CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 Flashcards: Complete Objective Review
Study every current SY0-701 exam domain with original, concise flashcards for security concepts, threats, architecture, operations, and governance.
Sobre aquesta baralla
Build reliable recall across all five current Security+ SY0-701 domains with 744 original, open-response cards. The deck follows the newest official objectives for the current exam series: Version 6.0, accessed on August 25, 2026.
What this deck covers
- General security concepts: control functions, core principles, zero trust, change management, cryptography, certificates, and PKI.
- Threats, vulnerabilities, and mitigations: threat actors, attack vectors, social engineering, platform and application weaknesses, malicious activity, indicators, and defensive choices.
- Security architecture: cloud and virtualization models, secure infrastructure, data protection, availability, backups, and recovery design.
- Security operations: hardening, asset and vulnerability management, monitoring, security tooling, identity and access, automation, incident response, and evidence sources.
- Program management and oversight: governance, risk, third-party security, compliance, privacy, audits, and awareness.
Prompts include concept-to-purpose recall, scenario-to-control or threat identification, and operational comparisons. Reverse prompts appear only when choosing a control, evidence source, or response is useful in practice. Prerequisites come before dependent ideas, while related variants are spaced apart.
The deck excludes multiple-choice practice, copied exam material, dumps, raw objective wording, vague term-only prompts, vendor trivia, and mechanically reversed duplicates. Use it after a course or primary study guide, then add hands-on labs and legitimate practice questions to test application.
Scope was reconciled against CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 Certification Exam: Exam Objectives Version 6.0. Current certification requirements and exam-series status are on the official CompTIA Security+ page.
This is an unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or produced by CompTIA. All card wording and cover artwork are original; no exam questions, answer dumps, objective prose, logos, or trade dress were copied.
Targetes d'aquesta baralla
Targeta 1
Pregunta
What does an information security policy establish?
Resposta
Management's required direction, responsibilities, and high-level rules for protecting information and systems.
Targeta 2
Pregunta
What is phishing?
Resposta
A deceptive message intended to make a target reveal information, open malware, or take an unsafe action.
Targeta 3
Pregunta
What does a public-key certificate bind to an identity?
Resposta
A public key, together with identifying information and the issuer's signature.
Targeta 4
Pregunta
What is data at rest?
Resposta
Data stored on media such as disks, databases, backups, or mobile devices.
Targeta 5
Pregunta
How does policy-driven access control decide a zero-trust access request?
Resposta
Explicit policies or rules evaluate the access request and drive the allow-or-deny decision.
Targeta 6
Pregunta
What does establishing a secure baseline produce?
Resposta
An approved, documented configuration that defines the required secure state for a class of computing resource.
Targeta 7
Pregunta
What is hashing used to verify?
Resposta
Whether data has changed by comparing fixed-length digest values.
Targeta 8
Pregunta
What is impersonation in social engineering?
Resposta
Pretending to be a trusted person or organization to obtain access, data, or action.
Targeta 9
Pregunta
What is virtualization?
Resposta
Abstracting physical compute so multiple isolated guest systems can share a host.
Targeta 10
Pregunta
What is chain of custody?
Resposta
A documented history of who collected, handled, transferred, stored, and examined evidence.
Targeta 11
Pregunta
What is quantitative risk analysis?
Resposta
Estimating risk with numerical values such as money, frequency, or probability.
Targeta 12
Pregunta
What is a phishing awareness campaign?
Resposta
A planned series of guidance, exercises, and reminders that builds recognition and safe reporting behavior.
Targeta 13
Pregunta
What is high availability?
Resposta
Designing a service to remain accessible despite expected component failures.
Targeta 14
Pregunta
What is a network security zone?
Resposta
A group of systems with similar trust, function, or control requirements.
Targeta 15
Pregunta
What is risk transfer?
Resposta
Shifting some financial or operational consequence to another party, such as through insurance or contract.
Targeta 16
Pregunta
What is media sanitization?
Resposta
Making stored data infeasible to recover for the intended level of protection.
Targeta 17
Pregunta
What does CVSS provide?
Resposta
A standardized way to describe a vulnerability's technical severity characteristics.
Targeta 18
Pregunta
What does security alerting do?
Resposta
It turns matched events or behavior into a notification that the right responder can review.
Targeta 19
Pregunta
What does a firewall rule enforce?
Resposta
A permit, deny, or inspect decision for traffic that matches defined source, destination, service, protocol, direction, and state conditions.
Targeta 20
Pregunta
What is deprovisioning?
Resposta
Disabling or removing accounts, credentials, sessions, and access when they are no longer needed.
Targeta 21
Pregunta
How does inline placement differ from a tap or monitor port?
Resposta
Inline traffic passes through the control; a tap or monitor receives a copy for observation.
Targeta 22
Pregunta
What is asymmetric encryption?
Resposta
Encryption that uses a mathematically related public and private key pair.
Targeta 23
Pregunta
What does SPF authorize?
Resposta
Which mail servers may send mail for a domain in the SMTP envelope.
Targeta 24
Pregunta
What is a possession factor?
Resposta
Something the claimant has, such as a cryptographic authenticator.
Targeta 25
Pregunta
What does ordinary TLS usually protect and authenticate?
Resposta
It provides encryption and integrity protection, plus server authentication in the usual deployment. Client authentication is added when mutual TLS is configured.
Targeta 26
Pregunta
What is single loss expectancy?
Resposta
The estimated loss from one occurrence of a risk event.
Targeta 27
Pregunta
What does a certificate authority do?
Resposta
It validates certificate requests and signs certificates so relying parties can verify the binding between an identity and a public key.
Targeta 28
Pregunta
What is a detective control meant to do?
Resposta
Identify that an unwanted event has happened or is happening.
Targeta 29
Pregunta
What is the security purpose of change-control approval?
Resposta
Ensure authorized reviewers assess risk before the production change occurs.
Targeta 30
Pregunta
What is shadow IT?
Resposta
Technology used for organizational work without required approval or oversight.
Targeta 31
Pregunta
What is a buffer overflow vulnerability?
Resposta
A bounds-checking failure that lets input overwrite memory outside its intended buffer.
Targeta 32
Pregunta
What is ransomware?
Resposta
Malware or an intrusion outcome that denies access to data or systems to extort the victim.
Targeta 33
Pregunta
How does network segmentation limit an incident?
Resposta
It restricts communication paths and reduces lateral movement between zones.
Targeta 34
Pregunta
How do load balancing and clustering support availability differently?
Resposta
Load balancing distributes requests across healthy instances; clustering makes systems cooperate as one service and tolerate member failure.
Targeta 35
Pregunta
What is vendor due diligence?
Resposta
Evaluating a provider's security, capability, stability, and fit before commitment.
Targeta 36
Pregunta
Who is a data subject?
Resposta
The person whose personal data is collected or processed.
Targeta 37
Pregunta
What is attestation?
Resposta
A formal assertion or report about a subject matter, often supported by an independent examination.
Targeta 38
Pregunta
What is a replay attack?
Resposta
Valid captured data is retransmitted to repeat an authenticated or authorized action.
Targeta 39
Pregunta
What does a wireless site survey establish?
Resposta
Coverage, interference, channel use, access-point placement, and unauthorized radio sources in the real environment.
Targeta 40
Pregunta
What is the time-of-check stage of a race-condition vulnerability?
Resposta
The application verifies a condition or resource state before acting on it.
Targeta 41
Pregunta
What is a penetration test?
Resposta
An authorized attempt to exploit weaknesses and demonstrate practical impact.
Targeta 42
Pregunta
What is a cold recovery site?
Resposta
A facility with basic space and utilities but little preinstalled technology or current data.
Targeta 43
Pregunta
What is data in transit?
Resposta
Data moving between systems or across a network.
Targeta 44
Pregunta
What is a vendor security questionnaire?
Resposta
A structured request for information about a provider's controls and practices.
Targeta 45
Pregunta
How does an internal actor's starting position differ from an external actor's?
Resposta
An internal actor begins with some trusted access or proximity; an external actor must first cross the perimeter or obtain access.
Targeta 46
Pregunta
What can unexpected account lockouts indicate?
Resposta
Password guessing, credential stuffing, user error, or a broken client.
Targeta 47
Pregunta
How do permissions enforce access control?
Resposta
They specify which actions a subject may perform on a particular resource.
Targeta 48
Pregunta
What is log aggregation?
Resposta
Central collection of logs from multiple sources for search, correlation, and retention.
Targeta 49
Pregunta
Why plan a service restart as part of a change?
Resposta
The restart can interrupt dependent users or processes, so the plan needs timing, validation, and rollback steps.
Targeta 50
Pregunta
What is infrastructure as code?
Resposta
Managing infrastructure through versioned, machine-readable definitions rather than manual configuration.
Targeta 51
Pregunta
What should security-awareness program development start with?
Resposta
The audience's roles, risks, policies, incident lessons, desired behavior, and measurable outcomes.
Targeta 52
Pregunta
What is a voice-based social-engineering attack called?
Resposta
Vishing.
Targeta 53
Pregunta
What happens during incident-response preparation?
Resposta
Teams establish people, tools, access, communications, training, and procedures before an incident.
Targeta 54
Pregunta
What does an offensive penetration-testing team do?
Resposta
It emulates authorized attacker behavior to discover and demonstrate exploitable paths.
Targeta 55
Pregunta
What is federation?
Resposta
One security domain relies on identity assertions from another trusted domain.
Targeta 56
Pregunta
What is asset classification?
Resposta
Grouping an asset by sensitivity, criticality, or required handling.
Targeta 57
Pregunta
What is cross-site scripting?
Resposta
Injection of script-capable content that a browser executes in another site's security context.
Targeta 58
Pregunta
What can IDS or IPS trends reveal?
Resposta
Changes in the frequency, source, target, or type of detected activity that one isolated event may not show.
Targeta 59
Pregunta
What can unexpected resource inaccessibility indicate?
Resposta
Denial of service, destructive activity, ransomware, permission changes, or an ordinary outage.
Targeta 60
Pregunta
What is a corrective control meant to do?
Resposta
Limit damage and restore a secure state after an event.
Targeta 61
Pregunta
How do containers differ from virtual machines?
Resposta
Containers share the host kernel; virtual machines normally run separate guest operating systems.
Targeta 62
Pregunta
How does an active security device differ from a passive one?
Resposta
An active device can alter or block traffic; a passive device observes and reports without changing the flow.
Targeta 63
Pregunta
Why is unsupported software a persistent attack surface?
Resposta
Known weaknesses may remain reachable because supported fixes and vendor help are no longer available.
Targeta 64
Pregunta
What is annualized rate of occurrence?
Resposta
The estimated number of times a risk event occurs per year.
Targeta 65
Pregunta
What is an inherence factor?
Resposta
A biometric characteristic of the claimant.
Targeta 66
Pregunta
What do a threat actor's sophistication and capability describe?
Resposta
The technical skill, tools, knowledge, resources, and operational discipline the actor can apply.
Targeta 67
Pregunta
What is a SIEM?
Resposta
A platform that centralizes security data and supports search, correlation, alerting, and investigation.
Targeta 68
Pregunta
What is sideloading?
Resposta
Installing software from outside the platform's approved distribution path.
Targeta 69
Pregunta
What does an IDS or IPS signature match?
Resposta
A known pattern in traffic or behavior associated with a threat, exploit, or policy violation.
Targeta 70
Pregunta
Why are embedded systems often difficult to patch?
Resposta
They may have long lifecycles, specialized firmware, limited downtime, or weak vendor support.
Targeta 71
Pregunta
What is a virtual private network?
Resposta
An encrypted logical connection that carries private traffic across an untrusted or shared network.
Targeta 72
Pregunta
What should an initial security-awareness report establish?
Resposta
The starting participation, knowledge, behavior, incident, and reporting measures against which later results will be compared.
Targeta 73
Pregunta
What is symmetric encryption?
Resposta
Encryption that uses the same secret key to encrypt and decrypt data.
Targeta 74
Pregunta
What happens during incident detection?
Resposta
Monitoring or a report identifies activity that may meet the organization's incident criteria.
Targeta 75
Pregunta
What is recovery time objective?
Resposta
The target maximum time to restore a function after disruption.
Targeta 76
Pregunta
Why prioritize password length?
Resposta
Longer passwords expand the guessing space and support memorable passphrases without predictable substitutions.
Targeta 77
Pregunta
What must sanitization accomplish before an asset leaves organizational control?
Resposta
It must make the retained data infeasible to recover with the method appropriate to the media and risk.
Targeta 78
Pregunta
What is a real-time operating system designed to provide?
Resposta
Predictable response timing for tasks with strict deadlines.
Targeta 79
Pregunta
What does fail-open behavior do when a control fails?
Resposta
It permits traffic or access to preserve availability.
Targeta 80
Pregunta
What is jailbreaking or rooting a mobile device?
Resposta
Removing platform restrictions to gain privileged control over the operating system.
Targeta 81
Pregunta
What does network access control enforce?
Resposta
Identity, device posture, and access policy at network connection time and during a session.
Targeta 82
Pregunta
What does data loss prevention do?
Resposta
Detects and may block sensitive data use or transfer that violates policy.
Targeta 83
Pregunta
What security property does a blockchain provide?
Resposta
A chained, tamper-evident record in which changing an earlier entry invalidates later cryptographic links.
Targeta 84
Pregunta
What is recovery point objective?
Resposta
The target maximum acceptable data loss measured backward in time.
Targeta 85
Pregunta
How do ICS and SCADA relate?
Resposta
An industrial control system controls physical processes; SCADA provides supervisory monitoring and control across distributed industrial equipment.
Targeta 86
Pregunta
What does fail-closed behavior do when a control fails?
Resposta
It denies traffic or access to preserve security.
Targeta 87
Pregunta
Which keys create and verify a typical digital signature?
Resposta
The signer creates it with a private key, and others verify it with the corresponding public key.
Targeta 88
Pregunta
What is SQL injection?
Resposta
Input that alters the structure or meaning of a database query because code and data were not safely separated.
Targeta 89
Pregunta
What does DKIM verify?
Resposta
That selected message content was signed by a domain and was not altered after signing.
Targeta 90
Pregunta
What is post-incident activity?
Resposta
Learning from the event and improving controls, plans, and recovery based on evidence.
Targeta 91
Pregunta
What characterizes an expansionary risk appetite?
Resposta
A greater willingness to accept uncertainty and exposure in pursuit of growth, return, or strategic opportunity.
