What makes a computing environment a cloud rather than ordinary hosted infrastructure?

It provides shared, configurable resources on demand with rapid provisioning and minimal provider interaction. A hosted server without those operating characteristics is not automatically a cloud.

What is the security significance of broad network access?

Services are reachable through standard network mechanisms from varied clients. That reach increases the need for strong identity, transport protection, and endpoint-aware access.

How do resource pooling and multi-tenancy differ?

Resource pooling dynamically assigns shared capacity; multi-tenancy lets multiple customers use that shared environment with logical isolation. Pooling is the allocation model, while multi-tenancy is the customer-sharing model.

What separates elasticity from scalability?

Elasticity adjusts capacity with demand; scalability is the ability to handle growth by adding or changing capacity. Elasticity stresses timely adjustment, often in both directions.

What does measured service provide?

Metered visibility into resource consumption. The measurements support billing, capacity decisions, anomaly detection, and accountability.

What does on-demand self-service let a cloud customer do?

Provision needed capabilities without waiting for a provider employee. Policy and quota controls can still constrain the request.

What does virtualization contribute to cloud computing?

It abstracts physical resources into isolated, assignable compute, storage, or network units. Orchestration turns those units into an on-demand service.

What remains the cloud customer's responsibility in every service category?

Governing its identities, data, configuration choices, and lawful use. The exact technical boundary changes, but accountability does not vanish when infrastructure is outsourced.

What does a cloud service broker add?

Intermediation, aggregation, or management across cloud services. A broker may compare, combine, or govern services without owning their underlying infrastructure.

What is a regulator's cloud-security role?

Set or enforce legal and regulatory obligations that apply to the service and its data. The customer must map those duties into provider selection, controls, and evidence.

What is the cloud service provider's core responsibility?

Deliver the contracted cloud capabilities and secure the layers assigned to it. The service model and contract define the boundary.

What is orchestration in a cloud environment?

Coordinated automation of provisioning, configuration, scaling, and lifecycle actions across resources. It applies policy consistently across many components.

What capability does SaaS give the customer?

Use of a provider-run application. The customer mainly manages users, data, and allowed configuration rather than the platform beneath it.

Which four deployment models does NIST SP 800-145 define?

Public, private, community, and hybrid cloud. Multi-cloud describes using more than one cloud provider or service environment; it is distinct from NIST's canonical four-model taxonomy.

How do portability and interoperability differ?

Portability moves a workload or data between environments; interoperability lets different environments exchange and use information or services. One reduces switching friction, while the other supports cooperation.

What does a cloud service partner do?

Supports or enhances cloud service delivery, use, or assurance. Examples include auditors, integrators, and developers acting beside the customer and provider.

Who controls user entitlements inside a SaaS tenant?

The customer organization. The provider supplies the application and access mechanisms, but the customer decides which of its users need which privileges.

When is hybrid cloud a better description than multi-cloud?

When the architecture deliberately combines distinct private and public environments. Multi-cloud focuses on using multiple cloud services or providers and may contain no private cloud.

What problem does confidential computing address?

Protection of data while it is being processed. Hardware-backed trusted execution environments reduce exposure to the host or platform layer, but do not replace application controls.

When does blockchain add useful assurance to a cloud workflow?

When multiple parties need a shared, tamper-evident record without relying on one writer. It does not make source data true, private, lawful, or immune to key and smart-contract failures.

When does edge computing improve resilience but complicate security?

When local processing reduces central latency or dependency while distributing data, software, and physical exposure. The decision needs remote attestation, patching, inventory, and failure handling.

What does reversibility require in a cloud design?

A practical way to exit or change providers while recovering data, configurations, dependencies, and needed evidence. A theoretical export button is not enough if the result cannot be used elsewhere.

What is the first security question before connecting IoT devices to a cloud service?

Can each device be uniquely identified, updated, constrained, and monitored throughout its lifecycle? Cheap connectivity does not offset unmanaged device risk.

What capability does PaaS give the customer?

Deployment of customer applications onto a provider-managed platform. The provider runs the underlying infrastructure and runtime, while the customer secures code, data, and configuration.

What is a practical cloud decision for quantum-related cryptographic risk today?

Inventory cryptographic dependencies and design for algorithm agility. Replace algorithms according to authoritative migration guidance rather than adopting unreviewed schemes.

Which SLA measure is useful only when paired with a clear measurement method and remedy?

Any availability or performance target. Define the service boundary, observation window, exclusions, data source, notification, and remedy before treating the number as assurance.

How should a team use a Well-Architected pattern, SANS security principles, or CSA enterprise architecture?

As structured design input mapped to the workload's risks, responsibilities, and evidence. A named framework guides decisions but does not prove that the resulting architecture is secure.

What does a FIPS 140 validation establish?

That a named cryptographic module was validated against the stated standard and boundary. It does not prove the surrounding application uses the module safely.

Who normally patches the managed runtime in PaaS?

The cloud provider. The customer still owns secure application code, dependencies it supplies, data, identities, and configuration.

Who should approve a cloud data classification?

The accountable data owner. Security and privacy teams advise, while custodians implement the handling controls.

What should the cloud architect own in secure design?

The documented trust boundaries, security requirements, resilience choices, and responsibility mapping. Operations and product teams then implement and test those decisions.

What does DevSecOps change about security ownership?

It makes security a shared, automated part of delivery rather than a final external gate. Product teams still need independent challenge for high-risk decisions.

Which controls reduce container escape impact?

Hardened runtimes, minimal privileges, trusted images, isolation boundaries, and prompt patching. Treat a container as a process boundary, not automatically as a security boundary equal to a separate host.

Who should own a cloud service's business recovery requirements?

The business or service owner. Technical teams translate the owner's impact tolerance into RTO, RPO, architecture, and tests.

What capability does IaaS give the customer?

Provisioning of fundamental compute, storage, and network resources. The customer usually controls operating systems, workloads, and many network settings.

Which key-management design limits a cloud provider compromise from exposing customer data?

Separate data from independently controlled encryption keys where the threat model requires it. Access policy, rotation, backup, and recovery for those keys matter as much as their location.

What is the safer identity pattern for a cloud workload?

A short-lived, narrowly scoped workload identity. It avoids embedded long-lived credentials and supports rotation and traceability.

When can cryptographic erase sanitize cloud data?

When destroying the correct encryption key makes all protected copies computationally unreadable and the encryption implementation is trustworthy. Key copies, snapshots, and replicas must be in scope.

What is the first network control for limiting east-west movement between cloud workloads?

Explicit segmentation with deny-by-default rules. Identity-aware policy and traffic telemetry strengthen the boundary; geofencing can add a location condition but cannot replace it.

Who normally patches a guest operating system in IaaS?

The cloud customer. The provider secures the underlying facilities and virtualization layer, while the customer manages the guest unless a separate managed service changes that boundary.

What is the most important permission control for a serverless function?

A dedicated least-privilege execution identity. Also restrict triggers, secrets, outbound access, and runtime duration; ephemeral execution does not erase external logs, queues, or data.

How does immutable infrastructure reduce configuration drift?

Replace changed instances from a controlled image instead of repairing them in place. The image pipeline, secrets, and state stores still need protection.

What turns a security baseline into an operating control?

Automated assessment plus timely remediation of deviations. A baseline document alone does not prevent drift.

What control keeps protection aligned as cloud data moves through its lifecycle?

Lifecycle-aware policy tied to classification and ownership. Access, encryption, retention, monitoring, and disposal should change with the data's state and purpose.

What makes a cloud recovery plan credible?

Regular restore, failover, dependency, and failback tests against business targets. A provider's availability claim does not prove the customer's service can recover.

What evidence should be checked first when evaluating a cloud provider?

Evidence mapped to the organization's own requirements and risk criteria. Certifications help only when their scope, period, system, and exceptions cover the intended service.

What should drive a cloud BC/DR design before products are selected?

A business impact analysis. It identifies critical services, dependencies, impact over time, and acceptable recovery targets.

Who is accountable for approving an AI model's intended cloud use?

The designated AI or business system owner. Model builders provide evidence, while risk, security, privacy, and legal roles challenge the use against policy.

What should be tested before accepting a provider's portability claim?

Export the data and configuration, rebuild elsewhere, and measure missing features, time, cost, and dependencies. Contract wording alone cannot prove reversibility.

What control most directly reduces hypervisor compromise risk for a customer?

Use a provider with strong isolation assurance, rapid patching, and evidence for the virtualization layer. The customer cannot harden a provider-managed hypervisor directly.

How should CBA and ROI inform a cloud recovery design after the BIA?

CBA compares each option's lifecycle cost with expected benefit; ROI expresses the expected return relative to investment. Neither overrides mandatory duties or the BIA's approved impact tolerance.

CCSP 2026 Flashcards: August Exam Outline Review

A 340-card, six-domain review for the CCSP outline effective August 1, 2026, including cloud AI/ML, dataset, model, and LLM application security.

Autor Flashcards Open Source App

Učite iz ovog špila besplatno

Nibomo se otvara kako biste mogli početi učiti.

Podaci o špilu

Kartice: 340 kartica
Verzija: 1
Objavljeno: 27. kolovoza 2026.
Zadnje ažuriranje: 10. rujna 2026.
Licencija: Common knowledge · CC0 1.0
Jezici publike: en
Predmet: Cloud security
Razina: CCSP
Oznake: ccsp-2026, d1-concept, d1-role, d1-decision, d1-control, d2-concept, d2-control, d2-decision, d2-role, d3-role, d3-concept, d3-control, d3-decision, d4-concept, d4-role, d4-control, d4-decision, d5-concept, d5-decision, d5-control, d5-role, d6-concept, d6-role, d6-control, d6-decision

Slični špilovi

O ovom špilu

This 340-card deck reviews all six domains in the English CCSP exam outline effective August 1, 2026: Cloud Concepts, Architecture and Design; Cloud Data Security; Cloud Platform and Infrastructure Security; Cloud Application Security; Cloud Security Operations; and Legal, Risk and Compliance.

What you'll retrieve

Separate cloud service, deployment, architecture, data, identity, assurance, operations, risk, privacy, audit, and contract concepts that are easy to confuse.
Map customer, provider, security, data, privacy, audit, incident, and vendor roles to their primary responsibility boundary.
Choose a practical control for a short cloud scenario, then state the risk or failure mode it chiefly addresses.
Make focused architecture, lifecycle, recovery, testing, monitoring, service-management, and outsourcing decisions from stated requirements, including service-level management, availability management, Quality Assurance, audit planning, and provider-risk assessment.
Recognize revised AI and ML concerns across cloud threat detection, dataset and model privacy, data and model poisoning, provenance, model inversion and extraction, human oversight, and LLM application risks.

Selected reverse and contrast prompts are included where they improve retrieval, such as elasticity versus scalability, portability versus interoperability, RTO versus RPO, hashing versus encryption, controller versus processor, IDS versus IPS, and incident versus problem management. The deck does not mechanically reverse every fact.

