What makes a computing environment a cloud rather than ordinary hosted infrastructure?

It provides shared, configurable resources on demand with rapid provisioning and minimal provider interaction. A hosted server without those operating characteristics is not automatically a cloud.

What is the security significance of broad network access?

Services are reachable through standard network mechanisms from varied clients. That reach increases the need for strong identity, transport protection, and endpoint-aware access.

How do resource pooling and multi-tenancy differ?

Resource pooling dynamically assigns shared capacity; multi-tenancy lets multiple customers use that shared environment with logical isolation. Pooling is the allocation model, while multi-tenancy is the customer-sharing model.

What separates elasticity from scalability?

Elasticity adjusts capacity with demand; scalability is the ability to handle growth by adding or changing capacity. Elasticity stresses timely adjustment, often in both directions.

What does measured service provide?

Metered visibility into resource consumption. The measurements support billing, capacity decisions, anomaly detection, and accountability.

What does on-demand self-service let a cloud customer do?

Provision needed capabilities without waiting for a provider employee. Policy and quota controls can still constrain the request.

What does virtualization contribute to cloud computing?

It abstracts physical resources into isolated, assignable compute, storage, or network units. Orchestration turns those units into an on-demand service.

What remains the cloud customer's responsibility in every service category?

Governing its identities, data, configuration choices, and lawful use. The exact technical boundary changes, but accountability does not vanish when infrastructure is outsourced.

What does a cloud service broker add?

Intermediation, aggregation, or management across cloud services. A broker may compare, combine, or govern services without owning their underlying infrastructure.

What is a regulator's cloud-security role?

Set or enforce legal and regulatory obligations that apply to the service and its data. The customer must map those duties into provider selection, controls, and evidence.

What is the cloud service provider's core responsibility?

Deliver the contracted cloud capabilities and secure the layers assigned to it. The service model and contract define the boundary.

What is orchestration in a cloud environment?

Coordinated automation of provisioning, configuration, scaling, and lifecycle actions across resources. It applies policy consistently across many components.

What capability does SaaS give the customer?

Use of a provider-run application. The customer mainly manages users, data, and allowed configuration rather than the platform beneath it.

Which four deployment models does NIST SP 800-145 define?

Public, private, community, and hybrid cloud. Multi-cloud describes using more than one cloud provider or service environment; it is distinct from NIST's canonical four-model taxonomy.

How do portability and interoperability differ?

Portability moves a workload or data between environments; interoperability lets different environments exchange and use information or services. One reduces switching friction, while the other supports cooperation.

What does a cloud service partner do?

Supports or enhances cloud service delivery, use, or assurance. Examples include auditors, integrators, and developers acting beside the customer and provider.

Who controls user entitlements inside a SaaS tenant?

The customer organization. The provider supplies the application and access mechanisms, but the customer decides which of its users need which privileges.

When is hybrid cloud a better description than multi-cloud?

When the architecture deliberately combines distinct private and public environments. Multi-cloud focuses on using multiple cloud services or providers and may contain no private cloud.

What problem does confidential computing address?

Protection of data while it is being processed. Hardware-backed trusted execution environments reduce exposure to the host or platform layer, but do not replace application controls.

When does blockchain add useful assurance to a cloud workflow?

When multiple parties need a shared, tamper-evident record without relying on one writer. It does not make source data true, private, lawful, or immune to key and smart-contract failures.

When does edge computing improve resilience but complicate security?

When local processing reduces central latency or dependency while distributing data, software, and physical exposure. The decision needs remote attestation, patching, inventory, and failure handling.

What does reversibility require in a cloud design?

A practical way to exit or change providers while recovering data, configurations, dependencies, and needed evidence. A theoretical export button is not enough if the result cannot be used elsewhere.

What is the first security question before connecting IoT devices to a cloud service?

Can each device be uniquely identified, updated, constrained, and monitored throughout its lifecycle? Cheap connectivity does not offset unmanaged device risk.

What capability does PaaS give the customer?

Deployment of customer applications onto a provider-managed platform. The provider runs the underlying infrastructure and runtime, while the customer secures code, data, and configuration.

What is a practical cloud decision for quantum-related cryptographic risk today?

Inventory cryptographic dependencies and design for algorithm agility. Replace algorithms according to authoritative migration guidance rather than adopting unreviewed schemes.

Which SLA measure is useful only when paired with a clear measurement method and remedy?

Any availability or performance target. Define the service boundary, observation window, exclusions, data source, notification, and remedy before treating the number as assurance.

How should a team use a Well-Architected pattern, SANS security principles, or CSA enterprise architecture?

As structured design input mapped to the workload's risks, responsibilities, and evidence. A named framework guides decisions but does not prove that the resulting architecture is secure.

What does a FIPS 140 validation establish?

That a named cryptographic module was validated against the stated standard and boundary. It does not prove the surrounding application uses the module safely.

Who normally patches the managed runtime in PaaS?

The cloud provider. The customer still owns secure application code, dependencies it supplies, data, identities, and configuration.

Who should approve a cloud data classification?

The accountable data owner. Security and privacy teams advise, while custodians implement the handling controls.

What should the cloud architect own in secure design?

The documented trust boundaries, security requirements, resilience choices, and responsibility mapping. Operations and product teams then implement and test those decisions.

What does DevSecOps change about security ownership?

It makes security a shared, automated part of delivery rather than a final external gate. Product teams still need independent challenge for high-risk decisions.

Which controls reduce container escape impact?

Hardened runtimes, minimal privileges, trusted images, isolation boundaries, and prompt patching. Treat a container as a process boundary, not automatically as a security boundary equal to a separate host.

Who should own a cloud service's business recovery requirements?

The business or service owner. Technical teams translate the owner's impact tolerance into RTO, RPO, architecture, and tests.

What capability does IaaS give the customer?

Provisioning of fundamental compute, storage, and network resources. The customer usually controls operating systems, workloads, and many network settings.

Which key-management design limits a cloud provider compromise from exposing customer data?

Separate data from independently controlled encryption keys where the threat model requires it. Access policy, rotation, backup, and recovery for those keys matter as much as their location.

What is the safer identity pattern for a cloud workload?

A short-lived, narrowly scoped workload identity. It avoids embedded long-lived credentials and supports rotation and traceability.

When can cryptographic erase sanitize cloud data?

When destroying the correct encryption key makes all protected copies computationally unreadable and the encryption implementation is trustworthy. Key copies, snapshots, and replicas must be in scope.

What is the first network control for limiting east-west movement between cloud workloads?

Explicit segmentation with deny-by-default rules. Identity-aware policy and traffic telemetry strengthen the boundary; geofencing can add a location condition but cannot replace it.

Who normally patches a guest operating system in IaaS?

The cloud customer. The provider secures the underlying facilities and virtualization layer, while the customer manages the guest unless a separate managed service changes that boundary.

What is the most important permission control for a serverless function?

A dedicated least-privilege execution identity. Also restrict triggers, secrets, outbound access, and runtime duration; ephemeral execution does not erase external logs, queues, or data.

How does immutable infrastructure reduce configuration drift?

Replace changed instances from a controlled image instead of repairing them in place. The image pipeline, secrets, and state stores still need protection.

What turns a security baseline into an operating control?

Automated assessment plus timely remediation of deviations. A baseline document alone does not prevent drift.

What control keeps protection aligned as cloud data moves through its lifecycle?

Lifecycle-aware policy tied to classification and ownership. Access, encryption, retention, monitoring, and disposal should change with the data's state and purpose.

What makes a cloud recovery plan credible?

Regular restore, failover, dependency, and failback tests against business targets. A provider's availability claim does not prove the customer's service can recover.

What evidence should be checked first when evaluating a cloud provider?

Evidence mapped to the organization's own requirements and risk criteria. Certifications help only when their scope, period, system, and exceptions cover the intended service.

What should drive a cloud BC/DR design before products are selected?

A business impact analysis. It identifies critical services, dependencies, impact over time, and acceptable recovery targets.

Who is accountable for approving an AI model's intended cloud use?

The designated AI or business system owner. Model builders provide evidence, while risk, security, privacy, and legal roles challenge the use against policy.

What should be tested before accepting a provider's portability claim?

Export the data and configuration, rebuild elsewhere, and measure missing features, time, cost, and dependencies. Contract wording alone cannot prove reversibility.

What control most directly reduces hypervisor compromise risk for a customer?

Use a provider with strong isolation assurance, rapid patching, and evidence for the virtualization layer. The customer cannot harden a provider-managed hypervisor directly.

How should CBA and ROI inform a cloud recovery design after the BIA?

CBA compares each option's lifecycle cost with expected benefit; ROI expresses the expected return relative to investment. Neither overrides mandatory duties or the BIA's approved impact tolerance.

CCSP 2026 Flashcards: August Exam Outline Review

A 340-card, six-domain review for the CCSP outline effective August 1, 2026, including cloud AI/ML, dataset, model, and LLM application security.

نوشتهٔ Flashcards Open Source App

این دسته را رایگان مطالعه کنید

Nibomo باز می‌شود تا بتوانید مطالعه را شروع کنید.

جزئیات دسته

کارت‌ها: ۳۴۰ کارت
نسخه: ۱
منتشرشده: ۵ شهریور ۱۴۰۵
آخرین به‌روزرسانی: ۱۹ شهریور ۱۴۰۵
مجوز: Common knowledge · CC0 1.0
زبان‌های مخاطب: en
موضوع: Cloud security
سطح: CCSP
برچسب‌ها: ccsp-2026, d1-concept, d1-role, d1-decision, d1-control, d2-concept, d2-control, d2-decision, d2-role, d3-role, d3-concept, d3-control, d3-decision, d4-concept, d4-role, d4-control, d4-decision, d5-concept, d5-decision, d5-control, d5-role, d6-concept, d6-role, d6-control, d6-decision

دسته‌های مشابه

دربارهٔ این دسته

This 340-card deck reviews all six domains in the English CCSP exam outline effective August 1, 2026: Cloud Concepts, Architecture and Design; Cloud Data Security; Cloud Platform and Infrastructure Security; Cloud Application Security; Cloud Security Operations; and Legal, Risk and Compliance.

What you'll retrieve

Separate cloud service, deployment, architecture, data, identity, assurance, operations, risk, privacy, audit, and contract concepts that are easy to confuse.
Map customer, provider, security, data, privacy, audit, incident, and vendor roles to their primary responsibility boundary.
Choose a practical control for a short cloud scenario, then state the risk or failure mode it chiefly addresses.
Make focused architecture, lifecycle, recovery, testing, monitoring, service-management, and outsourcing decisions from stated requirements, including service-level management, availability management, Quality Assurance, audit planning, and provider-risk assessment.
Recognize revised AI and ML concerns across cloud threat detection, dataset and model privacy, data and model poisoning, provenance, model inversion and extraction, human oversight, and LLM application risks.

Selected reverse and contrast prompts are included where they improve retrieval, such as elasticity versus scalability, portability versus interoperability, RTO versus RPO, hashing versus encryption, controller versus processor, IDS versus IPS, and incident versus problem management. The deck does not mechanically reverse every fact.