Targeta 92
Pregunta
How do centralized and decentralized architectures differ?
Resposta
Centralized architecture concentrates key services or decisions; decentralized architecture distributes them across independent components or locations.
Targeta 93
Pregunta
What does a certificate revocation list publish?
Resposta
Certificate serial numbers that the issuer has invalidated before their scheduled expiration.
Targeta 94
Pregunta
What is a legal hold?
Resposta
A directive to preserve potentially relevant information by suspending normal deletion or disposal.
Targeta 95
Pregunta
What is exposure factor in quantitative risk analysis?
Resposta
The estimated percentage of an asset's value lost in one event.
Targeta 96
Pregunta
What is decentralized architecture?
Resposta
Control or service responsibility is distributed across multiple independent components or locations.
Targeta 97
Pregunta
What is tokenization?
Resposta
Replacing sensitive data with a non-sensitive token whose mapping is held separately.
Targeta 98
Pregunta
How can automation act as a workforce multiplier?
Resposta
It handles repeatable work consistently so people can focus on judgment, exceptions, investigation, and improvement.
Targeta 99
Pregunta
What can endpoint process logs reveal?
Resposta
Which programs ran, their parent-child relationships, users, timing, and command details when captured.
Targeta 100
Pregunta
What does the CIA triad protect?
Resposta
Confidentiality protects against unauthorized disclosure, integrity protects accuracy and completeness, and availability protects reliable, timely access.
Targeta 101
Pregunta
How does data masking protect information?
Resposta
It hides selected values or characters while preserving a usable representation.
Targeta 102
Pregunta
How can a national requirement affect security governance?
Resposta
It can impose country-level duties that policies, controls, records, and oversight must satisfy.
Targeta 103
Pregunta
What do integrations and APIs provide to security orchestration?
Resposta
Defined interfaces for exchanging data and triggering actions across tools without manual handoffs.
Targeta 104
Pregunta
What makes a compliance report external?
Resposta
It is prepared for a regulator, customer, auditor, partner, or other party outside the organization.
Targeta 105
Pregunta
What does a cryptographic algorithm define?
Resposta
The mathematical procedure used to encrypt, decrypt, hash, sign, or otherwise transform protected data.
Targeta 106
Pregunta
Why compare systems with a secure baseline regularly?
Resposta
To detect drift, unauthorized changes, and missing hardening.
Targeta 107
Pregunta
What does integrity protect?
Resposta
The accuracy and completeness of data and systems against unauthorized change.
Targeta 108
Pregunta
What does vulnerability classification organize?
Resposta
Findings into meaningful types or categories so teams can route, compare, and remediate them consistently.
Targeta 109
Pregunta
What does a password standard define?
Resposta
Mandatory, measurable requirements for creating, storing, using, and changing passwords.
Targeta 110
Pregunta
What technology capacity must a recovery design plan for?
Resposta
The compute, storage, software, licenses, and supporting services needed to meet recovery demand.
Targeta 111
Pregunta
What does a confidential data classification indicate?
Resposta
Disclosure is limited to authorized people because exposure could harm the organization or affected parties.
Targeta 112
Pregunta
What makes a vendor assessment independent?
Resposta
The assessor is free from responsibility for the vendor activity being evaluated and reports evidence against defined criteria.
Targeta 113
Pregunta
What lets a worm spread without attaching itself to another file?
Resposta
It is a standalone program that replicates across reachable systems or services.
Targeta 114
Pregunta
What is microsegmentation?
Resposta
Fine-grained isolation of individual workloads or small groups with explicit communication policy.
Targeta 115
Pregunta
What can application logs reveal?
Resposta
Transactions, errors, user actions, and application-specific security events.
Targeta 116
Pregunta
What does deploying a secure baseline require?
Resposta
Applying the approved settings consistently to the intended resources and verifying the realized configuration.
Targeta 117
Pregunta
How can resource-provisioning automation improve security?
Resposta
It creates infrastructure from approved templates with consistent ownership, logging, and baseline controls.
Targeta 118
Pregunta
What does availability protect?
Resposta
Reliable, timely access to systems and data when authorized users need them.
Targeta 119
Pregunta
Why must a change request describe business impact?
Resposta
So approvers can weigh the benefit, risk, outage, and affected users before authorizing it.
Targeta 120
Pregunta
What does an authenticated vulnerability scan add?
Resposta
Credentialed inspection of local versions, settings, and missing patches that a remote scan may miss.
Targeta 121
Pregunta
What does a change-management procedure specify?
Resposta
The required steps, roles, evidence, approvals, testing, implementation, validation, and rollback for a change.
Targeta 122
Pregunta
What is a sanction for noncompliance?
Resposta
A formal penalty or restriction imposed by an authority for failing to meet a requirement.
Targeta 123
Pregunta
How can email deliver a security attack?
Resposta
It can carry a malicious link, attachment, request, or embedded content designed to exploit software or manipulate a recipient.
Targeta 124
Pregunta
What is an internal compliance audit?
Resposta
An organization-led examination of whether selected operations and controls meet defined requirements.
Targeta 125
Pregunta
What is a Trojan?
Resposta
Malware disguised as legitimate or desirable software.
Targeta 126
Pregunta
What is clustering?
Resposta
Multiple systems work together to provide a service and tolerate member failure.
Targeta 127
Pregunta
What makes data regulated?
Resposta
A law or regulation imposes specific collection, handling, retention, protection, or disclosure duties.
Targeta 128
Pregunta
What does a wireless heat map show?
Resposta
Measured or modeled signal strength and coverage across a physical area.
Targeta 129
Pregunta
How should vendor criticality affect due diligence?
Resposta
Higher access, concentration, data sensitivity, or operational dependence warrants deeper evidence and stronger approval.
Targeta 130
Pregunta
How can a digital signature support non-repudiation?
Resposta
It provides evidence that the holder of a private key signed specific data.
Targeta 131
Pregunta
What should vulnerability prioritization consider beyond severity?
Resposta
Exploitability, exposure, asset importance, environmental context, business impact, and available mitigations.
Targeta 132
Pregunta
What is a security guideline?
Resposta
Recommended practice that allows judgment unless adopted as a requirement.
Targeta 133
Pregunta
What usually distinguishes a nation-state threat actor?
Resposta
Strategic objectives, substantial resources, patience, and advanced operational capability.
Targeta 134
Pregunta
What is spyware?
Resposta
Software that secretly collects information about a user or system.
Targeta 135
Pregunta
Why maintain an allow list for applications?
Resposta
Only explicitly approved software is permitted to execute.
Targeta 136
Pregunta
How can an image become an attack vector?
Resposta
It may exploit a decoder flaw, hide malicious data, or direct a user through an embedded code.
Targeta 137
Pregunta
What makes a security control technical?
Resposta
It is enforced mainly by technology, such as a firewall rule or endpoint policy.
Targeta 138
Pregunta
What is identity proofing?
Resposta
Establishing that a person is who they claim to be before issuing an account or credential.
Targeta 139
Pregunta
What is an automated security guardrail?
Resposta
A policy control that prevents, flags, or corrects unsafe configuration, such as an overexposed security group.
Targeta 140
Pregunta
Why assign an owner to a planned change?
Resposta
To make one party accountable for coordination, execution, and follow-through.
Targeta 141
Pregunta
How can national privacy law affect data handling?
Resposta
It can set country-level duties for collection, use, access, retention, transfer, security, and individual rights.
Targeta 142
Pregunta
What is continuity of operations?
Resposta
Maintaining essential functions during disruption and restoring supporting capabilities in a planned order.
Targeta 143
Pregunta
What security tradeoff comes with BYOD?
Resposta
The organization gains flexibility but has less control over personally owned device configuration, privacy, and lifecycle.
Targeta 144
Pregunta
How should policies and handbooks support security training?
Resposta
They provide accessible, current rules and reporting steps that training can apply to real situations.
Targeta 145
Pregunta
What is a keylogger?
Resposta
A tool that records keystrokes to capture data such as credentials.
Targeta 146
Pregunta
What makes information a trade secret?
Resposta
It provides business value because it is not generally known and is protected through reasonable secrecy measures.
Targeta 147
Pregunta
What does authentication establish?
Resposta
It verifies a presented authenticator or credential bound to the claimed identity. Identity proofing establishes the real-world identity behind the claim.
Targeta 148
Pregunta
What risk comes from an untrusted file attachment?
Resposta
Opening or parsing it can execute malicious code or expose data.
Targeta 149
Pregunta
How does risk tolerance affect vulnerability remediation?
Resposta
It sets how much residual exposure the organization will accept and how quickly a finding must be treated.
Targeta 150
Pregunta
How can a global requirement affect security governance?
Resposta
It can require a common control and oversight approach across multiple countries while local obligations still apply.
Targeta 151
Pregunta
Why should questionnaire answers be supported by evidence?
Resposta
Self-assertions alone may not prove that controls are designed or operating effectively.
Targeta 152
Pregunta
What is an independent third-party audit?
Resposta
An external party with suitable independence examines evidence against defined criteria.
Targeta 153
Pregunta
What do account provisioning and deprovisioning do?
Resposta
Provisioning creates an identity and approved access; deprovisioning disables or removes accounts, credentials, sessions, and access when no longer needed.
Targeta 154
Pregunta
What is an unskilled attacker commonly called?
Resposta
A script kiddie: someone who relies on tools or instructions created by others.
Targeta 155
Pregunta
What is a rootkit?
Resposta
Software designed to maintain privileged, concealed access by altering or subverting the system.
Targeta 156
Pregunta
What does an access control list enforce?
Resposta
Explicit permit or deny rules for subjects, traffic, or actions on a protected resource.
Targeta 157
Pregunta
What should system security monitoring observe?
Resposta
Host state and behavior such as processes, authentication, configuration, resource use, and security events.
Targeta 158
Pregunta
What can operating-system security logs reveal?
Resposta
Authentication, privilege use, policy changes, services, and other host security events.
Targeta 159
Pregunta
Why isolate operational technology from general business networks?
Resposta
To limit attack paths into safety- and availability-critical processes.
Targeta 160
Pregunta
What is the COPE mobile deployment model?
Resposta
The organization owns the device but permits defined personal use while retaining management control.
Targeta 161
Pregunta
What security work belongs in asset acquisition and procurement?
Resposta
Define security requirements before purchase, evaluate the product and vendor against them, and obtain approval before acquisition or deployment.
Targeta 162
Pregunta
How can user-provisioning automation improve security?
Resposta
It creates, changes, and removes access from authoritative identity events with consistent approvals and logging.
Targeta 163
Pregunta
What people capacity must a continuity plan account for?
Resposta
Enough trained staff, coverage, authority, and specialist knowledge to operate and recover essential services.
Targeta 164
Pregunta
What do authorization models define?
Resposta
How permissions are assigned to authenticated subjects and evaluated for requested actions.
Targeta 165
Pregunta
Why are removable devices an attack vector?
Resposta
They can introduce malware or remove data while bypassing network controls.
Targeta 166
Pregunta
What should predeployment change-test results show?
Resposta
Whether the change meets its acceptance criteria without unacceptable functional, security, or operational effects.
Targeta 167
Pregunta
What is the time-of-use stage of a race-condition vulnerability?
Resposta
The application acts on a resource after the check, creating a gap in which another process may change the resource.
Targeta 168
Pregunta
What is data in use?
Resposta
Data actively processed in memory or by an application.
Targeta 169
Pregunta
What does open-source vulnerability intelligence contribute?
Resposta
Public advisories, exploit reporting, research, and observable activity that help identify and prioritize exposure.
Targeta 170
Pregunta
What can file-integrity monitoring detect?
Resposta
Unexpected changes to protected files, directories, or configuration.
Targeta 171
Pregunta
Why should deprovisioning be prompt?
Resposta
Former users or roles should not retain usable access.
Targeta 172
Pregunta
What is an acceptable use policy?
Resposta
Rules for permitted and prohibited use of organizational systems, accounts, and data.
Targeta 173
Pregunta
What makes a compliance report internal?
Resposta
It is prepared for the organization's owners, operators, management, or governance bodies to track compliance and action.
Targeta 174
Pregunta
What is a logic bomb?
Resposta
Malicious code that activates when a specified condition or time is reached.
Targeta 175
Pregunta
What does a right-to-audit clause provide?
Resposta
Contractual authority to inspect or obtain evidence about agreed controls.
Targeta 176
Pregunta
Where should a forward proxy sit in an enterprise traffic path?
Resposta
Between clients and external services so outbound requests pass through policy and logging before reaching destinations.
Targeta 177
Pregunta
Which cues should make a message look suspicious?
Resposta
Unexpected context, mismatched identity or links, unusual attachments, urgency, secrecy, and requests for credentials or payment.
Targeta 178
Pregunta
What makes a security control managerial?
Resposta
It directs risk and governance through decisions such as policies, assessments, and oversight.
Targeta 179
Pregunta
What is the CYOD mobile deployment model?
Resposta
The user selects from organization-approved device options that remain subject to corporate security requirements.
Targeta 180
Pregunta
How does client-based vulnerable software differ from an agentless exposure?
Resposta
Client-based exposure depends on installed endpoint software, while an agentless service can be reached and assessed without a local agent.
Targeta 181
Pregunta
What makes a risk assessment recurring?
Resposta
It is repeated on a defined schedule so changes in threats, assets, controls, and impact are reevaluated.
Targeta 182
Pregunta
What does a defensive penetration-testing team practice?
Resposta
Detection, investigation, containment, and improvement while authorized offensive activity tests the environment.
Targeta 183
Pregunta
In a zero-trust data plane, what can the subject or system represent?
Resposta
The user, device, workload, or service requesting access to a protected resource.
Targeta 184
Pregunta
What primarily motivates a hacktivist?
Resposta
A political, social, or ideological cause.
Targeta 185
Pregunta
What is bloatware?
Resposta
Unnecessary preinstalled software that consumes resources and can expand the attack surface.
Targeta 186
Pregunta
Why keep endpoint-protection signatures and engines current?
Resposta
They need current detection logic to recognize newly identified malware and exploit behavior.
Targeta 187
Pregunta
What should application security monitoring observe?
Resposta
Application errors, authentication, requests, transactions, dependencies, and behavior that may indicate misuse or compromise.
Targeta 188
Pregunta
What is role-based access control?
Resposta
Permissions are assigned to roles, and identities receive access through their roles.
