Engineering Materials Flashcards: Plastics, Metals and Processing
96 English cards on material properties, metal and polymer families, manufacturing processes, and qualified selection cases, including sourced ABS and PA6 grades.
دربارهٔ این دسته
Learn engineering materials through concise retrieval and constrained selection problems. These 96 original English cards connect property vocabulary, metal and polymer families, processing mechanisms and practical evidence checks.
Practise concept-to-explanation recall, selected situation-to-property or process choices, alloy-family recognition, and named-grade interpretation for ABS (INEOS Terluran GP-22) and PA6 (BASF Ultramid B3S and B3EG6). A suggested material or process is a screening candidate, not a qualified design.
The sequence introduces properties, then metals, polymers and manufacturing processes. Each topic progresses from mechanisms to applications. Selected case variants are separated from their foundation cards; the review scheduler handles later spacing.
Excluded: automatic reverse cards for every definition, generic numerical property rankings, machine settings, full phase diagrams and design allowables. Exact material properties require the correct grade, test method, temperature, moisture state, orientation and processing history. This is an evergreen topic deck, not a complete materials course or exam syllabus.
AI-assisted questions, answers and generated cover were independently composed and checked against technical sources. No private learner cards, textbook exercises, exam questions or third-party images were copied. Original wording, organization and generated media are offered under CC0 1.0 to the extent applicable rights exist; facts and third-party source material retain their own status.
Factual references include INEOS Terluran GP-22, BASF Ultramid, University of Illinois materials principles, Instron materials testing terms, TWI injection moulding and American Foundry Society metalcasting.
Independent educational material; no affiliation with or endorsement by the named manufacturers, technical bodies or universities.
کارت‌های این دسته
کارت ۱
پرسش
Engineering stress in a tensile test: force divided by what?
پاسخ
Original specimen cross-sectional area.
کارت ۲
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Engineering strain in a tensile test: extension divided by what?
پاسخ
Original gauge length. Strain is dimensionless.
کارت ۳
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Elastic deformation: what happens after unloading?
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The deformation recovers.
کارت ۴
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Young’s modulus describes which material behaviour?
پاسخ
Resistance to elastic tensile or compressive strain, in the linear elastic region.
کارت ۵
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Yield strength marks the onset of what?
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Significant permanent deformation, using the specified yield or proof criterion.
کارت ۶
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Ultimate tensile strength: which point on an engineering stress–strain curve?
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The maximum engineering tensile stress.
کارت ۷
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Ductility describes what happens before tensile fracture?
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How much plastic deformation the material can undergo.
کارت ۸
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Indentation hardness measures resistance to what?
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Localized permanent penetration by an indenter.
کارت ۹
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Tensile toughness: what does the area under the stress–strain curve to fracture represent?
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Energy absorbed per unit volume up to fracture under those test conditions.
کارت ۱۰
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Density relates which two quantities?
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Mass per unit volume.
کارت ۱۱
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Thermal conductivity describes which ability?
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Transferring heat through a material under a temperature gradient.
کارت ۱۲
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Electrical conductivity describes which ability?
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Carrying electric current under an electric field.
کارت ۱۳
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Creep: what changes under a sustained load over time?
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Deformation increases with time; temperature and stress affect the rate.
کارت ۱۴
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Fatigue damage is associated with what loading pattern?
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Repeated or fluctuating loading that can initiate and grow cracks.
کارت ۱۵
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Brittle fracture: how much plastic deformation precedes it?
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Little plastic deformation compared with ductile fracture under the same test conditions.
کارت ۱۶
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A bracket bends too far but recovers fully. Which property should you examine first?
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Elastic stiffness: material modulus together with the bracket’s geometry.
کارت ۱۷
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A metal clip stays bent after one overload. Which threshold was exceeded locally?
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Its yield threshold; permanent deformation occurred.
کارت ۱۸
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A housing must absorb a drop without fracture. Which evidence matters beyond tensile strength?
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Impact-test performance under relevant temperature, notch and geometry conditions.
کارت ۱۹
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Two materials have equal yield strength. Must their tensile toughness be equal?
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No. Different ductility can produce different energy absorption before fracture.
