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PANCE Flashcards: Blueprint-Aligned Diagnoses, Tests & Next Steps

Study diagnoses, tests, next steps and management with a source-linked PANCE deck organized by the January 2025 NCCPA blueprint.

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O tomto balíčku

Reviewed for 2026, this 600-card English deck follows the January 2025 NCCPA PANCE blueprint. Its two public tag axes let you switch between medical-content systems and exam-task retrievals: discriminating history and examination cues, diagnosis, diagnostic-study choice, prevention, next-step intervention, pharmacotherapy, and selected foundations. Every answer links to a current first-party clinical guideline or authoritative public-health or professional body and records the 2026-08-26 review date. Official PANCE eligibility and certification requirements remain with NCCPA. No recalled or leaked exam questions, exam items, mark schemes, curriculum prose, commercial deck wording, logos, figures, or trade dress were copied. Educational review only. This deck isn't medical advice and isn't a substitute for current clinical guidance, supervision, local protocols, or patient-specific judgment. This independently written resource is unofficial and is not affiliated with or endorsed by NCCPA.

Kartičky v tomto balíčku

  2. Kartička 2

    Otázka

    When an adult patient with decision-making capacity refuses a recommended treatment, what is the clinician’s next step?

    Odpoveď

    Confirm that the choice is informed and voluntary, explain material risks and alternatives, document the discussion, and respect the refusal.

    Informed Consent · reviewed 2026-08-26

  3. Kartička 3

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, what core mechanism explains asthma?

    Odpoveď

    Airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness create variable, usually reversible airflow obstruction.

    2026 GINA Strategy Report · reviewed 2026-08-26

  8. Kartička 8

    Otázka

    What core mechanism explains ectopic pregnancy?

    Odpoveď

    Implantation outside the endometrial cavity, usually in the tube, can erode vessels and rupture.

    Ectopic Pregnancy · reviewed 2026-08-26

  10. Kartička 10

    Otázka

    What core mechanism explains type 2 diabetes mellitus?

    Odpoveď

    Insulin resistance plus progressive beta-cell dysfunction produces chronic hyperglycemia.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  11. Kartička 11

    Otázka

    What core mechanism explains acute angle-closure glaucoma?

    Odpoveď

    Closure of the anterior-chamber angle blocks aqueous outflow and abruptly raises intraocular pressure.

    Management of Angle-Closure Glaucoma · reviewed 2026-08-26

  13. Kartička 13

    Otázka

    What core mechanism explains chronic kidney disease?

    Odpoveď

    Progressive nephron loss causes hyperfiltration in remaining nephrons, fibrosis, and multisystem toxin accumulation.

    2024 CKD Evaluation and Management Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  16. Kartička 16

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, what core mechanism explains atopic dermatitis?

    Odpoveď

    Skin-barrier dysfunction and type 2 inflammation increase transepidermal water loss and itch.

    Atopic Dermatitis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  18. Kartička 18

    Otázka

    What core mechanism explains uncomplicated cystitis?

    Odpoveď

    Ascending periurethral bacteria inflame the bladder mucosa without renal-parenchymal involvement.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  19. Kartička 19

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis causes symmetric synovitis of the MCP, PIP, or wrist joints with prolonged morning stiffness?

    Odpoveď

    Rheumatoid arthritis. Symmetric inflammatory pain and prolonged morning stiffness in MCP, PIP, or wrist joints with synovitis suggest rheumatoid arthritis.

    Rheumatoid Arthritis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  20. Kartička 20

    Otázka

    What abilities are assessed when determining decision-making capacity for a specific choice?

    Odpoveď

    The patient must communicate a choice, understand relevant information, appreciate how it applies personally, and reason about the options.

    Informed Consent · reviewed 2026-08-26

  21. Kartička 21

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis causes fluctuating, fatigable ptosis, diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, or proximal weakness that worsens with use?

    Odpoveď

    Myasthenia gravis. Fluctuating fatigable ptosis, diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, or proximal weakness that worsens with use suggests myasthenia.

    International Consensus Guidance for Management of Myasthenia Gravis: 2020 Update · reviewed 2026-08-26

  22. Kartička 22

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis best fits new clinically significant diarrhea after antibiotics or healthcare exposure, especially with abdominal pain or leukocytosis?

    Odpoveď

    Clostridioides difficile infection. New clinically significant diarrhea after antibiotics or healthcare exposure, with abdominal pain or leukocytosis, suggests C. difficile.

