CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 Flashcards: Complete Objective Review
Study every current SY0-701 exam domain with original, concise flashcards for security concepts, threats, architecture, operations, and governance.
Over dit deck
Build reliable recall across all five current Security+ SY0-701 domains with 744 original, open-response cards. The deck follows the newest official objectives for the current exam series: Version 6.0, accessed on August 25, 2026.
What this deck covers
- General security concepts: control functions, core principles, zero trust, change management, cryptography, certificates, and PKI.
- Threats, vulnerabilities, and mitigations: threat actors, attack vectors, social engineering, platform and application weaknesses, malicious activity, indicators, and defensive choices.
- Security architecture: cloud and virtualization models, secure infrastructure, data protection, availability, backups, and recovery design.
- Security operations: hardening, asset and vulnerability management, monitoring, security tooling, identity and access, automation, incident response, and evidence sources.
- Program management and oversight: governance, risk, third-party security, compliance, privacy, audits, and awareness.
Prompts include concept-to-purpose recall, scenario-to-control or threat identification, and operational comparisons. Reverse prompts appear only when choosing a control, evidence source, or response is useful in practice. Prerequisites come before dependent ideas, while related variants are spaced apart.
The deck excludes multiple-choice practice, copied exam material, dumps, raw objective wording, vague term-only prompts, vendor trivia, and mechanically reversed duplicates. Use it after a course or primary study guide, then add hands-on labs and legitimate practice questions to test application.
Scope was reconciled against CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 Certification Exam: Exam Objectives Version 6.0. Current certification requirements and exam-series status are on the official CompTIA Security+ page.
This is an unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or produced by CompTIA. All card wording and cover artwork are original; no exam questions, answer dumps, objective prose, logos, or trade dress were copied.
Kaarten in dit deck
Kaart 1
Vraag
What does an information security policy establish?
Antwoord
Management's required direction, responsibilities, and high-level rules for protecting information and systems.
Kaart 2
Vraag
What is phishing?
Antwoord
A deceptive message intended to make a target reveal information, open malware, or take an unsafe action.
Kaart 3
Vraag
What does a public-key certificate bind to an identity?
Antwoord
A public key, together with identifying information and the issuer's signature.
Kaart 4
Vraag
What is data at rest?
Antwoord
Data stored on media such as disks, databases, backups, or mobile devices.
Kaart 5
Vraag
How does policy-driven access control decide a zero-trust access request?
Antwoord
Explicit policies or rules evaluate the access request and drive the allow-or-deny decision.
Kaart 6
Vraag
What does establishing a secure baseline produce?
Antwoord
An approved, documented configuration that defines the required secure state for a class of computing resource.
Kaart 7
Vraag
What is hashing used to verify?
Antwoord
Whether data has changed by comparing fixed-length digest values.
Kaart 8
Vraag
What is impersonation in social engineering?
Antwoord
Pretending to be a trusted person or organization to obtain access, data, or action.
Kaart 9
Vraag
What is virtualization?
Antwoord
Abstracting physical compute so multiple isolated guest systems can share a host.
Kaart 10
Vraag
What is chain of custody?
Antwoord
A documented history of who collected, handled, transferred, stored, and examined evidence.
Kaart 11
Vraag
What is quantitative risk analysis?
Antwoord
Estimating risk with numerical values such as money, frequency, or probability.
Kaart 12
Vraag
What is a phishing awareness campaign?
Antwoord
A planned series of guidance, exercises, and reminders that builds recognition and safe reporting behavior.
Kaart 13
Vraag
What is high availability?
Antwoord
Designing a service to remain accessible despite expected component failures.
Kaart 14
Vraag
What is a network security zone?
Antwoord
A group of systems with similar trust, function, or control requirements.
Kaart 15
Vraag
What is risk transfer?
Antwoord
Shifting some financial or operational consequence to another party, such as through insurance or contract.
Kaart 16
Vraag
What is media sanitization?
Antwoord
Making stored data infeasible to recover for the intended level of protection.
Kaart 17
Vraag
What does CVSS provide?
Antwoord
A standardized way to describe a vulnerability's technical severity characteristics.
Kaart 18
Vraag
What does security alerting do?
Antwoord
It turns matched events or behavior into a notification that the right responder can review.
Kaart 19
Vraag
What does a firewall rule enforce?
Antwoord
A permit, deny, or inspect decision for traffic that matches defined source, destination, service, protocol, direction, and state conditions.
Kaart 20
Vraag
What is deprovisioning?
Antwoord
Disabling or removing accounts, credentials, sessions, and access when they are no longer needed.
Kaart 21
Vraag
How does inline placement differ from a tap or monitor port?
Antwoord
Inline traffic passes through the control; a tap or monitor receives a copy for observation.
Kaart 22
Vraag
What is asymmetric encryption?
Antwoord
Encryption that uses a mathematically related public and private key pair.
Kaart 23
Vraag
What does SPF authorize?
Antwoord
Which mail servers may send mail for a domain in the SMTP envelope.
Kaart 24
Vraag
What is a possession factor?
Antwoord
Something the claimant has, such as a cryptographic authenticator.
Kaart 25
Vraag
What does ordinary TLS usually protect and authenticate?
Antwoord
It provides encryption and integrity protection, plus server authentication in the usual deployment. Client authentication is added when mutual TLS is configured.
Kaart 26
Vraag
What is single loss expectancy?
Antwoord
The estimated loss from one occurrence of a risk event.
Kaart 27
Vraag
What does a certificate authority do?
Antwoord
It validates certificate requests and signs certificates so relying parties can verify the binding between an identity and a public key.
Kaart 28
Vraag
What is a detective control meant to do?
Antwoord
Identify that an unwanted event has happened or is happening.
Kaart 29
Vraag
What is the security purpose of change-control approval?
Antwoord
Ensure authorized reviewers assess risk before the production change occurs.
Kaart 30
Vraag
What is shadow IT?
Antwoord
Technology used for organizational work without required approval or oversight.
Kaart 31
Vraag
What is a buffer overflow vulnerability?
Antwoord
A bounds-checking failure that lets input overwrite memory outside its intended buffer.
Kaart 32
Vraag
What is ransomware?
Antwoord
Malware or an intrusion outcome that denies access to data or systems to extort the victim.
Kaart 33
Vraag
How does network segmentation limit an incident?
Antwoord
It restricts communication paths and reduces lateral movement between zones.
Kaart 34
Vraag
How do load balancing and clustering support availability differently?
Antwoord
Load balancing distributes requests across healthy instances; clustering makes systems cooperate as one service and tolerate member failure.
Kaart 35
Vraag
What is vendor due diligence?
Antwoord
Evaluating a provider's security, capability, stability, and fit before commitment.
Kaart 36
Vraag
Who is a data subject?
Antwoord
The person whose personal data is collected or processed.
Kaart 37
Vraag
What is attestation?
Antwoord
A formal assertion or report about a subject matter, often supported by an independent examination.
Kaart 38
Vraag
What is a replay attack?
Antwoord
Valid captured data is retransmitted to repeat an authenticated or authorized action.
Kaart 39
Vraag
What does a wireless site survey establish?
Antwoord
Coverage, interference, channel use, access-point placement, and unauthorized radio sources in the real environment.
Kaart 40
Vraag
What is the time-of-check stage of a race-condition vulnerability?
Antwoord
The application verifies a condition or resource state before acting on it.
Kaart 41
Vraag
What is a penetration test?
Antwoord
An authorized attempt to exploit weaknesses and demonstrate practical impact.
Kaart 42
Vraag
What is a cold recovery site?
Antwoord
A facility with basic space and utilities but little preinstalled technology or current data.
Kaart 43
Vraag
What is data in transit?
Antwoord
Data moving between systems or across a network.
Kaart 44
Vraag
What is a vendor security questionnaire?
Antwoord
A structured request for information about a provider's controls and practices.
Kaart 45
Vraag
How does an internal actor's starting position differ from an external actor's?
Antwoord
An internal actor begins with some trusted access or proximity; an external actor must first cross the perimeter or obtain access.
Kaart 46
Vraag
What can unexpected account lockouts indicate?
Antwoord
Password guessing, credential stuffing, user error, or a broken client.
Kaart 47
Vraag
How do permissions enforce access control?
Antwoord
They specify which actions a subject may perform on a particular resource.
Kaart 48
Vraag
What is log aggregation?
Antwoord
Central collection of logs from multiple sources for search, correlation, and retention.
Kaart 49
Vraag
Why plan a service restart as part of a change?
Antwoord
The restart can interrupt dependent users or processes, so the plan needs timing, validation, and rollback steps.
Kaart 50
Vraag
What is infrastructure as code?
Antwoord
Managing infrastructure through versioned, machine-readable definitions rather than manual configuration.
Kaart 51
Vraag
What should security-awareness program development start with?
Antwoord
The audience's roles, risks, policies, incident lessons, desired behavior, and measurable outcomes.
Kaart 52
Vraag
What is a voice-based social-engineering attack called?
Antwoord
Vishing.
Kaart 53
Vraag
What happens during incident-response preparation?
Antwoord
Teams establish people, tools, access, communications, training, and procedures before an incident.
Kaart 54
Vraag
What does an offensive penetration-testing team do?
Antwoord
It emulates authorized attacker behavior to discover and demonstrate exploitable paths.
Kaart 55
Vraag
What is federation?
Antwoord
One security domain relies on identity assertions from another trusted domain.
Kaart 56
Vraag
What is asset classification?
Antwoord
Grouping an asset by sensitivity, criticality, or required handling.
Kaart 57
Vraag
What is cross-site scripting?
Antwoord
Injection of script-capable content that a browser executes in another site's security context.
Kaart 58
Vraag
What can IDS or IPS trends reveal?
Antwoord
Changes in the frequency, source, target, or type of detected activity that one isolated event may not show.
Kaart 59
Vraag
What can unexpected resource inaccessibility indicate?
Antwoord
Denial of service, destructive activity, ransomware, permission changes, or an ordinary outage.
Kaart 60
Vraag
What is a corrective control meant to do?
Antwoord
Limit damage and restore a secure state after an event.
Kaart 61
Vraag
How do containers differ from virtual machines?
Antwoord
Containers share the host kernel; virtual machines normally run separate guest operating systems.
Kaart 62
Vraag
How does an active security device differ from a passive one?
Antwoord
An active device can alter or block traffic; a passive device observes and reports without changing the flow.
Kaart 63
Vraag
Why is unsupported software a persistent attack surface?
Antwoord
Known weaknesses may remain reachable because supported fixes and vendor help are no longer available.
Kaart 64
Vraag
What is annualized rate of occurrence?
Antwoord
The estimated number of times a risk event occurs per year.
Kaart 65
Vraag
What is an inherence factor?
Antwoord
A biometric characteristic of the claimant.
Kaart 66
Vraag
What do a threat actor's sophistication and capability describe?
Antwoord
The technical skill, tools, knowledge, resources, and operational discipline the actor can apply.
Kaart 67
Vraag
What is a SIEM?
Antwoord
A platform that centralizes security data and supports search, correlation, alerting, and investigation.
Kaart 68
Vraag
What is sideloading?
Antwoord
Installing software from outside the platform's approved distribution path.
Kaart 69
Vraag
What does an IDS or IPS signature match?
Antwoord
A known pattern in traffic or behavior associated with a threat, exploit, or policy violation.
Kaart 70
Vraag
Why are embedded systems often difficult to patch?
Antwoord
They may have long lifecycles, specialized firmware, limited downtime, or weak vendor support.
Kaart 71
Vraag
What is a virtual private network?
Antwoord
An encrypted logical connection that carries private traffic across an untrusted or shared network.
Kaart 72
Vraag
What should an initial security-awareness report establish?
Antwoord
The starting participation, knowledge, behavior, incident, and reporting measures against which later results will be compared.
Kaart 73
Vraag
What is symmetric encryption?
Antwoord
Encryption that uses the same secret key to encrypt and decrypt data.
Kaart 74
Vraag
What happens during incident detection?
Antwoord
Monitoring or a report identifies activity that may meet the organization's incident criteria.
Kaart 75
Vraag
What is recovery time objective?
Antwoord
The target maximum time to restore a function after disruption.
Kaart 76
Vraag
Why prioritize password length?
Antwoord
Longer passwords expand the guessing space and support memorable passphrases without predictable substitutions.
Kaart 77
Vraag
What must sanitization accomplish before an asset leaves organizational control?
Antwoord
It must make the retained data infeasible to recover with the method appropriate to the media and risk.
Kaart 78
Vraag
What is a real-time operating system designed to provide?
Antwoord
Predictable response timing for tasks with strict deadlines.
Kaart 79
Vraag
What does fail-open behavior do when a control fails?
Antwoord
It permits traffic or access to preserve availability.
Kaart 80
Vraag
What is jailbreaking or rooting a mobile device?
Antwoord
Removing platform restrictions to gain privileged control over the operating system.
Kaart 81
Vraag
What does network access control enforce?
Antwoord
Identity, device posture, and access policy at network connection time and during a session.
Kaart 82
Vraag
What does data loss prevention do?
Antwoord
Detects and may block sensitive data use or transfer that violates policy.
Kaart 83
Vraag
What security property does a blockchain provide?
Antwoord
A chained, tamper-evident record in which changing an earlier entry invalidates later cryptographic links.
Kaart 84
Vraag
What is recovery point objective?
Antwoord
The target maximum acceptable data loss measured backward in time.
Kaart 85
Vraag
How do ICS and SCADA relate?
Antwoord
An industrial control system controls physical processes; SCADA provides supervisory monitoring and control across distributed industrial equipment.
Kaart 86
Vraag
What does fail-closed behavior do when a control fails?
Antwoord
It denies traffic or access to preserve security.
Kaart 87
Vraag
Which keys create and verify a typical digital signature?
Antwoord
The signer creates it with a private key, and others verify it with the corresponding public key.
Kaart 88
Vraag
What is SQL injection?
Antwoord
Input that alters the structure or meaning of a database query because code and data were not safely separated.
Kaart 89
Vraag
What does DKIM verify?
Antwoord
That selected message content was signed by a domain and was not altered after signing.
Kaart 90
Vraag
What is post-incident activity?
Antwoord
Learning from the event and improving controls, plans, and recovery based on evidence.
Kaart 91
Vraag
What characterizes an expansionary risk appetite?
Antwoord
A greater willingness to accept uncertainty and exposure in pursuit of growth, return, or strategic opportunity.