کارت ۲۰
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A plastic clamp slowly loosens at fixed deflection. Which time-dependent effect is this?
پاسخ
Stress relaxation: the stress decreases while the imposed deformation is held.
کارت ۲۱
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Does a higher hardness alone prove a part will resist every wear mechanism?
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No. Wear also depends on contact, loading, lubrication and the wear mechanism.
کارت ۲۲
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Why compare impact results only with matching test conditions?
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Specimen geometry, notches, temperature and test method affect measured impact behaviour.
کارت ۲۳
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Can a generic family property range serve as a finished-part design allowable?
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No. Select a grade, condition and relevant design data before qualifying the part.
کارت ۲۴
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A lighter material is proposed for the same-size part. Which property predicts its mass change?
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Density, provided the volume remains the same.
کارت ۲۵
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Ferrous versus nonferrous metals: what is the defining distinction?
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Whether iron is the main constituent. Nonferrous does not mean completely iron-free.
کارت ۲۶
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Steel belongs to which basic alloy family?
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Iron-based alloys containing carbon, often with other alloying elements.
کارت ۲۷
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Why specify a steel grade and heat treatment rather than just “steel”?
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Composition and processing change its microstructure and mechanical properties.
کارت ۲۸
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What is a grain in a polycrystalline metal?
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A crystalline region with a particular lattice orientation.
کارت ۲۹
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What separates neighbouring metal grains with different orientations?
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A grain boundary.
کارت ۳۰
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Which crystal defect commonly moves during plastic deformation of metals?
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A dislocation.
کارت ۳۱
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Cold working usually trades increased strength for what?
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Reduced ductility, as plastic deformation impedes further dislocation motion.
کارت ۳۲
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What is a common purpose of annealing a cold-worked metal?
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Restore ductility and reduce hardness through a controlled heat treatment.
کارت ۳۳
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Quenching in metal heat treatment means what cooling step?
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Rapid cooling using a specified medium; the appropriate regime depends on the alloy and intended result.
کارت ۳۴
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What gives stainless steel much of its corrosion resistance?
پاسخ
A thin chromium-rich passive surface film.
کارت ۳۵
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Why distinguish grey cast iron from ductile cast iron during selection?
پاسخ
Graphite form and resulting mechanical behaviour differ; “cast iron” is not one property set.
کارت ۳۶
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Why are aluminium alloys often screened for lightweight structures?
پاسخ
Their relatively low density can help reduce mass; stiffness, strength and geometry still need checking.
کارت ۳۷
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Why is copper often screened for electrical conductors?
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High electrical conductivity; cost, strength and connection design also matter.
کارت ۳۸
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Brass is principally an alloy of copper with which element?
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Zinc.
کارت ۳۹
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Traditional tin bronze is principally an alloy of which two elements?
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Copper and tin. Other bronze families use different alloying additions.
کارت ۴۰
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Does “stainless” mean immune to chloride corrosion?
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No. Grade, environment and surface condition still govern corrosion resistance.
کارت ۴۱
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Two dissimilar metals touch in salty water. Which corrosion mechanism should be checked?
پاسخ
Galvanic corrosion, because electrical contact and an electrolyte can form a galvanic couple.
کارت ۴۲
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Can you rank aluminium and steel parts by stiffness using only their material names?
پاسخ
No. Compare the actual moduli and part geometries for the required loading.
کارت ۴۳
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A copper alloy is stronger than pure copper. Must it conduct electricity equally well?
پاسخ
No. Alloying changes conductivity as well as mechanical properties; check that alloy’s data.
کارت ۴۴
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A steel sheet cracks during forming after extensive cold work. What processing step may restore formability?
پاسخ
An appropriate anneal before further forming; confirm the alloy-specific procedure.
کارت ۴۵
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What is a common purpose of tempering a quench-hardened steel?
پاسخ
Improve toughness and ductility, usually with some reduction in hardness.
کارت ۴۶
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How can an insulating washer help a dissimilar-metal joint resist galvanic corrosion?
پاسخ
By interrupting the electrical connection, if the whole joint is electrically isolated.
کارت ۴۷
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Before approving a welded metal component, which material region besides the weld metal needs consideration?