Targeta 189
Pregunta
What is geographic dispersal?
Resposta
Placing redundant resources in separate locations so one regional event does not affect all copies.
Targeta 190
Pregunta
What is a malicious update?
Resposta
An update that has been intentionally altered or distributed to install harmful code through a trusted update path.
Targeta 191
Pregunta
What does static application analysis inspect?
Resposta
Source code, bytecode, or compiled code without executing the application.
Targeta 192
Pregunta
What does a firewall access list define?
Resposta
An ordered set of traffic-matching conditions and the action applied when a condition matches.
Targeta 193
Pregunta
What does a disaster recovery policy establish?
Resposta
Management expectations for restoring technology and data after a disruptive event.
Targeta 194
Pregunta
How does logical segmentation separate workloads that share physical infrastructure?
Resposta
It uses enforced network, identity, or virtualization boundaries to restrict communication without requiring separate hardware.
Targeta 195
Pregunta
How should IDS and IPS placement differ?
Resposta
An IDS can monitor copied traffic out of band; an IPS must sit inline to block traffic.
Targeta 196
Pregunta
What should automated ticket creation capture?
Resposta
The triggering evidence, affected resource, severity, owner, required action, and a traceable link to the source event.
Targeta 197
Pregunta
What makes information intellectual property?
Resposta
It is a protected creation or intangible asset, such as copyrighted work, a patentable invention, a trademark, or a trade secret.
Targeta 198
Pregunta
What is a backout plan?
Resposta
Predefined steps for safely reversing a failed or harmful change.
Targeta 199
Pregunta
Why is an unsecure wireless network an attack vector?
Resposta
Nearby attackers may intercept traffic, impersonate access points, or reach exposed services when encryption and authentication are weak.
Targeta 200
Pregunta
What is physical brute force?
Resposta
Using force to defeat a lock, barrier, enclosure, or other physical control.
Targeta 201
Pregunta
What is application sandboxing?
Resposta
Running code in a constrained environment with limited access to the host and data.
Targeta 202
Pregunta
Why assign an asset owner?
Resposta
One accountable party must decide its use, protection, and lifecycle.
Targeta 203
Pregunta
What happens during risk identification?
Resposta
Teams identify assets, objectives, threats, vulnerabilities, events, and dependencies that could create uncertainty or harm.
Targeta 204
Pregunta
What should an SLA state about breach notification?
Resposta
The triggering conditions, notification deadline, required content, contacts, update cadence, and cooperation duties.
Targeta 205
Pregunta
How do due diligence and due care differ in compliance?
Resposta
Due diligence investigates and monitors obligations or risk; due care takes the reasonable actions those findings require.
Targeta 206
Pregunta
What is attribute-based access control?
Resposta
Policy evaluates attributes of the subject, resource, action, and environment.
Targeta 207
Pregunta
What does a zero-trust policy engine do?
Resposta
It evaluates policy and signals to decide whether access should be allowed.
Targeta 208
Pregunta
How does a cloud responsibility matrix allocate security duties?
Resposta
It maps each security task to the provider, the customer, or both, according to the service model and agreement.
Targeta 209
Pregunta
Where should a load balancer sit in a service path?
Resposta
In front of service instances so it can route requests to healthy backends.
Targeta 210
Pregunta
What should the security team do with a reported suspicious message?
Resposta
Triage it, protect other recipients, preserve useful evidence, and tell the reporter what action to take.
Targeta 211
Pregunta
What makes an operating-system vulnerability high impact?
Resposta
It can affect every application and security control that relies on the compromised OS.
Targeta 212
Pregunta
What does dynamic application analysis inspect?
Resposta
The behavior and externally visible weaknesses of a running application.
Targeta 213
Pregunta
How can false-positive trends affect IDS or IPS tuning?
Resposta
Repeated false positives reveal signatures, thresholds, or contexts that need adjustment; IPS errors also risk blocking legitimate traffic.
Targeta 214
Pregunta
What does a business continuity policy establish?
Resposta
Management expectations for sustaining and restoring critical business functions.
Targeta 215
Pregunta
What is a hot recovery site?
Resposta
A ready, synchronized environment intended to take over quickly.
Targeta 216
Pregunta
What makes an insider threat distinct?
Resposta
The actor has legitimate access or organizational knowledge that can be misused.
Targeta 217
Pregunta
What is RFID cloning?
Resposta
Copying an RFID credential's data so another token can impersonate it when the system lacks stronger protections.
Targeta 218
Pregunta
Why apply vendor security updates promptly?
Resposta
They remove known weaknesses before attackers can exploit the unpatched exposure.
Targeta 219
Pregunta
What should infrastructure security monitoring observe?
Resposta
Network, cloud, identity, facility, and platform signals that reveal availability, configuration, or attack activity.
Targeta 220
Pregunta
What can firewall logs reveal?
Resposta
Allowed or denied network connections across controlled boundaries.
Targeta 221
Pregunta
Why minimize open service ports?
Resposta
Each reachable service adds code, configuration, and authentication paths an attacker can probe.
Targeta 222
Pregunta
What is threat hunting?
Resposta
A proactive search for evidence of malicious activity that existing detections have not confirmed.
Targeta 223
Pregunta
What triggers an ad hoc risk assessment?
Resposta
A specific change, incident, finding, or decision that requires evaluation outside the regular schedule.
Targeta 224
Pregunta
What makes an assessment external?
Resposta
A party outside the organization evaluates a defined scope against stated criteria and reports its conclusions.
Targeta 225
Pregunta
What is data sovereignty?
Resposta
The principle that data is subject to laws and governance of the jurisdiction where it is located or controlled.
Targeta 226
Pregunta
What security boundary does a cellular connection create for a mobile device?
Resposta
It uses the carrier network instead of local Wi-Fi, but still requires trusted applications, encrypted traffic, and managed device policy.
Targeta 227
Pregunta
What makes a security control operational?
Resposta
It is carried out mainly by people and processes, such as security-awareness training or incident-response procedures.
Targeta 228
Pregunta
What is discretionary access control?
Resposta
A resource owner can decide who receives access, within system policy.
Targeta 229
Pregunta
How can careful automation support employee retention?
Resposta
It reduces repetitive toil and alert handling while leaving meaningful judgment and improvement work with people.
Targeta 230
Pregunta
Why does ease of deployment matter in an architecture decision?
Resposta
A design that can be deployed consistently and safely reduces configuration error, rollout time, and operational burden.
Targeta 231
Pregunta
What tradeoff comes with placing an NGFW inline?
Resposta
It can block application-aware threats, but failure or overload can interrupt traffic unless availability and fail-mode behavior are designed.
Targeta 232
Pregunta
What does a zero-trust policy administrator do?
Resposta
It carries out the policy engine's decision, such as creating or ending a session.
Targeta 233
Pregunta
What should a master service agreement define for data return and deletion?
Resposta
The format, timing, verification, retained copies, exceptions, and responsibilities when the service or contract ends.
Targeta 234
Pregunta
What is an environmental physical attack?
Resposta
Causing harmful conditions such as heat, water, fire, or power loss to disrupt equipment or facilities.
Targeta 235
Pregunta
When should a maintenance window be chosen?
Resposta
When disruption and rollback can be managed with the least business impact.
Targeta 236
Pregunta
What is memory injection?
Resposta
Placing malicious code or data into another process's memory so it executes in that process's context.
Targeta 237
Pregunta
What does software composition analysis find?
Resposta
Known risks and license information in third-party dependencies.
Targeta 238
Pregunta
What is DNS filtering?
Resposta
Blocking or redirecting DNS lookups for domains that policy considers malicious or inappropriate.
Targeta 239
Pregunta
What should an incident response policy establish?
Resposta
Authority, scope, reporting duties, and organizational commitment for incident handling.
Targeta 240
Pregunta
How can noncompliance cause reputational damage?
Resposta
Customers, partners, employees, or the public may lose trust when the organization fails a stated or required duty.
Targeta 241
Pregunta
What does full-disk encryption protect?
Resposta
All data stored on the disk while the device is powered off or the disk is removed, subject to proper key protection.
Targeta 242
Pregunta
Why are default credentials dangerous?
Resposta
They are widely known or easily discovered and often remain unchanged.
Targeta 243
Pregunta
What makes a risk assessment one-time?
Resposta
It evaluates a defined decision or scope once without an established repeating cadence.
Targeta 244
Pregunta
What is a warm recovery site?
Resposta
A partially equipped environment that needs some data restoration or configuration before use.
Targeta 245
Pregunta
What does application input validation do?
Resposta
It checks that input matches the expected type, length, range, and format before use.
Targeta 246
Pregunta
What should an asset inventory record besides a device name?
Resposta
Identifiers, owner, location, status, classification, dependencies, and supported version as applicable.
Targeta 247
Pregunta
What is mandatory access control?
Resposta
A central authority enforces access through labels and rules that ordinary owners cannot override.
Targeta 248
Pregunta
What security benefit does infrastructure as code provide?
Resposta
Repeatable, reviewable deployments that reduce undocumented configuration drift.
Targeta 249
Pregunta
When should a public service control fail closed?
Resposta
When allowing unchecked traffic would create greater harm than an outage, the failed control should block the path.
Targeta 250
Pregunta
What should users do with a suspicious message?
Resposta
Report it through the approved channel without interacting with its links or attachments.
Targeta 251
Pregunta
What usually motivates organized cybercrime?
Resposta
Financial gain through scalable or repeatable criminal activity.
Targeta 252
Pregunta
How can malicious code support a network attack?
Resposta
It can establish control, scan reachable systems, move laterally, or disrupt networked services after execution.
Targeta 253
Pregunta
When is virtual patching useful?
Resposta
When a network or application control can block exploit traffic before the underlying system can be patched.
Targeta 254
Pregunta
What does security-monitoring reporting provide?
Resposta
A summarized, audience-appropriate view of findings, trends, risk, and response status.
Targeta 255
Pregunta
What does data geolocation identify?
Resposta
The physical or legal location where data is stored, processed, or transmitted.
Targeta 256
Pregunta
What does a zero-trust policy enforcement point do?
Resposta
It enables, monitors, and terminates the connection between a subject and a resource.
Targeta 257
Pregunta
What is cryptographic key exchange?
Resposta
A method for parties to establish shared key material over an untrusted channel.
Targeta 258
Pregunta
How can a vendor become a supply-chain attack vector?
Resposta
An attacker can compromise the vendor's product, update, credentials, or support channel to reach the vendor's customers.
Targeta 259
Pregunta
Why can legacy hardware remain vulnerable?
Resposta
It may lack current security features, supported firmware, replacement parts, or compatibility with modern controls.
Targeta 260
Pregunta
What can proprietary vulnerability intelligence add beyond open sources?
Resposta
Curated analysis, customer-specific context, private telemetry, or earlier reporting available under a commercial or trusted relationship.
Targeta 261
Pregunta
How does a centralized proxy apply web filtering?
Resposta
It receives client web requests at a shared enforcement point and applies policy before forwarding allowed traffic.
Targeta 262
Pregunta
How can continuous integration and testing improve security automation?
Resposta
Changes receive repeatable checks before deployment instead of reaching production unvalidated.
Targeta 263
Pregunta
What is containment?
Resposta
Limiting an incident's spread or damage while preserving necessary operations and evidence.
Targeta 264
Pregunta
What is a software development lifecycle policy meant to ensure?
Resposta
Security requirements and checks are integrated throughout design, development, release, and maintenance.
Targeta 265
Pregunta
What makes risk assessment continuous?
Resposta
Relevant signals and changes update the risk view as they occur instead of waiting for a scheduled review.
Targeta 266
Pregunta
What is a memorandum of agreement?
Resposta
A document that records agreed responsibilities and commitments between parties; its legal effect depends on its terms and jurisdiction.
Targeta 267
Pregunta
What makes a penetration test integrated?
Resposta
Offensive and defensive teams coordinate the exercise to test both attack paths and detection or response.
Targeta 268
Pregunta
How does a DNS amplification attack magnify traffic?
Resposta
It sends small spoofed queries that trigger larger replies toward the victim.
Targeta 269
Pregunta
Why does ease of recovery matter in an architecture decision?
Resposta
The design should let operators restore service and trusted state without fragile, slow, or undocumented steps.
Targeta 270
Pregunta
What does 802.1X control before a device receives normal network access?
Resposta
Port-based admission; the device or user must authenticate through the access device before ordinary traffic is allowed.
Targeta 271
Pregunta
What is rule-based access control?
Resposta
System-wide rules grant or deny access based on conditions such as network, time, or action.
Targeta 272
Pregunta
What is mobile device management?
Resposta
Central enrollment, configuration, monitoring, and enforcement for managed mobile devices.
Targeta 273
Pregunta
What tradeoff comes with a cold recovery site?
Resposta
It costs less to maintain, but recovery takes longer because systems, data, and connectivity must be prepared after activation.
Targeta 274
Pregunta
Why identify stakeholders before approving a security-sensitive change?
Resposta
They can identify operational impact, dependencies, and acceptance criteria that the implementer may otherwise miss.
Targeta 275
Pregunta
How do attestation and acknowledgement differ?
Resposta
Attestation asserts that a condition or control is true; acknowledgement confirms receipt or understanding of a requirement.
Targeta 276
Pregunta
What does zero-trust adaptive identity mean?
Resposta
Access decisions adjust to current risk signals rather than relying only on a static login.
Targeta 277
Pregunta
What makes a security control physical?
Resposta
It protects facilities or equipment through a tangible barrier or mechanism.
Targeta 278
Pregunta
What is geo-fencing for data?
Resposta
Enforcing location-based boundaries on where data or services may be accessed or operated.
Targeta 279
Pregunta
What does a Trusted Platform Module protect?
Resposta
Hardware-backed keys and measurements used for device identity, disk protection, and boot-state attestation.
Targeta 280
Pregunta
Why can a managed service provider amplify risk?
Resposta
Its privileged access and shared tooling can provide a path into many customers.
Targeta 281
Pregunta
What does probability express in risk analysis?
Resposta
A quantified chance that a defined event will occur within stated conditions or time.
Targeta 282
Pregunta
Why can shadow IT create a threat?
Resposta
It bypasses security review, inventory, monitoring, and supported configuration.
Targeta 283
Pregunta
What is on-path interception?
Resposta
An attacker positions between communicating parties to observe or alter traffic.
Targeta 284
Pregunta
Why include encryption in a system-hardening baseline?