Kaart 92
Vraag
How do centralized and decentralized architectures differ?
Antwoord
Centralized architecture concentrates key services or decisions; decentralized architecture distributes them across independent components or locations.
Kaart 93
Vraag
What does a certificate revocation list publish?
Antwoord
Certificate serial numbers that the issuer has invalidated before their scheduled expiration.
Kaart 94
Vraag
What is a legal hold?
Antwoord
A directive to preserve potentially relevant information by suspending normal deletion or disposal.
Kaart 95
Vraag
What is exposure factor in quantitative risk analysis?
Antwoord
The estimated percentage of an asset's value lost in one event.
Kaart 96
Vraag
What is decentralized architecture?
Antwoord
Control or service responsibility is distributed across multiple independent components or locations.
Kaart 97
Vraag
What is tokenization?
Antwoord
Replacing sensitive data with a non-sensitive token whose mapping is held separately.
Kaart 98
Vraag
How can automation act as a workforce multiplier?
Antwoord
It handles repeatable work consistently so people can focus on judgment, exceptions, investigation, and improvement.
Kaart 99
Vraag
What can endpoint process logs reveal?
Antwoord
Which programs ran, their parent-child relationships, users, timing, and command details when captured.
Kaart 100
Vraag
What does the CIA triad protect?
Antwoord
Confidentiality protects against unauthorized disclosure, integrity protects accuracy and completeness, and availability protects reliable, timely access.
Kaart 101
Vraag
How does data masking protect information?
Antwoord
It hides selected values or characters while preserving a usable representation.
Kaart 102
Vraag
How can a national requirement affect security governance?
Antwoord
It can impose country-level duties that policies, controls, records, and oversight must satisfy.
Kaart 103
Vraag
What do integrations and APIs provide to security orchestration?
Antwoord
Defined interfaces for exchanging data and triggering actions across tools without manual handoffs.
Kaart 104
Vraag
What makes a compliance report external?
Antwoord
It is prepared for a regulator, customer, auditor, partner, or other party outside the organization.
Kaart 105
Vraag
What does a cryptographic algorithm define?
Antwoord
The mathematical procedure used to encrypt, decrypt, hash, sign, or otherwise transform protected data.
Kaart 106
Vraag
Why compare systems with a secure baseline regularly?
Antwoord
To detect drift, unauthorized changes, and missing hardening.
Kaart 107
Vraag
What does integrity protect?
Antwoord
The accuracy and completeness of data and systems against unauthorized change.
Kaart 108
Vraag
What does vulnerability classification organize?
Antwoord
Findings into meaningful types or categories so teams can route, compare, and remediate them consistently.
Kaart 109
Vraag
What does a password standard define?
Antwoord
Mandatory, measurable requirements for creating, storing, using, and changing passwords.
Kaart 110
Vraag
What technology capacity must a recovery design plan for?
Antwoord
The compute, storage, software, licenses, and supporting services needed to meet recovery demand.
Kaart 111
Vraag
What does a confidential data classification indicate?
Antwoord
Disclosure is limited to authorized people because exposure could harm the organization or affected parties.
Kaart 112
Vraag
What makes a vendor assessment independent?
Antwoord
The assessor is free from responsibility for the vendor activity being evaluated and reports evidence against defined criteria.
Kaart 113
Vraag
What lets a worm spread without attaching itself to another file?
Antwoord
It is a standalone program that replicates across reachable systems or services.
Kaart 114
Vraag
What is microsegmentation?
Antwoord
Fine-grained isolation of individual workloads or small groups with explicit communication policy.
Kaart 115
Vraag
What can application logs reveal?
Antwoord
Transactions, errors, user actions, and application-specific security events.
Kaart 116
Vraag
What does deploying a secure baseline require?
Antwoord
Applying the approved settings consistently to the intended resources and verifying the realized configuration.
Kaart 117
Vraag
How can resource-provisioning automation improve security?
Antwoord
It creates infrastructure from approved templates with consistent ownership, logging, and baseline controls.
Kaart 118
Vraag
What does availability protect?
Antwoord
Reliable, timely access to systems and data when authorized users need them.
Kaart 119
Vraag
Why must a change request describe business impact?
Antwoord
So approvers can weigh the benefit, risk, outage, and affected users before authorizing it.
Kaart 120
Vraag
What does an authenticated vulnerability scan add?
Antwoord
Credentialed inspection of local versions, settings, and missing patches that a remote scan may miss.
Kaart 121
Vraag
What does a change-management procedure specify?
Antwoord
The required steps, roles, evidence, approvals, testing, implementation, validation, and rollback for a change.
Kaart 122
Vraag
What is a sanction for noncompliance?
Antwoord
A formal penalty or restriction imposed by an authority for failing to meet a requirement.
Kaart 123
Vraag
How can email deliver a security attack?
Antwoord
It can carry a malicious link, attachment, request, or embedded content designed to exploit software or manipulate a recipient.
Kaart 124
Vraag
What is an internal compliance audit?
Antwoord
An organization-led examination of whether selected operations and controls meet defined requirements.
Kaart 125
Vraag
What is a Trojan?
Antwoord
Malware disguised as legitimate or desirable software.
Kaart 126
Vraag
What is clustering?
Antwoord
Multiple systems work together to provide a service and tolerate member failure.
Kaart 127
Vraag
What makes data regulated?
Antwoord
A law or regulation imposes specific collection, handling, retention, protection, or disclosure duties.
Kaart 128
Vraag
What does a wireless heat map show?
Antwoord
Measured or modeled signal strength and coverage across a physical area.
Kaart 129
Vraag
How should vendor criticality affect due diligence?
Antwoord
Higher access, concentration, data sensitivity, or operational dependence warrants deeper evidence and stronger approval.
Kaart 130
Vraag
How can a digital signature support non-repudiation?
Antwoord
It provides evidence that the holder of a private key signed specific data.
Kaart 131
Vraag
What should vulnerability prioritization consider beyond severity?
Antwoord
Exploitability, exposure, asset importance, environmental context, business impact, and available mitigations.
Kaart 132
Vraag
What is a security guideline?
Antwoord
Recommended practice that allows judgment unless adopted as a requirement.
Kaart 133
Vraag
What usually distinguishes a nation-state threat actor?
Antwoord
Strategic objectives, substantial resources, patience, and advanced operational capability.
Kaart 134
Vraag
What is spyware?
Antwoord
Software that secretly collects information about a user or system.
Kaart 135
Vraag
Why maintain an allow list for applications?
Antwoord
Only explicitly approved software is permitted to execute.
Kaart 136
Vraag
How can an image become an attack vector?
Antwoord
It may exploit a decoder flaw, hide malicious data, or direct a user through an embedded code.
Kaart 137
Vraag
What makes a security control technical?
Antwoord
It is enforced mainly by technology, such as a firewall rule or endpoint policy.
Kaart 138
Vraag
What is identity proofing?
Antwoord
Establishing that a person is who they claim to be before issuing an account or credential.
Kaart 139
Vraag
What is an automated security guardrail?
Antwoord
A policy control that prevents, flags, or corrects unsafe configuration, such as an overexposed security group.
Kaart 140
Vraag
Why assign an owner to a planned change?
Antwoord
To make one party accountable for coordination, execution, and follow-through.
Kaart 141
Vraag
How can national privacy law affect data handling?
Antwoord
It can set country-level duties for collection, use, access, retention, transfer, security, and individual rights.
Kaart 142
Vraag
What is continuity of operations?
Antwoord
Maintaining essential functions during disruption and restoring supporting capabilities in a planned order.
Kaart 143
Vraag
What security tradeoff comes with BYOD?
Antwoord
The organization gains flexibility but has less control over personally owned device configuration, privacy, and lifecycle.
Kaart 144
Vraag
How should policies and handbooks support security training?
Antwoord
They provide accessible, current rules and reporting steps that training can apply to real situations.
Kaart 145
Vraag
What is a keylogger?
Antwoord
A tool that records keystrokes to capture data such as credentials.
Kaart 146
Vraag
What makes information a trade secret?
Antwoord
It provides business value because it is not generally known and is protected through reasonable secrecy measures.
Kaart 147
Vraag
What does authentication establish?
Antwoord
It verifies a presented authenticator or credential bound to the claimed identity. Identity proofing establishes the real-world identity behind the claim.
Kaart 148
Vraag
What risk comes from an untrusted file attachment?
Antwoord
Opening or parsing it can execute malicious code or expose data.
Kaart 149
Vraag
How does risk tolerance affect vulnerability remediation?
Antwoord
It sets how much residual exposure the organization will accept and how quickly a finding must be treated.
Kaart 150
Vraag
How can a global requirement affect security governance?
Antwoord
It can require a common control and oversight approach across multiple countries while local obligations still apply.
Kaart 151
Vraag
Why should questionnaire answers be supported by evidence?
Antwoord
Self-assertions alone may not prove that controls are designed or operating effectively.
Kaart 152
Vraag
What is an independent third-party audit?
Antwoord
An external party with suitable independence examines evidence against defined criteria.
Kaart 153
Vraag
What do account provisioning and deprovisioning do?
Antwoord
Provisioning creates an identity and approved access; deprovisioning disables or removes accounts, credentials, sessions, and access when no longer needed.
Kaart 154
Vraag
What is an unskilled attacker commonly called?
Antwoord
A script kiddie: someone who relies on tools or instructions created by others.
Kaart 155
Vraag
What is a rootkit?
Antwoord
Software designed to maintain privileged, concealed access by altering or subverting the system.
Kaart 156
Vraag
What does an access control list enforce?
Antwoord
Explicit permit or deny rules for subjects, traffic, or actions on a protected resource.
Kaart 157
Vraag
What should system security monitoring observe?
Antwoord
Host state and behavior such as processes, authentication, configuration, resource use, and security events.
Kaart 158
Vraag
What can operating-system security logs reveal?
Antwoord
Authentication, privilege use, policy changes, services, and other host security events.
Kaart 159
Vraag
Why isolate operational technology from general business networks?
Antwoord
To limit attack paths into safety- and availability-critical processes.
Kaart 160
Vraag
What is the COPE mobile deployment model?
Antwoord
The organization owns the device but permits defined personal use while retaining management control.
Kaart 161
Vraag
What security work belongs in asset acquisition and procurement?
Antwoord
Define security requirements before purchase, evaluate the product and vendor against them, and obtain approval before acquisition or deployment.
Kaart 162
Vraag
How can user-provisioning automation improve security?
Antwoord
It creates, changes, and removes access from authoritative identity events with consistent approvals and logging.
Kaart 163
Vraag
What people capacity must a continuity plan account for?
Antwoord
Enough trained staff, coverage, authority, and specialist knowledge to operate and recover essential services.
Kaart 164
Vraag
What do authorization models define?
Antwoord
How permissions are assigned to authenticated subjects and evaluated for requested actions.
Kaart 165
Vraag
Why are removable devices an attack vector?
Antwoord
They can introduce malware or remove data while bypassing network controls.
Kaart 166
Vraag
What should predeployment change-test results show?
Antwoord
Whether the change meets its acceptance criteria without unacceptable functional, security, or operational effects.
Kaart 167
Vraag
What is the time-of-use stage of a race-condition vulnerability?
Antwoord
The application acts on a resource after the check, creating a gap in which another process may change the resource.
Kaart 168
Vraag
What is data in use?
Antwoord
Data actively processed in memory or by an application.
Kaart 169
Vraag
What does open-source vulnerability intelligence contribute?
Antwoord
Public advisories, exploit reporting, research, and observable activity that help identify and prioritize exposure.
Kaart 170
Vraag
What can file-integrity monitoring detect?
Antwoord
Unexpected changes to protected files, directories, or configuration.
Kaart 171
Vraag
Why should deprovisioning be prompt?
Antwoord
Former users or roles should not retain usable access.
Kaart 172
Vraag
What is an acceptable use policy?
Antwoord
Rules for permitted and prohibited use of organizational systems, accounts, and data.
Kaart 173
Vraag
What makes a compliance report internal?
Antwoord
It is prepared for the organization's owners, operators, management, or governance bodies to track compliance and action.
Kaart 174
Vraag
What is a logic bomb?
Antwoord
Malicious code that activates when a specified condition or time is reached.
Kaart 175
Vraag
What does a right-to-audit clause provide?
Antwoord
Contractual authority to inspect or obtain evidence about agreed controls.
Kaart 176
Vraag
Where should a forward proxy sit in an enterprise traffic path?
Antwoord
Between clients and external services so outbound requests pass through policy and logging before reaching destinations.
Kaart 177
Vraag
Which cues should make a message look suspicious?
Antwoord
Unexpected context, mismatched identity or links, unusual attachments, urgency, secrecy, and requests for credentials or payment.
Kaart 178
Vraag
What makes a security control managerial?
Antwoord
It directs risk and governance through decisions such as policies, assessments, and oversight.
Kaart 179
Vraag
What is the CYOD mobile deployment model?
Antwoord
The user selects from organization-approved device options that remain subject to corporate security requirements.
Kaart 180
Vraag
How does client-based vulnerable software differ from an agentless exposure?
Antwoord
Client-based exposure depends on installed endpoint software, while an agentless service can be reached and assessed without a local agent.
Kaart 181
Vraag
What makes a risk assessment recurring?
Antwoord
It is repeated on a defined schedule so changes in threats, assets, controls, and impact are reevaluated.
Kaart 182
Vraag
What does a defensive penetration-testing team practice?
Antwoord
Detection, investigation, containment, and improvement while authorized offensive activity tests the environment.
Kaart 183
Vraag
In a zero-trust data plane, what can the subject or system represent?
Antwoord
The user, device, workload, or service requesting access to a protected resource.
Kaart 184
Vraag
What primarily motivates a hacktivist?
Antwoord
A political, social, or ideological cause.
Kaart 185
Vraag
What is bloatware?
Antwoord
Unnecessary preinstalled software that consumes resources and can expand the attack surface.
Kaart 186
Vraag
Why keep endpoint-protection signatures and engines current?
Antwoord
They need current detection logic to recognize newly identified malware and exploit behavior.
Kaart 187
Vraag
What should application security monitoring observe?
Antwoord
Application errors, authentication, requests, transactions, dependencies, and behavior that may indicate misuse or compromise.
Kaart 188
Vraag
What is role-based access control?
Antwoord
Permissions are assigned to roles, and identities receive access through their roles.