Exam-format multiple choice, memorized answer patterns, dumps, vendor-console trivia, copied course wording, and legal advice are excluded. The cards do not reproduce real or simulated ISC2 exam items. They also stay outside deep cryptographic mathematics, product-specific implementation recipes, and specialist AI research that does not change a cloud-security control decision.

The order is deliberate. Each domain advances through short, coherent topic tracks from prerequisite concepts and responsibility boundaries to controls and applied decisions. The final 340-card sequence was reviewed as one topic-progressive order, with identified forward, reverse, near-duplicate, and answer-cue variants deliberately separated to reduce short-range cueing. Its topic tracks are interleaved so the sequence does not become a concept run followed by role, control, and decision runs. Domain 1 establishes cloud characteristics, actors, service and deployment models, secure design, provider evidence, and AI governance. Domain 2 follows data through flows, storage, protection, discovery, classification, rights, retention, evidence, and dataset or model risk. Domains 3 and 4 apply those foundations to infrastructure, resilience, secure development, software supply chains, APIs, LLM applications, and IAM. Domains 5 and 6 close with secure operations, monitoring, incident response, forensics, law, privacy, audit, enterprise risk, and contracts.

Reviewed for the CCSP outline effective August 1, 2026. Coverage was bounded by the official English exam outline PDF, the ISC2 outline page, and ISC2's June 2026 revision notice. NIST and OWASP primary publications were used to check standard control and AI/application-security distinctions.

Every prompt, answer, explanation, sequence choice, and metadata field was independently written from common cloud-security knowledge. The CC0 label applies to that original expression, organization, metadata, and generated cover to the extent applicable rights exist; it does not claim ownership of facts, standards, certification marks, or third-party material.

This is an independently authored, unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. It is not affiliated with, sponsored by, or endorsed by ISC2. CCSP is a registered certification mark of ISC2. No ISC2 exam questions, answer keys, course text, outline prose, logos, badges, or trade dress were copied.

