CCSP 2026 Flashcards: August Exam Outline Review
A 340-card, six-domain review for the CCSP outline effective August 1, 2026, including cloud AI/ML, dataset, model, and LLM application security.
Despre acest pachet
This 340-card deck reviews all six domains in the English CCSP exam outline effective August 1, 2026: Cloud Concepts, Architecture and Design; Cloud Data Security; Cloud Platform and Infrastructure Security; Cloud Application Security; Cloud Security Operations; and Legal, Risk and Compliance.
What you'll retrieve
- Separate cloud service, deployment, architecture, data, identity, assurance, operations, risk, privacy, audit, and contract concepts that are easy to confuse.
- Map customer, provider, security, data, privacy, audit, incident, and vendor roles to their primary responsibility boundary.
- Choose a practical control for a short cloud scenario, then state the risk or failure mode it chiefly addresses.
- Make focused architecture, lifecycle, recovery, testing, monitoring, service-management, and outsourcing decisions from stated requirements, including service-level management, availability management, Quality Assurance, audit planning, and provider-risk assessment.
- Recognize revised AI and ML concerns across cloud threat detection, dataset and model privacy, data and model poisoning, provenance, model inversion and extraction, human oversight, and LLM application risks.
Selected reverse and contrast prompts are included where they improve retrieval, such as elasticity versus scalability, portability versus interoperability, RTO versus RPO, hashing versus encryption, controller versus processor, IDS versus IPS, and incident versus problem management. The deck does not mechanically reverse every fact.
Exam-format multiple choice, memorized answer patterns, dumps, vendor-console trivia, copied course wording, and legal advice are excluded. The cards do not reproduce real or simulated ISC2 exam items. They also stay outside deep cryptographic mathematics, product-specific implementation recipes, and specialist AI research that does not change a cloud-security control decision.
The order is deliberate. Each domain advances through short, coherent topic tracks from prerequisite concepts and responsibility boundaries to controls and applied decisions. The final 340-card sequence was reviewed as one topic-progressive order, with identified forward, reverse, near-duplicate, and answer-cue variants deliberately separated to reduce short-range cueing. Its topic tracks are interleaved so the sequence does not become a concept run followed by role, control, and decision runs. Domain 1 establishes cloud characteristics, actors, service and deployment models, secure design, provider evidence, and AI governance. Domain 2 follows data through flows, storage, protection, discovery, classification, rights, retention, evidence, and dataset or model risk. Domains 3 and 4 apply those foundations to infrastructure, resilience, secure development, software supply chains, APIs, LLM applications, and IAM. Domains 5 and 6 close with secure operations, monitoring, incident response, forensics, law, privacy, audit, enterprise risk, and contracts.
Reviewed for the CCSP outline effective August 1, 2026. Coverage was bounded by the official English exam outline PDF, the ISC2 outline page, and ISC2's June 2026 revision notice. NIST and OWASP primary publications were used to check standard control and AI/application-security distinctions.
Every prompt, answer, explanation, sequence choice, and metadata field was independently written from common cloud-security knowledge. The CC0 label applies to that original expression, organization, metadata, and generated cover to the extent applicable rights exist; it does not claim ownership of facts, standards, certification marks, or third-party material.
This is an independently authored, unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. It is not affiliated with, sponsored by, or endorsed by ISC2. CCSP is a registered certification mark of ISC2. No ISC2 exam questions, answer keys, course text, outline prose, logos, badges, or trade dress were copied.
Fișele din acest pachet
Fișa 1
Întrebare
What makes a computing environment a cloud rather than ordinary hosted infrastructure?
Răspuns
It provides shared, configurable resources on demand with rapid provisioning and minimal provider interaction. A hosted server without those operating characteristics is not automatically a cloud.
Fișa 2
Întrebare
What is the security significance of broad network access?
Răspuns
Services are reachable through standard network mechanisms from varied clients. That reach increases the need for strong identity, transport protection, and endpoint-aware access.
Fișa 3
Întrebare
How do resource pooling and multi-tenancy differ?
Răspuns
Resource pooling dynamically assigns shared capacity; multi-tenancy lets multiple customers use that shared environment with logical isolation. Pooling is the allocation model, while multi-tenancy is the customer-sharing model.
Fișa 4
Întrebare
What separates elasticity from scalability?
Răspuns
Elasticity adjusts capacity with demand; scalability is the ability to handle growth by adding or changing capacity. Elasticity stresses timely adjustment, often in both directions.
Fișa 5
Întrebare
What does measured service provide?
Răspuns
Metered visibility into resource consumption. The measurements support billing, capacity decisions, anomaly detection, and accountability.
Fișa 6
Întrebare
What does on-demand self-service let a cloud customer do?
Răspuns
Provision needed capabilities without waiting for a provider employee. Policy and quota controls can still constrain the request.
Fișa 7
Întrebare
What does virtualization contribute to cloud computing?
Răspuns
It abstracts physical resources into isolated, assignable compute, storage, or network units. Orchestration turns those units into an on-demand service.
Fișa 8
Întrebare
What remains the cloud customer's responsibility in every service category?
Răspuns
Governing its identities, data, configuration choices, and lawful use. The exact technical boundary changes, but accountability does not vanish when infrastructure is outsourced.
Fișa 9
Întrebare
What does a cloud service broker add?
Răspuns
Intermediation, aggregation, or management across cloud services. A broker may compare, combine, or govern services without owning their underlying infrastructure.
Fișa 10
Întrebare
What is a regulator's cloud-security role?
Răspuns
Set or enforce legal and regulatory obligations that apply to the service and its data. The customer must map those duties into provider selection, controls, and evidence.
Fișa 11
Întrebare
What is the cloud service provider's core responsibility?
Răspuns
Deliver the contracted cloud capabilities and secure the layers assigned to it. The service model and contract define the boundary.
Fișa 12
Întrebare
What is orchestration in a cloud environment?
Răspuns
Coordinated automation of provisioning, configuration, scaling, and lifecycle actions across resources. It applies policy consistently across many components.
Fișa 13
Întrebare
What capability does SaaS give the customer?
Răspuns
Use of a provider-run application. The customer mainly manages users, data, and allowed configuration rather than the platform beneath it.
Fișa 14
Întrebare
Which four deployment models does NIST SP 800-145 define?
Răspuns
Public, private, community, and hybrid cloud. Multi-cloud describes using more than one cloud provider or service environment; it is distinct from NIST's canonical four-model taxonomy.
Fișa 15
Întrebare
How do portability and interoperability differ?
Răspuns
Portability moves a workload or data between environments; interoperability lets different environments exchange and use information or services. One reduces switching friction, while the other supports cooperation.
Fișa 16
Întrebare
What does a cloud service partner do?
Răspuns
Supports or enhances cloud service delivery, use, or assurance. Examples include auditors, integrators, and developers acting beside the customer and provider.
Fișa 17
Întrebare
Who controls user entitlements inside a SaaS tenant?
Răspuns
The customer organization. The provider supplies the application and access mechanisms, but the customer decides which of its users need which privileges.
Fișa 18
Întrebare
When is hybrid cloud a better description than multi-cloud?
Răspuns
When the architecture deliberately combines distinct private and public environments. Multi-cloud focuses on using multiple cloud services or providers and may contain no private cloud.
Fișa 19
Întrebare
What problem does confidential computing address?
Răspuns
Protection of data while it is being processed. Hardware-backed trusted execution environments reduce exposure to the host or platform layer, but do not replace application controls.
Fișa 20
Întrebare
When does blockchain add useful assurance to a cloud workflow?
Răspuns
When multiple parties need a shared, tamper-evident record without relying on one writer. It does not make source data true, private, lawful, or immune to key and smart-contract failures.
Fișa 21
Întrebare
When does edge computing improve resilience but complicate security?
Răspuns
When local processing reduces central latency or dependency while distributing data, software, and physical exposure. The decision needs remote attestation, patching, inventory, and failure handling.
Fișa 22
Întrebare
What does reversibility require in a cloud design?
Răspuns
A practical way to exit or change providers while recovering data, configurations, dependencies, and needed evidence. A theoretical export button is not enough if the result cannot be used elsewhere.
Fișa 23
Întrebare
What is the first security question before connecting IoT devices to a cloud service?
Răspuns
Can each device be uniquely identified, updated, constrained, and monitored throughout its lifecycle? Cheap connectivity does not offset unmanaged device risk.
Fișa 24
Întrebare
What capability does PaaS give the customer?
Răspuns
Deployment of customer applications onto a provider-managed platform. The provider runs the underlying infrastructure and runtime, while the customer secures code, data, and configuration.
Fișa 25
Întrebare
What is a practical cloud decision for quantum-related cryptographic risk today?
Răspuns
Inventory cryptographic dependencies and design for algorithm agility. Replace algorithms according to authoritative migration guidance rather than adopting unreviewed schemes.
Fișa 26
Întrebare
Which SLA measure is useful only when paired with a clear measurement method and remedy?
Răspuns
Any availability or performance target. Define the service boundary, observation window, exclusions, data source, notification, and remedy before treating the number as assurance.
Fișa 27
Întrebare
How should a team use a Well-Architected pattern, SANS security principles, or CSA enterprise architecture?
Răspuns
As structured design input mapped to the workload's risks, responsibilities, and evidence. A named framework guides decisions but does not prove that the resulting architecture is secure.
Fișa 28
Întrebare
What does a FIPS 140 validation establish?
Răspuns
That a named cryptographic module was validated against the stated standard and boundary. It does not prove the surrounding application uses the module safely.
Fișa 29
Întrebare
Who normally patches the managed runtime in PaaS?
Răspuns
The cloud provider. The customer still owns secure application code, dependencies it supplies, data, identities, and configuration.
Fișa 30
Întrebare
Who should approve a cloud data classification?