Kaart 189
Vraag
What is geographic dispersal?
Antwoord
Placing redundant resources in separate locations so one regional event does not affect all copies.
Kaart 190
Vraag
What is a malicious update?
Antwoord
An update that has been intentionally altered or distributed to install harmful code through a trusted update path.
Kaart 191
Vraag
What does static application analysis inspect?
Antwoord
Source code, bytecode, or compiled code without executing the application.
Kaart 192
Vraag
What does a firewall access list define?
Antwoord
An ordered set of traffic-matching conditions and the action applied when a condition matches.
Kaart 193
Vraag
What does a disaster recovery policy establish?
Antwoord
Management expectations for restoring technology and data after a disruptive event.
Kaart 194
Vraag
How does logical segmentation separate workloads that share physical infrastructure?
Antwoord
It uses enforced network, identity, or virtualization boundaries to restrict communication without requiring separate hardware.
Kaart 195
Vraag
How should IDS and IPS placement differ?
Antwoord
An IDS can monitor copied traffic out of band; an IPS must sit inline to block traffic.
Kaart 196
Vraag
What should automated ticket creation capture?
Antwoord
The triggering evidence, affected resource, severity, owner, required action, and a traceable link to the source event.
Kaart 197
Vraag
What makes information intellectual property?
Antwoord
It is a protected creation or intangible asset, such as copyrighted work, a patentable invention, a trademark, or a trade secret.
Kaart 198
Vraag
What is a backout plan?
Antwoord
Predefined steps for safely reversing a failed or harmful change.
Kaart 199
Vraag
Why is an unsecure wireless network an attack vector?
Antwoord
Nearby attackers may intercept traffic, impersonate access points, or reach exposed services when encryption and authentication are weak.
Kaart 200
Vraag
What is physical brute force?
Antwoord
Using force to defeat a lock, barrier, enclosure, or other physical control.
Kaart 201
Vraag
What is application sandboxing?
Antwoord
Running code in a constrained environment with limited access to the host and data.
Kaart 202
Vraag
Why assign an asset owner?
Antwoord
One accountable party must decide its use, protection, and lifecycle.
Kaart 203
Vraag
What happens during risk identification?
Antwoord
Teams identify assets, objectives, threats, vulnerabilities, events, and dependencies that could create uncertainty or harm.
Kaart 204
Vraag
What should an SLA state about breach notification?
Antwoord
The triggering conditions, notification deadline, required content, contacts, update cadence, and cooperation duties.
Kaart 205
Vraag
How do due diligence and due care differ in compliance?
Antwoord
Due diligence investigates and monitors obligations or risk; due care takes the reasonable actions those findings require.
Kaart 206
Vraag
What is attribute-based access control?
Antwoord
Policy evaluates attributes of the subject, resource, action, and environment.
Kaart 207
Vraag
What does a zero-trust policy engine do?
Antwoord
It evaluates policy and signals to decide whether access should be allowed.
Kaart 208
Vraag
How does a cloud responsibility matrix allocate security duties?
Antwoord
It maps each security task to the provider, the customer, or both, according to the service model and agreement.
Kaart 209
Vraag
Where should a load balancer sit in a service path?
Antwoord
In front of service instances so it can route requests to healthy backends.
Kaart 210
Vraag
What should the security team do with a reported suspicious message?
Antwoord
Triage it, protect other recipients, preserve useful evidence, and tell the reporter what action to take.
Kaart 211
Vraag
What makes an operating-system vulnerability high impact?
Antwoord
It can affect every application and security control that relies on the compromised OS.
Kaart 212
Vraag
What does dynamic application analysis inspect?
Antwoord
The behavior and externally visible weaknesses of a running application.
Kaart 213
Vraag
How can false-positive trends affect IDS or IPS tuning?
Antwoord
Repeated false positives reveal signatures, thresholds, or contexts that need adjustment; IPS errors also risk blocking legitimate traffic.
Kaart 214
Vraag
What does a business continuity policy establish?
Antwoord
Management expectations for sustaining and restoring critical business functions.
Kaart 215
Vraag
What is a hot recovery site?
Antwoord
A ready, synchronized environment intended to take over quickly.
Kaart 216
Vraag
What makes an insider threat distinct?
Antwoord
The actor has legitimate access or organizational knowledge that can be misused.
Kaart 217
Vraag
What is RFID cloning?
Antwoord
Copying an RFID credential's data so another token can impersonate it when the system lacks stronger protections.
Kaart 218
Vraag
Why apply vendor security updates promptly?
Antwoord
They remove known weaknesses before attackers can exploit the unpatched exposure.
Kaart 219
Vraag
What should infrastructure security monitoring observe?
Antwoord
Network, cloud, identity, facility, and platform signals that reveal availability, configuration, or attack activity.
Kaart 220
Vraag
What can firewall logs reveal?
Antwoord
Allowed or denied network connections across controlled boundaries.
Kaart 221
Vraag
Why minimize open service ports?
Antwoord
Each reachable service adds code, configuration, and authentication paths an attacker can probe.
Kaart 222
Vraag
What is threat hunting?
Antwoord
A proactive search for evidence of malicious activity that existing detections have not confirmed.
Kaart 223
Vraag
What triggers an ad hoc risk assessment?
Antwoord
A specific change, incident, finding, or decision that requires evaluation outside the regular schedule.
Kaart 224
Vraag
What makes an assessment external?
Antwoord
A party outside the organization evaluates a defined scope against stated criteria and reports its conclusions.
Kaart 225
Vraag
What is data sovereignty?
Antwoord
The principle that data is subject to laws and governance of the jurisdiction where it is located or controlled.
Kaart 226
Vraag
What security boundary does a cellular connection create for a mobile device?
Antwoord
It uses the carrier network instead of local Wi-Fi, but still requires trusted applications, encrypted traffic, and managed device policy.
Kaart 227
Vraag
What makes a security control operational?
Antwoord
It is carried out mainly by people and processes, such as security-awareness training or incident-response procedures.
Kaart 228
Vraag
What is discretionary access control?
Antwoord
A resource owner can decide who receives access, within system policy.
Kaart 229
Vraag
How can careful automation support employee retention?
Antwoord
It reduces repetitive toil and alert handling while leaving meaningful judgment and improvement work with people.
Kaart 230
Vraag
Why does ease of deployment matter in an architecture decision?
Antwoord
A design that can be deployed consistently and safely reduces configuration error, rollout time, and operational burden.
Kaart 231
Vraag
What tradeoff comes with placing an NGFW inline?
Antwoord
It can block application-aware threats, but failure or overload can interrupt traffic unless availability and fail-mode behavior are designed.
Kaart 232
Vraag
What does a zero-trust policy administrator do?
Antwoord
It carries out the policy engine's decision, such as creating or ending a session.
Kaart 233
Vraag
What should a master service agreement define for data return and deletion?
Antwoord
The format, timing, verification, retained copies, exceptions, and responsibilities when the service or contract ends.
Kaart 234
Vraag
What is an environmental physical attack?
Antwoord
Causing harmful conditions such as heat, water, fire, or power loss to disrupt equipment or facilities.
Kaart 235
Vraag
When should a maintenance window be chosen?
Antwoord
When disruption and rollback can be managed with the least business impact.
Kaart 236
Vraag
What is memory injection?
Antwoord
Placing malicious code or data into another process's memory so it executes in that process's context.
Kaart 237
Vraag
What does software composition analysis find?
Antwoord
Known risks and license information in third-party dependencies.
Kaart 238
Vraag
What is DNS filtering?
Antwoord
Blocking or redirecting DNS lookups for domains that policy considers malicious or inappropriate.
Kaart 239
Vraag
What should an incident response policy establish?
Antwoord
Authority, scope, reporting duties, and organizational commitment for incident handling.
Kaart 240
Vraag
How can noncompliance cause reputational damage?
Antwoord
Customers, partners, employees, or the public may lose trust when the organization fails a stated or required duty.
Kaart 241
Vraag
What does full-disk encryption protect?
Antwoord
All data stored on the disk while the device is powered off or the disk is removed, subject to proper key protection.
Kaart 242
Vraag
Why are default credentials dangerous?
Antwoord
They are widely known or easily discovered and often remain unchanged.
Kaart 243
Vraag
What makes a risk assessment one-time?
Antwoord
It evaluates a defined decision or scope once without an established repeating cadence.
Kaart 244
Vraag
What is a warm recovery site?
Antwoord
A partially equipped environment that needs some data restoration or configuration before use.
Kaart 245
Vraag
What does application input validation do?
Antwoord
It checks that input matches the expected type, length, range, and format before use.
Kaart 246
Vraag
What should an asset inventory record besides a device name?
Antwoord
Identifiers, owner, location, status, classification, dependencies, and supported version as applicable.
Kaart 247
Vraag
What is mandatory access control?
Antwoord
A central authority enforces access through labels and rules that ordinary owners cannot override.
Kaart 248
Vraag
What security benefit does infrastructure as code provide?
Antwoord
Repeatable, reviewable deployments that reduce undocumented configuration drift.
Kaart 249
Vraag
When should a public service control fail closed?
Antwoord
When allowing unchecked traffic would create greater harm than an outage, the failed control should block the path.
Kaart 250
Vraag
What should users do with a suspicious message?
Antwoord
Report it through the approved channel without interacting with its links or attachments.
Kaart 251
Vraag
What usually motivates organized cybercrime?
Antwoord
Financial gain through scalable or repeatable criminal activity.
Kaart 252
Vraag
How can malicious code support a network attack?
Antwoord
It can establish control, scan reachable systems, move laterally, or disrupt networked services after execution.
Kaart 253
Vraag
When is virtual patching useful?
Antwoord
When a network or application control can block exploit traffic before the underlying system can be patched.
Kaart 254
Vraag
What does security-monitoring reporting provide?
Antwoord
A summarized, audience-appropriate view of findings, trends, risk, and response status.
Kaart 255
Vraag
What does data geolocation identify?
Antwoord
The physical or legal location where data is stored, processed, or transmitted.
Kaart 256
Vraag
What does a zero-trust policy enforcement point do?
Antwoord
It enables, monitors, and terminates the connection between a subject and a resource.
Kaart 257
Vraag
What is cryptographic key exchange?
Antwoord
A method for parties to establish shared key material over an untrusted channel.
Kaart 258
Vraag
How can a vendor become a supply-chain attack vector?
Antwoord
An attacker can compromise the vendor's product, update, credentials, or support channel to reach the vendor's customers.
Kaart 259
Vraag
Why can legacy hardware remain vulnerable?
Antwoord
It may lack current security features, supported firmware, replacement parts, or compatibility with modern controls.
Kaart 260
Vraag
What can proprietary vulnerability intelligence add beyond open sources?
Antwoord
Curated analysis, customer-specific context, private telemetry, or earlier reporting available under a commercial or trusted relationship.
Kaart 261
Vraag
How does a centralized proxy apply web filtering?
Antwoord
It receives client web requests at a shared enforcement point and applies policy before forwarding allowed traffic.
Kaart 262
Vraag
How can continuous integration and testing improve security automation?
Antwoord
Changes receive repeatable checks before deployment instead of reaching production unvalidated.
Kaart 263
Vraag
What is containment?
Antwoord
Limiting an incident's spread or damage while preserving necessary operations and evidence.
Kaart 264
Vraag
What is a software development lifecycle policy meant to ensure?
Antwoord
Security requirements and checks are integrated throughout design, development, release, and maintenance.
Kaart 265
Vraag
What makes risk assessment continuous?
Antwoord
Relevant signals and changes update the risk view as they occur instead of waiting for a scheduled review.
Kaart 266
Vraag
What is a memorandum of agreement?
Antwoord
A document that records agreed responsibilities and commitments between parties; its legal effect depends on its terms and jurisdiction.
Kaart 267
Vraag
What makes a penetration test integrated?
Antwoord
Offensive and defensive teams coordinate the exercise to test both attack paths and detection or response.
Kaart 268
Vraag
How does a DNS amplification attack magnify traffic?
Antwoord
It sends small spoofed queries that trigger larger replies toward the victim.
Kaart 269
Vraag
Why does ease of recovery matter in an architecture decision?
Antwoord
The design should let operators restore service and trusted state without fragile, slow, or undocumented steps.
Kaart 270
Vraag
What does 802.1X control before a device receives normal network access?
Antwoord
Port-based admission; the device or user must authenticate through the access device before ordinary traffic is allowed.
Kaart 271
Vraag
What is rule-based access control?
Antwoord
System-wide rules grant or deny access based on conditions such as network, time, or action.
Kaart 272
Vraag
What is mobile device management?
Antwoord
Central enrollment, configuration, monitoring, and enforcement for managed mobile devices.
Kaart 273
Vraag
What tradeoff comes with a cold recovery site?
Antwoord
It costs less to maintain, but recovery takes longer because systems, data, and connectivity must be prepared after activation.
Kaart 274
Vraag
Why identify stakeholders before approving a security-sensitive change?
Antwoord
They can identify operational impact, dependencies, and acceptance criteria that the implementer may otherwise miss.
Kaart 275
Vraag
How do attestation and acknowledgement differ?
Antwoord
Attestation asserts that a condition or control is true; acknowledgement confirms receipt or understanding of a requirement.
Kaart 276
Vraag
What does zero-trust adaptive identity mean?
Antwoord
Access decisions adjust to current risk signals rather than relying only on a static login.
Kaart 277
Vraag
What makes a security control physical?
Antwoord
It protects facilities or equipment through a tangible barrier or mechanism.
Kaart 278
Vraag
What is geo-fencing for data?
Antwoord
Enforcing location-based boundaries on where data or services may be accessed or operated.
Kaart 279
Vraag
What does a Trusted Platform Module protect?
Antwoord
Hardware-backed keys and measurements used for device identity, disk protection, and boot-state attestation.
Kaart 280
Vraag
Why can a managed service provider amplify risk?
Antwoord
Its privileged access and shared tooling can provide a path into many customers.
Kaart 281
Vraag
What does probability express in risk analysis?
Antwoord
A quantified chance that a defined event will occur within stated conditions or time.
Kaart 282
Vraag
Why can shadow IT create a threat?
Antwoord
It bypasses security review, inventory, monitoring, and supported configuration.
Kaart 283
Vraag
What is on-path interception?
Antwoord
An attacker positions between communicating parties to observe or alter traffic.
Kaart 284
Vraag
Why include encryption in a system-hardening baseline?