Exam-format multiple choice, memorized answer patterns, dumps, vendor-console trivia, copied course wording, and legal advice are excluded. The cards do not reproduce real or simulated ISC2 exam items. They also stay outside deep cryptographic mathematics, product-specific implementation recipes, and specialist AI research that does not change a cloud-security control decision.

The order is deliberate. Each domain advances through short, coherent topic tracks from prerequisite concepts and responsibility boundaries to controls and applied decisions. The final 340-card sequence was reviewed as one topic-progressive order, with identified forward, reverse, near-duplicate, and answer-cue variants deliberately separated to reduce short-range cueing. Its topic tracks are interleaved so the sequence does not become a concept run followed by role, control, and decision runs. Domain 1 establishes cloud characteristics, actors, service and deployment models, secure design, provider evidence, and AI governance. Domain 2 follows data through flows, storage, protection, discovery, classification, rights, retention, evidence, and dataset or model risk. Domains 3 and 4 apply those foundations to infrastructure, resilience, secure development, software supply chains, APIs, LLM applications, and IAM. Domains 5 and 6 close with secure operations, monitoring, incident response, forensics, law, privacy, audit, enterprise risk, and contracts.

Reviewed for the CCSP outline effective August 1, 2026. Coverage was bounded by the official English exam outline PDF, the ISC2 outline page, and ISC2's June 2026 revision notice. NIST and OWASP primary publications were used to check standard control and AI/application-security distinctions.

Every prompt, answer, explanation, sequence choice, and metadata field was independently written from common cloud-security knowledge. The CC0 label applies to that original expression, organization, metadata, and generated cover to the extent applicable rights exist; it does not claim ownership of facts, standards, certification marks, or third-party material.

This is an independently authored, unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. It is not affiliated with, sponsored by, or endorsed by ISC2. CCSP is a registered certification mark of ISC2. No ISC2 exam questions, answer keys, course text, outline prose, logos, badges, or trade dress were copied.