Răspuns
The accountable data owner. Security and privacy teams advise, while custodians implement the handling controls.
Fișa 31
Întrebare
What should the cloud architect own in secure design?
Răspuns
The documented trust boundaries, security requirements, resilience choices, and responsibility mapping. Operations and product teams then implement and test those decisions.
Fișa 32
Întrebare
What does DevSecOps change about security ownership?
Răspuns
It makes security a shared, automated part of delivery rather than a final external gate. Product teams still need independent challenge for high-risk decisions.
Fișa 33
Întrebare
Which controls reduce container escape impact?
Răspuns
Hardened runtimes, minimal privileges, trusted images, isolation boundaries, and prompt patching. Treat a container as a process boundary, not automatically as a security boundary equal to a separate host.
Fișa 34
Întrebare
Who should own a cloud service's business recovery requirements?
Răspuns
The business or service owner. Technical teams translate the owner's impact tolerance into RTO, RPO, architecture, and tests.
Fișa 35
Întrebare
What capability does IaaS give the customer?
Răspuns
Provisioning of fundamental compute, storage, and network resources. The customer usually controls operating systems, workloads, and many network settings.
Fișa 36
Întrebare
Which key-management design limits a cloud provider compromise from exposing customer data?
Răspuns
Separate data from independently controlled encryption keys where the threat model requires it. Access policy, rotation, backup, and recovery for those keys matter as much as their location.
Fișa 37
Întrebare
What is the safer identity pattern for a cloud workload?
Răspuns
A short-lived, narrowly scoped workload identity. It avoids embedded long-lived credentials and supports rotation and traceability.
Fișa 38
Întrebare
When can cryptographic erase sanitize cloud data?
Răspuns
When destroying the correct encryption key makes all protected copies computationally unreadable and the encryption implementation is trustworthy. Key copies, snapshots, and replicas must be in scope.
Fișa 39
Întrebare
What is the first network control for limiting east-west movement between cloud workloads?
Răspuns
Explicit segmentation with deny-by-default rules. Identity-aware policy and traffic telemetry strengthen the boundary; geofencing can add a location condition but cannot replace it.
Fișa 40
Întrebare
Who normally patches a guest operating system in IaaS?
Răspuns
The cloud customer. The provider secures the underlying facilities and virtualization layer, while the customer manages the guest unless a separate managed service changes that boundary.
Fișa 41
Întrebare
What is the most important permission control for a serverless function?
Răspuns
A dedicated least-privilege execution identity. Also restrict triggers, secrets, outbound access, and runtime duration; ephemeral execution does not erase external logs, queues, or data.
Fișa 42
Întrebare
How does immutable infrastructure reduce configuration drift?
Răspuns
Replace changed instances from a controlled image instead of repairing them in place. The image pipeline, secrets, and state stores still need protection.
Fișa 43
Întrebare
What turns a security baseline into an operating control?
Răspuns
Automated assessment plus timely remediation of deviations. A baseline document alone does not prevent drift.
Fișa 44
Întrebare
What control keeps protection aligned as cloud data moves through its lifecycle?
Răspuns
Lifecycle-aware policy tied to classification and ownership. Access, encryption, retention, monitoring, and disposal should change with the data's state and purpose.
Fișa 45
Întrebare
What makes a cloud recovery plan credible?
Răspuns
Regular restore, failover, dependency, and failback tests against business targets. A provider's availability claim does not prove the customer's service can recover.
Fișa 46
Întrebare
What evidence should be checked first when evaluating a cloud provider?
Răspuns
Evidence mapped to the organization's own requirements and risk criteria. Certifications help only when their scope, period, system, and exceptions cover the intended service.
Fișa 47
Întrebare
What should drive a cloud BC/DR design before products are selected?
Răspuns
A business impact analysis. It identifies critical services, dependencies, impact over time, and acceptable recovery targets.
Fișa 48
Întrebare
Who is accountable for approving an AI model's intended cloud use?
Răspuns
The designated AI or business system owner. Model builders provide evidence, while risk, security, privacy, and legal roles challenge the use against policy.
Fișa 49
Întrebare
What should be tested before accepting a provider's portability claim?
Răspuns
Export the data and configuration, rebuild elsewhere, and measure missing features, time, cost, and dependencies. Contract wording alone cannot prove reversibility.
Fișa 50
Întrebare
What control most directly reduces hypervisor compromise risk for a customer?
Răspuns
Use a provider with strong isolation assurance, rapid patching, and evidence for the virtualization layer. The customer cannot harden a provider-managed hypervisor directly.
Fișa 51
Întrebare
How should CBA and ROI inform a cloud recovery design after the BIA?
Răspuns
CBA compares each option's lifecycle cost with expected benefit; ROI expresses the expected return relative to investment. Neither overrides mandatory duties or the BIA's approved impact tolerance.
Fișa 52
Întrebare
What control helps validate training or detection data before AI use?
Răspuns
Provenance, integrity checks, schema checks, and approval for the intended source. Statistical anomaly checks can add evidence but should not replace ownership.
Fișa 53
Întrebare
What is the human reviewer's role in AI-assisted security operations?
Răspuns
Validate consequential findings and actions before relying on them. Automation can rank and enrich signals, but the accountable human handles ambiguity and impact.
Fișa 54
Întrebare
Why read an assurance report's scope before relying on its conclusion?
Răspuns
The report may exclude the exact service, region, control, subservice, or period you need. Assurance cannot be extended beyond its stated boundary.
Fișa 55
Întrebare
Which controls make model extraction harder at a cloud API?
Răspuns
Strong access control, rate and budget limits, query monitoring, response minimization, and abuse detection. No single control removes the risk from a publicly queryable model.
Fișa 56
Întrebare
Why is high predictive accuracy insufficient for a cloud data-science or AI model?
Răspuns
The use can still create unacceptable legal, privacy, fairness, security, safety, or operational risk. Accuracy is one quality measure, not automatic authorization to deploy.
Fișa 57
Întrebare
How should SOAR handle a high-impact containment action?
Răspuns
Use explicit authorization, bounded playbooks, and human approval when impact or uncertainty is high. Automation should be reversible and fully logged.
Fișa 58
Întrebare
When is Common Criteria evidence relevant to provider evaluation?
Răspuns
When a specific evaluated product and assurance target match the component and threat being assessed. It does not certify an entire cloud service by association.
Fișa 59
Întrebare
Which data lifecycle sequence is useful for cloud control planning?
Răspuns
Create, store, use, share, archive, and destroy. Real data may move between phases, but each transition needs an owner and handling rule.
Fișa 60
Întrebare
What is data dispersion in cloud computing?
Răspuns
The distribution of data and copies across systems, regions, media, services, and providers. Replicas, caches, logs, snapshots, and backups all expand the control boundary.
Fișa 61
Întrebare
What does a cloud data flow describe?
Răspuns
Where data originates, moves, is transformed, is stored, and exits. A useful flow also names trust boundaries, actors, purposes, and protections.
Fișa 62
Întrebare
How do object and volume storage differ?
Răspuns
Object storage addresses data as objects with metadata; volume storage presents block-like storage to a host. Their access paths, sharing models, snapshots, and permission risks differ.
Fișa 63
Întrebare
How does ephemeral storage differ from long-term storage?
Răspuns
Ephemeral storage is tied to a short-lived workload or execution; long-term storage is designed to persist independently. Ephemeral does not mean automatically sanitized.
Fișa 64
Întrebare
What is raw data storage?
Răspuns
Storage of collected data before full cleaning, transformation, or enrichment. Its broad content and uncertain quality make isolation, discovery, provenance, and access control especially important.
Fișa 65
Întrebare
What makes a data-flow map useful for control design?
Răspuns
It names sources, destinations, transformations, actors, purposes, trust boundaries, and protections. Update it when architecture or processing changes.
Fișa 66
Întrebare
What should decide whether data may move to another cloud region?
Răspuns
Classification, purpose, residency and transfer rules, contract terms, threat model, and required controls. Region availability alone is not authorization.
Fișa 67
Întrebare
Which storage type fits immutable, widely shared blobs better than a mounted transactional filesystem?
Răspuns
Object storage. Use volume storage when the workload needs block-style filesystem or database access semantics.
Fișa 68
Întrebare
A short-lived AI training node is terminated. Why can data risk remain?
Răspuns
Ephemeral compute can leave snapshots, caches, logs, attached volumes, or provider-level remnants. Verify the full storage and key lifecycle, not only instance deletion.
Fișa 69
Întrebare
What control exposes unknown cloud data stores before they bypass policy?
Răspuns
Continuous asset and data discovery across accounts, regions, services, and shadow paths. Findings need ownership and remediation, not just inventory.
Fișa 70
Întrebare
What security property does encryption primarily provide?
Răspuns
Confidentiality against parties without the key. Integrity and authenticity require an appropriate authenticated mode or separate mechanism.
Fișa 71
Întrebare
What does tokenization do?
Răspuns
Replaces sensitive data with a non-sensitive token whose mapping is protected separately. The token can preserve application format while reducing where original data appears.
Fișa 72
Întrebare
How do structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data differ?
Răspuns
Structured data follows a fixed schema, semi-structured data carries flexible labels or structure, and unstructured data lacks a consistent field model. Discovery needs techniques suited to each form.
Fișa 73
Întrebare
What is data masking?
Răspuns
A transformation that hides selected data while preserving a usable shape or view. Reversible or weak masking is not anonymization.
Fișa 74
Întrebare
What does Data Loss Prevention monitor or restrict?
Răspuns
Sensitive-data movement or use across selected channels. DLP depends on discovery, classification, context, coverage, and tuned response.
Fișa 75
Întrebare
What security property does a cryptographic hash support?
Răspuns
Integrity by detecting change. A plain hash does not hide the input, prove who created it, or prevent guessing of low-entropy values.