Antwoord
It limits data exposure if storage, traffic, or a protected secret is accessed outside the intended trust boundary.
Kaart 285
Vraag
Why tune security alerts?
Antwoord
To keep useful detections while reducing noise that wastes analyst attention.
Kaart 286
Vraag
What can IPS or IDS logs contribute to an investigation?
Antwoord
The matched rule or signature, source and destination, timestamp, action, and traffic context around detected activity.
Kaart 287
Vraag
What is VM escape?
Antwoord
A vulnerability that lets code break out of a virtual machine and affect the host or another guest.
Kaart 288
Vraag
How can segmentation reduce vulnerability exposure before a patch is available?
Antwoord
It limits which systems and users can reach the vulnerable service and restricts paths for lateral movement.
Kaart 289
Vraag
Why should firewall policy name the required ports and protocols explicitly?
Antwoord
Explicit scope permits only the intended service traffic and avoids exposing unnecessary network paths.
Kaart 290
Vraag
What is a change management policy meant to control?
Antwoord
How changes are requested, assessed, approved, tested, implemented, and reviewed.
Kaart 291
Vraag
What is a hybrid-cloud architecture?
Antwoord
An environment that integrates private or on-premises resources with public cloud services.
Kaart 292
Vraag
How do AH and ESP differ in the security services they can provide?
Antwoord
AH provides integrity and data-origin authentication without confidentiality. ESP can provide confidentiality and may also provide integrity and data-origin authentication. Actual services depend on AH or ESP, mode, algorithms, and policy/configuration.
Kaart 293
Vraag
What makes user behavior risky?
Antwoord
It creates avoidable exposure, such as bypassing controls, mishandling data, or using unapproved access paths.
Kaart 294
Vraag
What is least privilege?
Antwoord
Granting only the access needed for the required task and no more.
Kaart 295
Vraag
What do Secure, HttpOnly, and SameSite cookie attributes restrict?
Antwoord
Transmission to HTTPS, script access, and cross-site sending, respectively.
Kaart 296
Vraag
Why discover unmanaged assets?
Antwoord
Unknown systems cannot be patched, monitored, or governed reliably.
Kaart 297
Vraag
What is a service-level agreement?
Antwoord
Measurable service commitments and remedies, such as availability or response targets.
Kaart 298
Vraag
What should govern automated security escalation?
Antwoord
Clear severity criteria, ownership, evidence, rate limits, and a fallback path when the automation cannot decide safely.
Kaart 299
Vraag
What is platform diversity as a resilience strategy?
Antwoord
Using different implementations so one common flaw or failure is less likely to affect every copy.
Kaart 300
Vraag
How can replayed session material affect an application?
Antwoord
It can let an attacker reuse a captured token or request to impersonate a valid session or repeat an authorized action.
Kaart 301
Vraag
What is an implicit trust zone in zero trust?
Antwoord
A boundary where access was previously trusted by location alone and must instead receive explicit policy enforcement.
Kaart 302
Vraag
What does salting a password hash accomplish?
Antwoord
It makes identical passwords hash differently and defeats precomputed hash tables.
Kaart 303
Vraag
What is spear phishing?
Antwoord
Phishing tailored to a specific person, role, or organization.
Kaart 304
Vraag
What is eradication?
Antwoord
Removing the attacker's access, malicious artifacts, and exploited conditions.
Kaart 305
Vraag
Who is a risk owner?
Antwoord
The person accountable for deciding and monitoring how a specific risk is handled.
Kaart 306
Vraag
What does a partially known penetration-test environment provide?
Antwoord
The tester receives limited information or access, modeling an attacker with some insider knowledge or initial foothold.
Kaart 307
Vraag
What is a microservices architecture?
Antwoord
An application is split into small independently deployable services with explicit interfaces and distributed trust boundaries.
Kaart 308
Vraag
What is a jump server?
Antwoord
A hardened intermediary used to reach systems in a restricted management network.
Kaart 309
Vraag
What can happen when a configuration change is made without dependency analysis?
Antwoord
A downstream service can fail even when the changed component works.
Kaart 310
Vraag
What is resource reuse exposure?
Antwoord
Sensitive data from a previous use remains accessible when storage or memory is reassigned.
Kaart 311
Vraag
Why does financial information require explicit protection?
Antwoord
It can expose accounts, transactions, forecasts, or reporting and may create fraud, legal, or business risk if altered or disclosed.
Kaart 312
Vraag
What does CVE provide?
Antwoord
A common identifier for a publicly disclosed vulnerability.
Kaart 313
Vraag
Where can DLP controls operate?
Antwoord
On endpoints, networks, email, and cloud services, depending on the product and visibility.
Kaart 314
Vraag
What does privileged password vaulting protect?
Antwoord
It stores and controls use of privileged secrets so users or automation do not need to know or retain the underlying password.
Kaart 315
Vraag
What does an access-control standard define?
Antwoord
Mandatory, measurable requirements for identity, authentication, authorization, review, and removal of access.
Kaart 316
Vraag
How can automation support compliance monitoring?
Antwoord
It can collect evidence, test controls, flag exceptions, and produce repeatable reports, with human review of context.
Kaart 317
Vraag
What does static code analysis examine?
Antwoord
Source or compiled code for weakness patterns without executing the application.
Kaart 318
Vraag
What actor attribute describes funding, time, and personnel?
Antwoord
Resources.
Kaart 319
Vraag
What is DNS poisoning?
Antwoord
Introducing false DNS data so names resolve to attacker-chosen destinations.
Kaart 320
Vraag
Why change default credentials during hardening?
Antwoord
Default secrets are predictable and commonly targeted.
Kaart 321
Vraag
What does quarantine do after a security alert?
Antwoord
It restricts a suspected asset or object while analysts validate and remediate the risk.
Kaart 322
Vraag
What does key stretching do for stored passwords?
Antwoord
It deliberately makes each password guess more computationally expensive.
Kaart 323
Vraag
What is smishing?
Antwoord
Phishing delivered through SMS or another text-messaging service.
Kaart 324
Vraag
What is qualitative risk analysis?
Antwoord
Using descriptive scales such as low, medium, and high to compare likelihood and impact.
Kaart 325
Vraag
What is a master service agreement?
Antwoord
An umbrella contract establishing general legal and commercial terms for ongoing work.
Kaart 326
Vraag
What is threat scope reduction?
Antwoord
Narrowing the systems, privileges, or paths an attacker can reach.
Kaart 327
Vraag
Why use a third-party cloud service instead of building locally?
Antwoord
It can provide faster deployment, elasticity, and managed capabilities, with added dependency and governance risk.
Kaart 328
Vraag
What should determine security-device placement?
Antwoord
The traffic or resource to observe or enforce, the trust boundary, failure behavior, reachability, and resilience needs.
Kaart 329
Vraag
What does situational awareness mean for a user?
Antwoord
Notice the people, devices, requests, location, and context around a task before acting.
Kaart 330
Vraag
What does a failover test validate?
Antwoord
That the service can transfer to the alternate component or site within the required recovery targets under the tested conditions.
Kaart 331
Vraag
What is a preventive control meant to do?
Antwoord
Stop an unwanted event before it succeeds.
Kaart 332
Vraag
What is just-in-time privileged access?
Antwoord
Elevated access is granted only when needed and expires after a short approved period.
Kaart 333
Vraag
What safeguard should security-group automation enforce?
Antwoord
Least-privileged rules tied to an approved resource, owner, purpose, and review or expiration point.
Kaart 334
Vraag
How does a reflected DDoS attack hide and multiply sources?
Antwoord
The attacker spoofs the victim's address so many third-party services send their replies to the victim.
Kaart 335
Vraag
What is a security misconfiguration?
Antwoord
An unsafe setting, such as public storage, default access, or excessive permissions, that exposes a resource.
Kaart 336
Vraag
Why can the same vulnerability have different organizational impact?
Antwoord
Industry obligations, business processes, safety needs, data sensitivity, and asset criticality change the consequence of exploitation.
Kaart 337
Vraag
What does URL scanning evaluate before a user opens a web destination?
Antwoord
The address, redirect chain, reputation, category, and known threat indicators associated with the destination.
Kaart 338
Vraag
What is the board's security governance role?
Antwoord
Provide oversight, set risk direction, and hold executives accountable.
Kaart 339
Vraag
What does code signing establish?
Antwoord
That code came from the holder of the signing key and has not changed since signing.
Kaart 340
Vraag
How should an asset's classification affect security operations?
Antwoord
It should drive handling, access, monitoring, recovery, and disposal controls that match the asset's sensitivity and impact.
Kaart 341
Vraag
How does encryption protect data?
Antwoord
It uses a cryptographic key to transform plaintext into ciphertext, which authorized parties can decrypt with the required key while unauthorized readers cannot feasibly recover the original data.
Kaart 342
Vraag
What is a secure enclave?
Antwoord
A hardware-isolated execution area intended to protect selected code and data from the rest of the system.
Kaart 343
Vraag
What is business email compromise?
Antwoord
Impersonation or takeover of a business identity to induce a fraudulent action, often a payment or data release.
Kaart 344
Vraag
What is recovery in incident response?
Antwoord
Restoring services safely, monitoring them, and returning to normal operations.
Kaart 345
Vraag
How is single loss expectancy commonly estimated?
Antwoord
Asset value multiplied by the exposure factor.
Kaart 346
Vraag
What does an unknown penetration-test environment provide?
Antwoord
The tester begins with little or no internal information, modeling an external attacker's discovery process.
Kaart 347
Vraag
What security boundary does a hypervisor provide?
Antwoord
It isolates virtual machines while controlling their access to shared hardware.
Kaart 348
Vraag
Why does a TLS tunnel not protect a compromised endpoint?
Antwoord
TLS protects data between endpoints; malware or misuse at either endpoint can access the data before encryption or after decryption.
Kaart 349
Vraag
Why update diagrams after an infrastructure change?
Antwoord
Operations and incident responders need the documentation to match the deployed environment.
Kaart 350
Vraag
What does privacy ownership assign?
Antwoord
An accountable role for privacy decisions, obligations, data inventory, and corrective action.
Kaart 351
Vraag
What does a security control gap analysis compare?
Antwoord
The controls required for the target state with the controls currently in place.
Kaart 352
Vraag
Someone outside the organization steals an employee's VPN credentials and logs in. Is the actor internal or external?
Antwoord
External. Stolen internal credentials provide access but do not change the outsider's relationship to the organization.
Kaart 353
Vraag
What is application privilege escalation?
Antwoord
Exploiting a flaw or misconfiguration to gain permissions beyond those originally granted.
Kaart 354
Vraag
What risk remains when unnecessary software is left installed?
Antwoord
Its code, services, dependencies, and privileges add attack surface even when users do not need it.
Kaart 355
Vraag
What does SCAP standardize?
Antwoord
Formats and identifiers for expressing, checking, and scoring security configuration and vulnerability information.
Kaart 356
Vraag
What can packet capture reveal?
Antwoord
Protocol-level conversation details and payloads when traffic is not encrypted and collection is authorized.
Kaart 357
Vraag
What makes a privileged credential ephemeral?
Antwoord
It is created for a limited task or session and expires or is destroyed automatically after that use.
Kaart 358
Vraag
How do a statement of work and a work order differ?
Antwoord
A statement of work defines scope, deliverables, schedule, and responsibilities; a work order authorizes a defined unit of work under an agreement.
Kaart 359
Vraag
Why might multi-cloud improve resilience?
Antwoord
A provider-wide failure need not stop workloads that can run independently elsewhere.
Kaart 360
Vraag
How can a service provider introduce a supply-chain vulnerability?
Antwoord
Its privileged access, hosted service, or compromised integration can expose customers that depend on it.
Kaart 361
Vraag
What is a false positive in vulnerability scanning?
Antwoord
A reported weakness that is not actually present or exploitable in the assessed context.
Kaart 362
Vraag
How do EDR and XDR differ?
Antwoord
EDR focuses on endpoint telemetry and response; XDR correlates detection and response across endpoints and other security domains.
Kaart 363
Vraag
What should onboarding and offboarding procedures coordinate?
Antwoord
Identity, access, equipment, data, training, approvals, and ownership changes at the start or end of a relationship.
Kaart 364
Vraag
How should an organization harden managed mobile devices?
Antwoord
Enforce an MDM baseline with timely updates, screen lock and encryption, least privilege, approved apps, and remote lock or wipe.
Kaart 365
Vraag
What is a certificate signing request?
Antwoord
A request containing a public key and subject information for a certificate authority to sign.
Kaart 366
Vraag
What is pretexting?
Antwoord
Using a fabricated role or situation to make a request seem legitimate.
Kaart 367
Vraag
How is annualized loss expectancy commonly estimated?
Antwoord
Single loss expectancy multiplied by annualized rate of occurrence.
Kaart 368
Vraag
What security consequence follows from containers sharing a kernel?
Antwoord
A host-kernel compromise can affect multiple containers, so kernel and runtime hardening matter.
Kaart 369
Vraag
Where does 802.1X enforce a network admission decision?
Antwoord
At the controlled switch port or wireless access point before normal network access is granted.
Kaart 370
Vraag
What should insider-threat awareness teach?
Antwoord
Recognize misuse or concerning behavior without profiling people, and report evidence through approved channels.
Kaart 371
Vraag
What access action is suitable for careful automation?
Antwoord
Enabling or disabling a defined service or account from an approved lifecycle or incident event.
Kaart 372
Vraag
What is an evil twin?
Antwoord
A rogue wireless network made to resemble a legitimate one so users connect to it.
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Kaart 373
Vraag
Does non-human-readable data need less protection?
Antwoord
No. Encoded or machine-readable data can carry the same sensitive meaning and impact.
Kaart 374
Vraag
What does authenticating a system establish?
Antwoord
It verifies a presented authenticator or credential bound to the claimed device, workload, or service identity. Identity proofing or enrollment establishes what real-world entity that identity represents.
Kaart 375
Vraag
What does LDAP provide in identity systems?
Antwoord
A standard protocol for querying and modifying directory entries such as users, groups, and attributes.
Kaart 376
Vraag
What is a deterrent control meant to do?
Antwoord
Discourage an attacker from attempting an unwanted action.
Kaart 377
Vraag
Why update procedures after changing a security control?
Antwoord
Staff need accurate steps for operating, monitoring, and recovering the new control.
Kaart 378
Vraag
How does OCSP differ from a certificate revocation list?