Resposta
It limits data exposure if storage, traffic, or a protected secret is accessed outside the intended trust boundary.
Targeta 285
Pregunta
Why tune security alerts?
Resposta
To keep useful detections while reducing noise that wastes analyst attention.
Targeta 286
Pregunta
What can IPS or IDS logs contribute to an investigation?
Resposta
The matched rule or signature, source and destination, timestamp, action, and traffic context around detected activity.
Targeta 287
Pregunta
What is VM escape?
Resposta
A vulnerability that lets code break out of a virtual machine and affect the host or another guest.
Targeta 288
Pregunta
How can segmentation reduce vulnerability exposure before a patch is available?
Resposta
It limits which systems and users can reach the vulnerable service and restricts paths for lateral movement.
Targeta 289
Pregunta
Why should firewall policy name the required ports and protocols explicitly?
Resposta
Explicit scope permits only the intended service traffic and avoids exposing unnecessary network paths.
Targeta 290
Pregunta
What is a change management policy meant to control?
Resposta
How changes are requested, assessed, approved, tested, implemented, and reviewed.
Targeta 291
Pregunta
What is a hybrid-cloud architecture?
Resposta
An environment that integrates private or on-premises resources with public cloud services.
Targeta 292
Pregunta
How do AH and ESP differ in the security services they can provide?
Resposta
AH provides integrity and data-origin authentication without confidentiality. ESP can provide confidentiality and may also provide integrity and data-origin authentication. Actual services depend on AH or ESP, mode, algorithms, and policy/configuration.
Targeta 293
Pregunta
What makes user behavior risky?
Resposta
It creates avoidable exposure, such as bypassing controls, mishandling data, or using unapproved access paths.
Targeta 294
Pregunta
What is least privilege?
Resposta
Granting only the access needed for the required task and no more.
Targeta 295
Pregunta
What do Secure, HttpOnly, and SameSite cookie attributes restrict?
Resposta
Transmission to HTTPS, script access, and cross-site sending, respectively.
Targeta 296
Pregunta
Why discover unmanaged assets?
Resposta
Unknown systems cannot be patched, monitored, or governed reliably.
Targeta 297
Pregunta
What is a service-level agreement?
Resposta
Measurable service commitments and remedies, such as availability or response targets.
Targeta 298
Pregunta
What should govern automated security escalation?
Resposta
Clear severity criteria, ownership, evidence, rate limits, and a fallback path when the automation cannot decide safely.
Targeta 299
Pregunta
What is platform diversity as a resilience strategy?
Resposta
Using different implementations so one common flaw or failure is less likely to affect every copy.
Targeta 300
Pregunta
How can replayed session material affect an application?
Resposta
It can let an attacker reuse a captured token or request to impersonate a valid session or repeat an authorized action.
Targeta 301
Pregunta
What is an implicit trust zone in zero trust?
Resposta
A boundary where access was previously trusted by location alone and must instead receive explicit policy enforcement.
Targeta 302
Pregunta
What does salting a password hash accomplish?
Resposta
It makes identical passwords hash differently and defeats precomputed hash tables.
Targeta 303
Pregunta
What is spear phishing?
Resposta
Phishing tailored to a specific person, role, or organization.
Targeta 304
Pregunta
What is eradication?
Resposta
Removing the attacker's access, malicious artifacts, and exploited conditions.
Targeta 305
Pregunta
Who is a risk owner?
Resposta
The person accountable for deciding and monitoring how a specific risk is handled.
Targeta 306
Pregunta
What does a partially known penetration-test environment provide?
Resposta
The tester receives limited information or access, modeling an attacker with some insider knowledge or initial foothold.
Targeta 307
Pregunta
What is a microservices architecture?
Resposta
An application is split into small independently deployable services with explicit interfaces and distributed trust boundaries.
Targeta 308
Pregunta
What is a jump server?
Resposta
A hardened intermediary used to reach systems in a restricted management network.
Targeta 309
Pregunta
What can happen when a configuration change is made without dependency analysis?
Resposta
A downstream service can fail even when the changed component works.
Targeta 310
Pregunta
What is resource reuse exposure?
Resposta
Sensitive data from a previous use remains accessible when storage or memory is reassigned.
Targeta 311
Pregunta
Why does financial information require explicit protection?
Resposta
It can expose accounts, transactions, forecasts, or reporting and may create fraud, legal, or business risk if altered or disclosed.
Targeta 312
Pregunta
What does CVE provide?
Resposta
A common identifier for a publicly disclosed vulnerability.
Targeta 313
Pregunta
Where can DLP controls operate?
Resposta
On endpoints, networks, email, and cloud services, depending on the product and visibility.
Targeta 314
Pregunta
What does privileged password vaulting protect?
Resposta
It stores and controls use of privileged secrets so users or automation do not need to know or retain the underlying password.
Targeta 315
Pregunta
What does an access-control standard define?
Resposta
Mandatory, measurable requirements for identity, authentication, authorization, review, and removal of access.
Targeta 316
Pregunta
How can automation support compliance monitoring?
Resposta
It can collect evidence, test controls, flag exceptions, and produce repeatable reports, with human review of context.
Targeta 317
Pregunta
What does static code analysis examine?
Resposta
Source or compiled code for weakness patterns without executing the application.
Targeta 318
Pregunta
What actor attribute describes funding, time, and personnel?
Resposta
Resources.
Targeta 319
Pregunta
What is DNS poisoning?
Resposta
Introducing false DNS data so names resolve to attacker-chosen destinations.
Targeta 320
Pregunta
Why change default credentials during hardening?
Resposta
Default secrets are predictable and commonly targeted.
Targeta 321
Pregunta
What does quarantine do after a security alert?
Resposta
It restricts a suspected asset or object while analysts validate and remediate the risk.
Targeta 322
Pregunta
What does key stretching do for stored passwords?
Resposta
It deliberately makes each password guess more computationally expensive.
Targeta 323
Pregunta
What is smishing?
Resposta
Phishing delivered through SMS or another text-messaging service.
Targeta 324
Pregunta
What is qualitative risk analysis?
Resposta
Using descriptive scales such as low, medium, and high to compare likelihood and impact.
Targeta 325
Pregunta
What is a master service agreement?
Resposta
An umbrella contract establishing general legal and commercial terms for ongoing work.
Targeta 326
Pregunta
What is threat scope reduction?
Resposta
Narrowing the systems, privileges, or paths an attacker can reach.
Targeta 327
Pregunta
Why use a third-party cloud service instead of building locally?
Resposta
It can provide faster deployment, elasticity, and managed capabilities, with added dependency and governance risk.
Targeta 328
Pregunta
What should determine security-device placement?
Resposta
The traffic or resource to observe or enforce, the trust boundary, failure behavior, reachability, and resilience needs.
Targeta 329
Pregunta
What does situational awareness mean for a user?
Resposta
Notice the people, devices, requests, location, and context around a task before acting.
Targeta 330
Pregunta
What does a failover test validate?
Resposta
That the service can transfer to the alternate component or site within the required recovery targets under the tested conditions.
Targeta 331
Pregunta
What is a preventive control meant to do?
Resposta
Stop an unwanted event before it succeeds.
Targeta 332
Pregunta
What is just-in-time privileged access?
Resposta
Elevated access is granted only when needed and expires after a short approved period.
Targeta 333
Pregunta
What safeguard should security-group automation enforce?
Resposta
Least-privileged rules tied to an approved resource, owner, purpose, and review or expiration point.
Targeta 334
Pregunta
How does a reflected DDoS attack hide and multiply sources?
Resposta
The attacker spoofs the victim's address so many third-party services send their replies to the victim.
Targeta 335
Pregunta
What is a security misconfiguration?
Resposta
An unsafe setting, such as public storage, default access, or excessive permissions, that exposes a resource.
Targeta 336
Pregunta
Why can the same vulnerability have different organizational impact?
Resposta
Industry obligations, business processes, safety needs, data sensitivity, and asset criticality change the consequence of exploitation.
Targeta 337
Pregunta
What does URL scanning evaluate before a user opens a web destination?
Resposta
The address, redirect chain, reputation, category, and known threat indicators associated with the destination.
Targeta 338
Pregunta
What is the board's security governance role?
Resposta
Provide oversight, set risk direction, and hold executives accountable.
Targeta 339
Pregunta
What does code signing establish?
Resposta
That code came from the holder of the signing key and has not changed since signing.
Targeta 340
Pregunta
How should an asset's classification affect security operations?
Resposta
It should drive handling, access, monitoring, recovery, and disposal controls that match the asset's sensitivity and impact.
Targeta 341
Pregunta
How does encryption protect data?
Resposta
It uses a cryptographic key to transform plaintext into ciphertext, which authorized parties can decrypt with the required key while unauthorized readers cannot feasibly recover the original data.
Targeta 342
Pregunta
What is a secure enclave?
Resposta
A hardware-isolated execution area intended to protect selected code and data from the rest of the system.
Targeta 343
Pregunta
What is business email compromise?
Resposta
Impersonation or takeover of a business identity to induce a fraudulent action, often a payment or data release.
Targeta 344
Pregunta
What is recovery in incident response?
Resposta
Restoring services safely, monitoring them, and returning to normal operations.
Targeta 345
Pregunta
How is single loss expectancy commonly estimated?
Resposta
Asset value multiplied by the exposure factor.
Targeta 346
Pregunta
What does an unknown penetration-test environment provide?
Resposta
The tester begins with little or no internal information, modeling an external attacker's discovery process.
Targeta 347
Pregunta
What security boundary does a hypervisor provide?
Resposta
It isolates virtual machines while controlling their access to shared hardware.
Targeta 348
Pregunta
Why does a TLS tunnel not protect a compromised endpoint?
Resposta
TLS protects data between endpoints; malware or misuse at either endpoint can access the data before encryption or after decryption.
Targeta 349
Pregunta
Why update diagrams after an infrastructure change?
Resposta
Operations and incident responders need the documentation to match the deployed environment.
Targeta 350
Pregunta
What does privacy ownership assign?
Resposta
An accountable role for privacy decisions, obligations, data inventory, and corrective action.
Targeta 351
Pregunta
What does a security control gap analysis compare?
Resposta
The controls required for the target state with the controls currently in place.
Targeta 352
Pregunta
Someone outside the organization steals an employee's VPN credentials and logs in. Is the actor internal or external?
Resposta
External. Stolen internal credentials provide access but do not change the outsider's relationship to the organization.
Targeta 353
Pregunta
What is application privilege escalation?
Resposta
Exploiting a flaw or misconfiguration to gain permissions beyond those originally granted.
Targeta 354
Pregunta
What risk remains when unnecessary software is left installed?
Resposta
Its code, services, dependencies, and privileges add attack surface even when users do not need it.
Targeta 355
Pregunta
What does SCAP standardize?
Resposta
Formats and identifiers for expressing, checking, and scoring security configuration and vulnerability information.
Targeta 356
Pregunta
What can packet capture reveal?
Resposta
Protocol-level conversation details and payloads when traffic is not encrypted and collection is authorized.
Targeta 357
Pregunta
What makes a privileged credential ephemeral?
Resposta
It is created for a limited task or session and expires or is destroyed automatically after that use.
Targeta 358
Pregunta
How do a statement of work and a work order differ?
Resposta
A statement of work defines scope, deliverables, schedule, and responsibilities; a work order authorizes a defined unit of work under an agreement.
Targeta 359
Pregunta
Why might multi-cloud improve resilience?
Resposta
A provider-wide failure need not stop workloads that can run independently elsewhere.
Targeta 360
Pregunta
How can a service provider introduce a supply-chain vulnerability?
Resposta
Its privileged access, hosted service, or compromised integration can expose customers that depend on it.
Targeta 361
Pregunta
What is a false positive in vulnerability scanning?
Resposta
A reported weakness that is not actually present or exploitable in the assessed context.
Targeta 362
Pregunta
How do EDR and XDR differ?
Resposta
EDR focuses on endpoint telemetry and response; XDR correlates detection and response across endpoints and other security domains.
Targeta 363
Pregunta
What should onboarding and offboarding procedures coordinate?
Resposta
Identity, access, equipment, data, training, approvals, and ownership changes at the start or end of a relationship.
Targeta 364
Pregunta
How should an organization harden managed mobile devices?
Resposta
Enforce an MDM baseline with timely updates, screen lock and encryption, least privilege, approved apps, and remote lock or wipe.
Targeta 365
Pregunta
What is a certificate signing request?
Resposta
A request containing a public key and subject information for a certificate authority to sign.
Targeta 366
Pregunta
What is pretexting?
Resposta
Using a fabricated role or situation to make a request seem legitimate.
Targeta 367
Pregunta
How is annualized loss expectancy commonly estimated?
Resposta
Single loss expectancy multiplied by annualized rate of occurrence.
Targeta 368
Pregunta
What security consequence follows from containers sharing a kernel?
Resposta
A host-kernel compromise can affect multiple containers, so kernel and runtime hardening matter.
Targeta 369
Pregunta
Where does 802.1X enforce a network admission decision?
Resposta
At the controlled switch port or wireless access point before normal network access is granted.
Targeta 370
Pregunta
What should insider-threat awareness teach?
Resposta
Recognize misuse or concerning behavior without profiling people, and report evidence through approved channels.
Targeta 371
Pregunta
What access action is suitable for careful automation?
Resposta
Enabling or disabling a defined service or account from an approved lifecycle or incident event.
Targeta 372
Pregunta
What is an evil twin?
Resposta
A rogue wireless network made to resemble a legitimate one so users connect to it.
744 targetes
CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 Flashcards: Complete Objective Review
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Targeta 373
Pregunta
Does non-human-readable data need less protection?
Resposta
No. Encoded or machine-readable data can carry the same sensitive meaning and impact.
Targeta 374
Pregunta
What does authenticating a system establish?
Resposta
It verifies a presented authenticator or credential bound to the claimed device, workload, or service identity. Identity proofing or enrollment establishes what real-world entity that identity represents.
Targeta 375
Pregunta
What does LDAP provide in identity systems?
Resposta
A standard protocol for querying and modifying directory entries such as users, groups, and attributes.
Targeta 376
Pregunta
What is a deterrent control meant to do?
Resposta
Discourage an attacker from attempting an unwanted action.
Targeta 377
Pregunta
Why update procedures after changing a security control?
Resposta
Staff need accurate steps for operating, monitoring, and recovering the new control.