کارت‌های این دسته

کارت ۱
پرسش
What makes a computing environment a cloud rather than ordinary hosted infrastructure?
پاسخ
It provides shared, configurable resources on demand with rapid provisioning and minimal provider interaction. A hosted server without those operating characteristics is not automatically a cloud.
کارت ۲
پرسش
What is the security significance of broad network access?
پاسخ
Services are reachable through standard network mechanisms from varied clients. That reach increases the need for strong identity, transport protection, and endpoint-aware access.
کارت ۳
پرسش
How do resource pooling and multi-tenancy differ?
پاسخ
Resource pooling dynamically assigns shared capacity; multi-tenancy lets multiple customers use that shared environment with logical isolation. Pooling is the allocation model, while multi-tenancy is the customer-sharing model.
کارت ۴
پرسش
What separates elasticity from scalability?
پاسخ
Elasticity adjusts capacity with demand; scalability is the ability to handle growth by adding or changing capacity. Elasticity stresses timely adjustment, often in both directions.
کارت ۵
پرسش
What does measured service provide?
پاسخ
Metered visibility into resource consumption. The measurements support billing, capacity decisions, anomaly detection, and accountability.
کارت ۶
پرسش
What does on-demand self-service let a cloud customer do?
پاسخ
Provision needed capabilities without waiting for a provider employee. Policy and quota controls can still constrain the request.
کارت ۷
پرسش
What does virtualization contribute to cloud computing?
پاسخ
It abstracts physical resources into isolated, assignable compute, storage, or network units. Orchestration turns those units into an on-demand service.
کارت ۸
پرسش
What remains the cloud customer's responsibility in every service category?
پاسخ
Governing its identities, data, configuration choices, and lawful use. The exact technical boundary changes, but accountability does not vanish when infrastructure is outsourced.
کارت ۹
پرسش
What does a cloud service broker add?
پاسخ
Intermediation, aggregation, or management across cloud services. A broker may compare, combine, or govern services without owning their underlying infrastructure.
کارت ۱۰
پرسش
What is a regulator's cloud-security role?
پاسخ
Set or enforce legal and regulatory obligations that apply to the service and its data. The customer must map those duties into provider selection, controls, and evidence.
کارت ۱۱
پرسش
What is the cloud service provider's core responsibility?
پاسخ
Deliver the contracted cloud capabilities and secure the layers assigned to it. The service model and contract define the boundary.
کارت ۱۲
پرسش
What is orchestration in a cloud environment?
پاسخ
Coordinated automation of provisioning, configuration, scaling, and lifecycle actions across resources. It applies policy consistently across many components.
کارت ۱۳
پرسش
What capability does SaaS give the customer?
پاسخ
Use of a provider-run application. The customer mainly manages users, data, and allowed configuration rather than the platform beneath it.
کارت ۱۴
پرسش
Which four deployment models does NIST SP 800-145 define?
پاسخ
Public, private, community, and hybrid cloud. Multi-cloud describes using more than one cloud provider or service environment; it is distinct from NIST's canonical four-model taxonomy.
کارت ۱۵
پرسش
How do portability and interoperability differ?
پاسخ
Portability moves a workload or data between environments; interoperability lets different environments exchange and use information or services. One reduces switching friction, while the other supports cooperation.
کارت ۱۶
پرسش
What does a cloud service partner do?
پاسخ
Supports or enhances cloud service delivery, use, or assurance. Examples include auditors, integrators, and developers acting beside the customer and provider.
کارت ۱۷
پرسش
Who controls user entitlements inside a SaaS tenant?
پاسخ
The customer organization. The provider supplies the application and access mechanisms, but the customer decides which of its users need which privileges.
کارت ۱۸
پرسش
When is hybrid cloud a better description than multi-cloud?
پاسخ
When the architecture deliberately combines distinct private and public environments. Multi-cloud focuses on using multiple cloud services or providers and may contain no private cloud.
کارت ۱۹
پرسش
What problem does confidential computing address?
پاسخ
Protection of data while it is being processed. Hardware-backed trusted execution environments reduce exposure to the host or platform layer, but do not replace application controls.
کارت ۲۰
پرسش
When does blockchain add useful assurance to a cloud workflow?
پاسخ
When multiple parties need a shared, tamper-evident record without relying on one writer. It does not make source data true, private, lawful, or immune to key and smart-contract failures.
کارت ۲۱
پرسش
When does edge computing improve resilience but complicate security?
پاسخ
When local processing reduces central latency or dependency while distributing data, software, and physical exposure. The decision needs remote attestation, patching, inventory, and failure handling.
کارت ۲۲
پرسش
What does reversibility require in a cloud design?
پاسخ
A practical way to exit or change providers while recovering data, configurations, dependencies, and needed evidence. A theoretical export button is not enough if the result cannot be used elsewhere.
کارت ۲۳
پرسش
What is the first security question before connecting IoT devices to a cloud service?
پاسخ
Can each device be uniquely identified, updated, constrained, and monitored throughout its lifecycle? Cheap connectivity does not offset unmanaged device risk.
کارت ۲۴
پرسش
What capability does PaaS give the customer?
پاسخ
Deployment of customer applications onto a provider-managed platform. The provider runs the underlying infrastructure and runtime, while the customer secures code, data, and configuration.
کارت ۲۵
پرسش
What is a practical cloud decision for quantum-related cryptographic risk today?
پاسخ
Inventory cryptographic dependencies and design for algorithm agility. Replace algorithms according to authoritative migration guidance rather than adopting unreviewed schemes.
کارت ۲۶
پرسش
Which SLA measure is useful only when paired with a clear measurement method and remedy?
پاسخ
Any availability or performance target. Define the service boundary, observation window, exclusions, data source, notification, and remedy before treating the number as assurance.
کارت ۲۷
پرسش
How should a team use a Well-Architected pattern, SANS security principles, or CSA enterprise architecture?
پاسخ
As structured design input mapped to the workload's risks, responsibilities, and evidence. A named framework guides decisions but does not prove that the resulting architecture is secure.
کارت ۲۸
پرسش
What does a FIPS 140 validation establish?
پاسخ
That a named cryptographic module was validated against the stated standard and boundary. It does not prove the surrounding application uses the module safely.
کارت ۲۹
پرسش
Who normally patches the managed runtime in PaaS?
پاسخ
The cloud provider. The customer still owns secure application code, dependencies it supplies, data, identities, and configuration.
کارت ۳۰
پرسش
Who should approve a cloud data classification?
پاسخ
The accountable data owner. Security and privacy teams advise, while custodians implement the handling controls.
کارت ۳۱
پرسش
What should the cloud architect own in secure design?
پاسخ
The documented trust boundaries, security requirements, resilience choices, and responsibility mapping. Operations and product teams then implement and test those decisions.
کارت ۳۲
پرسش
What does DevSecOps change about security ownership?
پاسخ
It makes security a shared, automated part of delivery rather than a final external gate. Product teams still need independent challenge for high-risk decisions.
کارت ۳۳
پرسش
Which controls reduce container escape impact?
پاسخ
Hardened runtimes, minimal privileges, trusted images, isolation boundaries, and prompt patching. Treat a container as a process boundary, not automatically as a security boundary equal to a separate host.
کارت ۳۴
پرسش
Who should own a cloud service's business recovery requirements?
پاسخ
The business or service owner. Technical teams translate the owner's impact tolerance into RTO, RPO, architecture, and tests.
کارت ۳۵
پرسش
What capability does IaaS give the customer?
پاسخ
Provisioning of fundamental compute, storage, and network resources. The customer usually controls operating systems, workloads, and many network settings.
کارت ۳۶
پرسش
Which key-management design limits a cloud provider compromise from exposing customer data?
پاسخ
Separate data from independently controlled encryption keys where the threat model requires it. Access policy, rotation, backup, and recovery for those keys matter as much as their location.
کارت ۳۷
پرسش
What is the safer identity pattern for a cloud workload?
پاسخ
A short-lived, narrowly scoped workload identity. It avoids embedded long-lived credentials and supports rotation and traceability.
کارت ۳۸
پرسش
When can cryptographic erase sanitize cloud data?
پاسخ
When destroying the correct encryption key makes all protected copies computationally unreadable and the encryption implementation is trustworthy. Key copies, snapshots, and replicas must be in scope.
کارت ۳۹
پرسش
What is the first network control for limiting east-west movement between cloud workloads?
پاسخ
Explicit segmentation with deny-by-default rules. Identity-aware policy and traffic telemetry strengthen the boundary; geofencing can add a location condition but cannot replace it.
کارت ۴۰
پرسش
Who normally patches a guest operating system in IaaS?
پاسخ
The cloud customer. The provider secures the underlying facilities and virtualization layer, while the customer manages the guest unless a separate managed service changes that boundary.
کارت ۴۱
پرسش
What is the most important permission control for a serverless function?
پاسخ
A dedicated least-privilege execution identity. Also restrict triggers, secrets, outbound access, and runtime duration; ephemeral execution does not erase external logs, queues, or data.
کارت ۴۲
پرسش
How does immutable infrastructure reduce configuration drift?
پاسخ
Replace changed instances from a controlled image instead of repairing them in place. The image pipeline, secrets, and state stores still need protection.
کارت ۴۳
پرسش
What turns a security baseline into an operating control?
پاسخ
Automated assessment plus timely remediation of deviations. A baseline document alone does not prevent drift.
کارت ۴۴
پرسش
What control keeps protection aligned as cloud data moves through its lifecycle?
پاسخ
Lifecycle-aware policy tied to classification and ownership. Access, encryption, retention, monitoring, and disposal should change with the data's state and purpose.
کارت ۴۵
پرسش
What makes a cloud recovery plan credible?
پاسخ
Regular restore, failover, dependency, and failback tests against business targets. A provider's availability claim does not prove the customer's service can recover.
کارت ۴۶
پرسش
What evidence should be checked first when evaluating a cloud provider?
پاسخ
Evidence mapped to the organization's own requirements and risk criteria. Certifications help only when their scope, period, system, and exceptions cover the intended service.
کارت ۴۷
پرسش
What should drive a cloud BC/DR design before products are selected?
پاسخ
A business impact analysis. It identifies critical services, dependencies, impact over time, and acceptable recovery targets.
کارت ۴۸
پرسش
Who is accountable for approving an AI model's intended cloud use?
پاسخ
The designated AI or business system owner. Model builders provide evidence, while risk, security, privacy, and legal roles challenge the use against policy.
کارت ۴۹
پرسش
What should be tested before accepting a provider's portability claim?
پاسخ
Export the data and configuration, rebuild elsewhere, and measure missing features, time, cost, and dependencies. Contract wording alone cannot prove reversibility.
کارت ۵۰
پرسش
What control most directly reduces hypervisor compromise risk for a customer?
پاسخ
Use a provider with strong isolation assurance, rapid patching, and evidence for the virtualization layer. The customer cannot harden a provider-managed hypervisor directly.
کارت ۵۱
پرسش
How should CBA and ROI inform a cloud recovery design after the BIA?
پاسخ
CBA compares each option's lifecycle cost with expected benefit; ROI expresses the expected return relative to investment. Neither overrides mandatory duties or the BIA's approved impact tolerance.
کارت ۵۲
پرسش
What control helps validate training or detection data before AI use?
پاسخ
Provenance, integrity checks, schema checks, and approval for the intended source. Statistical anomaly checks can add evidence but should not replace ownership.
کارت ۵۳
پرسش
What is the human reviewer's role in AI-assisted security operations?
پاسخ
Validate consequential findings and actions before relying on them. Automation can rank and enrich signals, but the accountable human handles ambiguity and impact.
کارت ۵۴
پرسش
Why read an assurance report's scope before relying on its conclusion?
پاسخ
The report may exclude the exact service, region, control, subservice, or period you need. Assurance cannot be extended beyond its stated boundary.
کارت ۵۵
پرسش
Which controls make model extraction harder at a cloud API?
پاسخ
Strong access control, rate and budget limits, query monitoring, response minimization, and abuse detection. No single control removes the risk from a publicly queryable model.
کارت ۵۶
پرسش
Why is high predictive accuracy insufficient for a cloud data-science or AI model?
پاسخ
The use can still create unacceptable legal, privacy, fairness, security, safety, or operational risk. Accuracy is one quality measure, not automatic authorization to deploy.
کارت ۵۷
پرسش
How should SOAR handle a high-impact containment action?
پاسخ
