Bayes’ Theorem Flashcards: Base Rates & Evidence Updates
Practice 48 original Bayes theorem flashcards: build source-and-evidence weights, normalize across all sources, repair base-rate mistakes, and check sequential updates.
O tomto balíčku
A signal can be common for one source without making that source likely after the signal. These 48 original Bayes theorem flashcards help you keep the source share, source-specific likelihood, total evidence, and posterior separate.
Start with priors and likelihoods. Then calculate prior × likelihood branch weights for fictional bags, batches, routes, and sensors; add every possible source branch to get the evidence total; and normalize the requested source weight. Two-source updates lead into three-source comparisons and subset posteriors. Short repair prompts target reversed conditions, missing priors or branches, the wrong complement, and branch weights mistaken for posteriors. Six cards handle sequential evidence, including when conditional independence permits multiplication and when a repeated display supplies no new observation.
The sequence introduces each prerequisite before its dependent calculation, then interleaves calculations, interpretations, and repairs. Related variants are spaced so one answer does not directly cue the next; the app’s scheduler handles later review spacing. Each card gives the model assumptions it needs and an explained answer.
This is a focused introductory probability set, not a full statistics or exam course. It avoids two-way-table count drills already covered by the separate conditional-probability deck, mechanical reverse calculations that cannot recover unknown inputs, continuous Bayesian models, odds-form algebra, medical and financial decisions, and claims about real-world sources from toy assumptions. All examples, wording, order, and cover are original. Mathematical facts were checked against NIST’s Engineering Statistics Handbook and MIT OCW’s probability lecture; their prose, exercises, and figures were not copied. AI assisted drafting, followed by individual factual and numerical review. The CC0 label covers only the original expression and generated artwork to the extent rights exist.
Kartičky v tomto balíčku
Kartička 1
Otázka
For a Bayes update over hidden sources, what must the listed sources cover?
Odpoveď
Every possible source, exactly once. The sources must be exhaustive and mutually exclusive so their evidence branches can be added.
Kartička 2
Otázka
Before seeing a result, a token comes from bag A with probability 0.3. What is 0.3 called in a Bayes update?
Odpoveď
The prior for bag A. It is A’s source probability before the result is observed.
Kartička 3
Otázka
A token from bag A is blue with probability 0.8. In a Bayes update after seeing blue, what role does 0.8 play?
Odpoveď
The likelihood of blue given A. It is P(blue | A), not the chance that a blue token came from A.
Kartička 4
Otázka
An observed signal can come from every possible source. What probability belongs in the denominator of a source posterior?
Odpoveď
The total probability of the signal. Add its prior × likelihood branch weight across all possible sources.
Kartička 5
Otázka
Only bags A and B can be chosen. P(A) = 0.3 and P(red | A) = 0.8. What is the joint weight for A and red?
Odpoveď
0.24. Multiply 0.3 × 0.8; this is P(A and red), before normalization.
Kartička 6
Otázka
A bag yields blue with probability 0.8. A learner calls 0.8 the chance the bag was chosen after seeing blue. What is the mistake?
Odpoveď
The condition was reversed. 0.8 is P(blue | bag); P(bag | blue) also needs source priors and the other bags’ blue rates.
Kartička 7
Otázka
Only batches A and B supply parts. Their shares are 0.25 and 0.75; a part is marked with probabilities 0.6 and 0.2, respectively. What is P(marked)?
Odpoveď
0.30. Add both marked branches: 0.25 × 0.6 + 0.75 × 0.2 = 0.15 + 0.15.
Kartička 8
Otázka
A source makes 70% of its tokens striped and supplies 20% of all tokens. A learner uses 0.70 as its striped branch weight. What factor is missing?
Odpoveď
The 0.20 prior. Its striped branch weight is 0.20 × 0.70 = 0.14.
Kartička 9
Otázka
Only routes A and B are possible. Their priors are 0.4 and 0.6; P(chime | A) = 0.9 and P(chime | B) = 0.1. After a chime, what is P(A | chime)?
Odpoveď
6/7. A contributes 0.36; both routes contribute 0.36 + 0.06 = 0.42. Divide 0.36/0.42.
Kartička 10
Otázka
Only A and B exist. A learner divides A’s bell branch weight by itself and calls the result P(A | bell). What denominator term is missing?
Odpoveď
P(B)P(bell | B). The bell denominator must include B’s branch too, if B can produce a bell.
Kartička 11
Otázka
Only bins A and B exist. A’s share rises from 0.1 to 0.4 while P(glow | A) = 0.8 and P(glow | B) = 0.2 stay fixed. Does P(A | glow) rise or fall?
Odpoveď
It rises. The posterior changes from 4/13 to 8/11 because the prior for A increased with both likelihoods fixed.
Kartička 12
Otázka
Only sources A, B, and C exist. Their priors are 0.2, 0.3, 0.5; their beep rates are 0.5, 0.4, 0.2. What is P(beep)?
Odpoveď
0.32. Add every branch: 0.10 + 0.12 + 0.10.
Kartička 13
Otázka
For a source A, a learner uses P(A) × P(A) × P(glow | A) as its glow branch weight. What is the correction?