Antwoord
OCSP returns status for a specific certificate, while a revocation list distributes a signed set of revoked certificate serial numbers.
Kaart 379
Vraag
What is the goal of data exfiltration?
Antwoord
Remove data from its authorized environment without permission.
Kaart 380
Vraag
What is a watering-hole attack?
Antwoord
Compromising a site frequented by the intended targets so their visits expose them.
Kaart 381
Vraag
How can a hardware provider introduce a supply-chain vulnerability?
Antwoord
A compromised component, firmware image, manufacturing step, or delivery path can weaken the device before deployment.
Kaart 382
Vraag
What is application forgery?
Antwoord
Creating or altering a request, token, or object so the application treats it as authentic.
Kaart 383
Vraag
How does least privilege mitigate compromise?
Antwoord
It limits the actions and resources available to a compromised account or process.
Kaart 384
Vraag
What is serverless computing?
Antwoord
A model where the provider manages servers and the customer deploys event-driven code or functions.
Kaart 385
Vraag
What makes an infrastructure control effective for a specific risk?
Antwoord
Its placement, failure behavior, visibility, enforcement scope, and operating cost match the protected path and threat.
Kaart 386
Vraag
What does parallel recovery processing test?
Antwoord
Whether primary and alternate environments can run together consistently before a controlled cutover.
Kaart 387
Vraag
Which password-authentication method does WPA3-Personal use?
Antwoord
Simultaneous Authentication of Equals, which replaces WPA2-Personal's PSK authentication and resists offline password guessing.
Kaart 388
Vraag
How does data retention affect asset disposal?
Antwoord
Required data must be preserved for its retention period, while expired data should be sanitized before reuse or destruction.
Kaart 389
Vraag
What is a false negative in vulnerability scanning?
Antwoord
A real weakness that the assessment fails to report.
Kaart 390
Vraag
What does recurring security scanning add to monitoring?
Antwoord
Periodic discovery of exposed services, missing fixes, weak configurations, or other detectable changes.
Kaart 391
Vraag
What should guide port selection for a secure protocol?
Antwoord
Use the documented service port or an explicitly managed alternative, and expose it only on the required interfaces and paths.
Kaart 392
Vraag
What does forensic acquisition create?
Antwoord
A controlled, documented copy or collection of relevant evidence while preserving its integrity and context.
Kaart 393
Vraag
How do system owners and data owners divide security accountability?
Antwoord
A system owner is accountable for the system's risk, access, operation, and lifecycle; a data owner sets the data's classification, access, handling, and retention requirements.
Kaart 394
Vraag
What does likelihood express in risk analysis?
Antwoord
A reasoned estimate of how plausible or frequent an event is, often stated qualitatively when precise probability is unavailable.
Kaart 395
Vraag
What is a memorandum of understanding?
Antwoord
A documented understanding of intentions and responsibilities, whose legal effect depends on its terms and jurisdiction.
Kaart 396
Vraag
What does the right to be forgotten generally require?
Antwoord
Deletion of qualifying personal data when the applicable law grants the right and no overriding retention duty applies.
Kaart 397
Vraag
What does an audit committee oversee?
Antwoord
Audit independence, plans, significant findings, management responses, and corrective-action follow-through.
Kaart 398
Vraag
What does identity interoperability require?
Antwoord
Compatible protocols, attribute meanings, trust, and lifecycle behavior across connected systems.
Kaart 399
Vraag
How does a bollard protect a facility?
Antwoord
It blocks or redirects vehicles before they can reach a protected area.
Kaart 400
Vraag
How can hashing protect a downloaded file?
Antwoord
A trusted digest lets the recipient detect whether the file changed.
Kaart 401
Vraag
What is a credential replay attack?
Antwoord
Using captured valid credentials or tokens again without needing to discover the secret.
Kaart 402
Vraag
How can automation complexity create security risk?
Antwoord
Hidden dependencies and branching behavior can make failures difficult to predict, diagnose, contain, or reverse.
Kaart 403
Vraag
What must an architecture provide when a component cannot be patched?
Antwoord
Compensating isolation, restricted access, monitoring, and a replacement plan that reduce exposure until the component can be retired.
Kaart 404
Vraag
What makes remote access secure?
Antwoord
Controlled, authenticated, encrypted access to a private resource from outside its local trusted network.
Kaart 405
Vraag
What should users verify before connecting removable media or a cable?
Antwoord
That the device and connection are approved, expected, and handled under organizational policy.
Kaart 406
Vraag
What is a self-signed certificate?
Antwoord
A certificate signed by its own private key rather than by a separate trusted issuer.
Kaart 407
Vraag
What is brand impersonation?
Antwoord
Using a trusted organization's identity or look to deceive people.
Kaart 408
Vraag
What characterizes a conservative risk appetite?
Antwoord
A preference for lower uncertainty and exposure, even when that limits speed, return, or opportunity.
Kaart 409
Vraag
What should a managed mobile device verify before using Wi-Fi?
Antwoord
The expected network identity, strong encryption, trusted authentication, and policy compliance before sending sensitive traffic.
Kaart 410
Vraag
What is a zero-day vulnerability?
Antwoord
A flaw previously unknown to the vendor or defenders, or one without an available fix when discovered. A zero-day exploit is code or a technique that attacks such a flaw.
Kaart 411
Vraag
What does verification confirm after vulnerability remediation?
Antwoord
Retesting confirms that the remediation removed or reduced the finding as intended within the tested scope.
Kaart 412
Vraag
What is user and entity behavior analytics?
Antwoord
Analysis that identifies deviations from expected behavior for users, accounts, hosts, or services.
Kaart 413
Vraag
What does a physical security policy establish?
Antwoord
Required protection for facilities, people, equipment, entry, monitoring, and response to physical events.
Kaart 414
Vraag
What does a UPS provide?
Antwoord
Immediate short-term power and power conditioning while systems shut down or alternate power starts.
Kaart 415
Vraag
What is a nondisclosure agreement?
Antwoord
A contract restricting use and disclosure of defined confidential information.
Kaart 416
Vraag
What should be checked before assigning a user permission?
Antwoord
The user's approved duties, the resource and action allowed, separation-of-duties conflicts, and the impact if the permission is misused.
Kaart 417
Vraag
How does espionage differ from ordinary theft?
Antwoord
It seeks confidential intelligence for strategic advantage, often while remaining hidden.
Kaart 418
Vraag
What is password spraying?
Antwoord
Trying a small set of common passwords across many accounts to avoid lockouts.
Kaart 419
Vraag
What is the purpose of system isolation during an incident?
Antwoord
Stop harmful communication while preserving the system for response and investigation.
Kaart 420
Vraag
What is a security benchmark?
Antwoord
A documented set of recommended configuration checks for a platform or product.
Kaart 421
Vraag
Which metadata fields give a log record investigative context?
Antwoord
Fields such as timestamp and time zone, source system, user or process identity, event ID or type, severity, and correlation ID.
Kaart 422
Vraag
What does an access-control vestibule prevent?
Antwoord
It limits tailgating by allowing controlled passage through one door at a time.
Kaart 423
Vraag
What is version control's security value for configuration?
Antwoord
It preserves attributable history and enables review or rollback of changes.
Kaart 424
Vraag
Why use both internal and external compliance monitoring?
Antwoord
Internal monitoring supports continuous correction; external review adds independent or regulatory scrutiny.
Kaart 425
Vraag
What distinguishes on-premises architecture?
Antwoord
The organization operates the infrastructure in facilities it controls and retains the associated physical and platform duties.
Kaart 426
Vraag
What risk can split tunneling add to a VPN?
Antwoord
The endpoint can reach the protected network and an untrusted network at the same time, creating a path around centralized inspection.
Kaart 427
Vraag
What is a certificate root of trust?
Antwoord
A trusted root certificate or key from which a client validates a certificate chain.
Kaart 428
Vraag
What is typosquatting?
Antwoord
Registering a look-alike domain based on common typing errors or visual similarity.
Kaart 429
Vraag
What is root-cause analysis?
Antwoord
Identifying the underlying conditions that allowed an incident, not just its visible symptoms.
Kaart 430
Vraag
What is risk tolerance?
Antwoord
The acceptable variation or boundary around a specific objective or risk area.
Kaart 431
Vraag
What is a security self-assessment?
Antwoord
A structured internal evaluation in which the organization measures its own controls against selected criteria.
Kaart 432
Vraag
What does data masking change?
Antwoord
It replaces sensitive values with altered but usable representations, often preserving format for testing or display.
Kaart 433
Vraag
How do wireless authentication protocols let clients prove identity securely?
Antwoord
They define how a client proves control of a credential, such as a password-derived secret or a certificate's private key; stronger choices also validate the server and protect the exchange.
Kaart 434
Vraag
Why reconcile inventory with network discovery?
Antwoord
Differences expose missing records, retired systems, or unauthorized devices.
Kaart 435
Vraag
Why does sideloading raise mobile risk?
Antwoord
It can bypass store review, signing policy, and managed application controls.
Kaart 436
Vraag
What does an information-sharing organization add to vulnerability management?
Antwoord
Sector or community intelligence about relevant threats, incidents, and defensive action.
Kaart 437
Vraag
What does a web-filter block rule specify?
Antwoord
The URL, domain, category, reputation, content, user, or context that should prevent a web request.
Kaart 438
Vraag
How do data custodians and data stewards differ?
Antwoord
Custodians implement and operate technical safeguards for data; stewards guide its definitions, quality, handling, and proper use under the owner’s direction.
Kaart 439
Vraag
What is a brute-force password attack?
Antwoord
Systematically trying many candidate secrets against an account or protected value.
Kaart 440
Vraag
What is a compensating control?
Antwoord
An alternative safeguard used when the preferred control is impractical or unavailable.
Kaart 441
Vraag
How can location act as an authentication factor?
Antwoord
A system can evaluate where the claimant is, but location signals are usually contextual and spoofable rather than sufficient alone.
Kaart 442
Vraag
Why must security automation remain supportable?
Antwoord
Owners must be able to update dependencies, understand failures, rotate credentials, and adapt the workflow as systems change.
Kaart 443
Vraag
What does a standby generator provide?
Antwoord
Longer-duration power during a utility outage, after a startup delay.
Kaart 444
Vraag
What makes an architecture air-gapped?
Antwoord
It has no direct network path to less-trusted networks, although removable media and maintenance workflows can still cross the boundary.
Kaart 445
Vraag
What is a software-defined WAN?
Antwoord
A centrally managed overlay that selects wide-area paths by policy across underlying network links.
Kaart 446
Vraag
What password-management behavior should awareness training reinforce?
Antwoord
Use unique long passwords through an approved manager and report suspected compromise promptly.
Kaart 447
Vraag
What security value does fencing provide?
Antwoord
It defines and delays entry across a physical perimeter.
Kaart 448
Vraag
What is a wildcard certificate?
Antwoord
A certificate that can match multiple hosts at one domain level, such as subdomains of an example domain.
Kaart 449
Vraag
How does misinformation differ from disinformation?
Antwoord
Misinformation is false regardless of intent; disinformation is deliberately false or misleading.
Kaart 450
Vraag
What is a risk threshold?
Antwoord
A defined level that triggers escalation, treatment, or another required response.
Kaart 451
Vraag
What does a vendor penetration test contribute to assessment?
Antwoord
Authorized evidence of exploitable paths in the vendor's relevant environment under agreed scope.
Kaart 452
Vraag
What is the objective of a service-disruption attack?
Antwoord
Make a system or business function unavailable or unreliable.
Kaart 453
Vraag
What is directory traversal?
Antwoord
Manipulating a file path to reach files outside the directory the application intended to expose.
Kaart 454
Vraag
Why decommission an unsupported system?
Antwoord
Removing it eliminates an exposure that can no longer be patched or securely maintained.
Kaart 455
Vraag
Why archive security-monitoring data?
Antwoord
To preserve evidence for investigations, trend analysis, compliance, and retention requirements beyond the live system.
Kaart 456
Vraag
What role does RADIUS commonly play in enterprise Wi-Fi?
Antwoord
It centralizes authentication, authorization information, and accounting for network access.
Kaart 457
Vraag
Why separate the requester and approver of a high-risk change?
Antwoord
To reduce error, fraud, and unilateral unauthorized modification.
Kaart 458
Vraag
Why can a jailbroken device violate a security baseline?
Antwoord
It weakens platform isolation and allows unapproved privileged changes.
Kaart 459
Vraag
When is tokenization especially useful?
Antwoord
When a system needs a surrogate value without retaining the original sensitive value in that workflow.
Kaart 460
Vraag
Why can dark-web intelligence affect vulnerability priority?
Antwoord
Discussion, exploit sales, or leaked access can signal attacker interest, but the evidence must be validated.
Kaart 461
Vraag
What firewall policy should govern traffic from a screened subnet to internal systems?
Antwoord
Deny it by default and allow only explicitly required flows.
Kaart 462
Vraag
What does SAML commonly carry?
Antwoord
XML assertions about authentication and attributes between an identity provider and service provider; signatures commonly protect their authenticity and integrity.
Kaart 463
Vraag
What does a security governance committee do?
Antwoord
It coordinates stakeholders, reviews risk and performance, and makes or recommends decisions within its charter.
Kaart 464
Vraag
How can global privacy requirements affect one data process?
Antwoord
A shared process may need to satisfy overlapping duties across jurisdictions where people, systems, or data are located.
Kaart 465
Vraag
What characterizes an IoT device?
Antwoord
It combines sensing or actuation with network connectivity, often under tight resource and update constraints.
Kaart 466
Vraag
What is a unified threat management appliance?
Antwoord
One device combines several controls, such as firewalling, intrusion prevention, filtering, and malware inspection.
Kaart 467
Vraag
What does a hardware security module provide?
Antwoord
A dedicated, tamper-resistant environment for generating, storing, and using cryptographic keys.
Kaart 468
Vraag
A remotely reachable API is fixed, but its desktop client stays vulnerable. What exposure remains?
Antwoord
Client-based exposure remains because the installed endpoint software is still vulnerable; fixing the remote API does not remediate the client.
Kaart 469
Vraag
What is a tabletop exercise?
Antwoord
A discussion-based walkthrough of a scenario to test decisions, roles, and procedures.
Kaart 470
Vraag
What does a risk exemption authorize?
Antwoord
A documented release from a requirement for a defined scope, owner, rationale, controls, review, and expiration.