Fișa 76
Întrebare
What does Information Rights Management add beyond storage permissions?
Răspuns
Persistent usage rules attached to protected content, such as view, print, copy, expiry, or revocation. Enforcement still depends on trusted identities, clients, and key services.
Fișa 77
Întrebare
Where should application secrets be kept?
Răspuns
In a managed secret store with narrow access, audit logs, rotation, and short-lived retrieval. Source code, images, and general configuration files are poor secret stores.
Fișa 78
Întrebare
What is anonymization trying to achieve?
Răspuns
Make data no longer reasonably linkable to an identifiable person. Re-identification risk must be assessed against auxiliary data and the release context.
Fișa 79
Întrebare
Why separate key-custodian duties from data administration?
Răspuns
To reduce the chance that one person can both reach ciphertext and independently unlock it. Separation of duties should also cover recovery and emergency access.
Fișa 80
Întrebare
What control reduces dependence on provider-held encryption keys?
Răspuns
Customer-controlled keys with independent policy and lifecycle management. The choice adds recovery, availability, rotation, and administrator risks that must be designed explicitly.
Fișa 81
Întrebare
How can tokenization reduce exposure in an application database?
Răspuns
Store tokens in routine workflows and isolate the token vault or mapping service. Access to detokenization should be rarer and more tightly logged.
Fișa 82
Întrebare
How can a hash support evidence integrity?
Răspuns
Record a strong hash at acquisition and verify it after each transfer or analysis step. Chain-of-custody records explain who handled the evidence and why.
Fișa 83
Întrebare
What is the safer source for non-production test data?
Răspuns
Synthetic or appropriately transformed data that meets the test need without exposing production identities. Validate re-identification risk before release.
Fișa 84
Întrebare
What makes DLP enforcement practical instead of noisy?
Răspuns
Accurate discovery and classification, contextual rules, staged response, tuned exceptions, and incident ownership. Blocking every pattern match can disrupt work without reducing real leakage.
Fișa 85
Întrebare
What enables IRM revocation after a file leaves its original repository?
Răspuns
A trusted client that checks current rights and can no longer obtain the needed key or license. Offline copies and screenshots remain boundary cases.
Fișa 86
Întrebare
How should cloud data discovery handle false positives?
Răspuns
Route uncertain matches for risk-based validation and tune detection with evidence. Silently discarding them hides coverage gaps; blocking them all creates operational failure.
Fișa 87
Întrebare
What keeps certificates trustworthy after issuance?
Răspuns
Inventory, protected private keys, renewal, revocation, validation, and monitored expiry. Issuing a certificate is only the start of its lifecycle.
Fișa 88
Întrebare
What is envelope encryption?
Răspuns
Encrypt data with a data-encryption key, then protect that key with a separate key-encryption key. Rotating or rewrapping the key-encryption key can protect existing data-encryption keys without re-encrypting payload data; replacing a data-encryption key may require payload re-encryption.
Fișa 89
Întrebare
What is data classification?
Răspuns
Assignment of a sensitivity or business category that drives handling requirements. The category should reflect impact, law, contract, and business need.
Fișa 90
Întrebare
When is tokenization preferable to ordinary encryption?
Răspuns
When workflows can use a surrogate while original values stay in a tightly isolated mapping service. Encryption is better when authorized systems must recover data directly with keys.
Fișa 91
Întrebare
Should a password be encrypted or hashed for verification?
Răspuns
Hash it with a password-specific salted, slow derivation function. Reversible encryption creates unnecessary recovery of the original password.
Fișa 92
Întrebare
When is masking insufficient for a public dataset release?
Răspuns
When remaining fields or external data can reasonably re-identify people. Public release needs a defensible anonymization assessment, not cosmetic redaction.
Fișa 93
Întrebare
Why should DLP not be the only control against cloud exfiltration?
Răspuns
It sees only covered channels and recognized content. Least privilege, segmentation, egress control, encryption, monitoring, and response reduce gaps.
Fișa 94
Întrebare
When is IRM more useful than a repository access control list?
Răspuns
When usage restrictions must follow a file beyond the original repository. If data never leaves a controlled service, native authorization may be simpler and stronger.
Fișa 95
Întrebare
Why perform discovery before broad classification enforcement?
Răspuns
You need to know what data exists and where it lives before applying reliable labels and controls. Enforcement on an incomplete inventory leaves blind spots.
Fișa 96
Întrebare
What should trigger data reclassification?
Răspuns
A change in content, use, law, contract, business impact, aggregation, or identifiability. Review should also occur on a defined schedule.
Fișa 97
Întrebare
Why rotate encryption keys?
Răspuns
To limit exposure, meet policy, and replace keys after age, role, algorithm, or compromise changes. Rotation must preserve authorized access to older data until it is safely reprotected or retired.
Fișa 98
Întrebare
Who sets a cloud dataset's business classification?
Răspuns
The accountable data owner. Automated tools can propose labels, but the owner resolves business context and exceptions.
Fișa 99
Întrebare
How does a data label differ from a classification policy?
Răspuns
The label marks a specific asset; the policy defines what the category means and how it must be handled. Labels without enforcement are only metadata.
Fișa 100
Întrebare
What is a data steward responsible for?
Răspuns
Day-to-day quality, definition, and policy consistency for data. A steward supports the owner but does not replace the owner's accountability.
Fișa 101
Întrebare
How do retention and archiving differ?
Răspuns
Retention states how long data must or may be kept; archiving moves data into a managed long-term state. Archived data remains subject to access, integrity, discovery, and deletion rules.
Fișa 102
Întrebare
What does a data controller decide?
Răspuns
The purposes and essential means of processing personal data. The exact legal definition depends on the applicable law.
Fișa 103
Întrebare
When should a derived dataset inherit its source classification?
Răspuns
By default, until an accountable owner proves the transformation changed sensitivity. Aggregation can reduce or increase risk depending on content and linkability.
Fișa 104
Întrebare
How should classification labels affect cloud controls?
Răspuns
Drive access, encryption, sharing, location, retention, monitoring, and deletion policy. Enforcement should follow the label across supported copies and transformations.
Fișa 105
Întrebare
What does a legal hold do?
Răspuns
Suspends normal deletion for information relevant to a legal or regulatory matter. It preserves authorized access and evidence until the hold is released.
Fișa 106
Întrebare
What should a privacy role contribute to cloud data design?
Răspuns
Purpose, minimization, transparency, rights, transfer, retention, and impact requirements. Security protects data, while privacy also asks whether processing should occur and under what conditions.
Fișa 107
Întrebare
What control turns a retention schedule into repeatable cloud behavior?
Răspuns
Policy-driven lifecycle automation with holds, approvals, exceptions, and audit evidence. Automation must cover replicas and backups where the platform supports it.
Fișa 108
Întrebare
What is a data custodian responsible for?
Răspuns
Implementing and operating the technical handling controls. Storage, backup, access, logging, and deletion are typical custody duties.
Fișa 109
Întrebare
Who should own the retention schedule?
Răspuns
The records or information-governance function with legal and business input. Technology teams implement the approved schedule and evidence.
Fișa 110
Întrebare
What does a data processor do?
Răspuns
Processes personal data for a controller under documented instructions. Using the data for its own new purpose may change the role and obligations.
Fișa 111
Întrebare
What proves a cloud deletion request was completed responsibly?
Răspuns
Provider and customer evidence tied to the asset, method, scope, time, and remaining copies. A successful API response alone may not cover backups, replicas, or exported data.
Fișa 112
Întrebare
Which controls protect a long-term cloud archive?
Răspuns
Restricted access, durable integrity checks, format and key preservation, redundancy, retention policy, and tested retrieval. An archive that cannot be read or trusted has failed its purpose.
Fișa 113
Întrebare
Who should approve a training dataset and model version for production?
Răspuns
The accountable model or system owner using evidence from data, security, privacy, and validation roles. Approval must bind the exact versions and intended use.
Fișa 114
Întrebare
Which event fields most often establish accountability for cloud data access?
Răspuns
Trusted identity, action, target, result, timestamp, source context, and relevant network or location data. Collect only attributes needed for the security, legal, and privacy purpose.
Fișa 115
Întrebare
Why synchronize clocks across cloud evidence sources?
Răspuns
To correlate events into a defensible timeline. Record time source, zone, drift, and collection context when precision matters.
Fișa 116
Întrebare
Which risk is present when model outputs reveal features of sensitive training records?
Răspuns
Model inversion or related privacy inference. Data minimization, privacy testing, output controls, and access limits reduce exposure.
Fișa 117
Întrebare
Who authorizes and scopes a legal hold?
Răspuns
An authorized legal or records function. Cloud administrators implement it without deciding the legal scope themselves.
Fișa 118
Întrebare
What must AI dataset validation check besides file integrity?
Răspuns
Source authority, consent or permitted use, representativeness, quality, labeling, poisoning indicators, and intended-use fit. A matching checksum only proves the bytes did not change after that checkpoint.
Fișa 119
Întrebare
Why is an archive not a substitute for a recovery backup?
Răspuns
An archive optimizes long-term preservation and retrieval; a backup supports restoration after loss or corruption. One system can sometimes serve both only if it meets both control sets and tests.
Fișa 120
Întrebare
What protects AI dataset and model provenance?
Răspuns
Versioned inventories, signed or hashed artifacts, controlled pipelines, approval records, and lineage from source to deployment. Bind validation results to the exact artifact versions.
Fișa 121
Întrebare
Which context should be omitted from a data event log?
Răspuns
Data that is unnecessary for the defined security, accountability, or legal purpose. More logging can create privacy, cost, and breach risk without improving evidence.
Fișa 122
Întrebare
What happens when a valid legal hold conflicts with scheduled deletion?