Kartice u ovom špilu

Kartica 1
Pitanje
What makes a computing environment a cloud rather than ordinary hosted infrastructure?
Odgovor
It provides shared, configurable resources on demand with rapid provisioning and minimal provider interaction. A hosted server without those operating characteristics is not automatically a cloud.
Kartica 2
Pitanje
What is the security significance of broad network access?
Odgovor
Services are reachable through standard network mechanisms from varied clients. That reach increases the need for strong identity, transport protection, and endpoint-aware access.
Kartica 3
Pitanje
How do resource pooling and multi-tenancy differ?
Odgovor
Resource pooling dynamically assigns shared capacity; multi-tenancy lets multiple customers use that shared environment with logical isolation. Pooling is the allocation model, while multi-tenancy is the customer-sharing model.
Kartica 4
Pitanje
What separates elasticity from scalability?
Odgovor
Elasticity adjusts capacity with demand; scalability is the ability to handle growth by adding or changing capacity. Elasticity stresses timely adjustment, often in both directions.
Kartica 5
Pitanje
What does measured service provide?
Odgovor
Metered visibility into resource consumption. The measurements support billing, capacity decisions, anomaly detection, and accountability.
Kartica 6
Pitanje
What does on-demand self-service let a cloud customer do?
Odgovor
Provision needed capabilities without waiting for a provider employee. Policy and quota controls can still constrain the request.
Kartica 7
Pitanje
What does virtualization contribute to cloud computing?
Odgovor
It abstracts physical resources into isolated, assignable compute, storage, or network units. Orchestration turns those units into an on-demand service.
Kartica 8
Pitanje
What remains the cloud customer's responsibility in every service category?
Odgovor
Governing its identities, data, configuration choices, and lawful use. The exact technical boundary changes, but accountability does not vanish when infrastructure is outsourced.
Kartica 9
Pitanje
What does a cloud service broker add?
Odgovor
Intermediation, aggregation, or management across cloud services. A broker may compare, combine, or govern services without owning their underlying infrastructure.
Kartica 10
Pitanje
What is a regulator's cloud-security role?
Odgovor
Set or enforce legal and regulatory obligations that apply to the service and its data. The customer must map those duties into provider selection, controls, and evidence.
Kartica 11
Pitanje
What is the cloud service provider's core responsibility?
Odgovor
Deliver the contracted cloud capabilities and secure the layers assigned to it. The service model and contract define the boundary.
Kartica 12
Pitanje
What is orchestration in a cloud environment?
Odgovor
Coordinated automation of provisioning, configuration, scaling, and lifecycle actions across resources. It applies policy consistently across many components.
Kartica 13
Pitanje
What capability does SaaS give the customer?
Odgovor
Use of a provider-run application. The customer mainly manages users, data, and allowed configuration rather than the platform beneath it.
Kartica 14
Pitanje
Which four deployment models does NIST SP 800-145 define?
Odgovor
Public, private, community, and hybrid cloud. Multi-cloud describes using more than one cloud provider or service environment; it is distinct from NIST's canonical four-model taxonomy.
Kartica 15
Pitanje
How do portability and interoperability differ?
Odgovor
Portability moves a workload or data between environments; interoperability lets different environments exchange and use information or services. One reduces switching friction, while the other supports cooperation.
Kartica 16
Pitanje
What does a cloud service partner do?
Odgovor
Supports or enhances cloud service delivery, use, or assurance. Examples include auditors, integrators, and developers acting beside the customer and provider.
Kartica 17
Pitanje
Who controls user entitlements inside a SaaS tenant?
Odgovor
The customer organization. The provider supplies the application and access mechanisms, but the customer decides which of its users need which privileges.
Kartica 18
Pitanje
When is hybrid cloud a better description than multi-cloud?
Odgovor
When the architecture deliberately combines distinct private and public environments. Multi-cloud focuses on using multiple cloud services or providers and may contain no private cloud.
Kartica 19
Pitanje
What problem does confidential computing address?
Odgovor
Protection of data while it is being processed. Hardware-backed trusted execution environments reduce exposure to the host or platform layer, but do not replace application controls.
Kartica 20
Pitanje
When does blockchain add useful assurance to a cloud workflow?
Odgovor
When multiple parties need a shared, tamper-evident record without relying on one writer. It does not make source data true, private, lawful, or immune to key and smart-contract failures.
Kartica 21
Pitanje
When does edge computing improve resilience but complicate security?
Odgovor
When local processing reduces central latency or dependency while distributing data, software, and physical exposure. The decision needs remote attestation, patching, inventory, and failure handling.
Kartica 22
Pitanje
What does reversibility require in a cloud design?
Odgovor
A practical way to exit or change providers while recovering data, configurations, dependencies, and needed evidence. A theoretical export button is not enough if the result cannot be used elsewhere.
Kartica 23
Pitanje
What is the first security question before connecting IoT devices to a cloud service?
Odgovor
Can each device be uniquely identified, updated, constrained, and monitored throughout its lifecycle? Cheap connectivity does not offset unmanaged device risk.
Kartica 24
Pitanje
What capability does PaaS give the customer?
Odgovor
Deployment of customer applications onto a provider-managed platform. The provider runs the underlying infrastructure and runtime, while the customer secures code, data, and configuration.
Kartica 25
Pitanje
What is a practical cloud decision for quantum-related cryptographic risk today?
Odgovor
Inventory cryptographic dependencies and design for algorithm agility. Replace algorithms according to authoritative migration guidance rather than adopting unreviewed schemes.
Kartica 26
Pitanje
Which SLA measure is useful only when paired with a clear measurement method and remedy?
Odgovor
Any availability or performance target. Define the service boundary, observation window, exclusions, data source, notification, and remedy before treating the number as assurance.
Kartica 27
Pitanje
How should a team use a Well-Architected pattern, SANS security principles, or CSA enterprise architecture?
Odgovor
As structured design input mapped to the workload's risks, responsibilities, and evidence. A named framework guides decisions but does not prove that the resulting architecture is secure.
Kartica 28
Pitanje
What does a FIPS 140 validation establish?
Odgovor
That a named cryptographic module was validated against the stated standard and boundary. It does not prove the surrounding application uses the module safely.
Kartica 29
Pitanje
Who normally patches the managed runtime in PaaS?
Odgovor
The cloud provider. The customer still owns secure application code, dependencies it supplies, data, identities, and configuration.
Kartica 30
Pitanje
Who should approve a cloud data classification?
Odgovor
The accountable data owner. Security and privacy teams advise, while custodians implement the handling controls.
Kartica 31
Pitanje
What should the cloud architect own in secure design?
Odgovor
The documented trust boundaries, security requirements, resilience choices, and responsibility mapping. Operations and product teams then implement and test those decisions.
Kartica 32
Pitanje
What does DevSecOps change about security ownership?
Odgovor
It makes security a shared, automated part of delivery rather than a final external gate. Product teams still need independent challenge for high-risk decisions.
Kartica 33
Pitanje
Which controls reduce container escape impact?
Odgovor
Hardened runtimes, minimal privileges, trusted images, isolation boundaries, and prompt patching. Treat a container as a process boundary, not automatically as a security boundary equal to a separate host.
Kartica 34
Pitanje
Who should own a cloud service's business recovery requirements?
Odgovor
The business or service owner. Technical teams translate the owner's impact tolerance into RTO, RPO, architecture, and tests.
Kartica 35
Pitanje
What capability does IaaS give the customer?
Odgovor
Provisioning of fundamental compute, storage, and network resources. The customer usually controls operating systems, workloads, and many network settings.
Kartica 36
Pitanje
Which key-management design limits a cloud provider compromise from exposing customer data?
Odgovor
Separate data from independently controlled encryption keys where the threat model requires it. Access policy, rotation, backup, and recovery for those keys matter as much as their location.
Kartica 37
Pitanje
What is the safer identity pattern for a cloud workload?
Odgovor
A short-lived, narrowly scoped workload identity. It avoids embedded long-lived credentials and supports rotation and traceability.
Kartica 38
Pitanje
When can cryptographic erase sanitize cloud data?
Odgovor
When destroying the correct encryption key makes all protected copies computationally unreadable and the encryption implementation is trustworthy. Key copies, snapshots, and replicas must be in scope.
Kartica 39
Pitanje
What is the first network control for limiting east-west movement between cloud workloads?
Odgovor
Explicit segmentation with deny-by-default rules. Identity-aware policy and traffic telemetry strengthen the boundary; geofencing can add a location condition but cannot replace it.
Kartica 40
Pitanje
Who normally patches a guest operating system in IaaS?
Odgovor
The cloud customer. The provider secures the underlying facilities and virtualization layer, while the customer manages the guest unless a separate managed service changes that boundary.
Kartica 41
Pitanje
What is the most important permission control for a serverless function?
Odgovor
A dedicated least-privilege execution identity. Also restrict triggers, secrets, outbound access, and runtime duration; ephemeral execution does not erase external logs, queues, or data.
Kartica 42
Pitanje
How does immutable infrastructure reduce configuration drift?
Odgovor
Replace changed instances from a controlled image instead of repairing them in place. The image pipeline, secrets, and state stores still need protection.
Kartica 43
Pitanje
What turns a security baseline into an operating control?
Odgovor
Automated assessment plus timely remediation of deviations. A baseline document alone does not prevent drift.
Kartica 44
Pitanje
What control keeps protection aligned as cloud data moves through its lifecycle?
Odgovor
Lifecycle-aware policy tied to classification and ownership. Access, encryption, retention, monitoring, and disposal should change with the data's state and purpose.
Kartica 45
Pitanje
What makes a cloud recovery plan credible?
Odgovor
Regular restore, failover, dependency, and failback tests against business targets. A provider's availability claim does not prove the customer's service can recover.
Kartica 46
Pitanje
What evidence should be checked first when evaluating a cloud provider?
Odgovor
Evidence mapped to the organization's own requirements and risk criteria. Certifications help only when their scope, period, system, and exceptions cover the intended service.
Kartica 47
Pitanje
What should drive a cloud BC/DR design before products are selected?
Odgovor
A business impact analysis. It identifies critical services, dependencies, impact over time, and acceptable recovery targets.
Kartica 48
Pitanje
Who is accountable for approving an AI model's intended cloud use?
Odgovor
The designated AI or business system owner. Model builders provide evidence, while risk, security, privacy, and legal roles challenge the use against policy.
Kartica 49
Pitanje
What should be tested before accepting a provider's portability claim?
Odgovor
Export the data and configuration, rebuild elsewhere, and measure missing features, time, cost, and dependencies. Contract wording alone cannot prove reversibility.
Kartica 50
Pitanje
What control most directly reduces hypervisor compromise risk for a customer?
Odgovor
Use a provider with strong isolation assurance, rapid patching, and evidence for the virtualization layer. The customer cannot harden a provider-managed hypervisor directly.
Kartica 51
Pitanje
How should CBA and ROI inform a cloud recovery design after the BIA?
Odgovor
CBA compares each option's lifecycle cost with expected benefit; ROI expresses the expected return relative to investment. Neither overrides mandatory duties or the BIA's approved impact tolerance.
Kartica 52
Pitanje
What control helps validate training or detection data before AI use?
Odgovor
Provenance, integrity checks, schema checks, and approval for the intended source. Statistical anomaly checks can add evidence but should not replace ownership.
Kartica 53
Pitanje
What is the human reviewer's role in AI-assisted security operations?
Odgovor
Validate consequential findings and actions before relying on them. Automation can rank and enrich signals, but the accountable human handles ambiguity and impact.
Kartica 54
Pitanje
Why read an assurance report's scope before relying on its conclusion?
Odgovor
The report may exclude the exact service, region, control, subservice, or period you need. Assurance cannot be extended beyond its stated boundary.
Kartica 55
Pitanje
Which controls make model extraction harder at a cloud API?
Odgovor
Strong access control, rate and budget limits, query monitoring, response minimization, and abuse detection. No single control removes the risk from a publicly queryable model.
Kartica 56
Pitanje
Why is high predictive accuracy insufficient for a cloud data-science or AI model?
Odgovor
The use can still create unacceptable legal, privacy, fairness, security, safety, or operational risk. Accuracy is one quality measure, not automatic authorization to deploy.
Kartica 57
Pitanje
How should SOAR handle a high-impact containment action?
Odgovor