Use explicit authorization, bounded playbooks, and human approval when impact or uncertainty is high. Automation should be reversible and fully logged.
کارت ۵۸
پرسش
When is Common Criteria evidence relevant to provider evaluation?
پاسخ
When a specific evaluated product and assurance target match the component and threat being assessed. It does not certify an entire cloud service by association.
کارت ۵۹
پرسش
Which data lifecycle sequence is useful for cloud control planning?
پاسخ
Create, store, use, share, archive, and destroy. Real data may move between phases, but each transition needs an owner and handling rule.
کارت ۶۰
پرسش
What is data dispersion in cloud computing?
پاسخ
The distribution of data and copies across systems, regions, media, services, and providers. Replicas, caches, logs, snapshots, and backups all expand the control boundary.
کارت ۶۱
پرسش
What does a cloud data flow describe?
پاسخ
Where data originates, moves, is transformed, is stored, and exits. A useful flow also names trust boundaries, actors, purposes, and protections.
کارت ۶۲
پرسش
How do object and volume storage differ?
پاسخ
Object storage addresses data as objects with metadata; volume storage presents block-like storage to a host. Their access paths, sharing models, snapshots, and permission risks differ.
کارت ۶۳
پرسش
How does ephemeral storage differ from long-term storage?
پاسخ
Ephemeral storage is tied to a short-lived workload or execution; long-term storage is designed to persist independently. Ephemeral does not mean automatically sanitized.
کارت ۶۴
پرسش
What is raw data storage?
پاسخ
Storage of collected data before full cleaning, transformation, or enrichment. Its broad content and uncertain quality make isolation, discovery, provenance, and access control especially important.
کارت ۶۵
پرسش
What makes a data-flow map useful for control design?
پاسخ
It names sources, destinations, transformations, actors, purposes, trust boundaries, and protections. Update it when architecture or processing changes.
کارت ۶۶
پرسش
What should decide whether data may move to another cloud region?
پاسخ
Classification, purpose, residency and transfer rules, contract terms, threat model, and required controls. Region availability alone is not authorization.
کارت ۶۷
پرسش
Which storage type fits immutable, widely shared blobs better than a mounted transactional filesystem?
پاسخ
Object storage. Use volume storage when the workload needs block-style filesystem or database access semantics.
کارت ۶۸
پرسش
A short-lived AI training node is terminated. Why can data risk remain?
پاسخ
Ephemeral compute can leave snapshots, caches, logs, attached volumes, or provider-level remnants. Verify the full storage and key lifecycle, not only instance deletion.
کارت ۶۹
پرسش
What control exposes unknown cloud data stores before they bypass policy?
پاسخ
Continuous asset and data discovery across accounts, regions, services, and shadow paths. Findings need ownership and remediation, not just inventory.
کارت ۷۰
پرسش
What security property does encryption primarily provide?
پاسخ
Confidentiality against parties without the key. Integrity and authenticity require an appropriate authenticated mode or separate mechanism.
کارت ۷۱
پرسش
What does tokenization do?
پاسخ
Replaces sensitive data with a non-sensitive token whose mapping is protected separately. The token can preserve application format while reducing where original data appears.
کارت ۷۲
پرسش
How do structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data differ?
پاسخ
Structured data follows a fixed schema, semi-structured data carries flexible labels or structure, and unstructured data lacks a consistent field model. Discovery needs techniques suited to each form.
کارت ۷۳
پرسش
What is data masking?
پاسخ
A transformation that hides selected data while preserving a usable shape or view. Reversible or weak masking is not anonymization.
کارت ۷۴
پرسش
What does Data Loss Prevention monitor or restrict?
پاسخ
Sensitive-data movement or use across selected channels. DLP depends on discovery, classification, context, coverage, and tuned response.
کارت ۷۵
پرسش
What security property does a cryptographic hash support?
پاسخ
Integrity by detecting change. A plain hash does not hide the input, prove who created it, or prevent guessing of low-entropy values.
کارت ۷۶
پرسش
What does Information Rights Management add beyond storage permissions?
پاسخ
Persistent usage rules attached to protected content, such as view, print, copy, expiry, or revocation. Enforcement still depends on trusted identities, clients, and key services.
کارت ۷۷
پرسش
Where should application secrets be kept?
پاسخ
In a managed secret store with narrow access, audit logs, rotation, and short-lived retrieval. Source code, images, and general configuration files are poor secret stores.
کارت ۷۸
پرسش
What is anonymization trying to achieve?
پاسخ
Make data no longer reasonably linkable to an identifiable person. Re-identification risk must be assessed against auxiliary data and the release context.
کارت ۷۹
پرسش
Why separate key-custodian duties from data administration?
پاسخ
To reduce the chance that one person can both reach ciphertext and independently unlock it. Separation of duties should also cover recovery and emergency access.
کارت ۸۰
پرسش
What control reduces dependence on provider-held encryption keys?
پاسخ
Customer-controlled keys with independent policy and lifecycle management. The choice adds recovery, availability, rotation, and administrator risks that must be designed explicitly.
کارت ۸۱
پرسش
How can tokenization reduce exposure in an application database?
پاسخ
Store tokens in routine workflows and isolate the token vault or mapping service. Access to detokenization should be rarer and more tightly logged.
کارت ۸۲
پرسش
How can a hash support evidence integrity?
پاسخ
Record a strong hash at acquisition and verify it after each transfer or analysis step. Chain-of-custody records explain who handled the evidence and why.
کارت ۸۳
پرسش
What is the safer source for non-production test data?
پاسخ
Synthetic or appropriately transformed data that meets the test need without exposing production identities. Validate re-identification risk before release.
کارت ۸۴
پرسش
What makes DLP enforcement practical instead of noisy?
پاسخ
Accurate discovery and classification, contextual rules, staged response, tuned exceptions, and incident ownership. Blocking every pattern match can disrupt work without reducing real leakage.
کارت ۸۵
پرسش
What enables IRM revocation after a file leaves its original repository?
پاسخ
A trusted client that checks current rights and can no longer obtain the needed key or license. Offline copies and screenshots remain boundary cases.
کارت ۸۶
پرسش
How should cloud data discovery handle false positives?
پاسخ
Route uncertain matches for risk-based validation and tune detection with evidence. Silently discarding them hides coverage gaps; blocking them all creates operational failure.
کارت ۸۷
پرسش
What keeps certificates trustworthy after issuance?
پاسخ
Inventory, protected private keys, renewal, revocation, validation, and monitored expiry. Issuing a certificate is only the start of its lifecycle.
کارت ۸۸
پرسش
What is envelope encryption?
پاسخ
Encrypt data with a data-encryption key, then protect that key with a separate key-encryption key. Rotating or rewrapping the key-encryption key can protect existing data-encryption keys without re-encrypting payload data; replacing a data-encryption key may require payload re-encryption.
کارت ۸۹
پرسش
What is data classification?
پاسخ
Assignment of a sensitivity or business category that drives handling requirements. The category should reflect impact, law, contract, and business need.
کارت ۹۰
پرسش
When is tokenization preferable to ordinary encryption?
پاسخ
When workflows can use a surrogate while original values stay in a tightly isolated mapping service. Encryption is better when authorized systems must recover data directly with keys.
کارت ۹۱
پرسش
Should a password be encrypted or hashed for verification?
پاسخ
Hash it with a password-specific salted, slow derivation function. Reversible encryption creates unnecessary recovery of the original password.
کارت ۹۲
پرسش
When is masking insufficient for a public dataset release?
پاسخ
When remaining fields or external data can reasonably re-identify people. Public release needs a defensible anonymization assessment, not cosmetic redaction.
کارت ۹۳
پرسش
Why should DLP not be the only control against cloud exfiltration?
پاسخ
It sees only covered channels and recognized content. Least privilege, segmentation, egress control, encryption, monitoring, and response reduce gaps.
کارت ۹۴
پرسش
When is IRM more useful than a repository access control list?
پاسخ
When usage restrictions must follow a file beyond the original repository. If data never leaves a controlled service, native authorization may be simpler and stronger.
کارت ۹۵
پرسش
Why perform discovery before broad classification enforcement?
پاسخ
You need to know what data exists and where it lives before applying reliable labels and controls. Enforcement on an incomplete inventory leaves blind spots.
کارت ۹۶
پرسش
What should trigger data reclassification?
پاسخ
A change in content, use, law, contract, business impact, aggregation, or identifiability. Review should also occur on a defined schedule.
کارت ۹۷
پرسش
Why rotate encryption keys?
پاسخ
To limit exposure, meet policy, and replace keys after age, role, algorithm, or compromise changes. Rotation must preserve authorized access to older data until it is safely reprotected or retired.
کارت ۹۸
پرسش
Who sets a cloud dataset's business classification?
پاسخ
The accountable data owner. Automated tools can propose labels, but the owner resolves business context and exceptions.
کارت ۹۹
پرسش
How does a data label differ from a classification policy?
پاسخ
The label marks a specific asset; the policy defines what the category means and how it must be handled. Labels without enforcement are only metadata.
کارت ۱۰۰
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What is a data steward responsible for?
پاسخ
Day-to-day quality, definition, and policy consistency for data. A steward supports the owner but does not replace the owner's accountability.
کارت ۱۰۱
پرسش
How do retention and archiving differ?
پاسخ
Retention states how long data must or may be kept; archiving moves data into a managed long-term state. Archived data remains subject to access, integrity, discovery, and deletion rules.
کارت ۱۰۲
پرسش
What does a data controller decide?
پاسخ
The purposes and essential means of processing personal data. The exact legal definition depends on the applicable law.
کارت ۱۰۳
پرسش
When should a derived dataset inherit its source classification?
پاسخ
By default, until an accountable owner proves the transformation changed sensitivity. Aggregation can reduce or increase risk depending on content and linkability.
کارت ۱۰۴
پرسش
How should classification labels affect cloud controls?
پاسخ
Drive access, encryption, sharing, location, retention, monitoring, and deletion policy. Enforcement should follow the label across supported copies and transformations.
کارت ۱۰۵
پرسش
What does a legal hold do?
پاسخ
Suspends normal deletion for information relevant to a legal or regulatory matter. It preserves authorized access and evidence until the hold is released.
کارت ۱۰۶
پرسش
What should a privacy role contribute to cloud data design?
پاسخ
Purpose, minimization, transparency, rights, transfer, retention, and impact requirements. Security protects data, while privacy also asks whether processing should occur and under what conditions.
کارت ۱۰۷
پرسش
What control turns a retention schedule into repeatable cloud behavior?
پاسخ
Policy-driven lifecycle automation with holds, approvals, exceptions, and audit evidence. Automation must cover replicas and backups where the platform supports it.
کارت ۱۰۸
پرسش
What is a data custodian responsible for?
پاسخ
Implementing and operating the technical handling controls. Storage, backup, access, logging, and deletion are typical custody duties.
کارت ۱۰۹
پرسش
Who should own the retention schedule?
پاسخ
The records or information-governance function with legal and business input. Technology teams implement the approved schedule and evidence.
کارت ۱۱۰
پرسش
What does a data processor do?
پاسخ
Processes personal data for a controller under documented instructions. Using the data for its own new purpose may change the role and obligations.
کارت ۱۱۱
پرسش
What proves a cloud deletion request was completed responsibly?
پاسخ
Provider and customer evidence tied to the asset, method, scope, time, and remaining copies. A successful API response alone may not cover backups, replicas, or exported data.
کارت ۱۱۲
پرسش
Which controls protect a long-term cloud archive?
پاسخ
Restricted access, durable integrity checks, format and key preservation, redundancy, retention policy, and tested retrieval. An archive that cannot be read or trusted has failed its purpose.
کارت ۱۱۳
پرسش
Who should approve a training dataset and model version for production?
پاسخ
The accountable model or system owner using evidence from data, security, privacy, and validation roles. Approval must bind the exact versions and intended use.
کارت ۱۱۴
پرسش
Which event fields most often establish accountability for cloud data access?
پاسخ
Trusted identity, action, target, result, timestamp, source context, and relevant network or location data. Collect only attributes needed for the security, legal, and privacy purpose.
کارت ۱۱۵
پرسش
Why synchronize clocks across cloud evidence sources?
پاسخ
To correlate events into a defensible timeline. Record time source, zone, drift, and collection context when precision matters.
کارت ۱۱۶
پرسش
Which risk is present when model outputs reveal features of sensitive training records?
پاسخ
Model inversion or related privacy inference. Data minimization, privacy testing, output controls, and access limits reduce exposure.
کارت ۱۱۷
پرسش
Who authorizes and scopes a legal hold?
پاسخ