Targeta 378
Pregunta
How does OCSP differ from a certificate revocation list?
Resposta
OCSP returns status for a specific certificate, while a revocation list distributes a signed set of revoked certificate serial numbers.
Targeta 379
Pregunta
What is the goal of data exfiltration?
Resposta
Remove data from its authorized environment without permission.
Targeta 380
Pregunta
What is a watering-hole attack?
Resposta
Compromising a site frequented by the intended targets so their visits expose them.
Targeta 381
Pregunta
How can a hardware provider introduce a supply-chain vulnerability?
Resposta
A compromised component, firmware image, manufacturing step, or delivery path can weaken the device before deployment.
Targeta 382
Pregunta
What is application forgery?
Resposta
Creating or altering a request, token, or object so the application treats it as authentic.
Targeta 383
Pregunta
How does least privilege mitigate compromise?
Resposta
It limits the actions and resources available to a compromised account or process.
Targeta 384
Pregunta
What is serverless computing?
Resposta
A model where the provider manages servers and the customer deploys event-driven code or functions.
Targeta 385
Pregunta
What makes an infrastructure control effective for a specific risk?
Resposta
Its placement, failure behavior, visibility, enforcement scope, and operating cost match the protected path and threat.
Targeta 386
Pregunta
What does parallel recovery processing test?
Resposta
Whether primary and alternate environments can run together consistently before a controlled cutover.
Targeta 387
Pregunta
Which password-authentication method does WPA3-Personal use?
Resposta
Simultaneous Authentication of Equals, which replaces WPA2-Personal's PSK authentication and resists offline password guessing.
Targeta 388
Pregunta
How does data retention affect asset disposal?
Resposta
Required data must be preserved for its retention period, while expired data should be sanitized before reuse or destruction.
Targeta 389
Pregunta
What is a false negative in vulnerability scanning?
Resposta
A real weakness that the assessment fails to report.
Targeta 390
Pregunta
What does recurring security scanning add to monitoring?
Resposta
Periodic discovery of exposed services, missing fixes, weak configurations, or other detectable changes.
Targeta 391
Pregunta
What should guide port selection for a secure protocol?
Resposta
Use the documented service port or an explicitly managed alternative, and expose it only on the required interfaces and paths.
Targeta 392
Pregunta
What does forensic acquisition create?
Resposta
A controlled, documented copy or collection of relevant evidence while preserving its integrity and context.
Targeta 393
Pregunta
How do system owners and data owners divide security accountability?
Resposta
A system owner is accountable for the system's risk, access, operation, and lifecycle; a data owner sets the data's classification, access, handling, and retention requirements.
Targeta 394
Pregunta
What does likelihood express in risk analysis?
Resposta
A reasoned estimate of how plausible or frequent an event is, often stated qualitatively when precise probability is unavailable.
Targeta 395
Pregunta
What is a memorandum of understanding?
Resposta
A documented understanding of intentions and responsibilities, whose legal effect depends on its terms and jurisdiction.
Targeta 396
Pregunta
What does the right to be forgotten generally require?
Resposta
Deletion of qualifying personal data when the applicable law grants the right and no overriding retention duty applies.
Targeta 397
Pregunta
What does an audit committee oversee?
Resposta
Audit independence, plans, significant findings, management responses, and corrective-action follow-through.
Targeta 398
Pregunta
What does identity interoperability require?
Resposta
Compatible protocols, attribute meanings, trust, and lifecycle behavior across connected systems.
Targeta 399
Pregunta
How does a bollard protect a facility?
Resposta
It blocks or redirects vehicles before they can reach a protected area.
Targeta 400
Pregunta
How can hashing protect a downloaded file?
Resposta
A trusted digest lets the recipient detect whether the file changed.
Targeta 401
Pregunta
What is a credential replay attack?
Resposta
Using captured valid credentials or tokens again without needing to discover the secret.
Targeta 402
Pregunta
How can automation complexity create security risk?
Resposta
Hidden dependencies and branching behavior can make failures difficult to predict, diagnose, contain, or reverse.
Targeta 403
Pregunta
What must an architecture provide when a component cannot be patched?
Resposta
Compensating isolation, restricted access, monitoring, and a replacement plan that reduce exposure until the component can be retired.
Targeta 404
Pregunta
What makes remote access secure?
Resposta
Controlled, authenticated, encrypted access to a private resource from outside its local trusted network.
Targeta 405
Pregunta
What should users verify before connecting removable media or a cable?
Resposta
That the device and connection are approved, expected, and handled under organizational policy.
Targeta 406
Pregunta
What is a self-signed certificate?
Resposta
A certificate signed by its own private key rather than by a separate trusted issuer.
Targeta 407
Pregunta
What is brand impersonation?
Resposta
Using a trusted organization's identity or look to deceive people.
Targeta 408
Pregunta
What characterizes a conservative risk appetite?
Resposta
A preference for lower uncertainty and exposure, even when that limits speed, return, or opportunity.
Targeta 409
Pregunta
What should a managed mobile device verify before using Wi-Fi?
Resposta
The expected network identity, strong encryption, trusted authentication, and policy compliance before sending sensitive traffic.
Targeta 410
Pregunta
What is a zero-day vulnerability?
Resposta
A flaw previously unknown to the vendor or defenders, or one without an available fix when discovered. A zero-day exploit is code or a technique that attacks such a flaw.
Targeta 411
Pregunta
What does verification confirm after vulnerability remediation?
Resposta
Retesting confirms that the remediation removed or reduced the finding as intended within the tested scope.
Targeta 412
Pregunta
What is user and entity behavior analytics?
Resposta
Analysis that identifies deviations from expected behavior for users, accounts, hosts, or services.
Targeta 413
Pregunta
What does a physical security policy establish?
Resposta
Required protection for facilities, people, equipment, entry, monitoring, and response to physical events.
Targeta 414
Pregunta
What does a UPS provide?
Resposta
Immediate short-term power and power conditioning while systems shut down or alternate power starts.
Targeta 415
Pregunta
What is a nondisclosure agreement?
Resposta
A contract restricting use and disclosure of defined confidential information.
Targeta 416
Pregunta
What should be checked before assigning a user permission?
Resposta
The user's approved duties, the resource and action allowed, separation-of-duties conflicts, and the impact if the permission is misused.
Targeta 417
Pregunta
How does espionage differ from ordinary theft?
Resposta
It seeks confidential intelligence for strategic advantage, often while remaining hidden.
Targeta 418
Pregunta
What is password spraying?
Resposta
Trying a small set of common passwords across many accounts to avoid lockouts.
Targeta 419
Pregunta
What is the purpose of system isolation during an incident?
Resposta
Stop harmful communication while preserving the system for response and investigation.
Targeta 420
Pregunta
What is a security benchmark?
Resposta
A documented set of recommended configuration checks for a platform or product.
Targeta 421
Pregunta
Which metadata fields give a log record investigative context?
Resposta
Fields such as timestamp and time zone, source system, user or process identity, event ID or type, severity, and correlation ID.
Targeta 422
Pregunta
What does an access-control vestibule prevent?
Resposta
It limits tailgating by allowing controlled passage through one door at a time.
Targeta 423
Pregunta
What is version control's security value for configuration?
Resposta
It preserves attributable history and enables review or rollback of changes.
Targeta 424
Pregunta
Why use both internal and external compliance monitoring?
Resposta
Internal monitoring supports continuous correction; external review adds independent or regulatory scrutiny.
Targeta 425
Pregunta
What distinguishes on-premises architecture?
Resposta
The organization operates the infrastructure in facilities it controls and retains the associated physical and platform duties.
Targeta 426
Pregunta
What risk can split tunneling add to a VPN?
Resposta
The endpoint can reach the protected network and an untrusted network at the same time, creating a path around centralized inspection.
Targeta 427
Pregunta
What is a certificate root of trust?
Resposta
A trusted root certificate or key from which a client validates a certificate chain.
Targeta 428
Pregunta
What is typosquatting?
Resposta
Registering a look-alike domain based on common typing errors or visual similarity.
Targeta 429
Pregunta
What is root-cause analysis?
Resposta
Identifying the underlying conditions that allowed an incident, not just its visible symptoms.
Targeta 430
Pregunta
What is risk tolerance?
Resposta
The acceptable variation or boundary around a specific objective or risk area.
Targeta 431
Pregunta
What is a security self-assessment?
Resposta
A structured internal evaluation in which the organization measures its own controls against selected criteria.
Targeta 432
Pregunta
What does data masking change?
Resposta
It replaces sensitive values with altered but usable representations, often preserving format for testing or display.
Targeta 433
Pregunta
How do wireless authentication protocols let clients prove identity securely?
Resposta
They define how a client proves control of a credential, such as a password-derived secret or a certificate's private key; stronger choices also validate the server and protect the exchange.
Targeta 434
Pregunta
Why reconcile inventory with network discovery?
Resposta
Differences expose missing records, retired systems, or unauthorized devices.
Targeta 435
Pregunta
Why does sideloading raise mobile risk?
Resposta
It can bypass store review, signing policy, and managed application controls.
Targeta 436
Pregunta
What does an information-sharing organization add to vulnerability management?
Resposta
Sector or community intelligence about relevant threats, incidents, and defensive action.
Targeta 437
Pregunta
What does a web-filter block rule specify?
Resposta
The URL, domain, category, reputation, content, user, or context that should prevent a web request.
Targeta 438
Pregunta
How do data custodians and data stewards differ?
Resposta
Custodians implement and operate technical safeguards for data; stewards guide its definitions, quality, handling, and proper use under the owner’s direction.
Targeta 439
Pregunta
What is a brute-force password attack?
Resposta
Systematically trying many candidate secrets against an account or protected value.
Targeta 440
Pregunta
What is a compensating control?
Resposta
An alternative safeguard used when the preferred control is impractical or unavailable.
Targeta 441
Pregunta
How can location act as an authentication factor?
Resposta
A system can evaluate where the claimant is, but location signals are usually contextual and spoofable rather than sufficient alone.
Targeta 442
Pregunta
Why must security automation remain supportable?
Resposta
Owners must be able to update dependencies, understand failures, rotate credentials, and adapt the workflow as systems change.
Targeta 443
Pregunta
What does a standby generator provide?
Resposta
Longer-duration power during a utility outage, after a startup delay.
Targeta 444
Pregunta
What makes an architecture air-gapped?
Resposta
It has no direct network path to less-trusted networks, although removable media and maintenance workflows can still cross the boundary.
Targeta 445
Pregunta
What is a software-defined WAN?
Resposta
A centrally managed overlay that selects wide-area paths by policy across underlying network links.
Targeta 446
Pregunta
What password-management behavior should awareness training reinforce?
Resposta
Use unique long passwords through an approved manager and report suspected compromise promptly.
Targeta 447
Pregunta
What security value does fencing provide?
Resposta
It defines and delays entry across a physical perimeter.
Targeta 448
Pregunta
What is a wildcard certificate?
Resposta
A certificate that can match multiple hosts at one domain level, such as subdomains of an example domain.
Targeta 449
Pregunta
How does misinformation differ from disinformation?
Resposta
Misinformation is false regardless of intent; disinformation is deliberately false or misleading.
Targeta 450
Pregunta
What is a risk threshold?
Resposta
A defined level that triggers escalation, treatment, or another required response.
Targeta 451
Pregunta
What does a vendor penetration test contribute to assessment?
Resposta
Authorized evidence of exploitable paths in the vendor's relevant environment under agreed scope.
Targeta 452
Pregunta
What is the objective of a service-disruption attack?
Resposta
Make a system or business function unavailable or unreliable.
Targeta 453
Pregunta
What is directory traversal?
Resposta
Manipulating a file path to reach files outside the directory the application intended to expose.
Targeta 454
Pregunta
Why decommission an unsupported system?
Resposta
Removing it eliminates an exposure that can no longer be patched or securely maintained.
Targeta 455
Pregunta
Why archive security-monitoring data?
Resposta
To preserve evidence for investigations, trend analysis, compliance, and retention requirements beyond the live system.
Targeta 456
Pregunta
What role does RADIUS commonly play in enterprise Wi-Fi?
Resposta
It centralizes authentication, authorization information, and accounting for network access.
Targeta 457
Pregunta
Why separate the requester and approver of a high-risk change?
Resposta
To reduce error, fraud, and unilateral unauthorized modification.
Targeta 458
Pregunta
Why can a jailbroken device violate a security baseline?
Resposta
It weakens platform isolation and allows unapproved privileged changes.
Targeta 459
Pregunta
When is tokenization especially useful?
Resposta
When a system needs a surrogate value without retaining the original sensitive value in that workflow.
Targeta 460
Pregunta
Why can dark-web intelligence affect vulnerability priority?
Resposta
Discussion, exploit sales, or leaked access can signal attacker interest, but the evidence must be validated.
Targeta 461
Pregunta
What firewall policy should govern traffic from a screened subnet to internal systems?
Resposta
Deny it by default and allow only explicitly required flows.
Targeta 462
Pregunta
What does SAML commonly carry?
Resposta
XML assertions about authentication and attributes between an identity provider and service provider; signatures commonly protect their authenticity and integrity.
Targeta 463
Pregunta
What does a security governance committee do?
Resposta
It coordinates stakeholders, reviews risk and performance, and makes or recommends decisions within its charter.
Targeta 464
Pregunta
How can global privacy requirements affect one data process?
Resposta
A shared process may need to satisfy overlapping duties across jurisdictions where people, systems, or data are located.
Targeta 465
Pregunta
What characterizes an IoT device?
Resposta
It combines sensing or actuation with network connectivity, often under tight resource and update constraints.
Targeta 466
Pregunta
What is a unified threat management appliance?
Resposta
One device combines several controls, such as firewalling, intrusion prevention, filtering, and malware inspection.
Targeta 467
Pregunta
What does a hardware security module provide?
Resposta
A dedicated, tamper-resistant environment for generating, storing, and using cryptographic keys.
Targeta 468
Pregunta
A remotely reachable API is fixed, but its desktop client stays vulnerable. What exposure remains?
Resposta
Client-based exposure remains because the installed endpoint software is still vulnerable; fixing the remote API does not remediate the client.
Targeta 469
Pregunta
What is a tabletop exercise?
Resposta
A discussion-based walkthrough of a scenario to test decisions, roles, and procedures.
Targeta 470
Pregunta
What does a risk exemption authorize?
Resposta
A documented release from a requirement for a defined scope, owner, rationale, controls, review, and expiration.