Use explicit authorization, bounded playbooks, and human approval when impact or uncertainty is high. Automation should be reversible and fully logged.
Kartica 58
Pitanje
When is Common Criteria evidence relevant to provider evaluation?
Odgovor
When a specific evaluated product and assurance target match the component and threat being assessed. It does not certify an entire cloud service by association.
Kartica 59
Pitanje
Which data lifecycle sequence is useful for cloud control planning?
Odgovor
Create, store, use, share, archive, and destroy. Real data may move between phases, but each transition needs an owner and handling rule.
Kartica 60
Pitanje
What is data dispersion in cloud computing?
Odgovor
The distribution of data and copies across systems, regions, media, services, and providers. Replicas, caches, logs, snapshots, and backups all expand the control boundary.
Kartica 61
Pitanje
What does a cloud data flow describe?
Odgovor
Where data originates, moves, is transformed, is stored, and exits. A useful flow also names trust boundaries, actors, purposes, and protections.
Kartica 62
Pitanje
How do object and volume storage differ?
Odgovor
Object storage addresses data as objects with metadata; volume storage presents block-like storage to a host. Their access paths, sharing models, snapshots, and permission risks differ.
Kartica 63
Pitanje
How does ephemeral storage differ from long-term storage?
Odgovor
Ephemeral storage is tied to a short-lived workload or execution; long-term storage is designed to persist independently. Ephemeral does not mean automatically sanitized.
Kartica 64
Pitanje
What is raw data storage?
Odgovor
Storage of collected data before full cleaning, transformation, or enrichment. Its broad content and uncertain quality make isolation, discovery, provenance, and access control especially important.
Kartica 65
Pitanje
What makes a data-flow map useful for control design?
Odgovor
It names sources, destinations, transformations, actors, purposes, trust boundaries, and protections. Update it when architecture or processing changes.
Kartica 66
Pitanje
What should decide whether data may move to another cloud region?
Odgovor
Classification, purpose, residency and transfer rules, contract terms, threat model, and required controls. Region availability alone is not authorization.
Kartica 67
Pitanje
Which storage type fits immutable, widely shared blobs better than a mounted transactional filesystem?
Odgovor
Object storage. Use volume storage when the workload needs block-style filesystem or database access semantics.
Kartica 68
Pitanje
A short-lived AI training node is terminated. Why can data risk remain?
Odgovor
Ephemeral compute can leave snapshots, caches, logs, attached volumes, or provider-level remnants. Verify the full storage and key lifecycle, not only instance deletion.
Kartica 69
Pitanje
What control exposes unknown cloud data stores before they bypass policy?
Odgovor
Continuous asset and data discovery across accounts, regions, services, and shadow paths. Findings need ownership and remediation, not just inventory.
Kartica 70
Pitanje
What security property does encryption primarily provide?
Odgovor
Confidentiality against parties without the key. Integrity and authenticity require an appropriate authenticated mode or separate mechanism.
Kartica 71
Pitanje
What does tokenization do?
Odgovor
Replaces sensitive data with a non-sensitive token whose mapping is protected separately. The token can preserve application format while reducing where original data appears.
Kartica 72
Pitanje
How do structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data differ?
Odgovor
Structured data follows a fixed schema, semi-structured data carries flexible labels or structure, and unstructured data lacks a consistent field model. Discovery needs techniques suited to each form.
Kartica 73
Pitanje
What is data masking?
Odgovor
A transformation that hides selected data while preserving a usable shape or view. Reversible or weak masking is not anonymization.
Kartica 74
Pitanje
What does Data Loss Prevention monitor or restrict?
Odgovor
Sensitive-data movement or use across selected channels. DLP depends on discovery, classification, context, coverage, and tuned response.
Kartica 75
Pitanje
What security property does a cryptographic hash support?
Odgovor
Integrity by detecting change. A plain hash does not hide the input, prove who created it, or prevent guessing of low-entropy values.
Kartica 76
Pitanje
What does Information Rights Management add beyond storage permissions?
Odgovor
Persistent usage rules attached to protected content, such as view, print, copy, expiry, or revocation. Enforcement still depends on trusted identities, clients, and key services.
Kartica 77
Pitanje
Where should application secrets be kept?
Odgovor
In a managed secret store with narrow access, audit logs, rotation, and short-lived retrieval. Source code, images, and general configuration files are poor secret stores.
Kartica 78
Pitanje
What is anonymization trying to achieve?
Odgovor
Make data no longer reasonably linkable to an identifiable person. Re-identification risk must be assessed against auxiliary data and the release context.
Kartica 79
Pitanje
Why separate key-custodian duties from data administration?
Odgovor
To reduce the chance that one person can both reach ciphertext and independently unlock it. Separation of duties should also cover recovery and emergency access.
Kartica 80
Pitanje
What control reduces dependence on provider-held encryption keys?
Odgovor
Customer-controlled keys with independent policy and lifecycle management. The choice adds recovery, availability, rotation, and administrator risks that must be designed explicitly.
Kartica 81
Pitanje
How can tokenization reduce exposure in an application database?
Odgovor
Store tokens in routine workflows and isolate the token vault or mapping service. Access to detokenization should be rarer and more tightly logged.
Kartica 82
Pitanje
How can a hash support evidence integrity?
Odgovor
Record a strong hash at acquisition and verify it after each transfer or analysis step. Chain-of-custody records explain who handled the evidence and why.
Kartica 83
Pitanje
What is the safer source for non-production test data?
Odgovor
Synthetic or appropriately transformed data that meets the test need without exposing production identities. Validate re-identification risk before release.
Kartica 84
Pitanje
What makes DLP enforcement practical instead of noisy?
Odgovor
Accurate discovery and classification, contextual rules, staged response, tuned exceptions, and incident ownership. Blocking every pattern match can disrupt work without reducing real leakage.
Kartica 85
Pitanje
What enables IRM revocation after a file leaves its original repository?
Odgovor
A trusted client that checks current rights and can no longer obtain the needed key or license. Offline copies and screenshots remain boundary cases.
Kartica 86
Pitanje
How should cloud data discovery handle false positives?
Odgovor
Route uncertain matches for risk-based validation and tune detection with evidence. Silently discarding them hides coverage gaps; blocking them all creates operational failure.
Kartica 87
Pitanje
What keeps certificates trustworthy after issuance?
Odgovor
Inventory, protected private keys, renewal, revocation, validation, and monitored expiry. Issuing a certificate is only the start of its lifecycle.
Kartica 88
Pitanje
What is envelope encryption?
Odgovor
Encrypt data with a data-encryption key, then protect that key with a separate key-encryption key. Rotating or rewrapping the key-encryption key can protect existing data-encryption keys without re-encrypting payload data; replacing a data-encryption key may require payload re-encryption.
Kartica 89
Pitanje
What is data classification?
Odgovor
Assignment of a sensitivity or business category that drives handling requirements. The category should reflect impact, law, contract, and business need.
Kartica 90
Pitanje
When is tokenization preferable to ordinary encryption?
Odgovor
When workflows can use a surrogate while original values stay in a tightly isolated mapping service. Encryption is better when authorized systems must recover data directly with keys.
Kartica 91
Pitanje
Should a password be encrypted or hashed for verification?
Odgovor
Hash it with a password-specific salted, slow derivation function. Reversible encryption creates unnecessary recovery of the original password.
Kartica 92
Pitanje
When is masking insufficient for a public dataset release?
Odgovor
When remaining fields or external data can reasonably re-identify people. Public release needs a defensible anonymization assessment, not cosmetic redaction.
Kartica 93
Pitanje
Why should DLP not be the only control against cloud exfiltration?
Odgovor
It sees only covered channels and recognized content. Least privilege, segmentation, egress control, encryption, monitoring, and response reduce gaps.
Kartica 94
Pitanje
When is IRM more useful than a repository access control list?
Odgovor
When usage restrictions must follow a file beyond the original repository. If data never leaves a controlled service, native authorization may be simpler and stronger.
Kartica 95
Pitanje
Why perform discovery before broad classification enforcement?
Odgovor
You need to know what data exists and where it lives before applying reliable labels and controls. Enforcement on an incomplete inventory leaves blind spots.
Kartica 96
Pitanje
What should trigger data reclassification?
Odgovor
A change in content, use, law, contract, business impact, aggregation, or identifiability. Review should also occur on a defined schedule.
Kartica 97
Pitanje
Why rotate encryption keys?
Odgovor
To limit exposure, meet policy, and replace keys after age, role, algorithm, or compromise changes. Rotation must preserve authorized access to older data until it is safely reprotected or retired.
Kartica 98
Pitanje
Who sets a cloud dataset's business classification?
Odgovor
The accountable data owner. Automated tools can propose labels, but the owner resolves business context and exceptions.
Kartica 99
Pitanje
How does a data label differ from a classification policy?
Odgovor
The label marks a specific asset; the policy defines what the category means and how it must be handled. Labels without enforcement are only metadata.
Kartica 100
Pitanje
What is a data steward responsible for?
Odgovor
Day-to-day quality, definition, and policy consistency for data. A steward supports the owner but does not replace the owner's accountability.
Kartica 101
Pitanje
How do retention and archiving differ?
Odgovor
Retention states how long data must or may be kept; archiving moves data into a managed long-term state. Archived data remains subject to access, integrity, discovery, and deletion rules.
Kartica 102
Pitanje
What does a data controller decide?
Odgovor
The purposes and essential means of processing personal data. The exact legal definition depends on the applicable law.
Kartica 103
Pitanje
When should a derived dataset inherit its source classification?
Odgovor
By default, until an accountable owner proves the transformation changed sensitivity. Aggregation can reduce or increase risk depending on content and linkability.
Kartica 104
Pitanje
How should classification labels affect cloud controls?
Odgovor
Drive access, encryption, sharing, location, retention, monitoring, and deletion policy. Enforcement should follow the label across supported copies and transformations.
Kartica 105
Pitanje
What does a legal hold do?
Odgovor
Suspends normal deletion for information relevant to a legal or regulatory matter. It preserves authorized access and evidence until the hold is released.
Kartica 106
Pitanje
What should a privacy role contribute to cloud data design?
Odgovor
Purpose, minimization, transparency, rights, transfer, retention, and impact requirements. Security protects data, while privacy also asks whether processing should occur and under what conditions.
Kartica 107
Pitanje
What control turns a retention schedule into repeatable cloud behavior?
Odgovor
Policy-driven lifecycle automation with holds, approvals, exceptions, and audit evidence. Automation must cover replicas and backups where the platform supports it.
Kartica 108
Pitanje
What is a data custodian responsible for?
Odgovor
Implementing and operating the technical handling controls. Storage, backup, access, logging, and deletion are typical custody duties.
Kartica 109
Pitanje
Who should own the retention schedule?
Odgovor
The records or information-governance function with legal and business input. Technology teams implement the approved schedule and evidence.
Kartica 110
Pitanje
What does a data processor do?
Odgovor
Processes personal data for a controller under documented instructions. Using the data for its own new purpose may change the role and obligations.
Kartica 111
Pitanje
What proves a cloud deletion request was completed responsibly?
Odgovor
Provider and customer evidence tied to the asset, method, scope, time, and remaining copies. A successful API response alone may not cover backups, replicas, or exported data.
Kartica 112
Pitanje
Which controls protect a long-term cloud archive?
Odgovor
Restricted access, durable integrity checks, format and key preservation, redundancy, retention policy, and tested retrieval. An archive that cannot be read or trusted has failed its purpose.
Kartica 113
Pitanje
Who should approve a training dataset and model version for production?
Odgovor
The accountable model or system owner using evidence from data, security, privacy, and validation roles. Approval must bind the exact versions and intended use.
Kartica 114
Pitanje
Which event fields most often establish accountability for cloud data access?
Odgovor
Trusted identity, action, target, result, timestamp, source context, and relevant network or location data. Collect only attributes needed for the security, legal, and privacy purpose.
Kartica 115
Pitanje
Why synchronize clocks across cloud evidence sources?
Odgovor
To correlate events into a defensible timeline. Record time source, zone, drift, and collection context when precision matters.
Kartica 116
Pitanje
Which risk is present when model outputs reveal features of sensitive training records?
Odgovor
Model inversion or related privacy inference. Data minimization, privacy testing, output controls, and access limits reduce exposure.
Kartica 117
Pitanje
Who authorizes and scopes a legal hold?