An authorized legal or records function. Cloud administrators implement it without deciding the legal scope themselves.
کارت ۱۱۸
پرسش
What must AI dataset validation check besides file integrity?
پاسخ
Source authority, consent or permitted use, representativeness, quality, labeling, poisoning indicators, and intended-use fit. A matching checksum only proves the bytes did not change after that checkpoint.
کارت ۱۱۹
پرسش
Why is an archive not a substitute for a recovery backup?
پاسخ
An archive optimizes long-term preservation and retrieval; a backup supports restoration after loss or corruption. One system can sometimes serve both only if it meets both control sets and tests.
کارت ۱۲۰
پرسش
What protects AI dataset and model provenance?
پاسخ
Versioned inventories, signed or hashed artifacts, controlled pipelines, approval records, and lineage from source to deployment. Bind validation results to the exact artifact versions.
کارت ۱۲۱
پرسش
Which context should be omitted from a data event log?
پاسخ
Data that is unnecessary for the defined security, accountability, or legal purpose. More logging can create privacy, cost, and breach risk without improving evidence.
کارت ۱۲۲
پرسش
What happens when a valid legal hold conflicts with scheduled deletion?
پاسخ
The authorized hold suspends deletion for the in-scope data. Keep access limited, document the exception, and resume policy when the hold is released.
کارت ۱۲۳
پرسش
What adds non-repudiation evidence beyond a plain event log?
پاسخ
Strong identity binding, protected timestamps, integrity controls, and controlled custody. The strength depends on the whole evidence process, not a single hash field.
کارت ۱۲۴
پرسش
What privacy question does a membership-inference attack answer?
پاسخ
Whether a particular record was likely part of a model's training data. Limit exposed confidence, query abuse, overfitting, and unnecessary sensitive training data.
کارت ۱۲۵
پرسش
What is the clearest sign that training-data poisoning controls failed?
پاسخ
Untrusted or manipulated examples changed model behavior or inserted a hidden trigger. Investigate provenance, pipeline access, validation, and the exact affected versions.
کارت ۱۲۶
پرسش
What is the strongest first step when an AI use case asks for every available customer field?
پاسخ
Reduce collection to data necessary for the approved purpose. Minimization lowers privacy, poisoning, access, retention, and breach exposure before technical controls are added.
کارت ۱۲۷
پرسش
What is the cloud network team's primary security role?
پاسخ
Implement approved segmentation, routing, edge protection, secure connectivity, and network telemetry. Application teams still define workload access needs.
کارت ۱۲۸
پرسش
Which layers make up a cloud infrastructure trust stack?
پاسخ
Physical facilities, network, compute, storage, virtualization, and management services. A workload inherits dependencies and failure modes from every layer beneath or beside it.
کارت ۱۲۹
پرسش
How do the management plane and data plane differ?
پاسخ
The management plane configures and governs resources; the data plane carries or processes workload traffic and data. Compromise of the management plane can change many data-plane controls at once.
کارت ۱۳۰
پرسش
What is a trust boundary in cloud architecture?
پاسخ
A point where identity, control, ownership, or assurance changes. Data crossing it needs an explicit policy, validation, and protected channel.
کارت ۱۳۱
پرسش
Who owns a customer's cloud network and identity configuration?
پاسخ
The customer for the configuration choices it controls. Provider defaults and guardrails help, but do not approve the customer's architecture.
کارت ۱۳۲
پرسش
What logical control prevents one tenant from reaching another tenant's resources?
پاسخ
Enforced tenant partitioning across identity, network, compute, storage, and management paths. Test the negative boundary, not only valid access.
کارت ۱۳۳
پرسش
Why is the cloud management plane a high-value target?
پاسخ
It can create, modify, expose, or destroy many resources through one privileged interface. Protect it more strongly than routine workload access.
کارت ۱۳۴
پرسش
What limits lateral movement after one cloud workload is compromised?
پاسخ
Microsegmentation with identity-aware, least-privilege communication policy. Monitor denied and unusual flows to find attempted spread.
کارت ۱۳۵
پرسش
How does infrastructure as code improve control assurance?
پاسخ
It makes configuration reviewable, repeatable, testable, and traceable. Protect the repository, pipeline, state, modules, and deployment identity.
کارت ۱۳۶
پرسش
How should a team verify an infrastructure control still works?
پاسخ
Test its intended outcome with current evidence and representative failure or attack conditions. Configuration presence alone does not prove effectiveness.
کارت ۱۳۷
پرسش
What security boundary should virtualization create between tenants?
پاسخ
Strong isolation of compute, memory, storage, network, and management operations. Shared hardware still creates side-channel, escape, and noisy-neighbor considerations.
کارت ۱۳۸
پرسش
Which controls should protect cloud management-plane access?
پاسخ
Phishing-resistant MFA, privileged access management, separate admin identities, conditional access, least privilege, and immutable logging. Restrict source networks where practical.
کارت ۱۳۹
پرسش
How do type 1 and type 2 hypervisors differ?
پاسخ
A type 1 hypervisor runs directly on hardware; a type 2 hypervisor runs on a host operating system. The extra host layer changes attack surface and operational use.
کارت ۱۴۰
پرسش
Who secures the public cloud facility and physical host?
پاسخ
The cloud provider. Customers still evaluate the provider's physical assurance and design their service around disclosed locations and failure domains.
کارت ۱۴۱
پرسش
What protects a cloud AI training cluster from unrelated tenant traffic?
پاسخ
Dedicated identities, microsegmentation, controlled data paths, hardened images, and monitored management access. Accelerator scheduling and storage paths belong in the boundary.
کارت ۱۴۲
پرسش
When is packet capture useful in cloud infrastructure?
پاسخ
When network-level detail is needed and collection is lawful, technically available, scoped, and protected. Flow logs may be safer and sufficient for many investigations.
کارت ۱۴۳
پرسش
Which control protects detached cloud volumes and snapshots?
پاسخ
Encryption with governed keys plus explicit access policy. Inventory and delete orphaned copies because detachment does not remove their data.
کارت ۱۴۴
پرسش
Why correlate infrastructure logs across layers?
پاسخ
To connect identity, management, network, host, and workload events into one incident path. Preserve original records and normalization context.
کارت ۱۴۵
پرسش
What is a platform owner's responsibility for tenant isolation?
پاسخ
Configure, patch, monitor, and test the shared platform so one workload cannot cross its authorized boundary. Consumers must use the platform's isolation features correctly.
کارت ۱۴۶
پرسش
When should an AI training cluster use stronger isolation than ordinary batch compute?
پاسخ
When valuable models, sensitive datasets, untrusted code, or high-cost accelerators raise confidentiality, integrity, or exhaustion risk. Match isolation to the workload threat model.
کارت ۱۴۷
پرسش
What does an HSM protect in cloud infrastructure?
پاسخ
Cryptographic keys and operations inside a hardened, policy-controlled boundary. An HSM does not decide whether the requesting workload is authorized unless surrounding policy enforces it.
کارت ۱۴۸
پرسش
What is a failure domain?
پاسخ
A set of components likely to fail together because they share a dependency. Regions, zones, racks, power feeds, control services, or software versions can define one.
کارت ۱۴۹
پرسش
A volume is deleted but its snapshots remain. Is the data gone?
پاسخ
No. The snapshots are separate retained copies. Apply inventory, retention, hold, encryption-key, and deletion policy to every snapshot and replica.
کارت ۱۵۰
پرسش
How should a platform reduce virtualization escape risk?
پاسخ
Minimize and patch the virtualization stack, isolate management interfaces, restrict device exposure, monitor anomalies, and contain workloads by risk. Stronger workload boundaries may be needed for hostile tenants.
کارت ۱۵۱
پرسش
What is the first response to an internet-exposed cloud management endpoint?
پاسخ
Remove unnecessary public reachability, then enforce strong identity and monitored privileged access. A hidden URL or uncommon port is not a control.
کارت ۱۵۲
پرسش
What is the facilities team's role in a private cloud data center?
پاسخ
Operate physical access, power, cooling, fire protection, and environmental monitoring. Security requirements should define evidence and escalation for those systems.
کارت ۱۵۳
پرسش
Which site-location condition creates direct legal exposure for a cloud workload?
پاسخ
The jurisdictions that can reach the facility, operator, customers, or data. Cost, hazards, utilities, connectivity, workforce, and physical threats require separate location analysis.
کارت ۱۵۴
پرسش
How does diverse pathway connectivity improve resilience?
پاسخ
It prevents one cable route, conduit, carrier handoff, or excavation from cutting every link. Verify physical diversity rather than relying on different circuit names.
کارت ۱۵۵
پرسش
When does building a private data center make more sense than buying cloud capacity?
پاسخ
When requirements for control, latency, sovereignty, specialized hardware, or long-term economics outweigh the build and operating burden. Compare full lifecycle cost and resilience, not purchase price alone.
کارت ۱۵۶
پرسش
Which physical controls protect cloud hardware from unauthorized handling?
پاسخ
Zoned access, least privilege, identity checks, surveillance, visitor controls, alarms, and custody records. The strength should match asset and data impact.
کارت ۱۵۷
پرسش
What power design reduces a data center's single-point risk?
پاسخ
Independent feeds, conditioned distribution, UPS capacity, generators, fuel plans, and tested transfer. Maintenance paths must preserve the intended redundancy.
کارت ۱۵۸
پرسش
What should environmental monitoring detect in a data center?
پاسخ
Temperature, humidity, airflow, water, smoke, power, and equipment conditions that threaten service. Alerts need thresholds, escalation, and tested response.
کارت ۱۵۹
پرسش
How does resilience differ from simple redundancy?
پاسخ
Redundancy adds alternatives; resilience keeps or restores acceptable service despite disruption. Redundant components can still share one failure domain or bad configuration.
کارت ۱۶۰
پرسش
Which on-premises physical control remains a customer duty when workloads move to public cloud?
پاسخ
Protection of customer-controlled offices, endpoints, network links, and any retained equipment. The provider's data-center controls do not secure the customer's physical environment.
کارت ۱۶۱
پرسش
What are the core outputs of an infrastructure risk assessment?
پاسخ
Prioritized risks tied to assets, threats, vulnerabilities, likelihood, impact, existing controls, and owners. The output should lead to treatment and follow-up.
کارت ۱۶۲
پرسش
Who may accept residual infrastructure risk?
پاسخ
The authorized business risk owner, not the engineer who found it. Acceptance should state scope, duration, rationale, and review trigger.
کارت ۱۶۳
پرسش
How do a threat, vulnerability, and risk differ?
پاسخ
A threat can cause harm, a vulnerability is a weakness it may exploit, and risk combines uncertain harm with business impact. A weakness without relevant exposure may be lower priority.
کارت ۱۶۴
پرسش
What reveals that two supposedly redundant cloud systems share fate?
پاسخ
They depend on the same control plane, account, region, identity service, network path, software defect, operator, or key. Model those dependencies before counting redundancy.
کارت ۱۶۵
پرسش
What does a security control owner do?
پاسخ
Ensures an assigned control is designed, implemented, evidenced, monitored, and corrected. The role may coordinate several technical operators.
کارت ۱۶۶
پرسش
Which risk treatment options should a cloud team recognize?
پاسخ
Avoid, mitigate, transfer or share, and accept. Treatment changes exposure or ownership; it does not erase accountability.
کارت ۱۶۷
پرسش
What is a recovery service level?
پاسخ
The minimum service capacity or functionality that must be restored, often stated as a percentage of normal service. RSL defines how much service must work; RTO sets the time limit, while RPO sets the maximum data-loss interval.
کارت ۱۶۸
پرسش
What makes a machine image trustworthy for cloud deployment?
پاسخ
Known provenance, minimal contents, current patches, signed or verified integrity, vulnerability results, and controlled promotion. Revalidate it when dependencies age.
کارت ۱۶۹
پرسش
When do multiple availability zones materially improve resilience?
پاسخ
When the service, data, network, identities, and operations can continue after one zone and its shared dependencies fail. Merely placing instances in two zones is not a tested design.
کارت ۱۷۰
پرسش
What should determine the strength of an infrastructure security control?
پاسخ
The asset impact, threat, vulnerability, exposure, legal duties, and risk tolerance. Use control frameworks as structured input, not as an automatic one-size baseline.
۳۴۰ کارت
CCSP 2026 Flashcards: August Exam Outline Review
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کارت ۱۷۱
پرسش
Which layered controls improve availability against cloud DDoS?
پاسخ
Provider edge absorption, rate controls, resilient scaling, caching, WAF or protocol filtering, and an exercised response plan. Scaling alone can turn attack traffic into cost exhaustion.
کارت ۱۷۲
پرسش
A cloud contract shifts breach costs to a provider. Has the risk been removed?
پاسخ
No. Financial risk may be transferred, while operational, legal, reputational, and customer harm can remain. Retained exposure still needs mitigation and acceptance.
کارت ۱۷۳
پرسش
Why map dependencies across compute, storage, and network services?