Kaart 471
Vraag
What is a regulatory examination?
Antwoord
An authorized regulator reviews records, controls, and practices to determine whether the organization meets applicable requirements.
Kaart 472
Vraag
What does physical video surveillance primarily provide?
Antwoord
Detection and evidence of activity in monitored areas.
Kaart 473
Vraag
What is a birthday attack against a hash?
Antwoord
Using collision probability to find any two matching digests much faster than targeting one exact preimage.
Kaart 474
Vraag
Why keep backups both onsite and offsite?
Antwoord
Onsite copies support fast recovery, while offsite copies survive a site-wide loss.
Kaart 475
Vraag
How does technical debt affect security automation?
Antwoord
Outdated assumptions, dependencies, and workarounds make the workflow harder to change and more likely to fail unsafely.
Kaart 476
Vraag
What should switch hardening restrict first?
Antwoord
Administrative access, unused ports, insecure management protocols, and unauthorized changes to switching configuration.
Kaart 477
Vraag
What should happen when an asset changes owners?
Antwoord
Inventory, access, support responsibility, and data handling should be updated.
Kaart 478
Vraag
What does evidence of a vendor's internal audits contribute?
Antwoord
It shows how the vendor tests its own controls, records findings, assigns remediation, and follows issues to closure.
Kaart 479
Vraag
What is identity attestation?
Antwoord
Evidence that an identity, device, authenticator, or claim has been verified by a trusted process.
Kaart 480
Vraag
Why can standard enterprise patching be unsafe for an RTOS device?
Antwoord
A change can disrupt timing guarantees or certified operational behavior.
Kaart 481
Vraag
What is secure access service edge?
Antwoord
A cloud-delivered architecture that combines wide-area connectivity with policy-driven security services near users and resources.
Kaart 482
Vraag
What social-engineering habit should awareness training reinforce?
Antwoord
Pause and independently verify unusual requests instead of trusting urgency, authority, or familiarity.
Kaart 483
Vraag
How can a software provider introduce a supply-chain vulnerability?
Antwoord
A compromised package, build system, dependency, or update channel can deliver vulnerable or malicious code to customers.
Kaart 484
Vraag
Why include internet exposure in remediation priority?
Antwoord
A reachable vulnerable service usually has more attack opportunity than an isolated one.
Kaart 485
Vraag
What does a mail gateway inspect?
Antwoord
Inbound and outbound email for threats, policy violations, spoofing, and sensitive data.
Kaart 486
Vraag
What is a data controller?
Antwoord
The entity that determines why and how personal data is processed.
Kaart 487
Vraag
How does blackmail motivate a cyberattack?
Antwoord
The attacker threatens disclosure or harm unless the victim complies.
Kaart 488
Vraag
What is a downgrade attack?
Antwoord
Forcing parties to use an older or weaker protocol or security mode.
Kaart 489
Vraag
How does encryption mitigate data exposure?
Antwoord
It makes captured data unreadable without the required key.
Kaart 490
Vraag
How do network and web vulnerability scanners differ?
Antwoord
Network scanners assess reachable hosts, services, versions, and configurations; web scanners exercise running web behavior for application weaknesses.
Kaart 491
Vraag
How can vulnerability-scan data support an investigation?
Antwoord
It shows which weaknesses, versions, services, and exposures were known on the affected systems near the incident timeline.
Kaart 492
Vraag
What is key escrow?
Antwoord
Controlled storage of a recoverable copy of a cryptographic key by an authorized party.
Kaart 493
Vraag
Which human vector commonly uses a fake sign-in page to harvest credentials?
Antwoord
Phishing; the message sends the target to an imitation service that captures the submitted credentials.
Kaart 494
Vraag
What is risk avoidance?
Antwoord
Stopping or not starting the activity that creates the risk.
Kaart 495
Vraag
What is data obfuscation?
Antwoord
Making data harder to understand while preserving some utility, without necessarily providing cryptographic secrecy.
Kaart 496
Vraag
What is a directive control?
Antwoord
A safeguard that tells people what behavior or action is required.
Kaart 497
Vraag
What does a security guard add that a camera cannot?
Antwoord
Human judgment and an immediate physical response.
Kaart 498
Vraag
Why define restricted activities in change management?
Antwoord
High-risk actions can then require extra authorization, separation of duties, or a prohibited window.
Kaart 499
Vraag
What contractual impact can noncompliance create?
Antwoord
It can trigger remediation duties, service credits, indemnity, audit rights, suspension, termination, or claims for breach.
Kaart 500
Vraag
What should determine backup frequency?
Antwoord
The recovery point objective, data-change rate, business impact, and available replication or storage capacity.
Kaart 501
Vraag
What should router hardening protect?
Antwoord
Administrative access, routing configuration, exposed services, and the integrity of traffic-control policy.
Kaart 502
Vraag
What problem does OAuth 2.0 address?
Antwoord
Delegated authorization: a client obtains limited access to a resource without receiving the user's password.
Kaart 503
Vraag
What does SCADA do?
Antwoord
It provides supervisory monitoring and control across distributed industrial equipment.
Kaart 504
Vraag
How does a Layer 3/4 firewall rule differ from a Layer 7 rule?
Antwoord
Layer 3/4 evaluates IP addresses plus transport protocols and ports; Layer 7 evaluates application content or actions.
Kaart 505
Vraag
What distinguishes a computer virus?
Antwoord
It attaches to a host file or program and spreads when that infected host executes or is shared.
Kaart 506
Vraag
What does a key management system coordinate?
Antwoord
Secure key creation, storage, access, rotation, revocation, recovery, and destruction.
Kaart 507
Vraag
How can an unsecure wired network expose traffic?
Antwoord
An unauthorized device on the network may observe, redirect, or inject traffic when access control and link protections are weak.
Kaart 508
Vraag
Why is vulnerable device firmware hard to remediate?
Antwoord
Firmware updates may be rare, vendor-dependent, or impossible after support ends.
Kaart 509
Vraag
What does patching change in vulnerability remediation?
Antwoord
It installs the vendor's corrected code or configuration to remove the underlying software weakness.
Kaart 510
Vraag
What does DMARC add to SPF and DKIM?
Antwoord
Domain alignment, receiver policy, and reporting for messages claiming the visible From domain.
Kaart 511
Vraag
How does automation improve security efficiency?
Antwoord
It performs repeatable actions quickly and consistently while reducing manual handoffs and rework.
Kaart 512
Vraag
What is a simulation exercise?
Antwoord
A more realistic practice in which participants respond to injected events using operational processes.
Kaart 513
Vraag
What is a data processor?
Antwoord
An entity that processes personal data on behalf of a controller.
Kaart 514
Vraag
What is risk mitigation?
Antwoord
Reducing likelihood, impact, or both through controls or process changes.
Kaart 515
Vraag
Why monitor a vendor after onboarding?
Antwoord
Security posture, ownership, services, incidents, and dependencies can change.
Kaart 516
Vraag
What does a physical penetration test assess?
Antwoord
Whether authorized testers can bypass facility, personnel, and physical access controls under agreed rules.
Kaart 517
Vraag
Why use access badges at a facility?
Antwoord
To associate entry attempts with authorized identities and enforce access rules.
Kaart 518
Vraag
How does permission restriction protect data?
Antwoord
Only authorized identities receive the actions and scope their roles require.
Kaart 519
Vraag
What is the usual objective of ransomware extortion?
Antwoord
Force payment by denying access, threatening disclosure, or both.
Kaart 520
Vraag
What does impossible travel indicate?
Antwoord
One identity appears to authenticate from distant locations too quickly for legitimate travel.
Kaart 521
Vraag
What is configuration enforcement?
Antwoord
Continuously applying or restoring approved settings so systems do not remain in an insecure state.
Kaart 522
Vraag
What does a web vulnerability scanner inspect?
Antwoord
Running web behavior for issues such as unsafe input handling and insecure configuration.
Kaart 523
Vraag
How does cost affect an architecture choice?
Antwoord
It constrains acquisition, operation, staffing, resilience, and recovery options across the system's life.
Kaart 524
Vraag
What does EAP provide with 802.1X?
Antwoord
A framework for carrying an authentication method between the supplicant and authentication infrastructure.
Kaart 525
Vraag
What should operational-security training help users protect?
Antwoord
Sensitive routines, capabilities, locations, relationships, and small details that an observer could combine into useful intelligence.
Kaart 526
Vraag
What does a time-of-day access rule do?
Antwoord
Allows or denies a requested action according to an approved schedule.
Kaart 527
Vraag
What should cloud infrastructure hardening establish?
Antwoord
Secure identities, network boundaries, logging, encryption, approved configurations, and continuous checks for drift.
Kaart 528
Vraag
What should an asset owner ensure during offboarding?
Antwoord
Assigned assets, access, data, and custody records are returned, transferred, or disposed of under the approved process.
Kaart 529
Vraag
Why encrypt backups?
Antwoord
Backup media and transfers can expose the same sensitive data as production systems.
Kaart 530
Vraag
What is steganography?
Antwoord
Hiding the existence of data inside another medium rather than merely encrypting its contents.
Kaart 531
Vraag
Which human vector uses a fabricated authority role to justify a sensitive request?
Antwoord
Pretexting; the attacker invents a credible role and situation to make the request seem legitimate.
Kaart 532
Vraag
Why does risk transfer not remove accountability?
Antwoord
The organization can retain legal, reputational, operational, and oversight consequences.
Kaart 533
Vraag
Why validate a change after deployment?
Antwoord
To confirm the intended result occurred without introducing unacceptable side effects.
Kaart 534
Vraag
What makes end-of-life hardware a security vulnerability?
Antwoord
The vendor no longer supplies fixes or support, so known weaknesses can persist without a reliable remediation path.
Kaart 535
Vraag
What does an audit add to remediation validation?
Antwoord
Independent evidence that the approved fix, process, and documentation were completed and remain effective.
Kaart 536
Vraag
Why can SPF pass while a message still impersonates a brand?
Antwoord
SPF checks the envelope domain, which may differ from the visible From domain.
Kaart 537
Vraag
What role can a government entity have in security governance?
Antwoord
It can establish, enforce, or oversee legal and regulatory requirements within its authority.
Kaart 538
Vraag
How do data inventory and retention support privacy governance?
Antwoord
The inventory records what data is processed and where; retention rules define how long it is kept and when it is deleted or anonymized.
Kaart 539
Vraag
What can concurrent sessions from distant regions indicate?
Antwoord
A stolen account or shared credential, subject to VPN and proxy context.
Kaart 540
Vraag
What does supply-chain analysis examine?
Antwoord
Upstream providers, components, dependencies, concentration, and compromise paths that can affect the purchased service.
Kaart 541
Vraag
What is the purpose of facility lighting as a control?
Antwoord
Deter covert activity and improve observation of people and areas.
Kaart 542
Vraag
What architecture quality keeps a service usable during component failure?
Antwoord
Availability.
Kaart 543
Vraag
When is fail-open behavior preferable to fail-closed behavior?
Antwoord
When preserving availability during control failure is more important than blocking uninspected traffic, based on the system's risk decision.
Kaart 544
Vraag
Which control function does a login-failure alert provide?
Antwoord
Detection; it reveals suspicious authentication activity.
Kaart 545
Vraag
What does a biometric MFA implementation verify?
Antwoord
A measured physical or behavioral characteristic presented by the user, matched against an enrolled template.
Kaart 546
Vraag
How can automation enforce a security baseline?
Antwoord
It compares realized settings with the approved state and reports or corrects unauthorized drift.
Kaart 547
Vraag
How do wireless cryptographic protocols protect network traffic?
Antwoord
They encrypt frames over the air and add integrity protection, reducing eavesdropping and tampering when a secure protocol and configuration are used.
Kaart 548
Vraag
Why segment sensitive data stores?
Antwoord
It limits reachable paths and separates them from lower-trust workloads.
Kaart 549
Vraag
What must remain secret in an asymmetric key pair?
Antwoord
The private key; disclosure lets another party impersonate the owner or decrypt data intended for that key, depending on its use.
Kaart 550
Vraag
How can a supplier become a supply-chain attack vector?
Antwoord
A compromised material, component, credential, or delivery process can weaken products before they reach the organization.
Kaart 551
Vraag
What is e-discovery?
Antwoord
Identifying, preserving, collecting, reviewing, and producing electronically stored information for a legal matter.
Kaart 552
Vraag
What characterizes a neutral risk appetite?
Antwoord
A balanced willingness to accept uncertainty when expected value and controls justify the exposure.
Kaart 553
Vraag
What is passive reconnaissance?
Antwoord
Gathering information without directly interacting with the target's systems.
Kaart 554
Vraag
What does a philosophical motive mean for a threat actor?
Antwoord
The actor acts to advance a belief or moral position rather than primarily for money.
Kaart 555
Vraag
What does unexpected resource consumption indicate?
Antwoord
Possible malware, denial of service, cryptomining, or a malfunction that needs investigation.
Kaart 556
Vraag
What does a host-based intrusion prevention system do?
Antwoord
It monitors activity on one host and can block behavior that matches exploit or attack rules.
Kaart 557
Vraag
How does agent-based monitoring differ from agentless monitoring?
Antwoord
An agent collects local detail on the host; agentless monitoring uses remote interfaces and may have less visibility.
Kaart 558
Vraag
What can network logs contribute to an investigation?
Antwoord
Connection timing, endpoints, protocols, routing, name resolution, and other evidence of communication across the environment.
Kaart 559
Vraag
What is the purpose of a backup restore test?
Antwoord
Demonstrate under tested conditions that required data and systems can be recovered within expectations.
Kaart 560
Vraag
Why can obsolete hardware become a security risk?
Antwoord
It may lack supported firmware, modern protections, or replacement parts.
Kaart 561
Vraag
What does rescanning confirm after remediation?
Antwoord
Whether the scanner can still detect the original finding on the affected asset.
Kaart 562
Vraag
What should a secure transport method provide?
Antwoord
Authenticated endpoints where required, confidentiality, integrity, replay resistance, and supported cryptography for the traffic.
Kaart 563
Vraag
How can law affect security governance?
Antwoord
It can impose mandatory duties based on jurisdiction, data, industry, or activity.
Kaart 564
Vraag
What does resilience mean for a security architecture?
Antwoord
The ability to withstand disruption, adapt, and recover while preserving essential functions.
Kaart 565
Vraag
Why minimize an infrastructure's attack surface?