Odgovor
An authorized legal or records function. Cloud administrators implement it without deciding the legal scope themselves.
Kartica 118
Pitanje
What must AI dataset validation check besides file integrity?
Odgovor
Source authority, consent or permitted use, representativeness, quality, labeling, poisoning indicators, and intended-use fit. A matching checksum only proves the bytes did not change after that checkpoint.
Kartica 119
Pitanje
Why is an archive not a substitute for a recovery backup?
Odgovor
An archive optimizes long-term preservation and retrieval; a backup supports restoration after loss or corruption. One system can sometimes serve both only if it meets both control sets and tests.
Kartica 120
Pitanje
What protects AI dataset and model provenance?
Odgovor
Versioned inventories, signed or hashed artifacts, controlled pipelines, approval records, and lineage from source to deployment. Bind validation results to the exact artifact versions.
Kartica 121
Pitanje
Which context should be omitted from a data event log?
Odgovor
Data that is unnecessary for the defined security, accountability, or legal purpose. More logging can create privacy, cost, and breach risk without improving evidence.
Kartica 122
Pitanje
What happens when a valid legal hold conflicts with scheduled deletion?
Odgovor
The authorized hold suspends deletion for the in-scope data. Keep access limited, document the exception, and resume policy when the hold is released.
Kartica 123
Pitanje
What adds non-repudiation evidence beyond a plain event log?
Odgovor
Strong identity binding, protected timestamps, integrity controls, and controlled custody. The strength depends on the whole evidence process, not a single hash field.
Kartica 124
Pitanje
What privacy question does a membership-inference attack answer?
Odgovor
Whether a particular record was likely part of a model's training data. Limit exposed confidence, query abuse, overfitting, and unnecessary sensitive training data.
Kartica 125
Pitanje
What is the clearest sign that training-data poisoning controls failed?
Odgovor
Untrusted or manipulated examples changed model behavior or inserted a hidden trigger. Investigate provenance, pipeline access, validation, and the exact affected versions.
Kartica 126
Pitanje
What is the strongest first step when an AI use case asks for every available customer field?
Odgovor
Reduce collection to data necessary for the approved purpose. Minimization lowers privacy, poisoning, access, retention, and breach exposure before technical controls are added.
Kartica 127
Pitanje
What is the cloud network team's primary security role?
Odgovor
Implement approved segmentation, routing, edge protection, secure connectivity, and network telemetry. Application teams still define workload access needs.
Kartica 128
Pitanje
Which layers make up a cloud infrastructure trust stack?
Odgovor
Physical facilities, network, compute, storage, virtualization, and management services. A workload inherits dependencies and failure modes from every layer beneath or beside it.
Kartica 129
Pitanje
How do the management plane and data plane differ?
Odgovor
The management plane configures and governs resources; the data plane carries or processes workload traffic and data. Compromise of the management plane can change many data-plane controls at once.
Kartica 130
Pitanje
What is a trust boundary in cloud architecture?
Odgovor
A point where identity, control, ownership, or assurance changes. Data crossing it needs an explicit policy, validation, and protected channel.
Kartica 131
Pitanje
Who owns a customer's cloud network and identity configuration?
Odgovor
The customer for the configuration choices it controls. Provider defaults and guardrails help, but do not approve the customer's architecture.
Kartica 132
Pitanje
What logical control prevents one tenant from reaching another tenant's resources?
Odgovor
Enforced tenant partitioning across identity, network, compute, storage, and management paths. Test the negative boundary, not only valid access.
Kartica 133
Pitanje
Why is the cloud management plane a high-value target?
Odgovor
It can create, modify, expose, or destroy many resources through one privileged interface. Protect it more strongly than routine workload access.
Kartica 134
Pitanje
What limits lateral movement after one cloud workload is compromised?
Odgovor
Microsegmentation with identity-aware, least-privilege communication policy. Monitor denied and unusual flows to find attempted spread.
Kartica 135
Pitanje
How does infrastructure as code improve control assurance?
Odgovor
It makes configuration reviewable, repeatable, testable, and traceable. Protect the repository, pipeline, state, modules, and deployment identity.
Kartica 136
Pitanje
How should a team verify an infrastructure control still works?
Odgovor
Test its intended outcome with current evidence and representative failure or attack conditions. Configuration presence alone does not prove effectiveness.
Kartica 137
Pitanje
What security boundary should virtualization create between tenants?
Odgovor
Strong isolation of compute, memory, storage, network, and management operations. Shared hardware still creates side-channel, escape, and noisy-neighbor considerations.
Kartica 138
Pitanje
Which controls should protect cloud management-plane access?
Odgovor
Phishing-resistant MFA, privileged access management, separate admin identities, conditional access, least privilege, and immutable logging. Restrict source networks where practical.
Kartica 139
Pitanje
How do type 1 and type 2 hypervisors differ?
Odgovor
A type 1 hypervisor runs directly on hardware; a type 2 hypervisor runs on a host operating system. The extra host layer changes attack surface and operational use.
Kartica 140
Pitanje
Who secures the public cloud facility and physical host?
Odgovor
The cloud provider. Customers still evaluate the provider's physical assurance and design their service around disclosed locations and failure domains.
Kartica 141
Pitanje
What protects a cloud AI training cluster from unrelated tenant traffic?
Odgovor
Dedicated identities, microsegmentation, controlled data paths, hardened images, and monitored management access. Accelerator scheduling and storage paths belong in the boundary.
Kartica 142
Pitanje
When is packet capture useful in cloud infrastructure?
Odgovor
When network-level detail is needed and collection is lawful, technically available, scoped, and protected. Flow logs may be safer and sufficient for many investigations.
Kartica 143
Pitanje
Which control protects detached cloud volumes and snapshots?
Odgovor
Encryption with governed keys plus explicit access policy. Inventory and delete orphaned copies because detachment does not remove their data.
Kartica 144
Pitanje
Why correlate infrastructure logs across layers?
Odgovor
To connect identity, management, network, host, and workload events into one incident path. Preserve original records and normalization context.
Kartica 145
Pitanje
What is a platform owner's responsibility for tenant isolation?
Odgovor
Configure, patch, monitor, and test the shared platform so one workload cannot cross its authorized boundary. Consumers must use the platform's isolation features correctly.
Kartica 146
Pitanje
When should an AI training cluster use stronger isolation than ordinary batch compute?
Odgovor
When valuable models, sensitive datasets, untrusted code, or high-cost accelerators raise confidentiality, integrity, or exhaustion risk. Match isolation to the workload threat model.
Kartica 147
Pitanje
What does an HSM protect in cloud infrastructure?
Odgovor
Cryptographic keys and operations inside a hardened, policy-controlled boundary. An HSM does not decide whether the requesting workload is authorized unless surrounding policy enforces it.
Kartica 148
Pitanje
What is a failure domain?
Odgovor
A set of components likely to fail together because they share a dependency. Regions, zones, racks, power feeds, control services, or software versions can define one.
Kartica 149
Pitanje
A volume is deleted but its snapshots remain. Is the data gone?
Odgovor
No. The snapshots are separate retained copies. Apply inventory, retention, hold, encryption-key, and deletion policy to every snapshot and replica.
Kartica 150
Pitanje
How should a platform reduce virtualization escape risk?
Odgovor
Minimize and patch the virtualization stack, isolate management interfaces, restrict device exposure, monitor anomalies, and contain workloads by risk. Stronger workload boundaries may be needed for hostile tenants.
Kartica 151
Pitanje
What is the first response to an internet-exposed cloud management endpoint?
Odgovor
Remove unnecessary public reachability, then enforce strong identity and monitored privileged access. A hidden URL or uncommon port is not a control.
Kartica 152
Pitanje
What is the facilities team's role in a private cloud data center?
Odgovor
Operate physical access, power, cooling, fire protection, and environmental monitoring. Security requirements should define evidence and escalation for those systems.
Kartica 153
Pitanje
Which site-location condition creates direct legal exposure for a cloud workload?
Odgovor
The jurisdictions that can reach the facility, operator, customers, or data. Cost, hazards, utilities, connectivity, workforce, and physical threats require separate location analysis.
Kartica 154
Pitanje
How does diverse pathway connectivity improve resilience?
Odgovor
It prevents one cable route, conduit, carrier handoff, or excavation from cutting every link. Verify physical diversity rather than relying on different circuit names.
Kartica 155
Pitanje
When does building a private data center make more sense than buying cloud capacity?
Odgovor
When requirements for control, latency, sovereignty, specialized hardware, or long-term economics outweigh the build and operating burden. Compare full lifecycle cost and resilience, not purchase price alone.
Kartica 156
Pitanje
Which physical controls protect cloud hardware from unauthorized handling?
Odgovor
Zoned access, least privilege, identity checks, surveillance, visitor controls, alarms, and custody records. The strength should match asset and data impact.
Kartica 157
Pitanje
What power design reduces a data center's single-point risk?
Odgovor
Independent feeds, conditioned distribution, UPS capacity, generators, fuel plans, and tested transfer. Maintenance paths must preserve the intended redundancy.
Kartica 158
Pitanje
What should environmental monitoring detect in a data center?
Odgovor
Temperature, humidity, airflow, water, smoke, power, and equipment conditions that threaten service. Alerts need thresholds, escalation, and tested response.
Kartica 159
Pitanje
How does resilience differ from simple redundancy?
Odgovor
Redundancy adds alternatives; resilience keeps or restores acceptable service despite disruption. Redundant components can still share one failure domain or bad configuration.
Kartica 160
Pitanje
Which on-premises physical control remains a customer duty when workloads move to public cloud?
Odgovor
Protection of customer-controlled offices, endpoints, network links, and any retained equipment. The provider's data-center controls do not secure the customer's physical environment.
Kartica 161
Pitanje
What are the core outputs of an infrastructure risk assessment?
Odgovor
Prioritized risks tied to assets, threats, vulnerabilities, likelihood, impact, existing controls, and owners. The output should lead to treatment and follow-up.
Kartica 162
Pitanje
Who may accept residual infrastructure risk?
Odgovor
The authorized business risk owner, not the engineer who found it. Acceptance should state scope, duration, rationale, and review trigger.
Kartica 163
Pitanje
How do a threat, vulnerability, and risk differ?
Odgovor
A threat can cause harm, a vulnerability is a weakness it may exploit, and risk combines uncertain harm with business impact. A weakness without relevant exposure may be lower priority.
Kartica 164
Pitanje
What reveals that two supposedly redundant cloud systems share fate?
Odgovor
They depend on the same control plane, account, region, identity service, network path, software defect, operator, or key. Model those dependencies before counting redundancy.
Kartica 165
Pitanje
What does a security control owner do?
Odgovor
Ensures an assigned control is designed, implemented, evidenced, monitored, and corrected. The role may coordinate several technical operators.
Kartica 166
Pitanje
Which risk treatment options should a cloud team recognize?
Odgovor
Avoid, mitigate, transfer or share, and accept. Treatment changes exposure or ownership; it does not erase accountability.
Kartica 167
Pitanje
What is a recovery service level?
Odgovor
The minimum service capacity or functionality that must be restored, often stated as a percentage of normal service. RSL defines how much service must work; RTO sets the time limit, while RPO sets the maximum data-loss interval.
Kartica 168
Pitanje
What makes a machine image trustworthy for cloud deployment?
Odgovor
Known provenance, minimal contents, current patches, signed or verified integrity, vulnerability results, and controlled promotion. Revalidate it when dependencies age.
Kartica 169
Pitanje
When do multiple availability zones materially improve resilience?
Odgovor
When the service, data, network, identities, and operations can continue after one zone and its shared dependencies fail. Merely placing instances in two zones is not a tested design.
Kartica 170
Pitanje
What should determine the strength of an infrastructure security control?
Odgovor
The asset impact, threat, vulnerability, exposure, legal duties, and risk tolerance. Use control frameworks as structured input, not as an automatic one-size baseline.
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Kartica 171
Pitanje
Which layered controls improve availability against cloud DDoS?
Odgovor
Provider edge absorption, rate controls, resilient scaling, caching, WAF or protocol filtering, and an exercised response plan. Scaling alone can turn attack traffic into cost exhaustion.
Kartica 172
Pitanje
A cloud contract shifts breach costs to a provider. Has the risk been removed?
Odgovor
No. Financial risk may be transferred, while operational, legal, reputational, and customer harm can remain. Retained exposure still needs mitigation and acceptance.
Kartica 173
Pitanje
Why map dependencies across compute, storage, and network services?