پاسخ
A resilient application can still fail when a shared supporting service fails. Dependency maps expose hidden single points, circular recovery steps, and shared fate.
کارت ۱۷۴
پرسش
What does RPO constrain in an infrastructure recovery design?
پاسخ
The maximum acceptable data-loss interval measured backward from disruption. It drives backup or replication frequency and consistency choices.
کارت ۱۷۵
پرسش
What should trigger automated failover?
پاسخ
Reliable health evidence that the primary cannot meet the service objective, with safeguards against split-brain and false triggers. Manual approval may remain appropriate for ambiguous high-impact cases.
کارت ۱۷۶
پرسش
When is an IPS preferable to an IDS?
پاسخ
When inline blocking is justified, tested, and safe for the traffic and availability requirements. Use detection-only when false positives or inline failure would create unacceptable impact.
کارت ۱۷۷
پرسش
What makes residual infrastructure risk ready for acceptance?
پاسخ
A clear scenario, affected assets, existing controls, likelihood and impact, owner, duration, alternatives, and review trigger. Vague acceptance is not governance.
کارت ۱۷۸
پرسش
What makes a cloud backup resistant to account compromise?
پاسخ
Separate administration, immutable or offline retention, encryption, protected deletion, and tested restore. Keep recovery credentials outside the routine production trust path.
کارت ۱۷۹
پرسش
What does a BC/DR coordinator own during cloud recovery planning?
پاسخ
The cross-team plan, exercises, dependencies, contacts, evidence, and follow-up. Service owners still set business priorities and targets.
کارت ۱۸۰
پرسش
Which recovery design supports a near-zero RPO?
پاسخ
Synchronous or otherwise strongly consistent replication across independent failure domains, if latency and shared-fate limits are acceptable. Backups still protect against corruption and deletion.
کارت ۱۸۱
پرسش
Which overlooked dependency can stop users from reaching replicated application servers after failover?
پاسخ
The identity service. Recovery planning should also cover DNS, keys, secrets, routes, data stores, quotas, and external services.
کارت ۱۸۲
پرسش
Why test restore separately from backup completion?
پاسخ
A completed backup may be corrupt, incomplete, inaccessible, or too slow for the target. Restore testing proves usability and measures recovery performance.
کارت ۱۸۳
پرسش
Why plan failback before declaring a DR design complete?
پاسخ
Returning to the preferred environment can create another outage, conflict, or data loss. Define authority, synchronization, validation, rollback, and communication.
کارت ۱۸۴
پرسش
Which design choice most directly supports a short RTO?
پاسخ
Pre-provisioned or rapidly deployable recovery capacity with automated, tested orchestration. Data, identities, network, dependencies, and operators must be ready too.
کارت ۱۸۵
پرسش
What should application-security awareness change in a cloud team?
پاسخ
Daily design and delivery decisions, not just annual quiz results. Use role-specific OWASP, ASVS, SANS Top 25, and LLM-risk examples as practical boundaries, then reinforce them with real defects.
کارت ۱۸۶
پرسش
What makes an SDLC a secure SDLC?
پاسخ
Security requirements, design analysis, implementation controls, verification, release evidence, maintenance, and retirement are built into the lifecycle. A final penetration test alone is not a lifecycle.
کارت ۱۸۷
پرسش
How do functional and non-functional security requirements differ?
پاسخ
Functional requirements specify security behavior; non-functional requirements set qualities such as availability, performance, resilience, or assurance. Both need measurable acceptance criteria.
کارت ۱۸۸
پرسش
Who turns business needs into testable application security requirements?
پاسخ
The product or business owner with security, privacy, legal, and engineering input. Requirements need an accountable owner and acceptance evidence.
کارت ۱۸۹
پرسش
How should a security requirement remain visible through delivery?
پاسخ
Trace it to design decisions, code or configuration, tests, approval, and operating evidence. Untraceable requirements are easy to drop during change.
کارت ۱۹۰
پرسش
What is the purpose of threat modeling?
پاسخ
Identify likely abuse paths and design mitigations before or during development. Keep the model tied to assets, trust boundaries, architecture changes, and evidence.
کارت ۱۹۱
پرسش
What makes developer security training actionable?
پاسخ
Role-specific examples, secure alternatives, practice in the delivery toolchain, and feedback from real defects. Refresh it as platforms and threats change.
کارت ۱۹۲
پرسش
Should agile delivery remove formal security gates?
پاسخ
No. It should make them smaller, earlier, automated where reliable, and tied to risk. High-impact changes can still require independent approval.
کارت ۱۹۳
پرسش
Which cloud-specific application risks need explicit SDLC decisions before coding?
پاسخ
Shared-technology exposure, provider insiders, limited visibility or control, and legal or jurisdiction boundaries. Record the provider boundary, evidence, data location, isolation, and compensating controls.
کارت ۱۹۴
پرسش
How do federation and SSO differ?
پاسخ
Federation establishes trust across identity domains; SSO lets a user authenticate once for multiple services. Federation can enable SSO, but the concepts are not identical.
کارت ۱۹۵
پرسش
What is a developer's responsibility in secure cloud delivery?
پاسخ
Use approved patterns, validate inputs and outputs, protect secrets, handle errors safely, review dependencies, and fix findings. Security tools support that judgment rather than replace it.
کارت ۱۹۶
پرسش
What should a peer security reviewer verify?
پاسخ
That the change preserves requirements, trust boundaries, authorization, data handling, failure behavior, and evidence. Review the actual diff and deployment effect, not only style.
کارت ۱۹۷
پرسش
What is the application security architect accountable for?
پاسخ
Security patterns, trust boundaries, threat decisions, control integration, and documented exceptions. Teams share implementation, but architecture needs coherent ownership.
کارت ۱۹۸
پرسش
Which threat categories does STRIDE prompt a team to examine?
پاسخ
Spoofing, tampering, repudiation, information disclosure, denial of service, and elevation of privilege. It is a coverage aid, not a risk score.
کارت ۱۹۹
پرسش
What secure-coding rule most directly prevents broken object authorization?
پاسخ
Check the current subject's permission for the specific object on every request. ASVS or SAFECode guidance can structure assurance, but hiding identifiers or checking only authentication is insufficient.
کارت ۲۰۰
پرسش
What should a secret-scanning gate do when it finds a real credential?
پاسخ
Block exposure, revoke or rotate the credential, remove it from reachable history, and investigate use. Deleting the latest line does not invalidate copied history.
کارت ۲۰۱
پرسش
How does protected version control support software assurance?
پاسخ
It creates tamper-evident, access-controlled history for reviewed code and configuration changes. Protect references from unauthorized rewrite, retain audit logs, control bypass, and bind signed artifacts to approved releases; content-addressed commits alone do not make branch history immutable.
کارت ۲۰۲
پرسش
Which threat-model method is the simplest checklist for threat categories at trust boundaries?
پاسخ
STRIDE. Use a process-centered method when business impact, attacker paths, and staged analysis need deeper treatment.
کارت ۲۰۳
پرسش
What is an abuse case?
پاسخ
A description of how an actor could misuse a feature or violate a security goal. It turns attacker intent into testable defensive behavior.
کارت ۲۰۴
پرسش
Why should a team avoid treating DREAD scores as objective truth?
پاسخ
Its ratings are judgment-based and can create false precision. Document evidence, assumptions, impact, and uncertainty instead of relying on one number.
کارت ۲۰۵
پرسش
How do SAST and DAST differ?
پاسخ
SAST examines code or compiled artifacts without running the full application; DAST probes a running application from the outside. They find different classes of weakness.
کارت ۲۰۶
پرسش
What does Software Composition Analysis examine?
پاسخ
Third-party components, versions, licenses, and known vulnerability or policy data. It does not prove that a dependency is safe in context or detect every malicious package.
کارت ۲۰۷
پرسش
When should a cloud application's threat model be updated?
پاسخ
When trust boundaries, data, identities, dependencies, deployment, features, or threats materially change. Periodic review catches slow drift.
کارت ۲۰۸
پرسش
How do black-box and white-box security testing differ?
پاسخ
Black-box testing uses external behavior with little internal knowledge; white-box testing uses code, design, or configuration knowledge. Gray-box testing combines partial knowledge with external interaction.
کارت ۲۰۹
پرسش
What should a CI/CD security gate block?
پاسخ
A defined, evidence-based release condition such as an exposed secret, failed critical control, unapproved artifact, or unacceptable vulnerability. Keep exceptions explicit, owned, and time-bounded.
کارت ۲۱۰
پرسش
When is PASTA or ATASM more useful than a short threat checklist?
پاسخ
When the team needs a structured path from business objectives and architecture to attacker behavior, attack surfaces, and mitigations. Match method depth to decision risk.
کارت ۲۱۱
پرسش
Where does SAST provide the earliest useful feedback?
پاسخ
During coding and pull-request review, before deployment. Tune rules, confirm reachability and context, and fix root causes rather than chasing raw counts.
کارت ۲۱۲
پرسش
When is IAST worth adding to a cloud test pipeline?
پاسخ
When representative automated tests exist and runtime path-to-code insight will improve triage. Without exercised paths, instrumentation has little to observe.
کارت ۲۱۳
پرسش
How should an application handle LLM output before passing it to a browser, shell, database, or tool?
پاسخ
Treat it as untrusted data and validate, encode, constrain, or approve it for the destination. Model fluency is not a security guarantee.
کارت ۲۱۴
پرسش
What should an abuse-case test assert for a sensitive workflow?
پاسخ
The application safely rejects or contains a realistic misuse path and leaves useful evidence. Test rate, sequence, privilege, data, and failure-state abuse where relevant.
کارت ۲۱۵
پرسش
What environment makes DAST results most useful?
پاسخ
A representative running deployment with safe test data, reachable paths, and observable results. Production testing needs explicit authorization and safeguards.
کارت ۲۱۶
پرسش
Who owns risk from a third-party software component?
پاسخ
The organization that chooses and operates it. The supplier supplies evidence and remediation, but outsourcing the component does not outsource customer accountability.
کارت ۲۱۷
پرسش
How do an SBOM and SCA work together?
پاسخ
SCA identifies component and policy findings; an SBOM records the released component inventory. Bind both to the exact artifact and update risk when new information appears.
کارت ۲۱۸
پرسش
What does artifact signing protect in a software supply chain?
پاسخ
Integrity and authenticated provenance of the signed artifact. Verification policy must also trust the signer, build path, and release authorization.
کارت ۲۱۹
پرسش
What makes open-source software validated for a cloud application?
پاسخ
Its source, release, integrity, dependencies, license, maintenance, vulnerabilities, and intended use have been assessed. Open code is inspectable, not automatically safe.
کارت ۲۲۰
پرسش
Which cloud application control validates XML message structure before processing?
پاسخ
An XML firewall. A WAF filters web traffic, an API gateway applies API-facing policy, DAM monitors database activity, and a load balancer distributes traffic.
کارت ۲۲۱
پرسش
What authorization check belongs behind every sensitive API operation?
پاسخ
A server-side decision for the current identity, action, object, tenant, and context. Gateway authentication alone cannot decide application-level ownership.
کارت ۲۲۲
پرسش
How should an API treat untrusted input?
پاسخ
Validate type, structure, size, range, encoding, and allowed semantics before use. Reject unexpected fields where ambiguity or mass assignment creates risk.
کارت ۲۲۳
پرسش
What is an Identity Provider responsible for in federation?
پاسخ
Authenticating subjects and issuing trustworthy identity assertions under agreed policy. The relying application still authorizes each requested action.
کارت ۲۲۴
پرسش
What does sandboxing add to cloud application security?
پاسخ
A constrained execution boundary for untrusted or risky code and content. Restrict identity, network, files, secrets, time, and compute outside the sandbox too.
کارت ۲۲۵
پرسش
What should block adoption of a third-party software component?
پاسخ
Unacceptable provenance, integrity, vulnerability, maintenance, license, access, or exit risk. Popularity and a clean scan do not settle supplier risk.
کارت ۲۲۶
پرسش
Which test perspective should verify hidden authorization logic?
پاسخ
White-box review and testing, supported by black-box attempts to cross the boundary. Internal knowledge finds code paths; external tests confirm observable enforcement.
کارت ۲۲۷
پرسش
Which practice verifies that a cloud release consistently meets defined quality and security criteria?
پاسخ
Quality Assurance (QA). It plans and tracks repeatable reviews, tests, acceptance evidence, defect handling, and process improvement across delivery.
کارت ۲۲۸
پرسش
Which IAM controls reduce takeover of a federated cloud account?
پاسخ
Strong MFA, trusted federation configuration, short sessions, conditional access, lifecycle automation, and monitored privilege. Secure both the IdP and relying service.
کارت ۲۲۹
پرسش
What is the safest response when retrieved content tells an LLM to ignore system rules?
پاسخ
Treat the instruction as untrusted data, preserve higher-priority policy, and prevent unauthorized tool or data access. Input filtering alone cannot eliminate prompt injection.