Odpoveď
Use the prior once. The branch weight is P(A) × P(glow | A).
Kartička 14
Otázka
Only sources A and B exist. A supplies 35% of items. What prior belongs on B’s branch?
Odpoveď
65%. The two source shares must add to 100%.
Kartička 15
Otázka
After a red result, the only three source-and-red weights are A: 0.12, B: 0.08, C: 0.20. What is P(A | red)?
Odpoveď
0.3. The total red weight is 0.40, so normalize A’s 0.12/0.40.
Kartička 16
Otázka
Only A and B are equally likely. Given each source, two new signals are independent. Their likelihoods are 0.8 and 0.6 under A, and 0.2 and 0.3 under B. After both signals, what is P(A | both)?
Odpoveď
8/9. Joint weights are 0.5 × 0.8 × 0.6 = 0.24 for A and 0.5 × 0.2 × 0.3 = 0.03 for B.
Kartička 17
Otázka
Only routes North and South exist. North is used 70% of the time, and P(late | North) = 10%. What is the North-and-late branch weight?
Odpoveď
7%. Multiply 70% × 10%; it is not the posterior P(North | late).
Kartička 18
Otázka
Sources A, B, C have priors 0.1, 0.3, 0.6 and signal likelihoods 0.9, 0.5, 0.4. Which source has the largest signal branch weight?
Odpoveď
C. The weights are 0.09, 0.15, and 0.24; A has the largest likelihood but not the largest contribution.
Kartička 19
Otázka
A model gives signal rates for sources A and B but says a third source may exist, without its share or signal rate. Can P(A | signal) be determined?
Odpoveď
No. The evidence total needs every possible source branch; an unmodelled source leaves the denominator incomplete.
Kartička 20
Otázka
Only sources Z and Y are possible. Their priors are 0.3 and 0.7; P(ring | Z) = 0.4 and P(ring | Y) = 0.1. After a ring, what is P(Z | ring)?
Odpoveď
12/19. The branch weights are 0.12 and 0.07; normalize Z’s weight by 0.19.
Kartička 21
Otázka
Only machines A and B produce tokens. Their shares are 0.6 and 0.4, and their stripe rates are 0.25 and 0.5. What is P(stripe)?
Odpoveď
0.35. Add 0.6 × 0.25 and 0.4 × 0.5, giving 0.15 + 0.20.
Kartička 22
Otázka
After a pulse, the only source-and-pulse weights are A: 0.10, B: 0.20, C: 0.30. What is P(A or B | pulse)?
Odpoveď
0.5. A and B contribute 0.30 of the total 0.60 pulse weight.
Kartička 23
Otázka
After one observation, P(A | first result) = 0.7. A genuinely new second result arrives. What prior for A enters the next conditional update?
Odpoveď
0.7. The first posterior becomes the starting probability for the new evidence; its likelihood still needs a model.
Kartička 24
Otázka
After a click, the only branch weights are A: 0.10 and B: 0.30. A learner says P(A | click) = 0.75. What is the corrected value?
Odpoveď
0.25. Normalize A’s weight, 0.10/(0.10 + 0.30); 0.75 belongs to B.
Kartička 25
Otázka
Only bags A and B are possible. Their priors are 0.2 and 0.8; P(star | A) = 0.75 and P(star | B) = 0.25. After seeing a star, what is P(A | star)?
Odpoveď
3/7. A’s star weight is 0.15 and total star weight is 0.15 + 0.20 = 0.35.
Kartička 26
Otázka
Only sources A, B, C have priors 0.25, 0.25, 0.5 and tick likelihoods 0.4, 0.2, 0.3. A proposed P(tick) is 0.15 because it omits C. What is the corrected P(tick)?
Odpoveď
0.30. Add C’s 0.5 × 0.3 = 0.15 to the A and B weights, 0.10 + 0.05.
Kartička 27
Otázka
Only A and B exist and their priors are known. P(ping | A) is known, but P(ping | B) is missing. Is P(A | ping) uniquely determined?
Odpoveď
No. B’s unknown ping contribution changes the denominator.
Kartička 28
Otázka
Only A and B make tiles. P(A) = 0.2, P(B) = 0.8, and P(star | A) = 0.7. A learner uses 0.8 × 0.7 for A’s star branch. What is A’s correct branch weight?
Odpoveď
0.14. A’s prior is 0.2, so multiply 0.2 × 0.7. The 0.8 prior belongs to B.
Kartička 29
Otázka
A learner wants P(not A | ring) but subtracts P(A | no ring) from 1. Which probability should be subtracted from 1?
Odpoveď
P(A | ring). Keep the observed condition fixed when taking the source complement.
Kartička 30
Otázka
After a stripe, the only three source-and-stripe weights are A: 0.06, B: 0.09, C: 0.15. What is P(C | stripe)?
Odpoveď
0.5. Divide C’s 0.15 by the total 0.30.
Kartička 31
Otázka
A sensor result appears twice because the screen refreshed; no second measurement occurred. Should a Bayes update use the same result twice?