Răspuns
The authorized hold suspends deletion for the in-scope data. Keep access limited, document the exception, and resume policy when the hold is released.
Fișa 123
Întrebare
What adds non-repudiation evidence beyond a plain event log?
Răspuns
Strong identity binding, protected timestamps, integrity controls, and controlled custody. The strength depends on the whole evidence process, not a single hash field.
Fișa 124
Întrebare
What privacy question does a membership-inference attack answer?
Răspuns
Whether a particular record was likely part of a model's training data. Limit exposed confidence, query abuse, overfitting, and unnecessary sensitive training data.
Fișa 125
Întrebare
What is the clearest sign that training-data poisoning controls failed?
Răspuns
Untrusted or manipulated examples changed model behavior or inserted a hidden trigger. Investigate provenance, pipeline access, validation, and the exact affected versions.
Fișa 126
Întrebare
What is the strongest first step when an AI use case asks for every available customer field?
Răspuns
Reduce collection to data necessary for the approved purpose. Minimization lowers privacy, poisoning, access, retention, and breach exposure before technical controls are added.
Fișa 127
Întrebare
What is the cloud network team's primary security role?
Răspuns
Implement approved segmentation, routing, edge protection, secure connectivity, and network telemetry. Application teams still define workload access needs.
Fișa 128
Întrebare
Which layers make up a cloud infrastructure trust stack?
Răspuns
Physical facilities, network, compute, storage, virtualization, and management services. A workload inherits dependencies and failure modes from every layer beneath or beside it.
Fișa 129
Întrebare
How do the management plane and data plane differ?
Răspuns
The management plane configures and governs resources; the data plane carries or processes workload traffic and data. Compromise of the management plane can change many data-plane controls at once.
Fișa 130
Întrebare
What is a trust boundary in cloud architecture?
Răspuns
A point where identity, control, ownership, or assurance changes. Data crossing it needs an explicit policy, validation, and protected channel.
Fișa 131
Întrebare
Who owns a customer's cloud network and identity configuration?
Răspuns
The customer for the configuration choices it controls. Provider defaults and guardrails help, but do not approve the customer's architecture.
Fișa 132
Întrebare
What logical control prevents one tenant from reaching another tenant's resources?
Răspuns
Enforced tenant partitioning across identity, network, compute, storage, and management paths. Test the negative boundary, not only valid access.
Fișa 133
Întrebare
Why is the cloud management plane a high-value target?
Răspuns
It can create, modify, expose, or destroy many resources through one privileged interface. Protect it more strongly than routine workload access.
Fișa 134
Întrebare
What limits lateral movement after one cloud workload is compromised?
Răspuns
Microsegmentation with identity-aware, least-privilege communication policy. Monitor denied and unusual flows to find attempted spread.
Fișa 135
Întrebare
How does infrastructure as code improve control assurance?
Răspuns
It makes configuration reviewable, repeatable, testable, and traceable. Protect the repository, pipeline, state, modules, and deployment identity.
Fișa 136
Întrebare
How should a team verify an infrastructure control still works?
Răspuns
Test its intended outcome with current evidence and representative failure or attack conditions. Configuration presence alone does not prove effectiveness.
Fișa 137
Întrebare
What security boundary should virtualization create between tenants?
Răspuns
Strong isolation of compute, memory, storage, network, and management operations. Shared hardware still creates side-channel, escape, and noisy-neighbor considerations.
Fișa 138
Întrebare
Which controls should protect cloud management-plane access?
Răspuns
Phishing-resistant MFA, privileged access management, separate admin identities, conditional access, least privilege, and immutable logging. Restrict source networks where practical.
Fișa 139
Întrebare
How do type 1 and type 2 hypervisors differ?
Răspuns
A type 1 hypervisor runs directly on hardware; a type 2 hypervisor runs on a host operating system. The extra host layer changes attack surface and operational use.
Fișa 140
Întrebare
Who secures the public cloud facility and physical host?
Răspuns
The cloud provider. Customers still evaluate the provider's physical assurance and design their service around disclosed locations and failure domains.
Fișa 141
Întrebare
What protects a cloud AI training cluster from unrelated tenant traffic?
Răspuns
Dedicated identities, microsegmentation, controlled data paths, hardened images, and monitored management access. Accelerator scheduling and storage paths belong in the boundary.
Fișa 142
Întrebare
When is packet capture useful in cloud infrastructure?
Răspuns
When network-level detail is needed and collection is lawful, technically available, scoped, and protected. Flow logs may be safer and sufficient for many investigations.
Fișa 143
Întrebare
Which control protects detached cloud volumes and snapshots?
Răspuns
Encryption with governed keys plus explicit access policy. Inventory and delete orphaned copies because detachment does not remove their data.
Fișa 144
Întrebare
Why correlate infrastructure logs across layers?
Răspuns
To connect identity, management, network, host, and workload events into one incident path. Preserve original records and normalization context.
Fișa 145
Întrebare
What is a platform owner's responsibility for tenant isolation?
Răspuns
Configure, patch, monitor, and test the shared platform so one workload cannot cross its authorized boundary. Consumers must use the platform's isolation features correctly.
Fișa 146
Întrebare
When should an AI training cluster use stronger isolation than ordinary batch compute?
Răspuns
When valuable models, sensitive datasets, untrusted code, or high-cost accelerators raise confidentiality, integrity, or exhaustion risk. Match isolation to the workload threat model.
Fișa 147
Întrebare
What does an HSM protect in cloud infrastructure?
Răspuns
Cryptographic keys and operations inside a hardened, policy-controlled boundary. An HSM does not decide whether the requesting workload is authorized unless surrounding policy enforces it.
Fișa 148
Întrebare
What is a failure domain?
Răspuns
A set of components likely to fail together because they share a dependency. Regions, zones, racks, power feeds, control services, or software versions can define one.
Fișa 149
Întrebare
A volume is deleted but its snapshots remain. Is the data gone?
Răspuns
No. The snapshots are separate retained copies. Apply inventory, retention, hold, encryption-key, and deletion policy to every snapshot and replica.
Fișa 150
Întrebare
How should a platform reduce virtualization escape risk?
Răspuns
Minimize and patch the virtualization stack, isolate management interfaces, restrict device exposure, monitor anomalies, and contain workloads by risk. Stronger workload boundaries may be needed for hostile tenants.
Fișa 151
Întrebare
What is the first response to an internet-exposed cloud management endpoint?
Răspuns
Remove unnecessary public reachability, then enforce strong identity and monitored privileged access. A hidden URL or uncommon port is not a control.
Fișa 152
Întrebare
What is the facilities team's role in a private cloud data center?
Răspuns
Operate physical access, power, cooling, fire protection, and environmental monitoring. Security requirements should define evidence and escalation for those systems.
Fișa 153
Întrebare
Which site-location condition creates direct legal exposure for a cloud workload?
Răspuns
The jurisdictions that can reach the facility, operator, customers, or data. Cost, hazards, utilities, connectivity, workforce, and physical threats require separate location analysis.
Fișa 154
Întrebare
How does diverse pathway connectivity improve resilience?
Răspuns
It prevents one cable route, conduit, carrier handoff, or excavation from cutting every link. Verify physical diversity rather than relying on different circuit names.
Fișa 155
Întrebare
When does building a private data center make more sense than buying cloud capacity?
Răspuns
When requirements for control, latency, sovereignty, specialized hardware, or long-term economics outweigh the build and operating burden. Compare full lifecycle cost and resilience, not purchase price alone.
Fișa 156
Întrebare
Which physical controls protect cloud hardware from unauthorized handling?
Răspuns
Zoned access, least privilege, identity checks, surveillance, visitor controls, alarms, and custody records. The strength should match asset and data impact.
Fișa 157
Întrebare
What power design reduces a data center's single-point risk?
Răspuns
Independent feeds, conditioned distribution, UPS capacity, generators, fuel plans, and tested transfer. Maintenance paths must preserve the intended redundancy.
Fișa 158
Întrebare
What should environmental monitoring detect in a data center?
Răspuns
Temperature, humidity, airflow, water, smoke, power, and equipment conditions that threaten service. Alerts need thresholds, escalation, and tested response.
Fișa 159
Întrebare
How does resilience differ from simple redundancy?
Răspuns
Redundancy adds alternatives; resilience keeps or restores acceptable service despite disruption. Redundant components can still share one failure domain or bad configuration.
Fișa 160
Întrebare
Which on-premises physical control remains a customer duty when workloads move to public cloud?
Răspuns
Protection of customer-controlled offices, endpoints, network links, and any retained equipment. The provider's data-center controls do not secure the customer's physical environment.
Fișa 161
Întrebare
What are the core outputs of an infrastructure risk assessment?
Răspuns
Prioritized risks tied to assets, threats, vulnerabilities, likelihood, impact, existing controls, and owners. The output should lead to treatment and follow-up.
Fișa 162
Întrebare
Who may accept residual infrastructure risk?
Răspuns
The authorized business risk owner, not the engineer who found it. Acceptance should state scope, duration, rationale, and review trigger.
Fișa 163
Întrebare
How do a threat, vulnerability, and risk differ?
Răspuns
A threat can cause harm, a vulnerability is a weakness it may exploit, and risk combines uncertain harm with business impact. A weakness without relevant exposure may be lower priority.
Fișa 164
Întrebare
What reveals that two supposedly redundant cloud systems share fate?
Răspuns
They depend on the same control plane, account, region, identity service, network path, software defect, operator, or key. Model those dependencies before counting redundancy.
Fișa 165
Întrebare
What does a security control owner do?
Răspuns
Ensures an assigned control is designed, implemented, evidenced, monitored, and corrected. The role may coordinate several technical operators.
Fișa 166
Întrebare
Which risk treatment options should a cloud team recognize?
Răspuns
Avoid, mitigate, transfer or share, and accept. Treatment changes exposure or ownership; it does not erase accountability.