Targeta 471
Pregunta
What is a regulatory examination?
Resposta
An authorized regulator reviews records, controls, and practices to determine whether the organization meets applicable requirements.
Targeta 472
Pregunta
What does physical video surveillance primarily provide?
Resposta
Detection and evidence of activity in monitored areas.
Targeta 473
Pregunta
What is a birthday attack against a hash?
Resposta
Using collision probability to find any two matching digests much faster than targeting one exact preimage.
Targeta 474
Pregunta
Why keep backups both onsite and offsite?
Resposta
Onsite copies support fast recovery, while offsite copies survive a site-wide loss.
Targeta 475
Pregunta
How does technical debt affect security automation?
Resposta
Outdated assumptions, dependencies, and workarounds make the workflow harder to change and more likely to fail unsafely.
Targeta 476
Pregunta
What should switch hardening restrict first?
Resposta
Administrative access, unused ports, insecure management protocols, and unauthorized changes to switching configuration.
Targeta 477
Pregunta
What should happen when an asset changes owners?
Resposta
Inventory, access, support responsibility, and data handling should be updated.
Targeta 478
Pregunta
What does evidence of a vendor's internal audits contribute?
Resposta
It shows how the vendor tests its own controls, records findings, assigns remediation, and follows issues to closure.
Targeta 479
Pregunta
What is identity attestation?
Resposta
Evidence that an identity, device, authenticator, or claim has been verified by a trusted process.
Targeta 480
Pregunta
Why can standard enterprise patching be unsafe for an RTOS device?
Resposta
A change can disrupt timing guarantees or certified operational behavior.
Targeta 481
Pregunta
What is secure access service edge?
Resposta
A cloud-delivered architecture that combines wide-area connectivity with policy-driven security services near users and resources.
Targeta 482
Pregunta
What social-engineering habit should awareness training reinforce?
Resposta
Pause and independently verify unusual requests instead of trusting urgency, authority, or familiarity.
Targeta 483
Pregunta
How can a software provider introduce a supply-chain vulnerability?
Resposta
A compromised package, build system, dependency, or update channel can deliver vulnerable or malicious code to customers.
Targeta 484
Pregunta
Why include internet exposure in remediation priority?
Resposta
A reachable vulnerable service usually has more attack opportunity than an isolated one.
Targeta 485
Pregunta
What does a mail gateway inspect?
Resposta
Inbound and outbound email for threats, policy violations, spoofing, and sensitive data.
Targeta 486
Pregunta
What is a data controller?
Resposta
The entity that determines why and how personal data is processed.
Targeta 487
Pregunta
How does blackmail motivate a cyberattack?
Resposta
The attacker threatens disclosure or harm unless the victim complies.
Targeta 488
Pregunta
What is a downgrade attack?
Resposta
Forcing parties to use an older or weaker protocol or security mode.
Targeta 489
Pregunta
How does encryption mitigate data exposure?
Resposta
It makes captured data unreadable without the required key.
Targeta 490
Pregunta
How do network and web vulnerability scanners differ?
Resposta
Network scanners assess reachable hosts, services, versions, and configurations; web scanners exercise running web behavior for application weaknesses.
Targeta 491
Pregunta
How can vulnerability-scan data support an investigation?
Resposta
It shows which weaknesses, versions, services, and exposures were known on the affected systems near the incident timeline.
Targeta 492
Pregunta
What is key escrow?
Resposta
Controlled storage of a recoverable copy of a cryptographic key by an authorized party.
Targeta 493
Pregunta
Which human vector commonly uses a fake sign-in page to harvest credentials?
Resposta
Phishing; the message sends the target to an imitation service that captures the submitted credentials.
Targeta 494
Pregunta
What is risk avoidance?
Resposta
Stopping or not starting the activity that creates the risk.
Targeta 495
Pregunta
What is data obfuscation?
Resposta
Making data harder to understand while preserving some utility, without necessarily providing cryptographic secrecy.
Targeta 496
Pregunta
What is a directive control?
Resposta
A safeguard that tells people what behavior or action is required.
Targeta 497
Pregunta
What does a security guard add that a camera cannot?
Resposta
Human judgment and an immediate physical response.
Targeta 498
Pregunta
Why define restricted activities in change management?
Resposta
High-risk actions can then require extra authorization, separation of duties, or a prohibited window.
Targeta 499
Pregunta
What contractual impact can noncompliance create?
Resposta
It can trigger remediation duties, service credits, indemnity, audit rights, suspension, termination, or claims for breach.
Targeta 500
Pregunta
What should determine backup frequency?
Resposta
The recovery point objective, data-change rate, business impact, and available replication or storage capacity.
Targeta 501
Pregunta
What should router hardening protect?
Resposta
Administrative access, routing configuration, exposed services, and the integrity of traffic-control policy.
Targeta 502
Pregunta
What problem does OAuth 2.0 address?
Resposta
Delegated authorization: a client obtains limited access to a resource without receiving the user's password.
Targeta 503
Pregunta
What does SCADA do?
Resposta
It provides supervisory monitoring and control across distributed industrial equipment.
Targeta 504
Pregunta
How does a Layer 3/4 firewall rule differ from a Layer 7 rule?
Resposta
Layer 3/4 evaluates IP addresses plus transport protocols and ports; Layer 7 evaluates application content or actions.
Targeta 505
Pregunta
What distinguishes a computer virus?
Resposta
It attaches to a host file or program and spreads when that infected host executes or is shared.
Targeta 506
Pregunta
What does a key management system coordinate?
Resposta
Secure key creation, storage, access, rotation, revocation, recovery, and destruction.
Targeta 507
Pregunta
How can an unsecure wired network expose traffic?
Resposta
An unauthorized device on the network may observe, redirect, or inject traffic when access control and link protections are weak.
Targeta 508
Pregunta
Why is vulnerable device firmware hard to remediate?
Resposta
Firmware updates may be rare, vendor-dependent, or impossible after support ends.
Targeta 509
Pregunta
What does patching change in vulnerability remediation?
Resposta
It installs the vendor's corrected code or configuration to remove the underlying software weakness.
Targeta 510
Pregunta
What does DMARC add to SPF and DKIM?
Resposta
Domain alignment, receiver policy, and reporting for messages claiming the visible From domain.
Targeta 511
Pregunta
How does automation improve security efficiency?
Resposta
It performs repeatable actions quickly and consistently while reducing manual handoffs and rework.
Targeta 512
Pregunta
What is a simulation exercise?
Resposta
A more realistic practice in which participants respond to injected events using operational processes.
Targeta 513
Pregunta
What is a data processor?
Resposta
An entity that processes personal data on behalf of a controller.
Targeta 514
Pregunta
What is risk mitigation?
Resposta
Reducing likelihood, impact, or both through controls or process changes.
Targeta 515
Pregunta
Why monitor a vendor after onboarding?
Resposta
Security posture, ownership, services, incidents, and dependencies can change.
Targeta 516
Pregunta
What does a physical penetration test assess?
Resposta
Whether authorized testers can bypass facility, personnel, and physical access controls under agreed rules.
Targeta 517
Pregunta
Why use access badges at a facility?
Resposta
To associate entry attempts with authorized identities and enforce access rules.
Targeta 518
Pregunta
How does permission restriction protect data?
Resposta
Only authorized identities receive the actions and scope their roles require.
Targeta 519
Pregunta
What is the usual objective of ransomware extortion?
Resposta
Force payment by denying access, threatening disclosure, or both.
Targeta 520
Pregunta
What does impossible travel indicate?
Resposta
One identity appears to authenticate from distant locations too quickly for legitimate travel.
Targeta 521
Pregunta
What is configuration enforcement?
Resposta
Continuously applying or restoring approved settings so systems do not remain in an insecure state.
Targeta 522
Pregunta
What does a web vulnerability scanner inspect?
Resposta
Running web behavior for issues such as unsafe input handling and insecure configuration.
Targeta 523
Pregunta
How does cost affect an architecture choice?
Resposta
It constrains acquisition, operation, staffing, resilience, and recovery options across the system's life.
Targeta 524
Pregunta
What does EAP provide with 802.1X?
Resposta
A framework for carrying an authentication method between the supplicant and authentication infrastructure.
Targeta 525
Pregunta
What should operational-security training help users protect?
Resposta
Sensitive routines, capabilities, locations, relationships, and small details that an observer could combine into useful intelligence.
Targeta 526
Pregunta
What does a time-of-day access rule do?
Resposta
Allows or denies a requested action according to an approved schedule.
Targeta 527
Pregunta
What should cloud infrastructure hardening establish?
Resposta
Secure identities, network boundaries, logging, encryption, approved configurations, and continuous checks for drift.
Targeta 528
Pregunta
What should an asset owner ensure during offboarding?
Resposta
Assigned assets, access, data, and custody records are returned, transferred, or disposed of under the approved process.
Targeta 529
Pregunta
Why encrypt backups?
Resposta
Backup media and transfers can expose the same sensitive data as production systems.
Targeta 530
Pregunta
What is steganography?
Resposta
Hiding the existence of data inside another medium rather than merely encrypting its contents.
Targeta 531
Pregunta
Which human vector uses a fabricated authority role to justify a sensitive request?
Resposta
Pretexting; the attacker invents a credible role and situation to make the request seem legitimate.
Targeta 532
Pregunta
Why does risk transfer not remove accountability?
Resposta
The organization can retain legal, reputational, operational, and oversight consequences.
Targeta 533
Pregunta
Why validate a change after deployment?
Resposta
To confirm the intended result occurred without introducing unacceptable side effects.
Targeta 534
Pregunta
What makes end-of-life hardware a security vulnerability?
Resposta
The vendor no longer supplies fixes or support, so known weaknesses can persist without a reliable remediation path.
Targeta 535
Pregunta
What does an audit add to remediation validation?
Resposta
Independent evidence that the approved fix, process, and documentation were completed and remain effective.
Targeta 536
Pregunta
Why can SPF pass while a message still impersonates a brand?
Resposta
SPF checks the envelope domain, which may differ from the visible From domain.
Targeta 537
Pregunta
What role can a government entity have in security governance?
Resposta
It can establish, enforce, or oversee legal and regulatory requirements within its authority.
Targeta 538
Pregunta
How do data inventory and retention support privacy governance?
Resposta
The inventory records what data is processed and where; retention rules define how long it is kept and when it is deleted or anonymized.
Targeta 539
Pregunta
What can concurrent sessions from distant regions indicate?
Resposta
A stolen account or shared credential, subject to VPN and proxy context.
Targeta 540
Pregunta
What does supply-chain analysis examine?
Resposta
Upstream providers, components, dependencies, concentration, and compromise paths that can affect the purchased service.
Targeta 541
Pregunta
What is the purpose of facility lighting as a control?
Resposta
Deter covert activity and improve observation of people and areas.
Targeta 542
Pregunta
What architecture quality keeps a service usable during component failure?
Resposta
Availability.
Targeta 543
Pregunta
When is fail-open behavior preferable to fail-closed behavior?
Resposta
When preserving availability during control failure is more important than blocking uninspected traffic, based on the system's risk decision.
Targeta 544
Pregunta
Which control function does a login-failure alert provide?
Resposta
Detection; it reveals suspicious authentication activity.
Targeta 545
Pregunta
What does a biometric MFA implementation verify?
Resposta
A measured physical or behavioral characteristic presented by the user, matched against an enrolled template.
Targeta 546
Pregunta
How can automation enforce a security baseline?
Resposta
It compares realized settings with the approved state and reports or corrects unauthorized drift.
Targeta 547
Pregunta
How do wireless cryptographic protocols protect network traffic?
Resposta
They encrypt frames over the air and add integrity protection, reducing eavesdropping and tampering when a secure protocol and configuration are used.
Targeta 548
Pregunta
Why segment sensitive data stores?
Resposta
It limits reachable paths and separates them from lower-trust workloads.
Targeta 549
Pregunta
What must remain secret in an asymmetric key pair?
Resposta
The private key; disclosure lets another party impersonate the owner or decrypt data intended for that key, depending on its use.
Targeta 550
Pregunta
How can a supplier become a supply-chain attack vector?
Resposta
A compromised material, component, credential, or delivery process can weaken products before they reach the organization.
Targeta 551
Pregunta
What is e-discovery?
Resposta
Identifying, preserving, collecting, reviewing, and producing electronically stored information for a legal matter.
Targeta 552
Pregunta
What characterizes a neutral risk appetite?
Resposta
A balanced willingness to accept uncertainty when expected value and controls justify the exposure.
Targeta 553
Pregunta
What is passive reconnaissance?
Resposta
Gathering information without directly interacting with the target's systems.
Targeta 554
Pregunta
What does a philosophical motive mean for a threat actor?
Resposta
The actor acts to advance a belief or moral position rather than primarily for money.
Targeta 555
Pregunta
What does unexpected resource consumption indicate?
Resposta
Possible malware, denial of service, cryptomining, or a malfunction that needs investigation.
Targeta 556
Pregunta
What does a host-based intrusion prevention system do?
Resposta
It monitors activity on one host and can block behavior that matches exploit or attack rules.
Targeta 557
Pregunta
How does agent-based monitoring differ from agentless monitoring?
Resposta
An agent collects local detail on the host; agentless monitoring uses remote interfaces and may have less visibility.
Targeta 558
Pregunta
What can network logs contribute to an investigation?
Resposta
Connection timing, endpoints, protocols, routing, name resolution, and other evidence of communication across the environment.
Targeta 559
Pregunta
What is the purpose of a backup restore test?
Resposta
Demonstrate under tested conditions that required data and systems can be recovered within expectations.
Targeta 560
Pregunta
Why can obsolete hardware become a security risk?
Resposta
It may lack supported firmware, modern protections, or replacement parts.
Targeta 561
Pregunta
What does rescanning confirm after remediation?
Resposta
Whether the scanner can still detect the original finding on the affected asset.
Targeta 562
Pregunta
What should a secure transport method provide?
Resposta
Authenticated endpoints where required, confidentiality, integrity, replay resistance, and supported cryptography for the traffic.
Targeta 563
Pregunta
How can law affect security governance?
Resposta
It can impose mandatory duties based on jurisdiction, data, industry, or activity.
Targeta 564
Pregunta
What does resilience mean for a security architecture?
Resposta
The ability to withstand disruption, adapt, and recover while preserving essential functions.
Targeta 565
Pregunta
Why minimize an infrastructure's attack surface?