Antwoord
Fewer exposed services and paths leave fewer opportunities for exploitation.
Kaart 566
Vraag
What does executing a security-awareness program require?
Antwoord
Delivering the approved content to the intended audiences, tracking participation, handling exceptions, and measuring outcomes.
Kaart 567
Vraag
What does an infrared security sensor detect?
Antwoord
A change in infrared energy, often the heat pattern created by a person moving through its field of view.
Kaart 568
Vraag
What is a knowledge factor?
Antwoord
Something the claimant knows, such as a password.
Kaart 569
Vraag
Why review allow-list and deny-list impact before a change?
Antwoord
Adding or removing an entry can unexpectedly grant access, block users, or interrupt dependencies.
Kaart 570
Vraag
What does partition-level encryption protect?
Antwoord
One selected disk partition, leaving other partitions outside that encryption boundary.
Kaart 571
Vraag
How can instant messaging deliver a security attack?
Antwoord
It can deliver a malicious link, file, request, or impersonated conversation through a fast, trusted-looking channel.
Kaart 572
Vraag
What can repeated blocked-content events indicate?
Antwoord
Malware, policy bypass, a misconfigured application, or a user repeatedly reaching prohibited resources.
Kaart 573
Vraag
What should a server-hardening baseline reduce?
Antwoord
Unnecessary services, exposed administration, weak identity controls, insecure defaults, and unmonitored configuration change.
Kaart 574
Vraag
When is physical media destruction appropriate?
Antwoord
When reuse is unnecessary or sanitization cannot provide adequate assurance.
Kaart 575
Vraag
What is mean time to repair?
Antwoord
The average time required to restore a failed component or service.
Kaart 576
Vraag
Why disclose conflicts of interest during vendor selection?
Antwoord
A personal or financial relationship can bias evaluation away from the organization's requirements.
Kaart 577
Vraag
What is a fine for noncompliance?
Antwoord
A monetary penalty imposed for failing to meet a legal, regulatory, or contractual requirement.
Kaart 578
Vraag
What does a public data classification authorize?
Antwoord
Approved disclosure without confidentiality restrictions, while integrity and availability requirements may still apply.
Kaart 579
Vraag
What security benefit comes from standard infrastructure configurations?
Antwoord
They reduce variation, make review repeatable, and let the same approved controls be applied across resources.
Kaart 580
Vraag
How does horizontal scaling increase capacity?
Antwoord
It adds more service instances and distributes work among them.
Kaart 581
Vraag
Why can added connectivity weaken segmentation?
Antwoord
Each allowed path can become a route for lateral movement or data escape.
Kaart 582
Vraag
What coding practice is central to preventing SQL injection?
Antwoord
Use parameterized queries so untrusted values remain data rather than executable query syntax.
Kaart 583
Vraag
When is a compensating control appropriate for a vulnerability?
Antwoord
When timely removal or patching is infeasible and another control can reduce the risk.
Kaart 584
Vraag
How does agent-based web filtering enforce policy?
Antwoord
Software on the endpoint evaluates or redirects web traffic, including traffic that does not pass through a central network proxy.
Kaart 585
Vraag
How can regulation differ from an internal policy?
Antwoord
Regulation is externally enforceable; internal policy is an organizational rule that may implement external duties.
Kaart 586
Vraag
What is a storage snapshot?
Antwoord
A point-in-time representation of data or system state, whose independence depends on how it is stored.
Kaart 587
Vraag
What does password age measure?
Antwoord
How long the current password has existed, which policy may use to prevent immediate reuse or trigger a risk-based change.
Kaart 588
Vraag
What does an ethical motive mean in vulnerability research?
Antwoord
The researcher intends to improve security, typically through authorized testing and responsible disclosure.
Kaart 589
Vraag
What can missing security logs indicate?
Antwoord
Logging failure, tampering, retention misconfiguration, or an inactive source.
Kaart 590
Vraag
Why disable unused ports and protocols?
Antwoord
They expose unnecessary communication paths and code that attackers can reach.
Kaart 591
Vraag
What does antivirus contribute to monitoring?
Antwoord
It scans files, memory, or behavior and reports suspected malicious code.
Kaart 592
Vraag
What is a honeypot?
Antwoord
A decoy system or service designed to attract and observe malicious activity.
Kaart 593
Vraag
What does file-level encryption protect?
Antwoord
Selected files independently of whether the rest of the disk or volume is encrypted.
Kaart 594
Vraag
How can SMS deliver a security attack?
Antwoord
A text message can carry a malicious link or urgent request that exploits the recipient's trust in the phone channel.
Kaart 595
Vraag
What happens during incident analysis?
Antwoord
Responders validate the event, determine scope and impact, build a timeline, and identify the systems, accounts, and data involved.
Kaart 596
Vraag
What is mean time between failures?
Antwoord
The average operating time between repairable failures.
Kaart 597
Vraag
What is active reconnaissance?
Antwoord
Probing or interacting with target systems to discover services and behavior.
Kaart 598
Vraag
What constraint should guide ICS or SCADA hardening?
Antwoord
Safety and process availability must be preserved while access, services, network paths, and changes are tightly controlled.
Kaart 599
Vraag
Which control function does restoring a clean system image provide?
Antwoord
Correction; it returns the system to a known-good state.
Kaart 600
Vraag
What does responsiveness mean in an architecture decision?
Antwoord
How quickly the system and its operators can adapt to demand, failure, or attack.
Kaart 601
Vraag
How does out-of-band access strengthen remote administration?
Antwoord
It uses a management path separate from production traffic, preserving controlled access during an outage or compromise.
Kaart 602
Vraag
What makes user behavior unexpected?
Antwoord
It differs materially from the person's normal role, timing, location, resource use, or established work pattern.
Kaart 603
Vraag
What is a work order?
Antwoord
A document authorizing a defined unit of work under an existing agreement.
Kaart 604
Vraag
What can out-of-cycle logging indicate?
Antwoord
Unexpected activity outside a system's normal schedule, including misuse, compromise, or an unplanned job.
Kaart 605
Vraag
Why update a standard operating procedure after a change?
Antwoord
It keeps routine work aligned with the new approved state and reduces inconsistent or unsafe execution.
Kaart 606
Vraag
What coding practice limits cross-site scripting?
Antwoord
Context-appropriate output encoding, supported by safe templating and input handling.
Kaart 607
Vraag
What does a restricted data classification indicate?
Antwoord
Access is tightly limited because unauthorized disclosure, alteration, or loss would create serious harm.
Kaart 608
Vraag
How does a bug bounty support responsible disclosure?
Antwoord
It defines eligible systems, rules, reporting, and possible rewards for external researchers.
Kaart 609
Vraag
What does web-filter content categorization provide?
Antwoord
A policy label for a site or page based on its subject, function, or risk so access rules can treat categories consistently.
Kaart 610
Vraag
How do hard and soft authentication tokens differ?
Antwoord
A hard token is a separate physical device; a soft token is implemented in software on a general-purpose device.
Kaart 611
Vraag
How can industry requirements affect security governance?
Antwoord
Industry standards, shared practices, assurance expectations, and sector-specific risks can shape required policies and controls.
Kaart 612
Vraag
How can noncompliance cause loss of a license?
Antwoord
An authority may suspend or revoke the permission needed to operate, sell, or perform regulated work.
Kaart 613
Vraag
What does volume-level encryption protect?
Antwoord
All data within a selected logical storage volume.
Kaart 614
Vraag
How can impersonation exploit familiarity?
Antwoord
The attacker imitates a known person or routine communication style so the request receives less scrutiny.
Kaart 615
Vraag
How does RTO guide recovery design?
Antwoord
It sets the target maximum time to restore the function, driving recovery automation, staffing, capacity, and site choices.
Kaart 616
Vraag
What is a honeynet?
Antwoord
A network of decoy systems used to study or divert attackers.
Kaart 617
Vraag
What does backup replication provide?
Antwoord
Additional synchronized or copied recovery data in another system or location.
Kaart 618
Vraag
What lets automation scale securely?
Antwoord
Bounded permissions, validated inputs, rate controls, audit records, and consistent policy at every new resource.
Kaart 619
Vraag
Why monitor a hardened computing resource continuously?
Antwoord
New drift, failures, attacks, and unsupported changes can appear after a secure baseline is deployed.
Kaart 620
Vraag
Why keep a certificate of destruction?
Antwoord
It documents that a disposal provider handled specified media under the agreed process.
Kaart 621
Vraag
Why consider patch availability before selecting a platform?
Antwoord
Unsupported or difficult-to-update components accumulate known exposure.
Kaart 622
Vraag
Why should remote administration use an encrypted, authenticated protocol?
Antwoord
It keeps credentials and commands confidential in transit. When correctly configured with integrity protection, the protocol also detects tampering and authenticates the intended endpoint.
Kaart 623
Vraag
How can revenge motivate an insider incident?
Antwoord
A disgruntled person may damage systems or disclose data to punish the organization.
Kaart 624
Vraag
What is a published or documented indicator of malicious activity?
Antwoord
A malicious observable or behavior—such as a hash, domain, IP address, or TTP—shared through threat intelligence, an advisory, or an incident report to help identify related malicious activity.
Kaart 625
Vraag
Why monitor a system more closely when a mitigation exception is accepted?
Antwoord
Monitoring can reveal exploitation or control failure while the documented exception remains open.
Kaart 626
Vraag
What is an SNMP trap?
Antwoord
An unsolicited device notification sent to a management system when a configured event occurs.
Kaart 627
Vraag
How can an automated report support an investigation?
Antwoord
It assembles repeatable findings, trends, or control results that investigators can correlate with the incident timeline.
Kaart 628
Vraag
What is a security key?
Antwoord
A hardware authenticator that uses cryptographic proof, often bound to the legitimate service origin.
Kaart 629
Vraag
What does database-level encryption protect?
Antwoord
A database or selected database structures through controls managed at the database layer.
Kaart 630
Vraag
How does brand impersonation exploit trust?
Antwoord
It copies a familiar organization's identity so a fraudulent message, site, or account appears legitimate.
Kaart 631
Vraag
What browser-side impact can a cross-site scripting vulnerability create?
Antwoord
It can run attacker-controlled script in a trusted site's origin and access data or actions available to the victim's session.
Kaart 632
Vraag
How can a system or process audit identify vulnerabilities?
Antwoord
It compares evidence with required configuration and procedure to reveal control gaps.
Kaart 633
Vraag
What security role can Group Policy provide?
Antwoord
Centralized Windows configuration of account, application, audit, and system security settings.
Kaart 634
Vraag
What should incident-response training prepare people to do?
Antwoord
Recognize their role, use the communication and escalation paths, preserve evidence, and perform approved response actions.
Kaart 635
Vraag
Why must governance track local or regional requirements?
Antwoord
They may impose location-specific duties that differ from national, global, industry, or contractual rules.
Kaart 636
Vraag
How can a dependency become a useful key risk indicator?
Antwoord
A measurable change in its availability, capacity, control state, or concentration can warn that exposure is increasing.
Kaart 637
Vraag
What is a business partners agreement?
Antwoord
An agreement defining how business partners will work together, including responsibilities and security or data-handling terms.
Kaart 638
Vraag
What makes an audit regulatory?
Antwoord
It evaluates compliance with requirements established or enforced by a government or delegated authority.
Kaart 639
Vraag
What is a honeyfile?
Antwoord
A decoy file whose access can reveal unauthorized activity.
Kaart 640
Vraag
Why does legal information require explicit protection?
Antwoord
It may contain privileged advice, case strategy, evidence, or regulated records whose disclosure or alteration creates legal risk.
Kaart 641
Vraag
Which indicator can mass file renaming and encryption produce?
Antwoord
Resource inaccessibility; users may be unable to open files after an attacker encrypts or renames them.
Kaart 642
Vraag
What remains with an organization after transferring architecture risk?
Antwoord
Oversight and residual risk remain, even when a provider or insurer accepts defined responsibility or financial consequences.
Kaart 643
Vraag
When does local console placement provide useful administrative access?
Antwoord
When network management is unavailable or unsafe, a physically controlled console offers a direct recovery path.
Kaart 644
Vraag
What makes a harmful user action unintentional?
Antwoord
The user causes exposure or policy violation through error or misunderstanding rather than deliberate misuse.
Kaart 645
Vraag
How should an organization harden workstations?
Antwoord
Apply a managed secure baseline: patch the OS and applications, remove unnecessary software and services, enforce least privilege, and enable endpoint protection and a host firewall.
Kaart 646
Vraag
What is journaling in recovery?
Antwoord
Recording ordered changes so data can be replayed or restored to a consistent point.
Kaart 647
Vraag
What downtime must a change plan account for?
Antwoord
The period when the affected service will be unavailable or degraded, including the impact on users and dependent systems.
Kaart 648
Vraag
Why must a privacy program map local or regional law to data flows?
Antwoord
The applicable duties can change with the location of the person, organization, processing, or stored data.
Kaart 649
Vraag
Why combine independent preventive controls at different layers?
Antwoord
A failure at one layer does not automatically let the same attack succeed at the next layer.
Kaart 650
Vraag
What is passwordless authentication?
Antwoord
A flow that does not require the user to enter a memorized password, often using public-key credentials.
Kaart 651
Vraag
How can automation improve security reaction time?
Antwoord
It can collect context and perform preapproved containment or routing as soon as a reliable trigger occurs.
Kaart 652
Vraag
What does record-level encryption protect?
Antwoord
Individual records or fields, allowing finer protection than encrypting the entire database.
Kaart 653
Vraag
How can business email compromise misuse urgency?
Antwoord
It pressures an employee to bypass normal verification for a payment, credential, or data request.
Kaart 654
Vraag
What does impact measure in risk analysis?
Antwoord
The consequence to objectives, such as financial, operational, safety, legal, or reputational harm.
Kaart 655
Vraag
What makes cyber activity part of warfare?
Antwoord
It supports military or state conflict objectives such as disruption, intelligence, or influence.
Kaart 656
Vraag
Which indicator can a newly created privileged account produce outside the normal change window?
Antwoord
Out-of-cycle logging; the account event appears at a time when no authorized administrative change was scheduled.
Kaart 657
Vraag
How can configuration enforcement validate a deployed mitigation?
Antwoord
It compares the realized settings with the approved state and corrects or reports drift.
Kaart 658
Vraag
How does validating an alert improve alert tuning?
Antwoord
The analyst can identify which conditions, thresholds, or context caused noise or missed important evidence.