Fișa 167
Întrebare
What is a recovery service level?
Răspuns
The minimum service capacity or functionality that must be restored, often stated as a percentage of normal service. RSL defines how much service must work; RTO sets the time limit, while RPO sets the maximum data-loss interval.
Fișa 168
Întrebare
What makes a machine image trustworthy for cloud deployment?
Răspuns
Known provenance, minimal contents, current patches, signed or verified integrity, vulnerability results, and controlled promotion. Revalidate it when dependencies age.
Fișa 169
Întrebare
When do multiple availability zones materially improve resilience?
Răspuns
When the service, data, network, identities, and operations can continue after one zone and its shared dependencies fail. Merely placing instances in two zones is not a tested design.
Fișa 170
Întrebare
What should determine the strength of an infrastructure security control?
Răspuns
The asset impact, threat, vulnerability, exposure, legal duties, and risk tolerance. Use control frameworks as structured input, not as an automatic one-size baseline.
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Fișa 171
Întrebare
Which layered controls improve availability against cloud DDoS?
Răspuns
Provider edge absorption, rate controls, resilient scaling, caching, WAF or protocol filtering, and an exercised response plan. Scaling alone can turn attack traffic into cost exhaustion.
Fișa 172
Întrebare
A cloud contract shifts breach costs to a provider. Has the risk been removed?
Răspuns
No. Financial risk may be transferred, while operational, legal, reputational, and customer harm can remain. Retained exposure still needs mitigation and acceptance.
Fișa 173
Întrebare
Why map dependencies across compute, storage, and network services?
Răspuns
A resilient application can still fail when a shared supporting service fails. Dependency maps expose hidden single points, circular recovery steps, and shared fate.
Fișa 174
Întrebare
What does RPO constrain in an infrastructure recovery design?
Răspuns
The maximum acceptable data-loss interval measured backward from disruption. It drives backup or replication frequency and consistency choices.
Fișa 175
Întrebare
What should trigger automated failover?
Răspuns
Reliable health evidence that the primary cannot meet the service objective, with safeguards against split-brain and false triggers. Manual approval may remain appropriate for ambiguous high-impact cases.
Fișa 176
Întrebare
When is an IPS preferable to an IDS?
Răspuns
When inline blocking is justified, tested, and safe for the traffic and availability requirements. Use detection-only when false positives or inline failure would create unacceptable impact.
Fișa 177
Întrebare
What makes residual infrastructure risk ready for acceptance?
Răspuns
A clear scenario, affected assets, existing controls, likelihood and impact, owner, duration, alternatives, and review trigger. Vague acceptance is not governance.
Fișa 178
Întrebare
What makes a cloud backup resistant to account compromise?
Răspuns
Separate administration, immutable or offline retention, encryption, protected deletion, and tested restore. Keep recovery credentials outside the routine production trust path.
Fișa 179
Întrebare
What does a BC/DR coordinator own during cloud recovery planning?
Răspuns
The cross-team plan, exercises, dependencies, contacts, evidence, and follow-up. Service owners still set business priorities and targets.
Fișa 180
Întrebare
Which recovery design supports a near-zero RPO?
Răspuns
Synchronous or otherwise strongly consistent replication across independent failure domains, if latency and shared-fate limits are acceptable. Backups still protect against corruption and deletion.
Fișa 181
Întrebare
Which overlooked dependency can stop users from reaching replicated application servers after failover?
Răspuns
The identity service. Recovery planning should also cover DNS, keys, secrets, routes, data stores, quotas, and external services.
Fișa 182
Întrebare
Why test restore separately from backup completion?
Răspuns
A completed backup may be corrupt, incomplete, inaccessible, or too slow for the target. Restore testing proves usability and measures recovery performance.
Fișa 183
Întrebare
Why plan failback before declaring a DR design complete?
Răspuns
Returning to the preferred environment can create another outage, conflict, or data loss. Define authority, synchronization, validation, rollback, and communication.
Fișa 184
Întrebare
Which design choice most directly supports a short RTO?
Răspuns
Pre-provisioned or rapidly deployable recovery capacity with automated, tested orchestration. Data, identities, network, dependencies, and operators must be ready too.
Fișa 185
Întrebare
What should application-security awareness change in a cloud team?
Răspuns
Daily design and delivery decisions, not just annual quiz results. Use role-specific OWASP, ASVS, SANS Top 25, and LLM-risk examples as practical boundaries, then reinforce them with real defects.
Fișa 186
Întrebare
What makes an SDLC a secure SDLC?
Răspuns
Security requirements, design analysis, implementation controls, verification, release evidence, maintenance, and retirement are built into the lifecycle. A final penetration test alone is not a lifecycle.
Fișa 187
Întrebare
How do functional and non-functional security requirements differ?
Răspuns
Functional requirements specify security behavior; non-functional requirements set qualities such as availability, performance, resilience, or assurance. Both need measurable acceptance criteria.
Fișa 188
Întrebare
Who turns business needs into testable application security requirements?
Răspuns
The product or business owner with security, privacy, legal, and engineering input. Requirements need an accountable owner and acceptance evidence.
Fișa 189
Întrebare
How should a security requirement remain visible through delivery?
Răspuns
Trace it to design decisions, code or configuration, tests, approval, and operating evidence. Untraceable requirements are easy to drop during change.
Fișa 190
Întrebare
What is the purpose of threat modeling?
Răspuns
Identify likely abuse paths and design mitigations before or during development. Keep the model tied to assets, trust boundaries, architecture changes, and evidence.
Fișa 191
Întrebare
What makes developer security training actionable?
Răspuns
Role-specific examples, secure alternatives, practice in the delivery toolchain, and feedback from real defects. Refresh it as platforms and threats change.
Fișa 192
Întrebare
Should agile delivery remove formal security gates?
Răspuns
No. It should make them smaller, earlier, automated where reliable, and tied to risk. High-impact changes can still require independent approval.
Fișa 193
Întrebare
Which cloud-specific application risks need explicit SDLC decisions before coding?
Răspuns
Shared-technology exposure, provider insiders, limited visibility or control, and legal or jurisdiction boundaries. Record the provider boundary, evidence, data location, isolation, and compensating controls.
Fișa 194
Întrebare
How do federation and SSO differ?
Răspuns
Federation establishes trust across identity domains; SSO lets a user authenticate once for multiple services. Federation can enable SSO, but the concepts are not identical.
Fișa 195
Întrebare
What is a developer's responsibility in secure cloud delivery?
Răspuns
Use approved patterns, validate inputs and outputs, protect secrets, handle errors safely, review dependencies, and fix findings. Security tools support that judgment rather than replace it.
Fișa 196
Întrebare
What should a peer security reviewer verify?
Răspuns
That the change preserves requirements, trust boundaries, authorization, data handling, failure behavior, and evidence. Review the actual diff and deployment effect, not only style.
Fișa 197
Întrebare
What is the application security architect accountable for?
Răspuns
Security patterns, trust boundaries, threat decisions, control integration, and documented exceptions. Teams share implementation, but architecture needs coherent ownership.
Fișa 198
Întrebare
Which threat categories does STRIDE prompt a team to examine?
Răspuns
Spoofing, tampering, repudiation, information disclosure, denial of service, and elevation of privilege. It is a coverage aid, not a risk score.
Fișa 199
Întrebare
What secure-coding rule most directly prevents broken object authorization?
Răspuns
Check the current subject's permission for the specific object on every request. ASVS or SAFECode guidance can structure assurance, but hiding identifiers or checking only authentication is insufficient.
Fișa 200
Întrebare
What should a secret-scanning gate do when it finds a real credential?
Răspuns
Block exposure, revoke or rotate the credential, remove it from reachable history, and investigate use. Deleting the latest line does not invalidate copied history.
Fișa 201
Întrebare
How does protected version control support software assurance?
Răspuns
It creates tamper-evident, access-controlled history for reviewed code and configuration changes. Protect references from unauthorized rewrite, retain audit logs, control bypass, and bind signed artifacts to approved releases; content-addressed commits alone do not make branch history immutable.
Fișa 202
Întrebare
Which threat-model method is the simplest checklist for threat categories at trust boundaries?
Răspuns
STRIDE. Use a process-centered method when business impact, attacker paths, and staged analysis need deeper treatment.
Fișa 203
Întrebare
What is an abuse case?
Răspuns
A description of how an actor could misuse a feature or violate a security goal. It turns attacker intent into testable defensive behavior.
Fișa 204
Întrebare
Why should a team avoid treating DREAD scores as objective truth?
Răspuns
Its ratings are judgment-based and can create false precision. Document evidence, assumptions, impact, and uncertainty instead of relying on one number.
Fișa 205
Întrebare
How do SAST and DAST differ?
Răspuns
SAST examines code or compiled artifacts without running the full application; DAST probes a running application from the outside. They find different classes of weakness.
Fișa 206
Întrebare
What does Software Composition Analysis examine?
Răspuns
Third-party components, versions, licenses, and known vulnerability or policy data. It does not prove that a dependency is safe in context or detect every malicious package.
Fișa 207
Întrebare
When should a cloud application's threat model be updated?
Răspuns
When trust boundaries, data, identities, dependencies, deployment, features, or threats materially change. Periodic review catches slow drift.
Fișa 208
Întrebare
How do black-box and white-box security testing differ?
Răspuns
Black-box testing uses external behavior with little internal knowledge; white-box testing uses code, design, or configuration knowledge. Gray-box testing combines partial knowledge with external interaction.
Fișa 209
Întrebare
What should a CI/CD security gate block?
Răspuns
A defined, evidence-based release condition such as an exposed secret, failed critical control, unapproved artifact, or unacceptable vulnerability. Keep exceptions explicit, owned, and time-bounded.