Resposta
Fewer exposed services and paths leave fewer opportunities for exploitation.
Targeta 566
Pregunta
What does executing a security-awareness program require?
Resposta
Delivering the approved content to the intended audiences, tracking participation, handling exceptions, and measuring outcomes.
Targeta 567
Pregunta
What does an infrared security sensor detect?
Resposta
A change in infrared energy, often the heat pattern created by a person moving through its field of view.
Targeta 568
Pregunta
What is a knowledge factor?
Resposta
Something the claimant knows, such as a password.
Targeta 569
Pregunta
Why review allow-list and deny-list impact before a change?
Resposta
Adding or removing an entry can unexpectedly grant access, block users, or interrupt dependencies.
Targeta 570
Pregunta
What does partition-level encryption protect?
Resposta
One selected disk partition, leaving other partitions outside that encryption boundary.
Targeta 571
Pregunta
How can instant messaging deliver a security attack?
Resposta
It can deliver a malicious link, file, request, or impersonated conversation through a fast, trusted-looking channel.
Targeta 572
Pregunta
What can repeated blocked-content events indicate?
Resposta
Malware, policy bypass, a misconfigured application, or a user repeatedly reaching prohibited resources.
Targeta 573
Pregunta
What should a server-hardening baseline reduce?
Resposta
Unnecessary services, exposed administration, weak identity controls, insecure defaults, and unmonitored configuration change.
Targeta 574
Pregunta
When is physical media destruction appropriate?
Resposta
When reuse is unnecessary or sanitization cannot provide adequate assurance.
Targeta 575
Pregunta
What is mean time to repair?
Resposta
The average time required to restore a failed component or service.
Targeta 576
Pregunta
Why disclose conflicts of interest during vendor selection?
Resposta
A personal or financial relationship can bias evaluation away from the organization's requirements.
Targeta 577
Pregunta
What is a fine for noncompliance?
Resposta
A monetary penalty imposed for failing to meet a legal, regulatory, or contractual requirement.
Targeta 578
Pregunta
What does a public data classification authorize?
Resposta
Approved disclosure without confidentiality restrictions, while integrity and availability requirements may still apply.
Targeta 579
Pregunta
What security benefit comes from standard infrastructure configurations?
Resposta
They reduce variation, make review repeatable, and let the same approved controls be applied across resources.
Targeta 580
Pregunta
How does horizontal scaling increase capacity?
Resposta
It adds more service instances and distributes work among them.
Targeta 581
Pregunta
Why can added connectivity weaken segmentation?
Resposta
Each allowed path can become a route for lateral movement or data escape.
Targeta 582
Pregunta
What coding practice is central to preventing SQL injection?
Resposta
Use parameterized queries so untrusted values remain data rather than executable query syntax.
Targeta 583
Pregunta
When is a compensating control appropriate for a vulnerability?
Resposta
When timely removal or patching is infeasible and another control can reduce the risk.
Targeta 584
Pregunta
How does agent-based web filtering enforce policy?
Resposta
Software on the endpoint evaluates or redirects web traffic, including traffic that does not pass through a central network proxy.
Targeta 585
Pregunta
How can regulation differ from an internal policy?
Resposta
Regulation is externally enforceable; internal policy is an organizational rule that may implement external duties.
Targeta 586
Pregunta
What is a storage snapshot?
Resposta
A point-in-time representation of data or system state, whose independence depends on how it is stored.
Targeta 587
Pregunta
What does password age measure?
Resposta
How long the current password has existed, which policy may use to prevent immediate reuse or trigger a risk-based change.
Targeta 588
Pregunta
What does an ethical motive mean in vulnerability research?
Resposta
The researcher intends to improve security, typically through authorized testing and responsible disclosure.
Targeta 589
Pregunta
What can missing security logs indicate?
Resposta
Logging failure, tampering, retention misconfiguration, or an inactive source.
Targeta 590
Pregunta
Why disable unused ports and protocols?
Resposta
They expose unnecessary communication paths and code that attackers can reach.
Targeta 591
Pregunta
What does antivirus contribute to monitoring?
Resposta
It scans files, memory, or behavior and reports suspected malicious code.
Targeta 592
Pregunta
What is a honeypot?
Resposta
A decoy system or service designed to attract and observe malicious activity.
Targeta 593
Pregunta
What does file-level encryption protect?
Resposta
Selected files independently of whether the rest of the disk or volume is encrypted.
Targeta 594
Pregunta
How can SMS deliver a security attack?
Resposta
A text message can carry a malicious link or urgent request that exploits the recipient's trust in the phone channel.
Targeta 595
Pregunta
What happens during incident analysis?
Resposta
Responders validate the event, determine scope and impact, build a timeline, and identify the systems, accounts, and data involved.
Targeta 596
Pregunta
What is mean time between failures?
Resposta
The average operating time between repairable failures.
Targeta 597
Pregunta
What is active reconnaissance?
Resposta
Probing or interacting with target systems to discover services and behavior.
Targeta 598
Pregunta
What constraint should guide ICS or SCADA hardening?
Resposta
Safety and process availability must be preserved while access, services, network paths, and changes are tightly controlled.
Targeta 599
Pregunta
Which control function does restoring a clean system image provide?
Resposta
Correction; it returns the system to a known-good state.
Targeta 600
Pregunta
What does responsiveness mean in an architecture decision?
Resposta
How quickly the system and its operators can adapt to demand, failure, or attack.
Targeta 601
Pregunta
How does out-of-band access strengthen remote administration?
Resposta
It uses a management path separate from production traffic, preserving controlled access during an outage or compromise.
Targeta 602
Pregunta
What makes user behavior unexpected?
Resposta
It differs materially from the person's normal role, timing, location, resource use, or established work pattern.
Targeta 603
Pregunta
What is a work order?
Resposta
A document authorizing a defined unit of work under an existing agreement.
Targeta 604
Pregunta
What can out-of-cycle logging indicate?
Resposta
Unexpected activity outside a system's normal schedule, including misuse, compromise, or an unplanned job.
Targeta 605
Pregunta
Why update a standard operating procedure after a change?
Resposta
It keeps routine work aligned with the new approved state and reduces inconsistent or unsafe execution.
Targeta 606
Pregunta
What coding practice limits cross-site scripting?
Resposta
Context-appropriate output encoding, supported by safe templating and input handling.
Targeta 607
Pregunta
What does a restricted data classification indicate?
Resposta
Access is tightly limited because unauthorized disclosure, alteration, or loss would create serious harm.
Targeta 608
Pregunta
How does a bug bounty support responsible disclosure?
Resposta
It defines eligible systems, rules, reporting, and possible rewards for external researchers.
Targeta 609
Pregunta
What does web-filter content categorization provide?
Resposta
A policy label for a site or page based on its subject, function, or risk so access rules can treat categories consistently.
Targeta 610
Pregunta
How do hard and soft authentication tokens differ?
Resposta
A hard token is a separate physical device; a soft token is implemented in software on a general-purpose device.
Targeta 611
Pregunta
How can industry requirements affect security governance?
Resposta
Industry standards, shared practices, assurance expectations, and sector-specific risks can shape required policies and controls.
Targeta 612
Pregunta
How can noncompliance cause loss of a license?
Resposta
An authority may suspend or revoke the permission needed to operate, sell, or perform regulated work.
Targeta 613
Pregunta
What does volume-level encryption protect?
Resposta
All data within a selected logical storage volume.
Targeta 614
Pregunta
How can impersonation exploit familiarity?
Resposta
The attacker imitates a known person or routine communication style so the request receives less scrutiny.
Targeta 615
Pregunta
How does RTO guide recovery design?
Resposta
It sets the target maximum time to restore the function, driving recovery automation, staffing, capacity, and site choices.
Targeta 616
Pregunta
What is a honeynet?
Resposta
A network of decoy systems used to study or divert attackers.
Targeta 617
Pregunta
What does backup replication provide?
Resposta
Additional synchronized or copied recovery data in another system or location.
Targeta 618
Pregunta
What lets automation scale securely?
Resposta
Bounded permissions, validated inputs, rate controls, audit records, and consistent policy at every new resource.
Targeta 619
Pregunta
Why monitor a hardened computing resource continuously?
Resposta
New drift, failures, attacks, and unsupported changes can appear after a secure baseline is deployed.
Targeta 620
Pregunta
Why keep a certificate of destruction?
Resposta
It documents that a disposal provider handled specified media under the agreed process.
Targeta 621
Pregunta
Why consider patch availability before selecting a platform?
Resposta
Unsupported or difficult-to-update components accumulate known exposure.
Targeta 622
Pregunta
Why should remote administration use an encrypted, authenticated protocol?
Resposta
It keeps credentials and commands confidential in transit. When correctly configured with integrity protection, the protocol also detects tampering and authenticates the intended endpoint.
Targeta 623
Pregunta
How can revenge motivate an insider incident?
Resposta
A disgruntled person may damage systems or disclose data to punish the organization.
Targeta 624
Pregunta
What is a published or documented indicator of malicious activity?
Resposta
A malicious observable or behavior—such as a hash, domain, IP address, or TTP—shared through threat intelligence, an advisory, or an incident report to help identify related malicious activity.
Targeta 625
Pregunta
Why monitor a system more closely when a mitigation exception is accepted?
Resposta
Monitoring can reveal exploitation or control failure while the documented exception remains open.
Targeta 626
Pregunta
What is an SNMP trap?
Resposta
An unsolicited device notification sent to a management system when a configured event occurs.
Targeta 627
Pregunta
How can an automated report support an investigation?
Resposta
It assembles repeatable findings, trends, or control results that investigators can correlate with the incident timeline.
Targeta 628
Pregunta
What is a security key?
Resposta
A hardware authenticator that uses cryptographic proof, often bound to the legitimate service origin.
Targeta 629
Pregunta
What does database-level encryption protect?
Resposta
A database or selected database structures through controls managed at the database layer.
Targeta 630
Pregunta
How does brand impersonation exploit trust?
Resposta
It copies a familiar organization's identity so a fraudulent message, site, or account appears legitimate.
Targeta 631
Pregunta
What browser-side impact can a cross-site scripting vulnerability create?
Resposta
It can run attacker-controlled script in a trusted site's origin and access data or actions available to the victim's session.
Targeta 632
Pregunta
How can a system or process audit identify vulnerabilities?
Resposta
It compares evidence with required configuration and procedure to reveal control gaps.
Targeta 633
Pregunta
What security role can Group Policy provide?
Resposta
Centralized Windows configuration of account, application, audit, and system security settings.
Targeta 634
Pregunta
What should incident-response training prepare people to do?
Resposta
Recognize their role, use the communication and escalation paths, preserve evidence, and perform approved response actions.
Targeta 635
Pregunta
Why must governance track local or regional requirements?
Resposta
They may impose location-specific duties that differ from national, global, industry, or contractual rules.
Targeta 636
Pregunta
How can a dependency become a useful key risk indicator?
Resposta
A measurable change in its availability, capacity, control state, or concentration can warn that exposure is increasing.
Targeta 637
Pregunta
What is a business partners agreement?
Resposta
An agreement defining how business partners will work together, including responsibilities and security or data-handling terms.
Targeta 638
Pregunta
What makes an audit regulatory?
Resposta
It evaluates compliance with requirements established or enforced by a government or delegated authority.
Targeta 639
Pregunta
What is a honeyfile?
Resposta
A decoy file whose access can reveal unauthorized activity.
Targeta 640
Pregunta
Why does legal information require explicit protection?
Resposta
It may contain privileged advice, case strategy, evidence, or regulated records whose disclosure or alteration creates legal risk.
Targeta 641
Pregunta
Which indicator can mass file renaming and encryption produce?
Resposta
Resource inaccessibility; users may be unable to open files after an attacker encrypts or renames them.
Targeta 642
Pregunta
What remains with an organization after transferring architecture risk?
Resposta
Oversight and residual risk remain, even when a provider or insurer accepts defined responsibility or financial consequences.
Targeta 643
Pregunta
When does local console placement provide useful administrative access?
Resposta
When network management is unavailable or unsafe, a physically controlled console offers a direct recovery path.
Targeta 644
Pregunta
What makes a harmful user action unintentional?
Resposta
The user causes exposure or policy violation through error or misunderstanding rather than deliberate misuse.
Targeta 645
Pregunta
How should an organization harden workstations?
Resposta
Apply a managed secure baseline: patch the OS and applications, remove unnecessary software and services, enforce least privilege, and enable endpoint protection and a host firewall.
Targeta 646
Pregunta
What is journaling in recovery?
Resposta
Recording ordered changes so data can be replayed or restored to a consistent point.
Targeta 647
Pregunta
What downtime must a change plan account for?
Resposta
The period when the affected service will be unavailable or degraded, including the impact on users and dependent systems.
Targeta 648
Pregunta
Why must a privacy program map local or regional law to data flows?
Resposta
The applicable duties can change with the location of the person, organization, processing, or stored data.
Targeta 649
Pregunta
Why combine independent preventive controls at different layers?
Resposta
A failure at one layer does not automatically let the same attack succeed at the next layer.
Targeta 650
Pregunta
What is passwordless authentication?
Resposta
A flow that does not require the user to enter a memorized password, often using public-key credentials.
Targeta 651
Pregunta
How can automation improve security reaction time?
Resposta
It can collect context and perform preapproved containment or routing as soon as a reliable trigger occurs.
Targeta 652
Pregunta
What does record-level encryption protect?
Resposta
Individual records or fields, allowing finer protection than encrypting the entire database.
Targeta 653
Pregunta
How can business email compromise misuse urgency?
Resposta
It pressures an employee to bypass normal verification for a payment, credential, or data request.
Targeta 654
Pregunta
What does impact measure in risk analysis?
Resposta
The consequence to objectives, such as financial, operational, safety, legal, or reputational harm.
Targeta 655
Pregunta
What makes cyber activity part of warfare?
Resposta
It supports military or state conflict objectives such as disruption, intelligence, or influence.
Targeta 656
Pregunta
Which indicator can a newly created privileged account produce outside the normal change window?
Resposta
Out-of-cycle logging; the account event appears at a time when no authorized administrative change was scheduled.
Targeta 657
Pregunta
How can configuration enforcement validate a deployed mitigation?
Resposta
It compares the realized settings with the approved state and corrects or reports drift.
Targeta 658
Pregunta
How does validating an alert improve alert tuning?
Resposta
The analyst can identify which conditions, thresholds, or context caused noise or missed important evidence.