Odgovor
A resilient application can still fail when a shared supporting service fails. Dependency maps expose hidden single points, circular recovery steps, and shared fate.
Kartica 174
Pitanje
What does RPO constrain in an infrastructure recovery design?
Odgovor
The maximum acceptable data-loss interval measured backward from disruption. It drives backup or replication frequency and consistency choices.
Kartica 175
Pitanje
What should trigger automated failover?
Odgovor
Reliable health evidence that the primary cannot meet the service objective, with safeguards against split-brain and false triggers. Manual approval may remain appropriate for ambiguous high-impact cases.
Kartica 176
Pitanje
When is an IPS preferable to an IDS?
Odgovor
When inline blocking is justified, tested, and safe for the traffic and availability requirements. Use detection-only when false positives or inline failure would create unacceptable impact.
Kartica 177
Pitanje
What makes residual infrastructure risk ready for acceptance?
Odgovor
A clear scenario, affected assets, existing controls, likelihood and impact, owner, duration, alternatives, and review trigger. Vague acceptance is not governance.
Kartica 178
Pitanje
What makes a cloud backup resistant to account compromise?
Odgovor
Separate administration, immutable or offline retention, encryption, protected deletion, and tested restore. Keep recovery credentials outside the routine production trust path.
Kartica 179
Pitanje
What does a BC/DR coordinator own during cloud recovery planning?
Odgovor
The cross-team plan, exercises, dependencies, contacts, evidence, and follow-up. Service owners still set business priorities and targets.
Kartica 180
Pitanje
Which recovery design supports a near-zero RPO?
Odgovor
Synchronous or otherwise strongly consistent replication across independent failure domains, if latency and shared-fate limits are acceptable. Backups still protect against corruption and deletion.
Kartica 181
Pitanje
Which overlooked dependency can stop users from reaching replicated application servers after failover?
Odgovor
The identity service. Recovery planning should also cover DNS, keys, secrets, routes, data stores, quotas, and external services.
Kartica 182
Pitanje
Why test restore separately from backup completion?
Odgovor
A completed backup may be corrupt, incomplete, inaccessible, or too slow for the target. Restore testing proves usability and measures recovery performance.
Kartica 183
Pitanje
Why plan failback before declaring a DR design complete?
Odgovor
Returning to the preferred environment can create another outage, conflict, or data loss. Define authority, synchronization, validation, rollback, and communication.
Kartica 184
Pitanje
Which design choice most directly supports a short RTO?
Odgovor
Pre-provisioned or rapidly deployable recovery capacity with automated, tested orchestration. Data, identities, network, dependencies, and operators must be ready too.
Kartica 185
Pitanje
What should application-security awareness change in a cloud team?
Odgovor
Daily design and delivery decisions, not just annual quiz results. Use role-specific OWASP, ASVS, SANS Top 25, and LLM-risk examples as practical boundaries, then reinforce them with real defects.
Kartica 186
Pitanje
What makes an SDLC a secure SDLC?
Odgovor
Security requirements, design analysis, implementation controls, verification, release evidence, maintenance, and retirement are built into the lifecycle. A final penetration test alone is not a lifecycle.
Kartica 187
Pitanje
How do functional and non-functional security requirements differ?
Odgovor
Functional requirements specify security behavior; non-functional requirements set qualities such as availability, performance, resilience, or assurance. Both need measurable acceptance criteria.
Kartica 188
Pitanje
Who turns business needs into testable application security requirements?
Odgovor
The product or business owner with security, privacy, legal, and engineering input. Requirements need an accountable owner and acceptance evidence.
Kartica 189
Pitanje
How should a security requirement remain visible through delivery?
Odgovor
Trace it to design decisions, code or configuration, tests, approval, and operating evidence. Untraceable requirements are easy to drop during change.
Kartica 190
Pitanje
What is the purpose of threat modeling?
Odgovor
Identify likely abuse paths and design mitigations before or during development. Keep the model tied to assets, trust boundaries, architecture changes, and evidence.
Kartica 191
Pitanje
What makes developer security training actionable?
Odgovor
Role-specific examples, secure alternatives, practice in the delivery toolchain, and feedback from real defects. Refresh it as platforms and threats change.
Kartica 192
Pitanje
Should agile delivery remove formal security gates?
Odgovor
No. It should make them smaller, earlier, automated where reliable, and tied to risk. High-impact changes can still require independent approval.
Kartica 193
Pitanje
Which cloud-specific application risks need explicit SDLC decisions before coding?
Odgovor
Shared-technology exposure, provider insiders, limited visibility or control, and legal or jurisdiction boundaries. Record the provider boundary, evidence, data location, isolation, and compensating controls.
Kartica 194
Pitanje
How do federation and SSO differ?
Odgovor
Federation establishes trust across identity domains; SSO lets a user authenticate once for multiple services. Federation can enable SSO, but the concepts are not identical.
Kartica 195
Pitanje
What is a developer's responsibility in secure cloud delivery?
Odgovor
Use approved patterns, validate inputs and outputs, protect secrets, handle errors safely, review dependencies, and fix findings. Security tools support that judgment rather than replace it.
Kartica 196
Pitanje
What should a peer security reviewer verify?
Odgovor
That the change preserves requirements, trust boundaries, authorization, data handling, failure behavior, and evidence. Review the actual diff and deployment effect, not only style.
Kartica 197
Pitanje
What is the application security architect accountable for?
Odgovor
Security patterns, trust boundaries, threat decisions, control integration, and documented exceptions. Teams share implementation, but architecture needs coherent ownership.
Kartica 198
Pitanje
Which threat categories does STRIDE prompt a team to examine?
Odgovor
Spoofing, tampering, repudiation, information disclosure, denial of service, and elevation of privilege. It is a coverage aid, not a risk score.
Kartica 199
Pitanje
What secure-coding rule most directly prevents broken object authorization?
Odgovor
Check the current subject's permission for the specific object on every request. ASVS or SAFECode guidance can structure assurance, but hiding identifiers or checking only authentication is insufficient.
Kartica 200
Pitanje
What should a secret-scanning gate do when it finds a real credential?
Odgovor
Block exposure, revoke or rotate the credential, remove it from reachable history, and investigate use. Deleting the latest line does not invalidate copied history.
Kartica 201
Pitanje
How does protected version control support software assurance?
Odgovor
It creates tamper-evident, access-controlled history for reviewed code and configuration changes. Protect references from unauthorized rewrite, retain audit logs, control bypass, and bind signed artifacts to approved releases; content-addressed commits alone do not make branch history immutable.
Kartica 202
Pitanje
Which threat-model method is the simplest checklist for threat categories at trust boundaries?
Odgovor
STRIDE. Use a process-centered method when business impact, attacker paths, and staged analysis need deeper treatment.
Kartica 203
Pitanje
What is an abuse case?
Odgovor
A description of how an actor could misuse a feature or violate a security goal. It turns attacker intent into testable defensive behavior.
Kartica 204
Pitanje
Why should a team avoid treating DREAD scores as objective truth?
Odgovor
Its ratings are judgment-based and can create false precision. Document evidence, assumptions, impact, and uncertainty instead of relying on one number.
Kartica 205
Pitanje
How do SAST and DAST differ?
Odgovor
SAST examines code or compiled artifacts without running the full application; DAST probes a running application from the outside. They find different classes of weakness.
Kartica 206
Pitanje
What does Software Composition Analysis examine?
Odgovor
Third-party components, versions, licenses, and known vulnerability or policy data. It does not prove that a dependency is safe in context or detect every malicious package.
Kartica 207
Pitanje
When should a cloud application's threat model be updated?
Odgovor
When trust boundaries, data, identities, dependencies, deployment, features, or threats materially change. Periodic review catches slow drift.
Kartica 208
Pitanje
How do black-box and white-box security testing differ?
Odgovor
Black-box testing uses external behavior with little internal knowledge; white-box testing uses code, design, or configuration knowledge. Gray-box testing combines partial knowledge with external interaction.
Kartica 209
Pitanje
What should a CI/CD security gate block?
Odgovor
A defined, evidence-based release condition such as an exposed secret, failed critical control, unapproved artifact, or unacceptable vulnerability. Keep exceptions explicit, owned, and time-bounded.
Kartica 210
Pitanje
When is PASTA or ATASM more useful than a short threat checklist?
Odgovor
When the team needs a structured path from business objectives and architecture to attacker behavior, attack surfaces, and mitigations. Match method depth to decision risk.
Kartica 211
Pitanje
Where does SAST provide the earliest useful feedback?
Odgovor
During coding and pull-request review, before deployment. Tune rules, confirm reachability and context, and fix root causes rather than chasing raw counts.
Kartica 212
Pitanje
When is IAST worth adding to a cloud test pipeline?
Odgovor
When representative automated tests exist and runtime path-to-code insight will improve triage. Without exercised paths, instrumentation has little to observe.
Kartica 213
Pitanje
How should an application handle LLM output before passing it to a browser, shell, database, or tool?
Odgovor
Treat it as untrusted data and validate, encode, constrain, or approve it for the destination. Model fluency is not a security guarantee.
Kartica 214
Pitanje
What should an abuse-case test assert for a sensitive workflow?
Odgovor
The application safely rejects or contains a realistic misuse path and leaves useful evidence. Test rate, sequence, privilege, data, and failure-state abuse where relevant.
Kartica 215
Pitanje
What environment makes DAST results most useful?
Odgovor
A representative running deployment with safe test data, reachable paths, and observable results. Production testing needs explicit authorization and safeguards.
Kartica 216
Pitanje
Who owns risk from a third-party software component?
Odgovor
The organization that chooses and operates it. The supplier supplies evidence and remediation, but outsourcing the component does not outsource customer accountability.
Kartica 217
Pitanje
How do an SBOM and SCA work together?
Odgovor
SCA identifies component and policy findings; an SBOM records the released component inventory. Bind both to the exact artifact and update risk when new information appears.
Kartica 218
Pitanje
What does artifact signing protect in a software supply chain?
Odgovor
Integrity and authenticated provenance of the signed artifact. Verification policy must also trust the signer, build path, and release authorization.
Kartica 219
Pitanje
What makes open-source software validated for a cloud application?
Odgovor
Its source, release, integrity, dependencies, license, maintenance, vulnerabilities, and intended use have been assessed. Open code is inspectable, not automatically safe.
Kartica 220
Pitanje
Which cloud application control validates XML message structure before processing?
Odgovor
An XML firewall. A WAF filters web traffic, an API gateway applies API-facing policy, DAM monitors database activity, and a load balancer distributes traffic.
Kartica 221
Pitanje
What authorization check belongs behind every sensitive API operation?
Odgovor
A server-side decision for the current identity, action, object, tenant, and context. Gateway authentication alone cannot decide application-level ownership.
Kartica 222
Pitanje
How should an API treat untrusted input?
Odgovor
Validate type, structure, size, range, encoding, and allowed semantics before use. Reject unexpected fields where ambiguity or mass assignment creates risk.
Kartica 223
Pitanje
What is an Identity Provider responsible for in federation?
Odgovor
Authenticating subjects and issuing trustworthy identity assertions under agreed policy. The relying application still authorizes each requested action.
Kartica 224
Pitanje
What does sandboxing add to cloud application security?
Odgovor
A constrained execution boundary for untrusted or risky code and content. Restrict identity, network, files, secrets, time, and compute outside the sandbox too.
Kartica 225
Pitanje
What should block adoption of a third-party software component?
Odgovor
Unacceptable provenance, integrity, vulnerability, maintenance, license, access, or exit risk. Popularity and a clean scan do not settle supplier risk.
Kartica 226
Pitanje
Which test perspective should verify hidden authorization logic?
Odgovor
White-box review and testing, supported by black-box attempts to cross the boundary. Internal knowledge finds code paths; external tests confirm observable enforcement.
Kartica 227
Pitanje
Which practice verifies that a cloud release consistently meets defined quality and security criteria?
Odgovor
Quality Assurance (QA). It plans and tracks repeatable reviews, tests, acceptance evidence, defect handling, and process improvement across delivery.
Kartica 228
Pitanje
Which IAM controls reduce takeover of a federated cloud account?
Odgovor
Strong MFA, trusted federation configuration, short sessions, conditional access, lifecycle automation, and monitored privilege. Secure both the IdP and relying service.
Kartica 229
Pitanje
What is the safest response when retrieved content tells an LLM to ignore system rules?
Odgovor
Treat the instruction as untrusted data, preserve higher-priority policy, and prevent unauthorized tool or data access. Input filtering alone cannot eliminate prompt injection.