Fișa 210
Întrebare
When is PASTA or ATASM more useful than a short threat checklist?
Răspuns
When the team needs a structured path from business objectives and architecture to attacker behavior, attack surfaces, and mitigations. Match method depth to decision risk.
Fișa 211
Întrebare
Where does SAST provide the earliest useful feedback?
Răspuns
During coding and pull-request review, before deployment. Tune rules, confirm reachability and context, and fix root causes rather than chasing raw counts.
Fișa 212
Întrebare
When is IAST worth adding to a cloud test pipeline?
Răspuns
When representative automated tests exist and runtime path-to-code insight will improve triage. Without exercised paths, instrumentation has little to observe.
Fișa 213
Întrebare
How should an application handle LLM output before passing it to a browser, shell, database, or tool?
Răspuns
Treat it as untrusted data and validate, encode, constrain, or approve it for the destination. Model fluency is not a security guarantee.
Fișa 214
Întrebare
What should an abuse-case test assert for a sensitive workflow?
Răspuns
The application safely rejects or contains a realistic misuse path and leaves useful evidence. Test rate, sequence, privilege, data, and failure-state abuse where relevant.
Fișa 215
Întrebare
What environment makes DAST results most useful?
Răspuns
A representative running deployment with safe test data, reachable paths, and observable results. Production testing needs explicit authorization and safeguards.
Fișa 216
Întrebare
Who owns risk from a third-party software component?
Răspuns
The organization that chooses and operates it. The supplier supplies evidence and remediation, but outsourcing the component does not outsource customer accountability.
Fișa 217
Întrebare
How do an SBOM and SCA work together?
Răspuns
SCA identifies component and policy findings; an SBOM records the released component inventory. Bind both to the exact artifact and update risk when new information appears.
Fișa 218
Întrebare
What does artifact signing protect in a software supply chain?
Răspuns
Integrity and authenticated provenance of the signed artifact. Verification policy must also trust the signer, build path, and release authorization.
Fișa 219
Întrebare
What makes open-source software validated for a cloud application?
Răspuns
Its source, release, integrity, dependencies, license, maintenance, vulnerabilities, and intended use have been assessed. Open code is inspectable, not automatically safe.
Fișa 220
Întrebare
Which cloud application control validates XML message structure before processing?
Răspuns
An XML firewall. A WAF filters web traffic, an API gateway applies API-facing policy, DAM monitors database activity, and a load balancer distributes traffic.
Fișa 221
Întrebare
What authorization check belongs behind every sensitive API operation?
Răspuns
A server-side decision for the current identity, action, object, tenant, and context. Gateway authentication alone cannot decide application-level ownership.
Fișa 222
Întrebare
How should an API treat untrusted input?
Răspuns
Validate type, structure, size, range, encoding, and allowed semantics before use. Reject unexpected fields where ambiguity or mass assignment creates risk.
Fișa 223
Întrebare
What is an Identity Provider responsible for in federation?
Răspuns
Authenticating subjects and issuing trustworthy identity assertions under agreed policy. The relying application still authorizes each requested action.
Fișa 224
Întrebare
What does sandboxing add to cloud application security?
Răspuns
A constrained execution boundary for untrusted or risky code and content. Restrict identity, network, files, secrets, time, and compute outside the sandbox too.
Fișa 225
Întrebare
What should block adoption of a third-party software component?
Răspuns
Unacceptable provenance, integrity, vulnerability, maintenance, license, access, or exit risk. Popularity and a clean scan do not settle supplier risk.
Fișa 226
Întrebare
Which test perspective should verify hidden authorization logic?
Răspuns
White-box review and testing, supported by black-box attempts to cross the boundary. Internal knowledge finds code paths; external tests confirm observable enforcement.
Fișa 227
Întrebare
Which practice verifies that a cloud release consistently meets defined quality and security criteria?
Răspuns
Quality Assurance (QA). It plans and tracks repeatable reviews, tests, acceptance evidence, defect handling, and process improvement across delivery.
Fișa 228
Întrebare
Which IAM controls reduce takeover of a federated cloud account?
Răspuns
Strong MFA, trusted federation configuration, short sessions, conditional access, lifecycle automation, and monitored privilege. Secure both the IdP and relying service.
Fișa 229
Întrebare
What is the safest response when retrieved content tells an LLM to ignore system rules?
Răspuns
Treat the instruction as untrusted data, preserve higher-priority policy, and prevent unauthorized tool or data access. Input filtering alone cannot eliminate prompt injection.
Fișa 230
Întrebare
How should an LLM application reduce sensitive information disclosure?
Răspuns
Minimize prompt and training data, enforce retrieval authorization, redact where justified, constrain outputs, and test leakage. A system prompt telling the model to keep secrets is not sufficient.
Fișa 231
Întrebare
A model repository account is compromised and a backdoored model is published. Which risks overlap?
Răspuns
Supply-chain compromise and data or model poisoning. Pin trusted versions, verify provenance and signatures, scan safely, validate behavior, and control promotion.
Fișa 232
Întrebare
What identity should one microservice use to call another?
Răspuns
A distinct, short-lived workload identity with least-privilege authorization. Avoid sharing broad static credentials across services.
Fișa 233
Întrebare
How should an agentic LLM be constrained before it can delete cloud resources?
Răspuns
Give it minimal scoped tools, validate arguments, require approval for destructive actions, enforce budgets, and log every decision and result. Capability should match the smallest authorized task.
Fișa 234
Întrebare
Should a system prompt be treated as a secret control boundary?
Răspuns
No. Design as if instructions may be exposed. Keep credentials and authorization outside the prompt, minimize sensitive details, and enforce policy in trusted code.
Fișa 235
Întrebare
What is the main risk of weak authorization in a shared vector store?
Răspuns
Retrieval can cross tenant or user boundaries and expose embeddings, documents, or poisoned context. Partition, authorize, validate provenance, and monitor ingestion and queries.
Fișa 236
Întrebare
When does a CASB add value beside an IdP?
Răspuns
When the organization needs visibility or policy over cloud-service use, data movement, sessions, or unmanaged access beyond authentication. The IdP establishes identity; the CASB governs selected cloud interactions.
Fișa 237
Întrebare
How should a high-impact workflow use an LLM answer that may be plausible but false?
Răspuns
Verify it against authoritative data or require qualified human review before action. Communicate uncertainty and preserve source evidence.
Fișa 238
Întrebare
Which controls address unbounded LLM consumption?
Răspuns
Per-user and per-task quotas, rate limits, token and tool budgets, timeouts, concurrency limits, anomaly alerts, and safe cancellation. Monitor financial as well as availability impact.
Fișa 239
Întrebare
How do an HSM and a TPM differ?
Răspuns
An HSM protects shared or service cryptographic operations; a TPM anchors trust to one platform. Both protect keys, but their scope and use cases differ.
Fișa 240
Întrebare
What does secure by default mean for cloud infrastructure?
Răspuns
A new resource starts in the least exposed, least privileged, approved state. Users must make an explicit, reviewed choice to widen access or capability.
Fișa 241
Întrebare
Why do virtual CPU, memory, storage, and network settings have security impact?
Răspuns
They define resource exposure, isolation, exhaustion limits, and device access. Overbroad virtual hardware can create attack paths or noisy-neighbor risk.
Fișa 242
Întrebare
Which hypervisor type is usually preferred for production cloud hosts?
Răspuns
A type 1 hypervisor because it removes the general-purpose host OS layer. The actual choice still depends on assurance, patching, management, and workload needs.
Fișa 243
Întrebare
How can TPM-backed measured boot support cloud host assurance?
Răspuns
Measurements anchor boot components to hardware so an attestation service can compare them with approved state. The decision still depends on trusted reference values and response policy.
Fișa 244
Întrebare
How should guest OS virtualization tools be installed and maintained?
Răspuns
Use provider-authorized packages, enable only needed features, match supported versions, patch promptly, and monitor their privilege. Remove stale tools that widen the host-to-guest boundary.
Fișa 245
Întrebare
What is cloud platform operations responsible for after secure build?
Răspuns
Maintaining approved configuration, availability, patching, monitoring, backup, access, and evidence. Operations should feed recurring defects back into design.
Fișa 246
Întrebare
What does a privileged access administrator control?
Răspuns
The issuance, elevation, monitoring, review, and revocation of administrative access. Separate the access-control role from routine use where practical.
Fișa 247
Întrebare
What is the safer pattern for remote SSH administration?
Răspuns
Short-lived identity-based access through a controlled path with host verification, least privilege, session logging, and no shared keys. Disable direct root login.
Fișa 248
Întrebare
When should a cloud workload require platform attestation?
Răspuns
When access depends on proof that the host or confidential environment is in an approved measured state. Define what is measured, who verifies it, and what failure does.
Fișa 249
Întrebare
Which protocol adds origin authentication and integrity to DNS data?
Răspuns
DNSSEC. TLS protects a transport session, a VPN protects traffic across an untrusted boundary, and DHCP safeguards prevent rogue address or configuration assignment.
Fișa 250
Întrebare
What should enforce separation between cloud network zones?
Răspuns
Routing and firewall or security-group policy tied to explicit allowed flows. VLANs can organize segments but do not enforce policy by themselves.
Fișa 251
Întrebare
How do IDS and IPS differ operationally?
Răspuns
An IDS alerts on suspected activity; an IPS sits inline and can block it. Inline prevention adds availability and false-positive risk.
Fișa 252
Întrebare
What reduces RDP exposure in a cloud environment?
Răspuns
Remove direct internet access, require a hardened gateway or private path, strong MFA, current patches, device checks, and session monitoring. Limit clipboard and drive redirection by need.
Fișa 253
Întrebare
What makes a honeypot safe enough to operate?
Răspuns
Isolation, no production trust, controlled data, monitored egress, legal approval, and an incident plan. It should observe attackers without becoming their launch point.
