Atbilde
Centralized governance sets decisions from one authority; decentralized governance delegates them and needs strong coordination for consistency.
686. kartīte
Jautājums
How does privacy-aware design limit data retention?
Atbilde
It records a justified retention period and makes deletion or anonymization part of the normal data lifecycle.
687. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a pressure security sensor detect?
Atbilde
Force or weight applied to a protected surface, such as a floor mat or fence line.
688. kartīte
Jautājums
What automation costs should a security team plan for?
Atbilde
Development, licensing, infrastructure, monitoring, maintenance, failure recovery, and the staff needed to own the workflow.
689. kartīte
Jautājums
What should RTOS hardening preserve while reducing attack surface?
Atbilde
Deterministic timing and safety requirements, with only necessary services, privileges, interfaces, and validated updates enabled.
690. kartīte
Jautājums
What is the goal of disruption-for-chaos activity?
Atbilde
Create instability or damage itself rather than pursue a clear financial or intelligence return.
691. kartīte
Jautājums
Which indicator can repeated password guessing produce?
Atbilde
Unexpected account lockout; repeated failed attempts can trigger the account's lockout policy.
692. kartīte
Jautājums
How does removing unnecessary software harden a system?
Atbilde
It eliminates code, services, dependencies, and privileges that an attacker could otherwise target.
693. kartīte
Jautājums
What does NetFlow provide?
Atbilde
Metadata summarizing network conversations, such as endpoints, ports, timing, protocol, and byte counts.
694. kartīte
Jautājums
How can a dashboard support an investigation?
Atbilde
It brings selected current and historical signals together so investigators can spot changes, patterns, and affected scope.
695. kartīte
Jautājums
When should a password be expired?
Atbilde
When compromise is suspected, policy or risk requires a change, or the credential no longer meets the approved authentication standard.
696. kartīte
Jautājums
Why does cryptographic key length matter?
Atbilde
It affects the work required to search the key space, although security also depends on the algorithm and implementation.
697. kartīte
Jautājums
How can an unsecure Bluetooth connection become an attack vector?
Atbilde
Weak pairing, discoverability, or vulnerable services can let a nearby attacker connect, intercept data, or issue commands.
698. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a key risk indicator?
Atbilde
A metric that signals changing exposure or increasing likelihood of an adverse outcome.
699. kartīte
Jautājums
What should vendor monitoring verify when a contract ends?
Atbilde
Vendor accounts, credentials, connections, data access, and retained assets are removed or transferred as approved.
700. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a sensitive data classification indicate?
Atbilde
The information needs safeguards because unauthorized access, change, or loss could cause harm.
701. kartīte
Jautājums
What does software-defined networking separate?
Atbilde
The control plane that decides traffic behavior from the data plane that forwards traffic.
702. kartīte
Jautājums
Where should a web application firewall be placed?
Atbilde
In the path of web requests before they reach the protected application.
703. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a simulated recovery exercise test?
Atbilde
Participants perform realistic response actions in a controlled environment without disrupting production.
704. kartīte
Jautājums
How can a team verify that a detective control is effective?
Atbilde
Trigger a known test event and confirm that the control records it, alerts the right responder, and supplies useful evidence.
705. kartīte
Jautājums
How should defenders apply a published or documented indicator to telemetry and validate it before escalating?
Atbilde
Search relevant telemetry for matches, then confirm the indicator's relevance, context, and freshness before escalating.
706. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes a vulnerability cloud-specific?
Atbilde
It arises from cloud service configuration, shared responsibility, control-plane exposure, tenancy, or provider-specific behavior.
707. kartīte
Jautājums
How can insurance respond to vulnerability risk?
Atbilde
It may transfer defined financial consequences, but it does not remove the weakness or the organization's duties.
708. kartīte
Jautājums
How does reputation improve web filtering?
Atbilde
It uses prior observations about a domain, address, certificate, or hosting pattern to identify destinations with elevated risk.
709. kartīte
Jautājums
What does an encryption policy establish?
Atbilde
Which data and communications require encryption, approved methods, key responsibilities, exceptions, and review duties.
710. kartīte
Jautājums
How does a microwave security sensor detect movement?
Atbilde
It emits microwave energy and detects changes in the reflected signal caused by motion.
711. kartīte
Jautājums
What should IoT-device hardening change before deployment?
Atbilde
Default credentials, unnecessary services, insecure communication, unmanaged updates, and unrestricted network access.
712. kartīte
Jautājums
Why track software licenses as assets?
Atbilde
License ownership, permitted use, updates, and end-of-support status affect compliance and risk.
713. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a password manager improve?
Atbilde
It can generate and store unique long passwords so users do not memorize or reuse them.
714. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes a ledger open and public?
Atbilde
Anyone can inspect its recorded entries, while its consensus and integrity controls determine who can add valid entries.
715. kartīte
Jautājums
What should a payment-change request trigger?
Atbilde
Independent verification through a known channel before any account or payment detail is changed.
716. kartīte
Jautājums
What does preserving digital evidence require?