کارت ۲۳۰
پرسش
How should an LLM application reduce sensitive information disclosure?
پاسخ
Minimize prompt and training data, enforce retrieval authorization, redact where justified, constrain outputs, and test leakage. A system prompt telling the model to keep secrets is not sufficient.
کارت ۲۳۱
پرسش
A model repository account is compromised and a backdoored model is published. Which risks overlap?
پاسخ
Supply-chain compromise and data or model poisoning. Pin trusted versions, verify provenance and signatures, scan safely, validate behavior, and control promotion.
کارت ۲۳۲
پرسش
What identity should one microservice use to call another?
پاسخ
A distinct, short-lived workload identity with least-privilege authorization. Avoid sharing broad static credentials across services.
کارت ۲۳۳
پرسش
How should an agentic LLM be constrained before it can delete cloud resources?
پاسخ
Give it minimal scoped tools, validate arguments, require approval for destructive actions, enforce budgets, and log every decision and result. Capability should match the smallest authorized task.
کارت ۲۳۴
پرسش
Should a system prompt be treated as a secret control boundary?
پاسخ
No. Design as if instructions may be exposed. Keep credentials and authorization outside the prompt, minimize sensitive details, and enforce policy in trusted code.
کارت ۲۳۵
پرسش
What is the main risk of weak authorization in a shared vector store?
پاسخ
Retrieval can cross tenant or user boundaries and expose embeddings, documents, or poisoned context. Partition, authorize, validate provenance, and monitor ingestion and queries.
کارت ۲۳۶
پرسش
When does a CASB add value beside an IdP?
پاسخ
When the organization needs visibility or policy over cloud-service use, data movement, sessions, or unmanaged access beyond authentication. The IdP establishes identity; the CASB governs selected cloud interactions.
کارت ۲۳۷
پرسش
How should a high-impact workflow use an LLM answer that may be plausible but false?
پاسخ
Verify it against authoritative data or require qualified human review before action. Communicate uncertainty and preserve source evidence.
کارت ۲۳۸
پرسش
Which controls address unbounded LLM consumption?
پاسخ
Per-user and per-task quotas, rate limits, token and tool budgets, timeouts, concurrency limits, anomaly alerts, and safe cancellation. Monitor financial as well as availability impact.
کارت ۲۳۹
پرسش
How do an HSM and a TPM differ?
پاسخ
An HSM protects shared or service cryptographic operations; a TPM anchors trust to one platform. Both protect keys, but their scope and use cases differ.
کارت ۲۴۰
پرسش
What does secure by default mean for cloud infrastructure?
پاسخ
A new resource starts in the least exposed, least privileged, approved state. Users must make an explicit, reviewed choice to widen access or capability.
کارت ۲۴۱
پرسش
Why do virtual CPU, memory, storage, and network settings have security impact?
پاسخ
They define resource exposure, isolation, exhaustion limits, and device access. Overbroad virtual hardware can create attack paths or noisy-neighbor risk.
کارت ۲۴۲
پرسش
Which hypervisor type is usually preferred for production cloud hosts?
پاسخ
A type 1 hypervisor because it removes the general-purpose host OS layer. The actual choice still depends on assurance, patching, management, and workload needs.
کارت ۲۴۳
پرسش
How can TPM-backed measured boot support cloud host assurance?
پاسخ
Measurements anchor boot components to hardware so an attestation service can compare them with approved state. The decision still depends on trusted reference values and response policy.
کارت ۲۴۴
پرسش
How should guest OS virtualization tools be installed and maintained?
پاسخ
Use provider-authorized packages, enable only needed features, match supported versions, patch promptly, and monitor their privilege. Remove stale tools that widen the host-to-guest boundary.
کارت ۲۴۵
پرسش
What is cloud platform operations responsible for after secure build?
پاسخ
Maintaining approved configuration, availability, patching, monitoring, backup, access, and evidence. Operations should feed recurring defects back into design.
کارت ۲۴۶
پرسش
What does a privileged access administrator control?
پاسخ
The issuance, elevation, monitoring, review, and revocation of administrative access. Separate the access-control role from routine use where practical.
کارت ۲۴۷
پرسش
What is the safer pattern for remote SSH administration?
پاسخ
Short-lived identity-based access through a controlled path with host verification, least privilege, session logging, and no shared keys. Disable direct root login.
کارت ۲۴۸
پرسش
When should a cloud workload require platform attestation?
پاسخ
When access depends on proof that the host or confidential environment is in an approved measured state. Define what is measured, who verifies it, and what failure does.
کارت ۲۴۹
پرسش
Which protocol adds origin authentication and integrity to DNS data?
پاسخ
DNSSEC. TLS protects a transport session, a VPN protects traffic across an untrusted boundary, and DHCP safeguards prevent rogue address or configuration assignment.
کارت ۲۵۰
پرسش
What should enforce separation between cloud network zones?
پاسخ
Routing and firewall or security-group policy tied to explicit allowed flows. VLANs can organize segments but do not enforce policy by themselves.
کارت ۲۵۱
پرسش
How do IDS and IPS differ operationally?
پاسخ
An IDS alerts on suspected activity; an IPS sits inline and can block it. Inline prevention adds availability and false-positive risk.
کارت ۲۵۲
پرسش
What reduces RDP exposure in a cloud environment?
پاسخ
Remove direct internet access, require a hardened gateway or private path, strong MFA, current patches, device checks, and session monitoring. Limit clipboard and drive redirection by need.
کارت ۲۵۳
پرسش
What makes a honeypot safe enough to operate?
پاسخ
Isolation, no production trust, controlled data, monitored egress, legal approval, and an incident plan. It should observe attackers without becoming their launch point.
کارت ۲۵۴
پرسش
How do high availability and backup differ?
پاسخ
High availability keeps service running through component failure; backup restores data or state after loss or corruption. One does not replace the other.
کارت ۲۵۵
پرسش
How should firewall, IDS, and IPS controls be layered?
پاسخ
Firewalls constrain allowed paths, IDS detects suspicious activity, and IPS may block selected attacks inline. Central telemetry and tuned ownership make the layers useful.
کارت ۲۵۶
پرسش
When is a cloud security group insufficient as the only network control?
پاسخ
When application-aware filtering, centralized inspection, advanced threat detection, or cross-environment policy is required. Keep security groups as workload-level least-privilege boundaries.
کارت ۲۵۷
پرسش
How should management-plane tools be installed?
پاسخ
From verified sources through a controlled, minimal, hardened build with separate privileged access and logging. Remove sample accounts, unused plugins, and default exposure.
کارت ۲۵۸
پرسش
What is patch management?
پاسخ
A controlled lifecycle for identifying, prioritizing, testing, deploying, verifying, and documenting security and reliability updates. Asset inventory and exception ownership are prerequisites.
کارت ۲۵۹
پرسش
How do performance and capacity monitoring differ?
پاسخ
Performance monitoring measures current service behavior; capacity monitoring forecasts whether resources can meet future demand. Both need business thresholds and trends.
کارت ۲۶۰
پرسش
How do change, release, and deployment management differ?
پاسخ
Change management authorizes and controls modification; release management packages approved capability; deployment management moves it into an environment. One workflow may integrate all three without erasing their goals.
کارت ۲۶۱
پرسش
What should decide whether an IPS blocks automatically?
پاسخ
Detection confidence, asset criticality, attack impact, false-positive cost, bypass behavior, and rollback. Start with observation when evidence is weak.
کارت ۲۶۲
پرسش
Who owns a patch exception?
پاسخ
The authorized system or risk owner, with technical evidence from operations and security. The exception needs compensating controls, expiry, and review.
کارت ۲۶۳
پرسش
What does a capacity manager protect?
پاسخ
The service's ability to meet current and forecast demand within cost and resilience constraints. The role tracks trends, thresholds, quotas, and scaling lead time.
کارت ۲۶۴
پرسش
What is the change manager's security role?
پاسخ
Ensure risk, testing, authorization, scheduling, rollback, and communication are proportionate to the change. Emergency changes still need retrospective evidence.
کارت ۲۶۵
پرسش
What should a backup-and-restore control verify for guest systems?
پاسخ
Required data and configuration are captured, protected, retained, and restored within targets. Include application consistency, keys, dependencies, and documented restore order.
کارت ۲۶۶
پرسش
Which management process keeps a cloud service able to meet its agreed uptime and reliability targets?
پاسخ
Availability management. It analyzes failure patterns, resilience, maintainability, and recovery so the service can meet those targets.
کارت ۲۶۷
پرسش
What improves patch prioritization beyond a severity score?
پاسخ
Exploitability, exposure, asset importance, compensating controls, dependency, and business impact. Verify remediation and track unsupported assets separately.
کارت ۲۶۸
پرسش
What turns performance and capacity alerts into an availability control?
پاسخ
Thresholds tied to service objectives, trend analysis, ownership, safe scaling, and tested response. Alert volume without action is not capacity management.
کارت ۲۶۹
پرسش
What should a configuration-management system record?
پاسخ
Approved items, owners, versions, relationships, baselines, changes, and current state. Cloud discovery should reconcile actual resources with declared configuration.
کارت ۲۷۰
پرسش
Why place a cluster host into maintenance mode?
پاسخ
To drain or protect workloads before planned work while preserving cluster policy. Verify capacity, placement constraints, and stateful-service behavior first.
کارت ۲۷۱
پرسش
Which management process agrees, monitors, and reviews measurable service targets with customers?
پاسخ
Service-level management. It turns business needs into agreed service objectives, tracks results, and drives action when performance misses them.
کارت ۲۷۲
پرسش
Which hardware signals should cloud facilities monitor?
پاسخ
Disk health, CPU and memory errors, fan and temperature state, power, and vendor fault telemetry. Correlate physical signals with host and workload impact.
کارت ۲۷۳
پرسش
How should an OS hardening baseline be maintained?
پاسخ
Version it, test it, measure compliance, remediate drift, record exceptions, and update it for new threats and platform changes. Apply separate profiles to distinct workloads.
کارت ۲۷۴
پرسش
How do incident management and problem management differ?
پاسخ
Incident management restores service and limits harm; problem management finds and removes underlying causes. The same event can open both tracks.
کارت ۲۷۵
پرسش
Which management process coordinates security risk and controls across cloud service operation?
پاسخ
Information security management. It aligns policy, risk treatment, control operation, evidence, incidents, and improvement with the service-management system.
کارت ۲۷۶
پرسش
Which management process turns recurring service-control gaps into measured improvements?
پاسخ
Continual service improvement management. It prioritizes opportunities, defines a measurable target and owner, implements change, and verifies the outcome.
کارت ۲۷۷
پرسش
How should operations choose among NIST, ISO, COBIT, CIS Controls, COSO, ITIL, or ISO/IEC 20000-1?
پاسخ
Map the applicable framework or standard to the organization's legal duties, risks, service goals, and evidence needs. The names are not interchangeable, and adoption alone does not prove control effectiveness.
کارت ۲۷۸
پرسش
A service is restored after repeated crashes. Which process continues the root-cause work?
پاسخ
Problem management. Incident management can close after stable restoration while the underlying defect, workaround, and prevention remain tracked.
کارت ۲۷۹
پرسش
Which management process owns tested arrangements for sustaining or restoring critical services after severe disruption?
پاسخ
Continuity management. Incident management handles the current event, while availability management focuses on meeting service uptime and reliability targets.
کارت ۲۸۰
پرسش
What does a cloud forensic lead decide?
پاسخ
The lawful collection strategy, volatile-data priorities, tools, provider coordination, preservation, and analysis plan. The lead should understand cloud-specific evidence limits.
کارت ۲۸۱
پرسش
What does chain of custody record?
پاسخ
Who collected, handled, transferred, stored, analyzed, and disposed of evidence, when and why. Integrity checks support the record but do not replace it.
کارت ۲۸۲
پرسش
What does an incident commander own?
پاسخ
Priorities, roles, decisions, coordination, cadence, and safe handoffs during an incident. Technical responders investigate and act within that structure.
کارت ۲۸۳
پرسش
What does the incident communications lead control?
پاسخ
Approved messages, audiences, channels, timing, records, and coordination with legal and leadership. Technical certainty and disclosure obligations may change during the event.
کارت ۲۸۴
پرسش
How do a SOC, SIEM, and SOAR relate?
پاسخ
A SOC is the operating function, a SIEM centralizes and analyzes security events, and SOAR coordinates automated workflows. People, process, authority, and evidence connect the tools.
کارت ۲۸۵
پرسش
What is an evidence custodian responsible for?
پاسخ
Controlled storage, access, transfer, integrity verification, retention, and chain-of-custody records. The custodian preserves evidence without altering its meaning.
کارت ۲۸۶
پرسش
How should a SOC use threat intelligence?