Fișa 254
Întrebare
How do high availability and backup differ?
Răspuns
High availability keeps service running through component failure; backup restores data or state after loss or corruption. One does not replace the other.
Fișa 255
Întrebare
How should firewall, IDS, and IPS controls be layered?
Răspuns
Firewalls constrain allowed paths, IDS detects suspicious activity, and IPS may block selected attacks inline. Central telemetry and tuned ownership make the layers useful.
Fișa 256
Întrebare
When is a cloud security group insufficient as the only network control?
Răspuns
When application-aware filtering, centralized inspection, advanced threat detection, or cross-environment policy is required. Keep security groups as workload-level least-privilege boundaries.
Fișa 257
Întrebare
How should management-plane tools be installed?
Răspuns
From verified sources through a controlled, minimal, hardened build with separate privileged access and logging. Remove sample accounts, unused plugins, and default exposure.
Fișa 258
Întrebare
What is patch management?
Răspuns
A controlled lifecycle for identifying, prioritizing, testing, deploying, verifying, and documenting security and reliability updates. Asset inventory and exception ownership are prerequisites.
Fișa 259
Întrebare
How do performance and capacity monitoring differ?
Răspuns
Performance monitoring measures current service behavior; capacity monitoring forecasts whether resources can meet future demand. Both need business thresholds and trends.
Fișa 260
Întrebare
How do change, release, and deployment management differ?
Răspuns
Change management authorizes and controls modification; release management packages approved capability; deployment management moves it into an environment. One workflow may integrate all three without erasing their goals.
Fișa 261
Întrebare
What should decide whether an IPS blocks automatically?
Răspuns
Detection confidence, asset criticality, attack impact, false-positive cost, bypass behavior, and rollback. Start with observation when evidence is weak.
Fișa 262
Întrebare
Who owns a patch exception?
Răspuns
The authorized system or risk owner, with technical evidence from operations and security. The exception needs compensating controls, expiry, and review.
Fișa 263
Întrebare
What does a capacity manager protect?
Răspuns
The service's ability to meet current and forecast demand within cost and resilience constraints. The role tracks trends, thresholds, quotas, and scaling lead time.
Fișa 264
Întrebare
What is the change manager's security role?
Răspuns
Ensure risk, testing, authorization, scheduling, rollback, and communication are proportionate to the change. Emergency changes still need retrospective evidence.
Fișa 265
Întrebare
What should a backup-and-restore control verify for guest systems?
Răspuns
Required data and configuration are captured, protected, retained, and restored within targets. Include application consistency, keys, dependencies, and documented restore order.
Fișa 266
Întrebare
Which management process keeps a cloud service able to meet its agreed uptime and reliability targets?
Răspuns
Availability management. It analyzes failure patterns, resilience, maintainability, and recovery so the service can meet those targets.
Fișa 267
Întrebare
What improves patch prioritization beyond a severity score?
Răspuns
Exploitability, exposure, asset importance, compensating controls, dependency, and business impact. Verify remediation and track unsupported assets separately.
Fișa 268
Întrebare
What turns performance and capacity alerts into an availability control?
Răspuns
Thresholds tied to service objectives, trend analysis, ownership, safe scaling, and tested response. Alert volume without action is not capacity management.
Fișa 269
Întrebare
What should a configuration-management system record?
Răspuns
Approved items, owners, versions, relationships, baselines, changes, and current state. Cloud discovery should reconcile actual resources with declared configuration.
Fișa 270
Întrebare
Why place a cluster host into maintenance mode?
Răspuns
To drain or protect workloads before planned work while preserving cluster policy. Verify capacity, placement constraints, and stateful-service behavior first.
Fișa 271
Întrebare
Which management process agrees, monitors, and reviews measurable service targets with customers?
Răspuns
Service-level management. It turns business needs into agreed service objectives, tracks results, and drives action when performance misses them.
Fișa 272
Întrebare
Which hardware signals should cloud facilities monitor?
Răspuns
Disk health, CPU and memory errors, fan and temperature state, power, and vendor fault telemetry. Correlate physical signals with host and workload impact.
Fișa 273
Întrebare
How should an OS hardening baseline be maintained?
Răspuns
Version it, test it, measure compliance, remediate drift, record exceptions, and update it for new threats and platform changes. Apply separate profiles to distinct workloads.
Fișa 274
Întrebare
How do incident management and problem management differ?
Răspuns
Incident management restores service and limits harm; problem management finds and removes underlying causes. The same event can open both tracks.
Fișa 275
Întrebare
Which management process coordinates security risk and controls across cloud service operation?
Răspuns
Information security management. It aligns policy, risk treatment, control operation, evidence, incidents, and improvement with the service-management system.
Fișa 276
Întrebare
Which management process turns recurring service-control gaps into measured improvements?
Răspuns
Continual service improvement management. It prioritizes opportunities, defines a measurable target and owner, implements change, and verifies the outcome.
Fișa 277
Întrebare
How should operations choose among NIST, ISO, COBIT, CIS Controls, COSO, ITIL, or ISO/IEC 20000-1?
Răspuns
Map the applicable framework or standard to the organization's legal duties, risks, service goals, and evidence needs. The names are not interchangeable, and adoption alone does not prove control effectiveness.
Fișa 278
Întrebare
A service is restored after repeated crashes. Which process continues the root-cause work?
Răspuns
Problem management. Incident management can close after stable restoration while the underlying defect, workaround, and prevention remain tracked.
Fișa 279
Întrebare
Which management process owns tested arrangements for sustaining or restoring critical services after severe disruption?
Răspuns
Continuity management. Incident management handles the current event, while availability management focuses on meeting service uptime and reliability targets.
Fișa 280
Întrebare
What does a cloud forensic lead decide?
Răspuns
The lawful collection strategy, volatile-data priorities, tools, provider coordination, preservation, and analysis plan. The lead should understand cloud-specific evidence limits.
Fișa 281
Întrebare
What does chain of custody record?
Răspuns
Who collected, handled, transferred, stored, analyzed, and disposed of evidence, when and why. Integrity checks support the record but do not replace it.
Fișa 282
Întrebare
What does an incident commander own?
Răspuns
Priorities, roles, decisions, coordination, cadence, and safe handoffs during an incident. Technical responders investigate and act within that structure.
Fișa 283
Întrebare
What does the incident communications lead control?
Răspuns
Approved messages, audiences, channels, timing, records, and coordination with legal and leadership. Technical certainty and disclosure obligations may change during the event.
Fișa 284
Întrebare
How do a SOC, SIEM, and SOAR relate?
Răspuns
A SOC is the operating function, a SIEM centralizes and analyzes security events, and SOAR coordinates automated workflows. People, process, authority, and evidence connect the tools.
Fișa 285
Întrebare
What is an evidence custodian responsible for?
Răspuns
Controlled storage, access, transfer, integrity verification, retention, and chain-of-custody records. The custodian preserves evidence without altering its meaning.
Fișa 286
Întrebare
How should a SOC use threat intelligence?
Răspuns
Map relevant, timely indicators and adversary behavior to assets, detections, hunts, and decisions. Expire stale indicators and separate confidence from fact.
Fișa 287
Întrebare
How should AI-assisted security monitoring be governed?
Răspuns
Validate data and models, measure errors and drift, limit action authority, log reasoning inputs and outcomes, and keep human review for consequential cases. Compare against a safe manual path.
Fișa 288
Întrebare
When is a cloud snapshot suitable forensic evidence?
Răspuns
When collection is authorized, scope and timing are documented, integrity is protected, and the snapshot preserves relevant state. It may omit memory, external services, or rapidly changing logs.
Fișa 289
Întrebare
Who decides whether a regulator must be notified during a cloud incident?
Răspuns
The authorized legal or compliance owner under the incident plan. Vendor and communications owners coordinate channels; engineers supply verified facts.
Fișa 290
Întrebare
What should a forensic plan obtain from the cloud provider before an incident?
Răspuns
Available logs and APIs, retention, time sources, support contacts, legal process, evidence formats, isolation options, and responsibility boundaries. Confirm access with an exercise.
Fișa 291
Întrebare
How should vulnerability assessment and penetration testing work together?
Răspuns
Assessment finds and prioritizes likely weaknesses broadly; authorized penetration testing demonstrates selected exploit paths and impact. Both require scoped remediation and retest.
Fișa 292
Întrebare
How should a SIEM protect cloud log value?
Răspuns
Normalize without losing source evidence, control access, preserve time and integrity, correlate identities and assets, tune detections, and retain by purpose. Monitor collection gaps.
Fișa 293
Întrebare
What should SOAR do when a playbook's evidence is incomplete?
Răspuns
Pause or take only a safe reversible step, preserve context, and escalate to an authorized human. Do not let automation convert uncertainty into broad containment damage.
Fișa 294
Întrebare
When should incident communication wait?
Răspuns
Only when authorized coordination is needed to verify facts, protect response, or meet a defined legal strategy. Do not delay a mandatory notice past its trigger or deadline.
Fișa 295
Întrebare
When is penetration testing more useful than another vulnerability scan?
Răspuns
When the organization needs authorized evidence that selected weaknesses can combine into a meaningful attack path. Scanning remains better for broad, repeatable coverage.
Fișa 296
Întrebare
Which evidence should be collected first from a running cloud workload?
Răspuns
The most volatile, relevant evidence that will disappear earliest, if collection is authorized and safe. Balance volatility against service impact and contamination risk.
Fișa 297
Întrebare
Why can cloud data be subject to more than one jurisdiction?
Răspuns
Customers, providers, processing, storage, people, contracts, and affected individuals may sit in different places. Location and legal reach are related but not identical.
Fișa 298
Întrebare
Why are privacy roles contextual rather than permanent labels?