پاسخ
The heat-affected zone, whose thermal cycle can change properties without melting it.
کارت ۴۸
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What is the key processing–structure–property lesson for metal selection?
پاسخ
A chemical composition alone does not determine performance; processing changes microstructure.
کارت ۴۹
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A polymer is built from what kind of molecular structure?
پاسخ
Large molecules containing many linked repeating units.
کارت ۵۰
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Which polymer class can usually be reheated and reshaped: thermoplastics or cured thermosets?
پاسخ
Thermoplastics. Cross-links in a cured thermoset prevent ordinary melt reshaping.
کارت ۵۱
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What deformation behaviour distinguishes an elastomer?
پاسخ
It can undergo substantial deformation and recover toward its original shape when the load is removed, within its working range.
کارت ۵۲
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What does “semi-crystalline polymer” mean?
پاسخ
Ordered crystalline regions coexist with amorphous regions.
کارت ۵۳
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Which polymer regions undergo glass transition: amorphous or crystalline?
پاسخ
Amorphous regions. Around the glass transition, motion of chain segments becomes much easier.
کارت ۵۴
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What structural feature prevents a cured thermoset from flowing like a thermoplastic melt?
پاسخ
A covalently cross-linked network.
کارت ۵۵
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Why are plasticizers added to some polymer formulations?
پاسخ
To increase flexibility; the amount and compatibility affect the final properties.
کارت ۵۶
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Why add UV stabilizers to a polymer intended for outdoor exposure?
پاسخ
To reduce degradation caused by ultraviolet exposure; the formulation and exposure still need verification.
کارت ۵۷
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Why can adding glass fibres make moulded polymer properties direction-dependent?
پاسخ
Fibres become oriented during flow, so reinforcement differs with direction.
کارت ۵۸
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What structural change separates glass transition from crystalline melting in a polymer?
پاسخ
Glass transition increases chain-segment mobility in amorphous regions; melting breaks down the ordered crystalline regions.
کارت ۵۹
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ABS is an abbreviation for which polymer name?
پاسخ
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.
کارت ۶۰
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PA6 is another name for which polyamide?
پاسخ
Polyamide 6, also called nylon 6.
کارت ۶۱
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Why distinguish “dry” from “conditioned” polyamide property data?
پاسخ
Moisture conditioning changes the material state and can change mechanical behaviour.
کارت ۶۲
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Does one grade’s ABS datasheet establish the properties of every ABS grade?
پاسخ
No. Formulation, grade, test method and conditions must match the claim.
کارت ۶۳
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INEOS Terluran GP-22 is specified for which main shaping process?
پاسخ
Injection moulding; it is a general-purpose ABS grade.
کارت ۶۴
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BASF Ultramid B3S is supplied for which main shaping process?
پاسخ
Injection moulding; BASF describes this PA6 grade as easy-flowing and finely crystalline.
کارت ۶۵
پرسش
A warm polymer bracket carries a constant load for months. Which data are needed beyond a short tensile test?
پاسخ
Long-term creep data for the relevant load, temperature and material condition.
کارت ۶۶
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Ultramid B3EG6 differs from unreinforced PA6 by which reinforcement?
پاسخ
BASF specifies glass-fibre reinforcement for this PA6 injection-moulding grade.
کارت ۶۷
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Which part category does INEOS identify as a particular application for Terluran GP-22?
پاسخ
Housings, including appliance housings. This is a candidate application, not automatic design approval.
کارت ۶۸
پرسش
Why keep opened Ultramid B3S granule containers carefully closed?
پاسخ
To limit moisture absorption before processing.
کارت ۶۹
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Can glass-filled PA6 data replace unfilled PA6 data in a design check?
پاسخ
No. Reinforcement changes the material; use the exact grade and relevant orientation data.
کارت ۷۰
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Must a thermoplastic part be accepted by the local recycling system?
پاسخ
No. Remeltability alone does not establish collection, sorting or recycling compatibility.
کارت ۷۱
پرسش
For an outdoor ABS housing, is a good indoor impact result enough evidence?
پاسخ
No. Check weathering, temperature and the exact grade’s suitability for the exposure.