Odpoveď
No. A duplicated display supplies no new evidence. Updating twice would count one observation twice.
Kartička 32
Otázka
Only A and B exist. P(A) = 0.1, P(B) = 0.9, P(chime | A) = 0.9, and P(chime | B) = 0.4. A learner chooses A as more likely after a chime because 0.9 > 0.4. Which source is actually more likely?
Odpoveď
B. The chime weights are A: 0.09 and B: 0.36; priors change the comparison.
Kartička 33
Otázka
Only boxes A and B exist. P(A) = 0.3, and both boxes yield a square token with probability 0.4. After seeing a square, what is P(A | square)?
Odpoveď
0.3. Equal likelihoods leave the prior unchanged: 0.3 × 0.4 / 0.4 = 0.3.
Kartička 34
Otázka
Three mutually exclusive sources cover every possibility. After observing a flash with positive probability, what must their three posterior probabilities sum to?
Odpoveď
1. Normalization divides every source-and-flash weight by the same positive total.
Kartička 35
Otázka
Two signals are independent overall, but their dependence given each hidden source is unknown. Can their source-specific likelihoods safely be multiplied?
Odpoveď
No. Multiplication for a source needs independence conditional on that source, or a supplied joint likelihood.
Kartička 36
Otázka
After a pulse, the only two source-and-pulse weights are 0.40 and 0.10. A learner reports the first source’s posterior as 0.40. What is it?
Odpoveď
0.8. Divide 0.40 by the total pulse weight 0.50; a branch weight is not yet a posterior.
Kartička 37
Otázka
Only trays A and B exist and are equally likely. Their dot rates are 0.6 and 0.3. After seeing a dot, what is P(A | dot)?
Odpoveď
2/3. The weights are 0.30 and 0.15; A contributes 0.30/0.45.
Kartička 38
Otázka
Only sensors A, B, C are possible. Their priors are 0.5, 0.3, 0.2 and ping likelihoods are 0.1, 0.4, 0.5. After a ping, what is P(C | ping)?
Odpoveď
10/27. C contributes 0.10; all sources contribute 0.05 + 0.12 + 0.10 = 0.27.
Kartička 39
Otázka
A model assigns an observed flash probability of zero across every possible source. Is P(A | flash) defined by the ordinary Bayes ratio?
Odpoveď
No. Its denominator P(flash) is zero, so the conditional probability is undefined in this discrete model.
Kartička 40
Otázka
Only sources A and B exist. A supplies 5% of items; P(flash | A) = 0.9 and P(flash | B) = 0.1. What is P(flash)?
Odpoveď
0.14. Add 0.05 × 0.9 and 0.95 × 0.1, giving 0.045 + 0.095.
Kartička 41
Otázka
Only A, B, C have priors 0.1, 0.4, 0.5 and mark likelihoods 0.9, 0.1, 0.1. Which source is most probable after a mark?
Odpoveď
A. Its weight 0.09 exceeds B’s 0.04 and C’s 0.05, despite A’s smallest prior.
Kartička 42
Otázka
Signals are independent given source A, but nothing is stated about their dependence given source B. Can both sources’ two-signal branch weights be built by multiplying separate likelihoods?
Odpoveď
No. The B branch still needs P(both signals | B) or conditional independence given B.
Kartička 43
Otázka
A proposed evidence total adds source A, source B, and a third label that includes every B item. What is the structural error?
Odpoveď
B is counted twice. The branches used in a total must be disjoint and cover all possible sources.
Kartička 44
Otázka
An observed click has branch weights 0.12 from source A and 0.18 from source B; A and B are the only sources. What is P(A | click)?
Odpoveď
0.4. Normalize A’s weight: 0.12/(0.12 + 0.18).
Kartička 45
Otázka
After a glow, the only source-and-glow weights are A: 0.08, B: 0.12, C: 0.20. What is P(not C | glow)?
Odpoveď
0.5. A and B contribute 0.20 of the 0.40 total; the complement is taken after conditioning on glow.
Kartička 46
Otázka
A classroom model assigns fixed bag shares and color rates. Does a posterior computed from it establish the source of a real token outside that model?
Odpoveď
No. The result is conditional on the stipulated shares, rates, and source list; a real setting needs checked assumptions and data.
Kartička 47
Otázka
Only sources A and B exist with priors 0.4 and 0.6. Supplied joint likelihoods for two signals are P(both | A) = 0.12 and P(both | B) = 0.24. What is P(A | both)?
Odpoveď
0.25. The weights are 0.4 × 0.12 = 0.048 and 0.6 × 0.24 = 0.144; divide 0.048 by 0.192.
Kartička 48
Otázka
Only sources A and B exist. P(A) = 0.4, P(light | A) = 0.8, and P(light | B) = 0.3. After no light, what is P(A | no light)?
Odpoveď
4/25. No-light weights are 0.4 × 0.2 = 0.08 and 0.6 × 0.7 = 0.42; divide 0.08 by 0.50.
48 kartičiek
Bayes’ Theorem Flashcards: Base Rates & Evidence Updates
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