Targeta 659
Pregunta
What data-layer impact can a SQL injection vulnerability create?
Resposta
It can let untrusted input alter a database query, exposing or changing data and sometimes executing administrative operations.
Targeta 660
Pregunta
What environmental variables can change vulnerability priority?
Resposta
Local exposure, configuration, existing controls, asset importance, and the effect on the organization's actual environment.
Targeta 661
Pregunta
What security role does SELinux provide?
Resposta
Mandatory access controls that confine processes according to centrally defined policy.
Targeta 662
Pregunta
Why review governance documents periodically?
Resposta
Business, technology, threats, and external obligations change.
Targeta 663
Pregunta
Why evaluate power requirements for a system design?
Resposta
Power capacity and redundancy constrain availability and recovery.
Targeta 664
Pregunta
When is IPsec a better tunnel choice than TLS?
Resposta
Choose IPsec when policy must protect IP traffic broadly below individual applications—for example, across a site-to-site gateway tunnel. Choose TLS for a specific service connection.
Targeta 665
Pregunta
What is a honeytoken?
Resposta
A fake credential or data element that generates a high-confidence alert when used.
Targeta 666
Pregunta
What should embedded-system hardening prioritize?
Resposta
Trusted firmware, restricted interfaces, secure defaults, minimal services, and a supported update path.
Targeta 667
Pregunta
Why must sanitization address data remanence?
Resposta
Residual data may remain recoverable after ordinary deletion, so the sanitization method must make recovery infeasible for the media and risk.
Targeta 668
Pregunta
Why require rules of engagement for vendor testing?
Resposta
Authorized scope, timing, methods, contacts, and stop conditions prevent unsafe or mistaken activity.
Targeta 669
Pregunta
What does a private data classification indicate?
Resposta
The information concerns an individual or limited internal audience and should not be exposed publicly.
Targeta 670
Pregunta
What does a tabletop recovery exercise test?
Resposta
Participants walk through a scenario and decisions without switching production systems, exposing plan and coordination gaps.
Targeta 671
Pregunta
Why prevent password reuse?
Resposta
One compromised password should not unlock other accounts or services.
Targeta 672
Pregunta
Which malicious-activity indicator is unexplained sustained CPU or memory use?
Resposta
Abnormal resource consumption, such as unusual CPU, memory, power, storage, or network-bandwidth use.
Targeta 673
Pregunta
What does transport encryption protect?
Resposta
It protects data-in-transit confidentiality: captured or intercepted traffic is unreadable without the key. Encryption does not prevent interception or, by itself, provide integrity or authenticate endpoints.
Targeta 674
Pregunta
How can a voice call become an attack vector?
Resposta
An attacker can use a live or synthetic voice to impersonate a trusted party and request secrets, money, or unsafe actions.
Targeta 675
Pregunta
What should a digital-forensics report document?
Resposta
The question examined, methods, evidence sources, timeline, findings, limitations, and the basis for each conclusion.
Targeta 676
Pregunta
What tradeoff comes with an expansionary risk appetite?
Resposta
It accepts more uncertainty and exposure to pursue growth or return, so limits and monitoring must remain explicit.
Targeta 677
Pregunta
What does a known penetration-test environment provide?
Resposta
The tester receives substantial internal knowledge or access so the exercise can focus on deeper control and attack-path testing.
Targeta 678
Pregunta
Why evaluate compute requirements before deployment?
Resposta
Insufficient resources can cause failure, while excessive resources increase cost and attack surface.
Targeta 679
Pregunta
Why place sensors at network choke points?
Resposta
They can observe traffic crossing important trust boundaries.
Targeta 680
Pregunta
What should hybrid or remote-work security training emphasize?
Resposta
Trusted networks and devices, physical privacy, secure communication, reporting, data handling, and separation of work from shared environments.
Targeta 681
Pregunta
Why plan an application restart separately from a service restart?
Resposta
The application may need its own state handling, user coordination, health checks, and rollback point.
Targeta 682
Pregunta
What is a cryptographic vulnerability?
Resposta
A weakness in algorithm choice, key handling, implementation, or protocol use that defeats the intended protection.
Targeta 683
Pregunta
Why report findings by asset owner?
Resposta
Owners need clear accountability and a prioritized remediation queue.
Targeta 684
Pregunta
What should guide selection of a secure protocol?
Resposta
The protocol must protect the required data flow, authenticate the right endpoints, use supported cryptography, and fit operational constraints.
Targeta 685
Pregunta
How do centralized and decentralized governance structures differ?
Resposta
Centralized governance sets decisions from one authority; decentralized governance delegates them and needs strong coordination for consistency.
Targeta 686
Pregunta
How does privacy-aware design limit data retention?
Resposta
It records a justified retention period and makes deletion or anonymization part of the normal data lifecycle.
Targeta 687
Pregunta
What does a pressure security sensor detect?
Resposta
Force or weight applied to a protected surface, such as a floor mat or fence line.
Targeta 688
Pregunta
What automation costs should a security team plan for?
Resposta
Development, licensing, infrastructure, monitoring, maintenance, failure recovery, and the staff needed to own the workflow.
Targeta 689
Pregunta
What should RTOS hardening preserve while reducing attack surface?
Resposta
Deterministic timing and safety requirements, with only necessary services, privileges, interfaces, and validated updates enabled.
Targeta 690
Pregunta
What is the goal of disruption-for-chaos activity?
Resposta
Create instability or damage itself rather than pursue a clear financial or intelligence return.
Targeta 691
Pregunta
Which indicator can repeated password guessing produce?
Resposta
Unexpected account lockout; repeated failed attempts can trigger the account's lockout policy.
Targeta 692
Pregunta
How does removing unnecessary software harden a system?
Resposta
It eliminates code, services, dependencies, and privileges that an attacker could otherwise target.
Targeta 693
Pregunta
What does NetFlow provide?
Resposta
Metadata summarizing network conversations, such as endpoints, ports, timing, protocol, and byte counts.
Targeta 694
Pregunta
How can a dashboard support an investigation?
Resposta
It brings selected current and historical signals together so investigators can spot changes, patterns, and affected scope.
Targeta 695
Pregunta
When should a password be expired?
Resposta
When compromise is suspected, policy or risk requires a change, or the credential no longer meets the approved authentication standard.
Targeta 696
Pregunta
Why does cryptographic key length matter?
Resposta
It affects the work required to search the key space, although security also depends on the algorithm and implementation.
Targeta 697
Pregunta
How can an unsecure Bluetooth connection become an attack vector?
Resposta
Weak pairing, discoverability, or vulnerable services can let a nearby attacker connect, intercept data, or issue commands.
Targeta 698
Pregunta
What is a key risk indicator?
Resposta
A metric that signals changing exposure or increasing likelihood of an adverse outcome.
Targeta 699
Pregunta
What should vendor monitoring verify when a contract ends?
Resposta
Vendor accounts, credentials, connections, data access, and retained assets are removed or transferred as approved.
Targeta 700
Pregunta
What does a sensitive data classification indicate?
Resposta
The information needs safeguards because unauthorized access, change, or loss could cause harm.
Targeta 701
Pregunta
What does software-defined networking separate?
Resposta
The control plane that decides traffic behavior from the data plane that forwards traffic.
Targeta 702
Pregunta
Where should a web application firewall be placed?
Resposta
In the path of web requests before they reach the protected application.
Targeta 703
Pregunta
What does a simulated recovery exercise test?
Resposta
Participants perform realistic response actions in a controlled environment without disrupting production.
Targeta 704
Pregunta
How can a team verify that a detective control is effective?
Resposta
Trigger a known test event and confirm that the control records it, alerts the right responder, and supplies useful evidence.
Targeta 705
Pregunta
How should defenders apply a published or documented indicator to telemetry and validate it before escalating?
Resposta
Search relevant telemetry for matches, then confirm the indicator's relevance, context, and freshness before escalating.
Targeta 706
Pregunta
What makes a vulnerability cloud-specific?
Resposta
It arises from cloud service configuration, shared responsibility, control-plane exposure, tenancy, or provider-specific behavior.
Targeta 707
Pregunta
How can insurance respond to vulnerability risk?
Resposta
It may transfer defined financial consequences, but it does not remove the weakness or the organization's duties.
Targeta 708
Pregunta
How does reputation improve web filtering?
Resposta
It uses prior observations about a domain, address, certificate, or hosting pattern to identify destinations with elevated risk.
Targeta 709
Pregunta
What does an encryption policy establish?
Resposta
Which data and communications require encryption, approved methods, key responsibilities, exceptions, and review duties.
Targeta 710
Pregunta
How does a microwave security sensor detect movement?
Resposta
It emits microwave energy and detects changes in the reflected signal caused by motion.
Targeta 711
Pregunta
What should IoT-device hardening change before deployment?
Resposta
Default credentials, unnecessary services, insecure communication, unmanaged updates, and unrestricted network access.
Targeta 712
Pregunta
Why track software licenses as assets?
Resposta
License ownership, permitted use, updates, and end-of-support status affect compliance and risk.
Targeta 713
Pregunta
What does a password manager improve?
Resposta
It can generate and store unique long passwords so users do not memorize or reuse them.
Targeta 714
Pregunta
What makes a ledger open and public?
Resposta
Anyone can inspect its recorded entries, while its consensus and integrity controls determine who can add valid entries.
Targeta 715
Pregunta
What should a payment-change request trigger?
Resposta
Independent verification through a known channel before any account or payment detail is changed.
Targeta 716
Pregunta
What does preserving digital evidence require?
Resposta
Protecting its integrity, context, access history, and availability from collection through final disposition.
Targeta 717
Pregunta
What should a risk report tell decision-makers?
Resposta
The risk, uncertainty, business impact, owner, treatment, trend, and decision required.
Targeta 718
Pregunta
What should an external assessment report provide?
Resposta
Its scope, criteria, evidence, findings, limitations, conclusions, and responsible follow-up actions.
Targeta 719
Pregunta
What is a centralized design's main resilience risk?
Resposta
A central dependency can become a bottleneck or single point of failure.
Targeta 720
Pregunta
What does mutual TLS add to a TLS-protected service connection?
Resposta
It adds client authentication, commonly with a client certificate, so the client and server authenticate each other.
Targeta 721
Pregunta
What should recurring security-awareness reporting show?
Resposta
Changes in participation, knowledge, behavior, reporting, and incidents, with gaps assigned to owners and follow-up actions.
Targeta 722
Pregunta
Why do legacy applications require extra change planning?
Resposta
They may depend on undocumented behavior, unsupported components, or fragile integrations that make failure and rollback more likely.
Targeta 723
Pregunta
How do a data controller and a data processor differ?
Resposta
A controller decides why and how personal data is processed. A processor handles that data on the controller’s behalf.
Targeta 724
Pregunta
How can orchestration become a single point of failure?
Resposta
Many security workflows may depend on one engine, credential path, or integration hub whose outage stops all of them.
Targeta 725
Pregunta
Why should defenses account for a threat actor's sophistication and capability?
Resposta
Those attributes indicate which techniques the actor can sustain and which controls are likely to slow or expose them.
Targeta 726
Pregunta
How does an injection attack make an application execute unintended instructions?
Resposta
It sends crafted input that an interpreter treats as code or commands instead of data.
Targeta 727
Pregunta
What does a host-based firewall control?
Resposta
Inbound and outbound network traffic for one endpoint according to local rules.
Targeta 728
Pregunta
Why revise alerting after an incident?
Resposta
The incident can reveal missing telemetry, logic, thresholds, or response paths that should produce a better future alert.
Targeta 729
Pregunta
Why include security duties in procurement criteria?
Resposta
Security is easier to require before selection than to retrofit after dependency and data transfer begin.
Targeta 730
Pregunta
What does a critical data classification indicate?
Resposta
The information is essential to vital operations, safety, or mission outcomes and needs the strongest availability and recovery controls.
Targeta 731
Pregunta
What infrastructure capacity must support failover?
Resposta
The alternate site, network, power, cooling, and facility resources needed to carry the transferred load.
Targeta 732
Pregunta
Why does shared cloud context matter when evaluating a cloud-specific vulnerability?
Resposta
The affected service model and responsibility boundary determine who can observe, patch, configure, or compensate for the weakness.
Targeta 733
Pregunta
How does a remediation exemption differ from an exception?
Resposta
Terminology follows the governing policy. A common convention is that an exemption removes a requirement for an approved scope, while an exception permits a time-bounded deviation.
Targeta 734
Pregunta
Why should automated EDR or XDR blocking have an exception and rollback path?
Resposta
A false positive can isolate a critical endpoint or stop a legitimate process, so operators need controlled recovery without disabling protection broadly.
Targeta 735
Pregunta
What does a security playbook provide?
Resposta
A repeatable set of roles, decisions, and actions for handling a defined operational scenario.
Targeta 736
Pregunta
How does an ultrasonic security sensor detect movement?
Resposta
It emits high-frequency sound and detects changes in the returning sound pattern caused by motion.
Targeta 737
Pregunta
What should a managed mobile device require for Bluetooth connections?
Resposta
Intentional pairing, non-discoverable operation when unused, trusted peers, current software, and only necessary Bluetooth profiles.
Targeta 738
Pregunta
How do password complexity rules differ from password length?
Resposta
Complexity rules require selected character types; length measures total characters. Current policy should prioritize sufficient length and block weak or compromised choices instead of relying on composition alone.
Targeta 739
Pregunta
What makes a certificate third-party trusted?
Resposta
A certificate authority outside the subject organization signs it and chains it to a root trusted by relying systems.
Targeta 740
Pregunta
Why is an out-of-band check effective against impersonation?
Resposta
It verifies the request through a separate, previously trusted communication path.
Targeta 741
Pregunta
What does a risk exception authorize?
Resposta
A documented deviation from a requirement for a defined scope, rationale, controls, owner, review, and expiration.
Targeta 742
Pregunta
What security challenge grows in a decentralized design?
Resposta
Consistent policy, inventory, monitoring, and patching become harder.
Targeta 743
Pregunta
How should controls be selected for an unused network path?
Resposta
Choose controls that block it by default, expose only approved connectivity, and make exceptions explicit and reviewable.
Targeta 744
Pregunta
How can a buffer-overflow attack affect an application?
Resposta
It writes past a buffer boundary to corrupt memory, which can crash the application or redirect execution.
744 targetes
CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 Flashcards: Complete Objective Review
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