Răspuns
An organization can be controller for one processing purpose and processor for another. Determine the role from actual decisions and instructions, not the company type.
Fișa 299
Întrebare
What should legal counsel contribute to cloud design?
Răspuns
Interpret applicable law, privilege, contracts, disputes, preservation, disclosure, and legal risk. Counsel advises; accountable business owners still decide within authority.
Fișa 300
Întrebare
What is eDiscovery?
Răspuns
The identification, preservation, collection, processing, review, and production of electronically stored information for a legal matter. Cloud scale and provider control affect each step.
Fișa 301
Întrebare
How do contractual and regulated private data differ?
Răspuns
Contractual duties come from agreed terms; regulated duties come from applicable law. The same data can be subject to both, and the stricter combined obligations may govern.
Fișa 302
Întrebare
What is the controller's contract duty toward a cloud processor?
Răspuns
Give documented instructions, choose and oversee a capable processor, and define required privacy and security terms. Applicable law may add specific clauses and audit duties.
Fișa 303
Întrebare
What is a Privacy Impact Assessment?
Răspuns
A structured evaluation of how planned processing affects people and how privacy risk will be handled. Perform it early enough to change the design.
Fișa 304
Întrebare
What is an ISMS?
Răspuns
A managed system of policies, risk processes, controls, evidence, review, and continual improvement for information security. It is broader than a control checklist or toolset.
Fișa 305
Întrebare
What does a contract's choice-of-law clause do?
Răspuns
Names the law intended to govern the contract. It does not automatically override mandatory laws or every court's jurisdiction.
Fișa 306
Întrebare
What makes a legal hold operationally defensible in cloud systems?
Răspuns
Authorized scope, prompt preservation, deletion suspension, controlled collection, access logging, periodic review, and documented release. Test whether provider features cover all copies.
Fișa 307
Întrebare
Does calling a field PII or PHI settle every privacy obligation?
Răspuns
No. Applicability depends on the data, person, entity, purpose, context, and governing law or contract. Classify with qualified privacy and legal input.
Fișa 308
Întrebare
Which design control reduces privacy risk before consent screens and notices?
Răspuns
Data minimization tied to a specific approved purpose. Collecting less reduces exposure, rights handling, retention, and breach impact.
Fișa 309
Întrebare
What is a processor's core duty toward controller data?
Răspuns
Process it only under authorized instructions and required legal obligations, while applying agreed controls and assistance. Subprocessors need governed approval and flow-down terms.
Fișa 310
Întrebare
What control reveals cross-border cloud data processing before it becomes a compliance surprise?
Răspuns
A maintained data and subprocessors map tied to locations, purposes, roles, transfers, and safeguards. Reconcile contracts with actual telemetry and provider disclosures.
Fișa 311
Întrebare
How do internal and external audits differ?
Răspuns
Internal audit provides independent assurance inside the organization; external audit is performed by an outside party for a defined objective. Both require scope, criteria, evidence, and independence.
Fișa 312
Întrebare
When should a PIA be reopened?
Răspuns
When purpose, data, people, model, provider, location, sharing, retention, or risk materially changes. A one-time assessment becomes stale as processing evolves.
Fișa 313
Întrebare
How should a cloud team use GDPR, PIPEDA, India's DPDP Act, FERPA, HIPAA, ISO/IEC 27018, or GAPP?
Răspuns
First determine which laws apply, then map their obligations and any selected framework guidance to actual processing and controls. A named standard or provider region is not automatic compliance.
Fișa 314
Întrebare
Two countries impose conflicting duties on the same cloud records. What is the first move?
Răspuns
Escalate to qualified counsel with the exact data, actors, locations, contracts, orders, and timelines. Preserve evidence and avoid an irreversible technical action based on guesswork.
Fișa 315
Întrebare
What protects an internal auditor's independence?
Răspuns
Authority to assess outside the operation being audited, objective reporting, and freedom from designing or owning the control under review. Internal employment does not prevent independence if governance is sound.
Fișa 316
Întrebare
What does a privacy officer oversee?
Răspuns
Privacy governance, impact assessment, rights, transparency, lawful processing, transfers, incidents, and regulator engagement. The exact statutory role varies by jurisdiction.
Fișa 317
Întrebare
What do SOC, SSAE, and ISAE labels tell an assurance-report reader?
Răspuns
SOC identifies a service-organization report family, while SSAE and ISAE identify attestation standards used for defined engagements. The exact report type, criteria, period, scope, exceptions, and subservices determine its value.
Fișa 318
Întrebare
What must an audit plan define before cloud audit fieldwork starts?
Răspuns
The objective, criteria, scope, responsibilities, schedule, methods, evidence access, and reporting path. The plan should also name constraints and follow-up ownership.
Fișa 319
Întrebare
How do risk appetite and risk tolerance differ?
Răspuns
Risk appetite expresses the amount and type of risk an organization is willing to pursue or retain; tolerance sets acceptable variation around objectives. Both guide escalation and treatment.
Fișa 320
Întrebare
What does an enterprise risk owner decide?
Răspuns
Whether to avoid, mitigate, transfer or share, or accept a documented risk within authority. The owner tracks residual exposure and review triggers.
Fișa 321
Întrebare
How should risk metrics be designed?
Răspuns
Tie each metric to a decision, owner, threshold, reliable source, trend, and response. Separate leading indicators from lagging outcomes and guard against easy gaming.
Fișa 322
Întrebare
What is gap analysis?
Răspuns
Comparison of current control state with a required or target state. Each gap needs impact, owner, treatment, evidence, and due date.
Fișa 323
Întrebare
What makes cloud audit evidence reliable?
Răspuns
Clear criteria, complete scope, trustworthy source, protected integrity, accurate time, repeatable collection, and accountable ownership. Screenshots without context are weak evidence.
Fișa 324
Întrebare
Why does a distributed cloud model complicate audit scope?
Răspuns
Controls, evidence, people, providers, and data span locations and jurisdictions with different access and retention limits. Define boundaries and shared responsibilities before fieldwork.
Fișa 325
Întrebare
Can a clean SOC report prove compliance with a customer's specialized regulation?
Răspuns
No. Map the report's criteria, period, scope, exceptions, subservices, and customer controls to the specific requirement. NERC CIP, HIPAA, HITECH, PCI, or another regime may need additional evidence.
Fișa 326
Întrebare
What should a customer assess in a cloud provider's risk-management program?
Răspuns
Whether its policies, methods, controls, risk profile, and appetite fit the customer's requirements and exposure. Review evidence before selection and when material risk changes.
Fișa 327
Întrebare
What is a data owner's enterprise-risk role?
Răspuns
Set business value, classification, allowed use, access, retention, and acceptable risk for the data. Custodians implement the resulting controls.
Fișa 328
Întrebare
What AI evidence supports accountability and explainability without promising perfect interpretation?
Răspuns
Document intended use, data and model versions, decision roles, testing, limitations, human oversight, outputs, changes, and incident history. Match explanation depth to affected people and legal duties.
Fișa 329
Întrebare
What does a data steward add to governance?
Răspuns
Consistent definitions, quality rules, metadata, lineage, and policy application across business use. The steward connects business meaning to operational handling.
Fișa 330
Întrebare
What is procurement's security role in cloud outsourcing?
Răspuns
Make required risk, assurance, pricing, ownership, exit, and supplier terms part of selection and negotiation. Security requirements lose force if added after commercial commitment.
Fișa 331
Întrebare
When should an organization avoid a cloud risk rather than mitigate it?
Răspuns
When stopping the activity is feasible and residual exposure would remain outside appetite or legal authority. Compare the business consequence of avoidance with other treatments.
Fișa 332
Întrebare
What is an external auditor responsible for?
Răspuns
Perform the agreed independent engagement against stated criteria and report within its scope. The auditor does not own management's controls or risk decisions.
Fișa 333
Întrebare
How do an MSA, SOW, and SLA differ?
Răspuns
The MSA sets the general legal relationship, the SOW defines specific work and deliverables, and the SLA sets measurable service commitments. Read them together for the full obligation.
Fișa 334
Întrebare
What should a cloud risk register contain?
Răspuns
Scenario, assets, cause, consequence, owner, likelihood, impact, controls, treatment, residual risk, due dates, and review triggers. Link evidence and dependencies where useful.
Fișa 335
Întrebare
Who should own a cloud contract after signature?
Răspuns
A named contract or vendor manager with business, legal, security, privacy, and service stakeholders. Ownership includes obligations, evidence, changes, renewals, disputes, and exit.
Fișa 336
Întrebare
Which contract controls support a safe cloud exit?
Răspuns
Data and configuration export, assistance, timing, format, cost, continued access, verified deletion, transition support, and survival of needed duties. Exercise the exit path before a crisis.
Fișa 337
Întrebare
What makes a contractual right to audit usable?
Răspuns
Defined scope, notice, frequency, methods, evidence access, confidentiality, cost, remediation, and alternatives when direct testing is unsafe. A vague right may be impossible to exercise.
Fișa 338
Întrebare
When does source-code escrow reduce cloud vendor viability risk?
Răspuns
When usable code plus dependencies, documentation, rights, updates, and release triggers can support continuity. Escrow adds little if the customer cannot operate the service.
Fișa 339
Întrebare
What should a cloud incident-notification clause define?
Răspuns
Trigger, timing, recipient, secure channel, minimum facts, updates, cooperation, evidence, regulator support, and subcontractor flow-down. Avoid waiting for the provider's final root cause before notice.
Fișa 340
Întrebare
What should happen to customer data when a cloud contract ends?
Răspuns
Return or export it in a usable form, preserve only what is lawfully required, revoke access, and verify deletion across in-scope copies under the contract. Data ownership and transition duties should be settled before purchase.
340 de fișe
CCSP 2026 Flashcards: August Exam Outline Review
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