پاسخ
Map relevant, timely indicators and adversary behavior to assets, detections, hunts, and decisions. Expire stale indicators and separate confidence from fact.
کارت ۲۸۷
پرسش
How should AI-assisted security monitoring be governed?
پاسخ
Validate data and models, measure errors and drift, limit action authority, log reasoning inputs and outcomes, and keep human review for consequential cases. Compare against a safe manual path.
کارت ۲۸۸
پرسش
When is a cloud snapshot suitable forensic evidence?
پاسخ
When collection is authorized, scope and timing are documented, integrity is protected, and the snapshot preserves relevant state. It may omit memory, external services, or rapidly changing logs.
کارت ۲۸۹
پرسش
Who decides whether a regulator must be notified during a cloud incident?
پاسخ
The authorized legal or compliance owner under the incident plan. Vendor and communications owners coordinate channels; engineers supply verified facts.
کارت ۲۹۰
پرسش
What should a forensic plan obtain from the cloud provider before an incident?
پاسخ
Available logs and APIs, retention, time sources, support contacts, legal process, evidence formats, isolation options, and responsibility boundaries. Confirm access with an exercise.
کارت ۲۹۱
پرسش
How should vulnerability assessment and penetration testing work together?
پاسخ
Assessment finds and prioritizes likely weaknesses broadly; authorized penetration testing demonstrates selected exploit paths and impact. Both require scoped remediation and retest.
کارت ۲۹۲
پرسش
How should a SIEM protect cloud log value?
پاسخ
Normalize without losing source evidence, control access, preserve time and integrity, correlate identities and assets, tune detections, and retain by purpose. Monitor collection gaps.
کارت ۲۹۳
پرسش
What should SOAR do when a playbook's evidence is incomplete?
پاسخ
Pause or take only a safe reversible step, preserve context, and escalate to an authorized human. Do not let automation convert uncertainty into broad containment damage.
کارت ۲۹۴
پرسش
When should incident communication wait?
پاسخ
Only when authorized coordination is needed to verify facts, protect response, or meet a defined legal strategy. Do not delay a mandatory notice past its trigger or deadline.
کارت ۲۹۵
پرسش
When is penetration testing more useful than another vulnerability scan?
پاسخ
When the organization needs authorized evidence that selected weaknesses can combine into a meaningful attack path. Scanning remains better for broad, repeatable coverage.
کارت ۲۹۶
پرسش
Which evidence should be collected first from a running cloud workload?
پاسخ
The most volatile, relevant evidence that will disappear earliest, if collection is authorized and safe. Balance volatility against service impact and contamination risk.
کارت ۲۹۷
پرسش
Why can cloud data be subject to more than one jurisdiction?
پاسخ
Customers, providers, processing, storage, people, contracts, and affected individuals may sit in different places. Location and legal reach are related but not identical.
کارت ۲۹۸
پرسش
Why are privacy roles contextual rather than permanent labels?
پاسخ
An organization can be controller for one processing purpose and processor for another. Determine the role from actual decisions and instructions, not the company type.
کارت ۲۹۹
پرسش
What should legal counsel contribute to cloud design?
پاسخ
Interpret applicable law, privilege, contracts, disputes, preservation, disclosure, and legal risk. Counsel advises; accountable business owners still decide within authority.
کارت ۳۰۰
پرسش
What is eDiscovery?
پاسخ
The identification, preservation, collection, processing, review, and production of electronically stored information for a legal matter. Cloud scale and provider control affect each step.
کارت ۳۰۱
پرسش
How do contractual and regulated private data differ?
پاسخ
Contractual duties come from agreed terms; regulated duties come from applicable law. The same data can be subject to both, and the stricter combined obligations may govern.
کارت ۳۰۲
پرسش
What is the controller's contract duty toward a cloud processor?
پاسخ
Give documented instructions, choose and oversee a capable processor, and define required privacy and security terms. Applicable law may add specific clauses and audit duties.
کارت ۳۰۳
پرسش
What is a Privacy Impact Assessment?
پاسخ
A structured evaluation of how planned processing affects people and how privacy risk will be handled. Perform it early enough to change the design.
کارت ۳۰۴
پرسش
What is an ISMS?
پاسخ
A managed system of policies, risk processes, controls, evidence, review, and continual improvement for information security. It is broader than a control checklist or toolset.
کارت ۳۰۵
پرسش
What does a contract's choice-of-law clause do?
پاسخ
Names the law intended to govern the contract. It does not automatically override mandatory laws or every court's jurisdiction.
کارت ۳۰۶
پرسش
What makes a legal hold operationally defensible in cloud systems?
پاسخ
Authorized scope, prompt preservation, deletion suspension, controlled collection, access logging, periodic review, and documented release. Test whether provider features cover all copies.
کارت ۳۰۷
پرسش
Does calling a field PII or PHI settle every privacy obligation?
پاسخ
No. Applicability depends on the data, person, entity, purpose, context, and governing law or contract. Classify with qualified privacy and legal input.
کارت ۳۰۸
پرسش
Which design control reduces privacy risk before consent screens and notices?
پاسخ
Data minimization tied to a specific approved purpose. Collecting less reduces exposure, rights handling, retention, and breach impact.
کارت ۳۰۹
پرسش
What is a processor's core duty toward controller data?
پاسخ
Process it only under authorized instructions and required legal obligations, while applying agreed controls and assistance. Subprocessors need governed approval and flow-down terms.
کارت ۳۱۰
پرسش
What control reveals cross-border cloud data processing before it becomes a compliance surprise?
پاسخ
A maintained data and subprocessors map tied to locations, purposes, roles, transfers, and safeguards. Reconcile contracts with actual telemetry and provider disclosures.
کارت ۳۱۱
پرسش
How do internal and external audits differ?
پاسخ
Internal audit provides independent assurance inside the organization; external audit is performed by an outside party for a defined objective. Both require scope, criteria, evidence, and independence.
کارت ۳۱۲
پرسش
When should a PIA be reopened?
پاسخ
When purpose, data, people, model, provider, location, sharing, retention, or risk materially changes. A one-time assessment becomes stale as processing evolves.
کارت ۳۱۳
پرسش
How should a cloud team use GDPR, PIPEDA, India's DPDP Act, FERPA, HIPAA, ISO/IEC 27018, or GAPP?
پاسخ
First determine which laws apply, then map their obligations and any selected framework guidance to actual processing and controls. A named standard or provider region is not automatic compliance.
کارت ۳۱۴
پرسش
Two countries impose conflicting duties on the same cloud records. What is the first move?
پاسخ
Escalate to qualified counsel with the exact data, actors, locations, contracts, orders, and timelines. Preserve evidence and avoid an irreversible technical action based on guesswork.
کارت ۳۱۵
پرسش
What protects an internal auditor's independence?
پاسخ
Authority to assess outside the operation being audited, objective reporting, and freedom from designing or owning the control under review. Internal employment does not prevent independence if governance is sound.
کارت ۳۱۶
پرسش
What does a privacy officer oversee?
پاسخ
Privacy governance, impact assessment, rights, transparency, lawful processing, transfers, incidents, and regulator engagement. The exact statutory role varies by jurisdiction.
کارت ۳۱۷
پرسش
What do SOC, SSAE, and ISAE labels tell an assurance-report reader?
پاسخ
SOC identifies a service-organization report family, while SSAE and ISAE identify attestation standards used for defined engagements. The exact report type, criteria, period, scope, exceptions, and subservices determine its value.
کارت ۳۱۸
پرسش
What must an audit plan define before cloud audit fieldwork starts?
پاسخ
The objective, criteria, scope, responsibilities, schedule, methods, evidence access, and reporting path. The plan should also name constraints and follow-up ownership.
کارت ۳۱۹
پرسش
How do risk appetite and risk tolerance differ?
پاسخ
Risk appetite expresses the amount and type of risk an organization is willing to pursue or retain; tolerance sets acceptable variation around objectives. Both guide escalation and treatment.
کارت ۳۲۰
پرسش
What does an enterprise risk owner decide?
پاسخ
Whether to avoid, mitigate, transfer or share, or accept a documented risk within authority. The owner tracks residual exposure and review triggers.
کارت ۳۲۱
پرسش
How should risk metrics be designed?
پاسخ
Tie each metric to a decision, owner, threshold, reliable source, trend, and response. Separate leading indicators from lagging outcomes and guard against easy gaming.
کارت ۳۲۲
پرسش
What is gap analysis?
پاسخ
Comparison of current control state with a required or target state. Each gap needs impact, owner, treatment, evidence, and due date.
کارت ۳۲۳
پرسش
What makes cloud audit evidence reliable?
پاسخ
Clear criteria, complete scope, trustworthy source, protected integrity, accurate time, repeatable collection, and accountable ownership. Screenshots without context are weak evidence.
کارت ۳۲۴
پرسش
Why does a distributed cloud model complicate audit scope?
پاسخ
Controls, evidence, people, providers, and data span locations and jurisdictions with different access and retention limits. Define boundaries and shared responsibilities before fieldwork.
کارت ۳۲۵
پرسش
Can a clean SOC report prove compliance with a customer's specialized regulation?
پاسخ
No. Map the report's criteria, period, scope, exceptions, subservices, and customer controls to the specific requirement. NERC CIP, HIPAA, HITECH, PCI, or another regime may need additional evidence.
کارت ۳۲۶
پرسش
What should a customer assess in a cloud provider's risk-management program?
پاسخ
Whether its policies, methods, controls, risk profile, and appetite fit the customer's requirements and exposure. Review evidence before selection and when material risk changes.
کارت ۳۲۷
پرسش
What is a data owner's enterprise-risk role?
پاسخ
Set business value, classification, allowed use, access, retention, and acceptable risk for the data. Custodians implement the resulting controls.
کارت ۳۲۸
پرسش
What AI evidence supports accountability and explainability without promising perfect interpretation?
پاسخ
Document intended use, data and model versions, decision roles, testing, limitations, human oversight, outputs, changes, and incident history. Match explanation depth to affected people and legal duties.
کارت ۳۲۹
پرسش
What does a data steward add to governance?
پاسخ
Consistent definitions, quality rules, metadata, lineage, and policy application across business use. The steward connects business meaning to operational handling.
کارت ۳۳۰
پرسش
What is procurement's security role in cloud outsourcing?
پاسخ
Make required risk, assurance, pricing, ownership, exit, and supplier terms part of selection and negotiation. Security requirements lose force if added after commercial commitment.
کارت ۳۳۱
پرسش
When should an organization avoid a cloud risk rather than mitigate it?
پاسخ
When stopping the activity is feasible and residual exposure would remain outside appetite or legal authority. Compare the business consequence of avoidance with other treatments.
کارت ۳۳۲
پرسش
What is an external auditor responsible for?
پاسخ
Perform the agreed independent engagement against stated criteria and report within its scope. The auditor does not own management's controls or risk decisions.
کارت ۳۳۳
پرسش
How do an MSA, SOW, and SLA differ?
پاسخ
The MSA sets the general legal relationship, the SOW defines specific work and deliverables, and the SLA sets measurable service commitments. Read them together for the full obligation.
کارت ۳۳۴
پرسش
What should a cloud risk register contain?
پاسخ
Scenario, assets, cause, consequence, owner, likelihood, impact, controls, treatment, residual risk, due dates, and review triggers. Link evidence and dependencies where useful.
کارت ۳۳۵
پرسش
Who should own a cloud contract after signature?
پاسخ
A named contract or vendor manager with business, legal, security, privacy, and service stakeholders. Ownership includes obligations, evidence, changes, renewals, disputes, and exit.
کارت ۳۳۶
پرسش
Which contract controls support a safe cloud exit?
پاسخ
Data and configuration export, assistance, timing, format, cost, continued access, verified deletion, transition support, and survival of needed duties. Exercise the exit path before a crisis.
کارت ۳۳۷
پرسش
What makes a contractual right to audit usable?
پاسخ
Defined scope, notice, frequency, methods, evidence access, confidentiality, cost, remediation, and alternatives when direct testing is unsafe. A vague right may be impossible to exercise.
کارت ۳۳۸
پرسش
When does source-code escrow reduce cloud vendor viability risk?
پاسخ
When usable code plus dependencies, documentation, rights, updates, and release triggers can support continuity. Escrow adds little if the customer cannot operate the service.
کارت ۳۳۹
پرسش
What should a cloud incident-notification clause define?
پاسخ
Trigger, timing, recipient, secure channel, minimum facts, updates, cooperation, evidence, regulator support, and subcontractor flow-down. Avoid waiting for the provider's final root cause before notice.
کارت ۳۴۰
پرسش
What should happen to customer data when a cloud contract ends?
پاسخ
Return or export it in a usable form, preserve only what is lawfully required, revoke access, and verify deletion across in-scope copies under the contract. Data ownership and transition duties should be settled before purchase.

Abstract cloud infrastructure with layered security boundaries, connected control nodes, and an AI model graph.

۳۴۰ کارت