Kartica 230
Pitanje
How should an LLM application reduce sensitive information disclosure?
Odgovor
Minimize prompt and training data, enforce retrieval authorization, redact where justified, constrain outputs, and test leakage. A system prompt telling the model to keep secrets is not sufficient.
Kartica 231
Pitanje
A model repository account is compromised and a backdoored model is published. Which risks overlap?
Odgovor
Supply-chain compromise and data or model poisoning. Pin trusted versions, verify provenance and signatures, scan safely, validate behavior, and control promotion.
Kartica 232
Pitanje
What identity should one microservice use to call another?
Odgovor
A distinct, short-lived workload identity with least-privilege authorization. Avoid sharing broad static credentials across services.
Kartica 233
Pitanje
How should an agentic LLM be constrained before it can delete cloud resources?
Odgovor
Give it minimal scoped tools, validate arguments, require approval for destructive actions, enforce budgets, and log every decision and result. Capability should match the smallest authorized task.
Kartica 234
Pitanje
Should a system prompt be treated as a secret control boundary?
Odgovor
No. Design as if instructions may be exposed. Keep credentials and authorization outside the prompt, minimize sensitive details, and enforce policy in trusted code.
Kartica 235
Pitanje
What is the main risk of weak authorization in a shared vector store?
Odgovor
Retrieval can cross tenant or user boundaries and expose embeddings, documents, or poisoned context. Partition, authorize, validate provenance, and monitor ingestion and queries.
Kartica 236
Pitanje
When does a CASB add value beside an IdP?
Odgovor
When the organization needs visibility or policy over cloud-service use, data movement, sessions, or unmanaged access beyond authentication. The IdP establishes identity; the CASB governs selected cloud interactions.
Kartica 237
Pitanje
How should a high-impact workflow use an LLM answer that may be plausible but false?
Odgovor
Verify it against authoritative data or require qualified human review before action. Communicate uncertainty and preserve source evidence.
Kartica 238
Pitanje
Which controls address unbounded LLM consumption?
Odgovor
Per-user and per-task quotas, rate limits, token and tool budgets, timeouts, concurrency limits, anomaly alerts, and safe cancellation. Monitor financial as well as availability impact.
Kartica 239
Pitanje
How do an HSM and a TPM differ?
Odgovor
An HSM protects shared or service cryptographic operations; a TPM anchors trust to one platform. Both protect keys, but their scope and use cases differ.
Kartica 240
Pitanje
What does secure by default mean for cloud infrastructure?
Odgovor
A new resource starts in the least exposed, least privileged, approved state. Users must make an explicit, reviewed choice to widen access or capability.
Kartica 241
Pitanje
Why do virtual CPU, memory, storage, and network settings have security impact?
Odgovor
They define resource exposure, isolation, exhaustion limits, and device access. Overbroad virtual hardware can create attack paths or noisy-neighbor risk.
Kartica 242
Pitanje
Which hypervisor type is usually preferred for production cloud hosts?
Odgovor
A type 1 hypervisor because it removes the general-purpose host OS layer. The actual choice still depends on assurance, patching, management, and workload needs.
Kartica 243
Pitanje
How can TPM-backed measured boot support cloud host assurance?
Odgovor
Measurements anchor boot components to hardware so an attestation service can compare them with approved state. The decision still depends on trusted reference values and response policy.
Kartica 244
Pitanje
How should guest OS virtualization tools be installed and maintained?
Odgovor
Use provider-authorized packages, enable only needed features, match supported versions, patch promptly, and monitor their privilege. Remove stale tools that widen the host-to-guest boundary.
Kartica 245
Pitanje
What is cloud platform operations responsible for after secure build?
Odgovor
Maintaining approved configuration, availability, patching, monitoring, backup, access, and evidence. Operations should feed recurring defects back into design.
Kartica 246
Pitanje
What does a privileged access administrator control?
Odgovor
The issuance, elevation, monitoring, review, and revocation of administrative access. Separate the access-control role from routine use where practical.
Kartica 247
Pitanje
What is the safer pattern for remote SSH administration?
Odgovor
Short-lived identity-based access through a controlled path with host verification, least privilege, session logging, and no shared keys. Disable direct root login.
Kartica 248
Pitanje
When should a cloud workload require platform attestation?
Odgovor
When access depends on proof that the host or confidential environment is in an approved measured state. Define what is measured, who verifies it, and what failure does.
Kartica 249
Pitanje
Which protocol adds origin authentication and integrity to DNS data?
Odgovor
DNSSEC. TLS protects a transport session, a VPN protects traffic across an untrusted boundary, and DHCP safeguards prevent rogue address or configuration assignment.
Kartica 250
Pitanje
What should enforce separation between cloud network zones?
Odgovor
Routing and firewall or security-group policy tied to explicit allowed flows. VLANs can organize segments but do not enforce policy by themselves.
Kartica 251
Pitanje
How do IDS and IPS differ operationally?
Odgovor
An IDS alerts on suspected activity; an IPS sits inline and can block it. Inline prevention adds availability and false-positive risk.
Kartica 252
Pitanje
What reduces RDP exposure in a cloud environment?
Odgovor
Remove direct internet access, require a hardened gateway or private path, strong MFA, current patches, device checks, and session monitoring. Limit clipboard and drive redirection by need.
Kartica 253
Pitanje
What makes a honeypot safe enough to operate?
Odgovor
Isolation, no production trust, controlled data, monitored egress, legal approval, and an incident plan. It should observe attackers without becoming their launch point.
Kartica 254
Pitanje
How do high availability and backup differ?
Odgovor
High availability keeps service running through component failure; backup restores data or state after loss or corruption. One does not replace the other.
Kartica 255
Pitanje
How should firewall, IDS, and IPS controls be layered?
Odgovor
Firewalls constrain allowed paths, IDS detects suspicious activity, and IPS may block selected attacks inline. Central telemetry and tuned ownership make the layers useful.
Kartica 256
Pitanje
When is a cloud security group insufficient as the only network control?
Odgovor
When application-aware filtering, centralized inspection, advanced threat detection, or cross-environment policy is required. Keep security groups as workload-level least-privilege boundaries.
Kartica 257
Pitanje
How should management-plane tools be installed?
Odgovor
From verified sources through a controlled, minimal, hardened build with separate privileged access and logging. Remove sample accounts, unused plugins, and default exposure.
Kartica 258
Pitanje
What is patch management?
Odgovor
A controlled lifecycle for identifying, prioritizing, testing, deploying, verifying, and documenting security and reliability updates. Asset inventory and exception ownership are prerequisites.
Kartica 259
Pitanje
How do performance and capacity monitoring differ?
Odgovor
Performance monitoring measures current service behavior; capacity monitoring forecasts whether resources can meet future demand. Both need business thresholds and trends.
Kartica 260
Pitanje
How do change, release, and deployment management differ?
Odgovor
Change management authorizes and controls modification; release management packages approved capability; deployment management moves it into an environment. One workflow may integrate all three without erasing their goals.
Kartica 261
Pitanje
What should decide whether an IPS blocks automatically?
Odgovor
Detection confidence, asset criticality, attack impact, false-positive cost, bypass behavior, and rollback. Start with observation when evidence is weak.
Kartica 262
Pitanje
Who owns a patch exception?
Odgovor
The authorized system or risk owner, with technical evidence from operations and security. The exception needs compensating controls, expiry, and review.
Kartica 263
Pitanje
What does a capacity manager protect?
Odgovor
The service's ability to meet current and forecast demand within cost and resilience constraints. The role tracks trends, thresholds, quotas, and scaling lead time.
Kartica 264
Pitanje
What is the change manager's security role?
Odgovor
Ensure risk, testing, authorization, scheduling, rollback, and communication are proportionate to the change. Emergency changes still need retrospective evidence.
Kartica 265
Pitanje
What should a backup-and-restore control verify for guest systems?
Odgovor
Required data and configuration are captured, protected, retained, and restored within targets. Include application consistency, keys, dependencies, and documented restore order.
Kartica 266
Pitanje
Which management process keeps a cloud service able to meet its agreed uptime and reliability targets?
Odgovor
Availability management. It analyzes failure patterns, resilience, maintainability, and recovery so the service can meet those targets.
Kartica 267
Pitanje
What improves patch prioritization beyond a severity score?
Odgovor
Exploitability, exposure, asset importance, compensating controls, dependency, and business impact. Verify remediation and track unsupported assets separately.
Kartica 268
Pitanje
What turns performance and capacity alerts into an availability control?
Odgovor
Thresholds tied to service objectives, trend analysis, ownership, safe scaling, and tested response. Alert volume without action is not capacity management.
Kartica 269
Pitanje
What should a configuration-management system record?
Odgovor
Approved items, owners, versions, relationships, baselines, changes, and current state. Cloud discovery should reconcile actual resources with declared configuration.
Kartica 270
Pitanje
Why place a cluster host into maintenance mode?
Odgovor
To drain or protect workloads before planned work while preserving cluster policy. Verify capacity, placement constraints, and stateful-service behavior first.
Kartica 271
Pitanje
Which management process agrees, monitors, and reviews measurable service targets with customers?
Odgovor
Service-level management. It turns business needs into agreed service objectives, tracks results, and drives action when performance misses them.
Kartica 272
Pitanje
Which hardware signals should cloud facilities monitor?
Odgovor
Disk health, CPU and memory errors, fan and temperature state, power, and vendor fault telemetry. Correlate physical signals with host and workload impact.
Kartica 273
Pitanje
How should an OS hardening baseline be maintained?
Odgovor
Version it, test it, measure compliance, remediate drift, record exceptions, and update it for new threats and platform changes. Apply separate profiles to distinct workloads.
Kartica 274
Pitanje
How do incident management and problem management differ?
Odgovor
Incident management restores service and limits harm; problem management finds and removes underlying causes. The same event can open both tracks.
Kartica 275
Pitanje
Which management process coordinates security risk and controls across cloud service operation?
Odgovor
Information security management. It aligns policy, risk treatment, control operation, evidence, incidents, and improvement with the service-management system.
Kartica 276
Pitanje
Which management process turns recurring service-control gaps into measured improvements?
Odgovor
Continual service improvement management. It prioritizes opportunities, defines a measurable target and owner, implements change, and verifies the outcome.
Kartica 277
Pitanje
How should operations choose among NIST, ISO, COBIT, CIS Controls, COSO, ITIL, or ISO/IEC 20000-1?
Odgovor
Map the applicable framework or standard to the organization's legal duties, risks, service goals, and evidence needs. The names are not interchangeable, and adoption alone does not prove control effectiveness.
Kartica 278
Pitanje
A service is restored after repeated crashes. Which process continues the root-cause work?
Odgovor
Problem management. Incident management can close after stable restoration while the underlying defect, workaround, and prevention remain tracked.
Kartica 279
Pitanje
Which management process owns tested arrangements for sustaining or restoring critical services after severe disruption?
Odgovor
Continuity management. Incident management handles the current event, while availability management focuses on meeting service uptime and reliability targets.
Kartica 280
Pitanje
What does a cloud forensic lead decide?
Odgovor
The lawful collection strategy, volatile-data priorities, tools, provider coordination, preservation, and analysis plan. The lead should understand cloud-specific evidence limits.
Kartica 281
Pitanje
What does chain of custody record?
Odgovor
Who collected, handled, transferred, stored, analyzed, and disposed of evidence, when and why. Integrity checks support the record but do not replace it.
Kartica 282
Pitanje
What does an incident commander own?
Odgovor
Priorities, roles, decisions, coordination, cadence, and safe handoffs during an incident. Technical responders investigate and act within that structure.
Kartica 283
Pitanje
What does the incident communications lead control?
Odgovor
Approved messages, audiences, channels, timing, records, and coordination with legal and leadership. Technical certainty and disclosure obligations may change during the event.
Kartica 284
Pitanje
How do a SOC, SIEM, and SOAR relate?
Odgovor
A SOC is the operating function, a SIEM centralizes and analyzes security events, and SOAR coordinates automated workflows. People, process, authority, and evidence connect the tools.
Kartica 285
Pitanje
What is an evidence custodian responsible for?
Odgovor
Controlled storage, access, transfer, integrity verification, retention, and chain-of-custody records. The custodian preserves evidence without altering its meaning.
Kartica 286
Pitanje
How should a SOC use threat intelligence?