Kaart 659
Vraag
What data-layer impact can a SQL injection vulnerability create?
Antwoord
It can let untrusted input alter a database query, exposing or changing data and sometimes executing administrative operations.
Kaart 660
Vraag
What environmental variables can change vulnerability priority?
Antwoord
Local exposure, configuration, existing controls, asset importance, and the effect on the organization's actual environment.
Kaart 661
Vraag
What security role does SELinux provide?
Antwoord
Mandatory access controls that confine processes according to centrally defined policy.
Kaart 662
Vraag
Why review governance documents periodically?
Antwoord
Business, technology, threats, and external obligations change.
Kaart 663
Vraag
Why evaluate power requirements for a system design?
Antwoord
Power capacity and redundancy constrain availability and recovery.
Kaart 664
Vraag
When is IPsec a better tunnel choice than TLS?
Antwoord
Choose IPsec when policy must protect IP traffic broadly below individual applications—for example, across a site-to-site gateway tunnel. Choose TLS for a specific service connection.
Kaart 665
Vraag
What is a honeytoken?
Antwoord
A fake credential or data element that generates a high-confidence alert when used.
Kaart 666
Vraag
What should embedded-system hardening prioritize?
Antwoord
Trusted firmware, restricted interfaces, secure defaults, minimal services, and a supported update path.
Kaart 667
Vraag
Why must sanitization address data remanence?
Antwoord
Residual data may remain recoverable after ordinary deletion, so the sanitization method must make recovery infeasible for the media and risk.
Kaart 668
Vraag
Why require rules of engagement for vendor testing?
Antwoord
Authorized scope, timing, methods, contacts, and stop conditions prevent unsafe or mistaken activity.
Kaart 669
Vraag
What does a private data classification indicate?
Antwoord
The information concerns an individual or limited internal audience and should not be exposed publicly.
Kaart 670
Vraag
What does a tabletop recovery exercise test?
Antwoord
Participants walk through a scenario and decisions without switching production systems, exposing plan and coordination gaps.
Kaart 671
Vraag
Why prevent password reuse?
Antwoord
One compromised password should not unlock other accounts or services.
Kaart 672
Vraag
Which malicious-activity indicator is unexplained sustained CPU or memory use?
Antwoord
Abnormal resource consumption, such as unusual CPU, memory, power, storage, or network-bandwidth use.
Kaart 673
Vraag
What does transport encryption protect?
Antwoord
It protects data-in-transit confidentiality: captured or intercepted traffic is unreadable without the key. Encryption does not prevent interception or, by itself, provide integrity or authenticate endpoints.
Kaart 674
Vraag
How can a voice call become an attack vector?
Antwoord
An attacker can use a live or synthetic voice to impersonate a trusted party and request secrets, money, or unsafe actions.
Kaart 675
Vraag
What should a digital-forensics report document?
Antwoord
The question examined, methods, evidence sources, timeline, findings, limitations, and the basis for each conclusion.
Kaart 676
Vraag
What tradeoff comes with an expansionary risk appetite?
Antwoord
It accepts more uncertainty and exposure to pursue growth or return, so limits and monitoring must remain explicit.
Kaart 677
Vraag
What does a known penetration-test environment provide?
Antwoord
The tester receives substantial internal knowledge or access so the exercise can focus on deeper control and attack-path testing.
Kaart 678
Vraag
Why evaluate compute requirements before deployment?
Antwoord
Insufficient resources can cause failure, while excessive resources increase cost and attack surface.
Kaart 679
Vraag
Why place sensors at network choke points?
Antwoord
They can observe traffic crossing important trust boundaries.
Kaart 680
Vraag
What should hybrid or remote-work security training emphasize?
Antwoord
Trusted networks and devices, physical privacy, secure communication, reporting, data handling, and separation of work from shared environments.
Kaart 681
Vraag
Why plan an application restart separately from a service restart?
Antwoord
The application may need its own state handling, user coordination, health checks, and rollback point.
Kaart 682
Vraag
What is a cryptographic vulnerability?
Antwoord
A weakness in algorithm choice, key handling, implementation, or protocol use that defeats the intended protection.
Kaart 683
Vraag
Why report findings by asset owner?
Antwoord
Owners need clear accountability and a prioritized remediation queue.
Kaart 684
Vraag
What should guide selection of a secure protocol?
Antwoord
The protocol must protect the required data flow, authenticate the right endpoints, use supported cryptography, and fit operational constraints.
Kaart 685
Vraag
How do centralized and decentralized governance structures differ?
Antwoord
Centralized governance sets decisions from one authority; decentralized governance delegates them and needs strong coordination for consistency.
Kaart 686
Vraag
How does privacy-aware design limit data retention?
Antwoord
It records a justified retention period and makes deletion or anonymization part of the normal data lifecycle.
Kaart 687
Vraag
What does a pressure security sensor detect?
Antwoord
Force or weight applied to a protected surface, such as a floor mat or fence line.
Kaart 688
Vraag
What automation costs should a security team plan for?
Antwoord
Development, licensing, infrastructure, monitoring, maintenance, failure recovery, and the staff needed to own the workflow.
Kaart 689
Vraag
What should RTOS hardening preserve while reducing attack surface?
Antwoord
Deterministic timing and safety requirements, with only necessary services, privileges, interfaces, and validated updates enabled.
Kaart 690
Vraag
What is the goal of disruption-for-chaos activity?
Antwoord
Create instability or damage itself rather than pursue a clear financial or intelligence return.
Kaart 691
Vraag
Which indicator can repeated password guessing produce?
Antwoord
Unexpected account lockout; repeated failed attempts can trigger the account's lockout policy.
Kaart 692
Vraag
How does removing unnecessary software harden a system?
Antwoord
It eliminates code, services, dependencies, and privileges that an attacker could otherwise target.
Kaart 693
Vraag
What does NetFlow provide?
Antwoord
Metadata summarizing network conversations, such as endpoints, ports, timing, protocol, and byte counts.
Kaart 694
Vraag
How can a dashboard support an investigation?
Antwoord
It brings selected current and historical signals together so investigators can spot changes, patterns, and affected scope.
Kaart 695
Vraag
When should a password be expired?
Antwoord
When compromise is suspected, policy or risk requires a change, or the credential no longer meets the approved authentication standard.
Kaart 696
Vraag
Why does cryptographic key length matter?
Antwoord
It affects the work required to search the key space, although security also depends on the algorithm and implementation.
Kaart 697
Vraag
How can an unsecure Bluetooth connection become an attack vector?
Antwoord
Weak pairing, discoverability, or vulnerable services can let a nearby attacker connect, intercept data, or issue commands.
Kaart 698
Vraag
What is a key risk indicator?
Antwoord
A metric that signals changing exposure or increasing likelihood of an adverse outcome.
Kaart 699
Vraag
What should vendor monitoring verify when a contract ends?
Antwoord
Vendor accounts, credentials, connections, data access, and retained assets are removed or transferred as approved.
Kaart 700
Vraag
What does a sensitive data classification indicate?
Antwoord
The information needs safeguards because unauthorized access, change, or loss could cause harm.
Kaart 701
Vraag
What does software-defined networking separate?
Antwoord
The control plane that decides traffic behavior from the data plane that forwards traffic.
Kaart 702
Vraag
Where should a web application firewall be placed?
Antwoord
In the path of web requests before they reach the protected application.
Kaart 703
Vraag
What does a simulated recovery exercise test?
Antwoord
Participants perform realistic response actions in a controlled environment without disrupting production.
Kaart 704
Vraag
How can a team verify that a detective control is effective?
Antwoord
Trigger a known test event and confirm that the control records it, alerts the right responder, and supplies useful evidence.
Kaart 705
Vraag
How should defenders apply a published or documented indicator to telemetry and validate it before escalating?
Antwoord
Search relevant telemetry for matches, then confirm the indicator's relevance, context, and freshness before escalating.
Kaart 706
Vraag
What makes a vulnerability cloud-specific?
Antwoord
It arises from cloud service configuration, shared responsibility, control-plane exposure, tenancy, or provider-specific behavior.
Kaart 707
Vraag
How can insurance respond to vulnerability risk?
Antwoord
It may transfer defined financial consequences, but it does not remove the weakness or the organization's duties.
Kaart 708
Vraag
How does reputation improve web filtering?
Antwoord
It uses prior observations about a domain, address, certificate, or hosting pattern to identify destinations with elevated risk.
Kaart 709
Vraag
What does an encryption policy establish?
Antwoord
Which data and communications require encryption, approved methods, key responsibilities, exceptions, and review duties.
Kaart 710
Vraag
How does a microwave security sensor detect movement?
Antwoord
It emits microwave energy and detects changes in the reflected signal caused by motion.
Kaart 711
Vraag
What should IoT-device hardening change before deployment?
Antwoord
Default credentials, unnecessary services, insecure communication, unmanaged updates, and unrestricted network access.
Kaart 712
Vraag
Why track software licenses as assets?
Antwoord
License ownership, permitted use, updates, and end-of-support status affect compliance and risk.
Kaart 713
Vraag
What does a password manager improve?
Antwoord
It can generate and store unique long passwords so users do not memorize or reuse them.
Kaart 714
Vraag
What makes a ledger open and public?
Antwoord
Anyone can inspect its recorded entries, while its consensus and integrity controls determine who can add valid entries.
Kaart 715
Vraag
What should a payment-change request trigger?
Antwoord
Independent verification through a known channel before any account or payment detail is changed.
Kaart 716
Vraag
What does preserving digital evidence require?
Antwoord
Protecting its integrity, context, access history, and availability from collection through final disposition.
Kaart 717
Vraag
What should a risk report tell decision-makers?
Antwoord
The risk, uncertainty, business impact, owner, treatment, trend, and decision required.
Kaart 718
Vraag
What should an external assessment report provide?
Antwoord
Its scope, criteria, evidence, findings, limitations, conclusions, and responsible follow-up actions.
Kaart 719
Vraag
What is a centralized design's main resilience risk?
Antwoord
A central dependency can become a bottleneck or single point of failure.
Kaart 720
Vraag
What does mutual TLS add to a TLS-protected service connection?
Antwoord
It adds client authentication, commonly with a client certificate, so the client and server authenticate each other.
Kaart 721
Vraag
What should recurring security-awareness reporting show?
Antwoord
Changes in participation, knowledge, behavior, reporting, and incidents, with gaps assigned to owners and follow-up actions.
Kaart 722
Vraag
Why do legacy applications require extra change planning?
Antwoord
They may depend on undocumented behavior, unsupported components, or fragile integrations that make failure and rollback more likely.
Kaart 723
Vraag
How do a data controller and a data processor differ?
Antwoord
A controller decides why and how personal data is processed. A processor handles that data on the controller’s behalf.
Kaart 724
Vraag
How can orchestration become a single point of failure?
Antwoord
Many security workflows may depend on one engine, credential path, or integration hub whose outage stops all of them.
Kaart 725
Vraag
Why should defenses account for a threat actor's sophistication and capability?
Antwoord
Those attributes indicate which techniques the actor can sustain and which controls are likely to slow or expose them.
Kaart 726
Vraag
How does an injection attack make an application execute unintended instructions?
Antwoord
It sends crafted input that an interpreter treats as code or commands instead of data.
Kaart 727
Vraag
What does a host-based firewall control?
Antwoord
Inbound and outbound network traffic for one endpoint according to local rules.
Kaart 728
Vraag
Why revise alerting after an incident?
Antwoord
The incident can reveal missing telemetry, logic, thresholds, or response paths that should produce a better future alert.
Kaart 729
Vraag
Why include security duties in procurement criteria?
Antwoord
Security is easier to require before selection than to retrofit after dependency and data transfer begin.
Kaart 730
Vraag
What does a critical data classification indicate?
Antwoord
The information is essential to vital operations, safety, or mission outcomes and needs the strongest availability and recovery controls.
Kaart 731
Vraag
What infrastructure capacity must support failover?
Antwoord
The alternate site, network, power, cooling, and facility resources needed to carry the transferred load.
Kaart 732
Vraag
Why does shared cloud context matter when evaluating a cloud-specific vulnerability?
Antwoord
The affected service model and responsibility boundary determine who can observe, patch, configure, or compensate for the weakness.
Kaart 733
Vraag
How does a remediation exemption differ from an exception?
Antwoord
Terminology follows the governing policy. A common convention is that an exemption removes a requirement for an approved scope, while an exception permits a time-bounded deviation.
Kaart 734
Vraag
Why should automated EDR or XDR blocking have an exception and rollback path?
Antwoord
A false positive can isolate a critical endpoint or stop a legitimate process, so operators need controlled recovery without disabling protection broadly.
Kaart 735
Vraag
What does a security playbook provide?
Antwoord
A repeatable set of roles, decisions, and actions for handling a defined operational scenario.
Kaart 736
Vraag
How does an ultrasonic security sensor detect movement?
Antwoord
It emits high-frequency sound and detects changes in the returning sound pattern caused by motion.
Kaart 737
Vraag
What should a managed mobile device require for Bluetooth connections?
Antwoord
Intentional pairing, non-discoverable operation when unused, trusted peers, current software, and only necessary Bluetooth profiles.
Kaart 738
Vraag
How do password complexity rules differ from password length?
Antwoord
Complexity rules require selected character types; length measures total characters. Current policy should prioritize sufficient length and block weak or compromised choices instead of relying on composition alone.
Kaart 739
Vraag
What makes a certificate third-party trusted?
Antwoord
A certificate authority outside the subject organization signs it and chains it to a root trusted by relying systems.
Kaart 740
Vraag
Why is an out-of-band check effective against impersonation?
Antwoord
It verifies the request through a separate, previously trusted communication path.
Kaart 741
Vraag
What does a risk exception authorize?
Antwoord
A documented deviation from a requirement for a defined scope, rationale, controls, owner, review, and expiration.
Kaart 742
Vraag
What security challenge grows in a decentralized design?
Antwoord
Consistent policy, inventory, monitoring, and patching become harder.
Kaart 743
Vraag
How should controls be selected for an unused network path?
Antwoord
Choose controls that block it by default, expose only approved connectivity, and make exceptions explicit and reviewable.
Kaart 744
Vraag
How can a buffer-overflow attack affect an application?
Antwoord
It writes past a buffer boundary to corrupt memory, which can crash the application or redirect execution.
744 kaarten
CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 Flashcards: Complete Objective Review
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