کارت ۷۲
پرسش
BASF lists grips and fixing clamps for Ultramid B3S. What remains to verify for a loaded clamp?
پاسخ
Grade-specific long-term behaviour at the actual temperature and moisture state, plus the part geometry.
کارت ۷۳
پرسش
Metal casting shapes a part by which change of state?
پاسخ
Liquid metal solidifies inside a mould.
کارت ۷۴
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Forging shapes metal by what basic mechanism?
پاسخ
Compressive plastic deformation of solid metal; it may be performed hot or cold.
کارت ۷۵
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Extrusion is particularly suited to which basic geometry?
پاسخ
A continuous length with a substantially constant cross-section, formed through a die.
کارت ۷۶
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CNC machining is additive or subtractive?
پاسخ
Subtractive: controlled cutting removes material from a workpiece.
کارت ۷۷
پرسش
Injection moulding of a thermoplastic: what happens after the cavity fills?
پاسخ
The melt cools and solidifies before the part is ejected.
کارت ۷۸
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Thermoforming starts from which form of plastic stock?
پاسخ
A sheet heated until formable, then shaped over or into a mould.
کارت ۷۹
پرسش
Blow moulding is commonly used for which type of plastic part?
پاسخ
Hollow parts, such as bottles, formed by inflating a heated preform or tube in a mould.
کارت ۸۰
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Additive manufacturing builds geometry by what basic approach?
پاسخ
Adding material, commonly layer by layer, from a digital model.
کارت ۸۱
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In milling, what typically rotates to remove material?
پاسخ
The cutting tool.
کارت ۸۲
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Why may a cast part still need machining?
پاسخ
Selected surfaces may need tighter tolerances or a better finish than the casting provides.
کارت ۸۳
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Sand casting and permanent-mould casting mainly differ in what tooling feature?
پاسخ
Sand moulds are expendable; permanent moulds are reused.
کارت ۸۴
پرسش
Why can injection moulding be costly for a very small production run?
پاسخ
Tooling cost is spread across too few parts; compare total cost at the required volume.
کارت ۸۵
پرسش
A long plastic tube has the same cross-section throughout. Which process is a natural first candidate?
پاسخ
Extrusion, followed by cooling and cutting to length.
کارت ۸۶
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A thin plastic packaging tray must be formed from sheet. Which process is a natural first candidate?
پاسخ
Thermoforming; check wall thinning and the required detail.
کارت ۸۷
پرسش
Why should a forged part’s grain flow be considered in design?
پاسخ
Deformation creates directional structure; the load direction and process route affect performance.
کارت ۸۸
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A design needs a few changing metal prototypes. Why consider CNC machining before buying a production mould?
پاسخ
It can make revised parts directly from stock without dedicated mould tooling.
کارت ۸۹
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What distinguishes a fusion-weld heat-affected zone from the fusion zone?
پاسخ
The heat-affected zone changes thermally but does not melt; the fusion zone melts and resolidifies.
کارت ۹۰
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Why clean and prepare a metal surface before applying a protective coating?
پاسخ
Contaminants and surface defects can impair coating adhesion and performance.
کارت ۹۱
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Does a corrosion-resistant coating make the underlying material irrelevant?
پاسخ
No. Damage, adhesion, exposure and substrate compatibility still matter.
کارت ۹۲
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Why check build orientation when selecting a layer-built polymer part?
پاسخ
Layer bonding and deposition can make strength depend on direction.
کارت ۹۳
پرسش
A hollow plastic bottle needs a shaped enclosed body. Which process family should you screen first?
پاسخ
Blow moulding; select the exact variant for the material and geometry.
کارت ۹۴
پرسش
Many identical thermoplastic housings are needed. Which process deserves early cost comparison?
پاسخ
Injection moulding, because repeat production can spread tooling cost over many parts.
کارت ۹۵
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Why does choosing a process also affect material selection?
پاسخ
Materials must tolerate that process and achieve the required finished-part properties.
کارت ۹۶
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Before releasing a selected material–process combination, what evidence closes the selection loop?
پاسخ
Verify the exact grade, processing condition and part performance against the actual requirements.
۹۶ کارت
Engineering Materials Flashcards: Plastics, Metals and Processing
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