Atbilde
Protecting its integrity, context, access history, and availability from collection through final disposition.
717. kartīte
Jautājums
What should a risk report tell decision-makers?
Atbilde
The risk, uncertainty, business impact, owner, treatment, trend, and decision required.
718. kartīte
Jautājums
What should an external assessment report provide?
Atbilde
Its scope, criteria, evidence, findings, limitations, conclusions, and responsible follow-up actions.
719. kartīte
Jautājums
What is a centralized design's main resilience risk?
Atbilde
A central dependency can become a bottleneck or single point of failure.
720. kartīte
Jautājums
What does mutual TLS add to a TLS-protected service connection?
Atbilde
It adds client authentication, commonly with a client certificate, so the client and server authenticate each other.
721. kartīte
Jautājums
What should recurring security-awareness reporting show?
Atbilde
Changes in participation, knowledge, behavior, reporting, and incidents, with gaps assigned to owners and follow-up actions.
722. kartīte
Jautājums
Why do legacy applications require extra change planning?
Atbilde
They may depend on undocumented behavior, unsupported components, or fragile integrations that make failure and rollback more likely.
723. kartīte
Jautājums
How do a data controller and a data processor differ?
Atbilde
A controller decides why and how personal data is processed. A processor handles that data on the controller’s behalf.
724. kartīte
Jautājums
How can orchestration become a single point of failure?
Atbilde
Many security workflows may depend on one engine, credential path, or integration hub whose outage stops all of them.
725. kartīte
Jautājums
Why should defenses account for a threat actor's sophistication and capability?
Atbilde
Those attributes indicate which techniques the actor can sustain and which controls are likely to slow or expose them.
726. kartīte
Jautājums
How does an injection attack make an application execute unintended instructions?
Atbilde
It sends crafted input that an interpreter treats as code or commands instead of data.
727. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a host-based firewall control?
Atbilde
Inbound and outbound network traffic for one endpoint according to local rules.
728. kartīte
Jautājums
Why revise alerting after an incident?
Atbilde
The incident can reveal missing telemetry, logic, thresholds, or response paths that should produce a better future alert.
729. kartīte
Jautājums
Why include security duties in procurement criteria?
Atbilde
Security is easier to require before selection than to retrofit after dependency and data transfer begin.
730. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a critical data classification indicate?
Atbilde
The information is essential to vital operations, safety, or mission outcomes and needs the strongest availability and recovery controls.
731. kartīte
Jautājums
What infrastructure capacity must support failover?
Atbilde
The alternate site, network, power, cooling, and facility resources needed to carry the transferred load.
732. kartīte
Jautājums
Why does shared cloud context matter when evaluating a cloud-specific vulnerability?
Atbilde
The affected service model and responsibility boundary determine who can observe, patch, configure, or compensate for the weakness.
733. kartīte
Jautājums
How does a remediation exemption differ from an exception?
Atbilde
Terminology follows the governing policy. A common convention is that an exemption removes a requirement for an approved scope, while an exception permits a time-bounded deviation.
734. kartīte
Jautājums
Why should automated EDR or XDR blocking have an exception and rollback path?
Atbilde
A false positive can isolate a critical endpoint or stop a legitimate process, so operators need controlled recovery without disabling protection broadly.
735. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a security playbook provide?
Atbilde
A repeatable set of roles, decisions, and actions for handling a defined operational scenario.
736. kartīte
Jautājums
How does an ultrasonic security sensor detect movement?
Atbilde
It emits high-frequency sound and detects changes in the returning sound pattern caused by motion.
737. kartīte
Jautājums
What should a managed mobile device require for Bluetooth connections?
Atbilde
Intentional pairing, non-discoverable operation when unused, trusted peers, current software, and only necessary Bluetooth profiles.
738. kartīte
Jautājums
How do password complexity rules differ from password length?
Atbilde
Complexity rules require selected character types; length measures total characters. Current policy should prioritize sufficient length and block weak or compromised choices instead of relying on composition alone.
739. kartīte
Jautājums
What makes a certificate third-party trusted?
Atbilde
A certificate authority outside the subject organization signs it and chains it to a root trusted by relying systems.
740. kartīte
Jautājums
Why is an out-of-band check effective against impersonation?
Atbilde
It verifies the request through a separate, previously trusted communication path.
741. kartīte
Jautājums
What does a risk exception authorize?
Atbilde
A documented deviation from a requirement for a defined scope, rationale, controls, owner, review, and expiration.
742. kartīte
Jautājums
What security challenge grows in a decentralized design?
Atbilde
Consistent policy, inventory, monitoring, and patching become harder.
743. kartīte
Jautājums
How should controls be selected for an unused network path?
Atbilde
Choose controls that block it by default, expose only approved connectivity, and make exceptions explicit and reviewable.
744. kartīte
Jautājums
How can a buffer-overflow attack affect an application?
Atbilde
It writes past a buffer boundary to corrupt memory, which can crash the application or redirect execution.

Abstract network paths and learning nodes converging on a calm central gateway.

744 kartītes