Odgovor
Map relevant, timely indicators and adversary behavior to assets, detections, hunts, and decisions. Expire stale indicators and separate confidence from fact.
Kartica 287
Pitanje
How should AI-assisted security monitoring be governed?
Odgovor
Validate data and models, measure errors and drift, limit action authority, log reasoning inputs and outcomes, and keep human review for consequential cases. Compare against a safe manual path.
Kartica 288
Pitanje
When is a cloud snapshot suitable forensic evidence?
Odgovor
When collection is authorized, scope and timing are documented, integrity is protected, and the snapshot preserves relevant state. It may omit memory, external services, or rapidly changing logs.
Kartica 289
Pitanje
Who decides whether a regulator must be notified during a cloud incident?
Odgovor
The authorized legal or compliance owner under the incident plan. Vendor and communications owners coordinate channels; engineers supply verified facts.
Kartica 290
Pitanje
What should a forensic plan obtain from the cloud provider before an incident?
Odgovor
Available logs and APIs, retention, time sources, support contacts, legal process, evidence formats, isolation options, and responsibility boundaries. Confirm access with an exercise.
Kartica 291
Pitanje
How should vulnerability assessment and penetration testing work together?
Odgovor
Assessment finds and prioritizes likely weaknesses broadly; authorized penetration testing demonstrates selected exploit paths and impact. Both require scoped remediation and retest.
Kartica 292
Pitanje
How should a SIEM protect cloud log value?
Odgovor
Normalize without losing source evidence, control access, preserve time and integrity, correlate identities and assets, tune detections, and retain by purpose. Monitor collection gaps.
Kartica 293
Pitanje
What should SOAR do when a playbook's evidence is incomplete?
Odgovor
Pause or take only a safe reversible step, preserve context, and escalate to an authorized human. Do not let automation convert uncertainty into broad containment damage.
Kartica 294
Pitanje
When should incident communication wait?
Odgovor
Only when authorized coordination is needed to verify facts, protect response, or meet a defined legal strategy. Do not delay a mandatory notice past its trigger or deadline.
Kartica 295
Pitanje
When is penetration testing more useful than another vulnerability scan?
Odgovor
When the organization needs authorized evidence that selected weaknesses can combine into a meaningful attack path. Scanning remains better for broad, repeatable coverage.
Kartica 296
Pitanje
Which evidence should be collected first from a running cloud workload?
Odgovor
The most volatile, relevant evidence that will disappear earliest, if collection is authorized and safe. Balance volatility against service impact and contamination risk.
Kartica 297
Pitanje
Why can cloud data be subject to more than one jurisdiction?
Odgovor
Customers, providers, processing, storage, people, contracts, and affected individuals may sit in different places. Location and legal reach are related but not identical.
Kartica 298
Pitanje
Why are privacy roles contextual rather than permanent labels?
Odgovor
An organization can be controller for one processing purpose and processor for another. Determine the role from actual decisions and instructions, not the company type.
Kartica 299
Pitanje
What should legal counsel contribute to cloud design?
Odgovor
Interpret applicable law, privilege, contracts, disputes, preservation, disclosure, and legal risk. Counsel advises; accountable business owners still decide within authority.
Kartica 300
Pitanje
What is eDiscovery?
Odgovor
The identification, preservation, collection, processing, review, and production of electronically stored information for a legal matter. Cloud scale and provider control affect each step.
Kartica 301
Pitanje
How do contractual and regulated private data differ?
Odgovor
Contractual duties come from agreed terms; regulated duties come from applicable law. The same data can be subject to both, and the stricter combined obligations may govern.
Kartica 302
Pitanje
What is the controller's contract duty toward a cloud processor?
Odgovor
Give documented instructions, choose and oversee a capable processor, and define required privacy and security terms. Applicable law may add specific clauses and audit duties.
Kartica 303
Pitanje
What is a Privacy Impact Assessment?
Odgovor
A structured evaluation of how planned processing affects people and how privacy risk will be handled. Perform it early enough to change the design.
Kartica 304
Pitanje
What is an ISMS?
Odgovor
A managed system of policies, risk processes, controls, evidence, review, and continual improvement for information security. It is broader than a control checklist or toolset.
Kartica 305
Pitanje
What does a contract's choice-of-law clause do?
Odgovor
Names the law intended to govern the contract. It does not automatically override mandatory laws or every court's jurisdiction.
Kartica 306
Pitanje
What makes a legal hold operationally defensible in cloud systems?
Odgovor
Authorized scope, prompt preservation, deletion suspension, controlled collection, access logging, periodic review, and documented release. Test whether provider features cover all copies.
Kartica 307
Pitanje
Does calling a field PII or PHI settle every privacy obligation?
Odgovor
No. Applicability depends on the data, person, entity, purpose, context, and governing law or contract. Classify with qualified privacy and legal input.
Kartica 308
Pitanje
Which design control reduces privacy risk before consent screens and notices?
Odgovor
Data minimization tied to a specific approved purpose. Collecting less reduces exposure, rights handling, retention, and breach impact.
Kartica 309
Pitanje
What is a processor's core duty toward controller data?
Odgovor
Process it only under authorized instructions and required legal obligations, while applying agreed controls and assistance. Subprocessors need governed approval and flow-down terms.
Kartica 310
Pitanje
What control reveals cross-border cloud data processing before it becomes a compliance surprise?
Odgovor
A maintained data and subprocessors map tied to locations, purposes, roles, transfers, and safeguards. Reconcile contracts with actual telemetry and provider disclosures.
Kartica 311
Pitanje
How do internal and external audits differ?
Odgovor
Internal audit provides independent assurance inside the organization; external audit is performed by an outside party for a defined objective. Both require scope, criteria, evidence, and independence.
Kartica 312
Pitanje
When should a PIA be reopened?
Odgovor
When purpose, data, people, model, provider, location, sharing, retention, or risk materially changes. A one-time assessment becomes stale as processing evolves.
Kartica 313
Pitanje
How should a cloud team use GDPR, PIPEDA, India's DPDP Act, FERPA, HIPAA, ISO/IEC 27018, or GAPP?
Odgovor
First determine which laws apply, then map their obligations and any selected framework guidance to actual processing and controls. A named standard or provider region is not automatic compliance.
Kartica 314
Pitanje
Two countries impose conflicting duties on the same cloud records. What is the first move?
Odgovor
Escalate to qualified counsel with the exact data, actors, locations, contracts, orders, and timelines. Preserve evidence and avoid an irreversible technical action based on guesswork.
Kartica 315
Pitanje
What protects an internal auditor's independence?
Odgovor
Authority to assess outside the operation being audited, objective reporting, and freedom from designing or owning the control under review. Internal employment does not prevent independence if governance is sound.
Kartica 316
Pitanje
What does a privacy officer oversee?
Odgovor
Privacy governance, impact assessment, rights, transparency, lawful processing, transfers, incidents, and regulator engagement. The exact statutory role varies by jurisdiction.
Kartica 317
Pitanje
What do SOC, SSAE, and ISAE labels tell an assurance-report reader?
Odgovor
SOC identifies a service-organization report family, while SSAE and ISAE identify attestation standards used for defined engagements. The exact report type, criteria, period, scope, exceptions, and subservices determine its value.
Kartica 318
Pitanje
What must an audit plan define before cloud audit fieldwork starts?
Odgovor
The objective, criteria, scope, responsibilities, schedule, methods, evidence access, and reporting path. The plan should also name constraints and follow-up ownership.
Kartica 319
Pitanje
How do risk appetite and risk tolerance differ?
Odgovor
Risk appetite expresses the amount and type of risk an organization is willing to pursue or retain; tolerance sets acceptable variation around objectives. Both guide escalation and treatment.
Kartica 320
Pitanje
What does an enterprise risk owner decide?
Odgovor
Whether to avoid, mitigate, transfer or share, or accept a documented risk within authority. The owner tracks residual exposure and review triggers.
Kartica 321
Pitanje
How should risk metrics be designed?
Odgovor
Tie each metric to a decision, owner, threshold, reliable source, trend, and response. Separate leading indicators from lagging outcomes and guard against easy gaming.
Kartica 322
Pitanje
What is gap analysis?
Odgovor
Comparison of current control state with a required or target state. Each gap needs impact, owner, treatment, evidence, and due date.
Kartica 323
Pitanje
What makes cloud audit evidence reliable?
Odgovor
Clear criteria, complete scope, trustworthy source, protected integrity, accurate time, repeatable collection, and accountable ownership. Screenshots without context are weak evidence.
Kartica 324
Pitanje
Why does a distributed cloud model complicate audit scope?
Odgovor
Controls, evidence, people, providers, and data span locations and jurisdictions with different access and retention limits. Define boundaries and shared responsibilities before fieldwork.
Kartica 325
Pitanje
Can a clean SOC report prove compliance with a customer's specialized regulation?
Odgovor
No. Map the report's criteria, period, scope, exceptions, subservices, and customer controls to the specific requirement. NERC CIP, HIPAA, HITECH, PCI, or another regime may need additional evidence.
Kartica 326
Pitanje
What should a customer assess in a cloud provider's risk-management program?
Odgovor
Whether its policies, methods, controls, risk profile, and appetite fit the customer's requirements and exposure. Review evidence before selection and when material risk changes.
Kartica 327
Pitanje
What is a data owner's enterprise-risk role?
Odgovor
Set business value, classification, allowed use, access, retention, and acceptable risk for the data. Custodians implement the resulting controls.
Kartica 328
Pitanje
What AI evidence supports accountability and explainability without promising perfect interpretation?
Odgovor
Document intended use, data and model versions, decision roles, testing, limitations, human oversight, outputs, changes, and incident history. Match explanation depth to affected people and legal duties.
Kartica 329
Pitanje
What does a data steward add to governance?
Odgovor
Consistent definitions, quality rules, metadata, lineage, and policy application across business use. The steward connects business meaning to operational handling.
Kartica 330
Pitanje
What is procurement's security role in cloud outsourcing?
Odgovor
Make required risk, assurance, pricing, ownership, exit, and supplier terms part of selection and negotiation. Security requirements lose force if added after commercial commitment.
Kartica 331
Pitanje
When should an organization avoid a cloud risk rather than mitigate it?
Odgovor
When stopping the activity is feasible and residual exposure would remain outside appetite or legal authority. Compare the business consequence of avoidance with other treatments.
Kartica 332
Pitanje
What is an external auditor responsible for?
Odgovor
Perform the agreed independent engagement against stated criteria and report within its scope. The auditor does not own management's controls or risk decisions.
Kartica 333
Pitanje
How do an MSA, SOW, and SLA differ?
Odgovor
The MSA sets the general legal relationship, the SOW defines specific work and deliverables, and the SLA sets measurable service commitments. Read them together for the full obligation.
Kartica 334
Pitanje
What should a cloud risk register contain?
Odgovor
Scenario, assets, cause, consequence, owner, likelihood, impact, controls, treatment, residual risk, due dates, and review triggers. Link evidence and dependencies where useful.
Kartica 335
Pitanje
Who should own a cloud contract after signature?
Odgovor
A named contract or vendor manager with business, legal, security, privacy, and service stakeholders. Ownership includes obligations, evidence, changes, renewals, disputes, and exit.
Kartica 336
Pitanje
Which contract controls support a safe cloud exit?
Odgovor
Data and configuration export, assistance, timing, format, cost, continued access, verified deletion, transition support, and survival of needed duties. Exercise the exit path before a crisis.
Kartica 337
Pitanje
What makes a contractual right to audit usable?
Odgovor
Defined scope, notice, frequency, methods, evidence access, confidentiality, cost, remediation, and alternatives when direct testing is unsafe. A vague right may be impossible to exercise.
Kartica 338
Pitanje
When does source-code escrow reduce cloud vendor viability risk?
Odgovor
When usable code plus dependencies, documentation, rights, updates, and release triggers can support continuity. Escrow adds little if the customer cannot operate the service.
Kartica 339
Pitanje
What should a cloud incident-notification clause define?
Odgovor
Trigger, timing, recipient, secure channel, minimum facts, updates, cooperation, evidence, regulator support, and subcontractor flow-down. Avoid waiting for the provider's final root cause before notice.
Kartica 340
Pitanje
What should happen to customer data when a cloud contract ends?
Odgovor
Return or export it in a usable form, preserve only what is lawfully required, revoke access, and verify deletion across in-scope copies under the contract. Data ownership and transition duties should be settled before purchase.

Abstract cloud infrastructure with layered security boundaries, connected control nodes, and an AI model graph.

340 kartica