    2021 Focused Update Guidelines on Management of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  23. Kartička 23

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, after delivery of the head, retraction against the perineum and failure of the shoulders to deliver indicate which obstetric emergency?

    Odpoveď

    Shoulder dystocia. After delivery of the head, retraction against the perineum and failure of the shoulders to deliver indicates dystocia.

    Shoulder Dystocia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  24. Kartička 24

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, which diagnosis causes persistent developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity in more than one setting with impairment?

    Odpoveď

    Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Persistent developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity in more than one setting with impairment suggests ADHD.

    ADHD in Children and Youth: Part 1—Etiology, Diagnosis, and Comorbidity · reviewed 2026-08-26

  25. Kartička 25

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis best fits sharp pleuritic chest pain that improves when sitting forward, a friction rub, and diffuse ST elevation?

    Odpoveď

    Acute pericarditis. Sharp pleuritic chest pain that improves when sitting forward, a friction rub, and diffuse ST elevation support pericarditis.

    2025 Concise Clinical Guidance: Diagnosis and Management of Pericarditis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  27. Kartička 27

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, identify the condition from this pattern: Proximal weakness, easy bruising, facial plethora, wide violaceous striae, osteoporosis, or difficult diabetes and hypertension are discriminating clues.

    Odpoveď

    Cushing syndrome. Proximal weakness, easy bruising, facial plethora, wide violaceous striae, osteoporosis, or difficult diabetes and hypertension are discriminating clues.

    Diagnosis of Cushing Syndrome: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  28. Kartička 28

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, identify the condition from this pattern: Severe unilateral sore throat, muffled voice, drooling, trismus, and uvular deviation suggest a peritonsillar collection.

    Odpoveď

    Peritonsillar abscess. Severe unilateral sore throat, muffled voice, drooling, trismus, and uvular deviation suggest a peritonsillar collection.

    Tonsillitis and Peritonsillar Abscess · reviewed 2026-08-26

  30. Kartička 30

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis may be silent until edema, pruritus, anemia, hypertension, or abnormal urine testing appears?

    Odpoveď

    Chronic kidney disease. CKD may be silent; edema, pruritus, anemia, hypertension, or abnormal urine testing often appears later.

    2024 CKD Evaluation and Management Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  34. Kartička 34

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis best fits chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, perianal disease, and skip lesions?

    Odpoveď

    Crohn disease. Chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, perianal disease, and skip lesions support Crohn disease.

    Updated 2025 ACG Guidelines for Crohn’s Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  35. Kartička 35

    Otázka

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for pulmonary tuberculosis?

    Odpoveď

    Chronic cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysis, or epidemiologic exposure raises concern.

    Clinical Overview of Tuberculosis Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  36. Kartička 36

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis causes well-demarcated erythematous plaques with silvery scale on extensor surfaces and nail pitting?

    Odpoveď

    Plaque psoriasis. Well-demarcated erythematous plaques with silvery scale on extensor surfaces and nail pitting support psoriasis.

    Psoriasis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  37. Kartička 37

    Otázka

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for endometriosis?

    Odpoveď

    Cyclic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia, painful defecation, or infertility suggests endometriosis.

    Endometriosis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  38. Kartička 38

    Otázka

    Identify the condition from this pattern: Fever, flank pain, costovertebral-angle tenderness, nausea, and urinary symptoms suggest renal infection.

    Odpoveď

    Acute pyelonephritis. Fever, flank pain, costovertebral-angle tenderness, nausea, and urinary symptoms suggest renal infection.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  39. Kartička 39

    Otázka

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for panic disorder?

    Odpoveď

    Recurrent unexpected panic attacks plus persistent worry or maladaptive avoidance for at least a month suggests panic disorder.

    Panic Disorder: What You Need to Know · reviewed 2026-08-26

  41. Kartička 41

    Otázka

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for tension pneumothorax?

    Odpoveď

    Severe dyspnea, unilateral absent breath sounds, hypotension, distended neck veins, and obstructive shock suggest tension physiology.

    Thoracic Trauma WSES-AAST Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  42. Kartička 42

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, which next action matters most in diabetic ketoacidosis?

    Odpoveď

    Begin isotonic fluids, replace potassium according to the measured level, and start IV insulin once potassium is safe.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  43. Kartička 43

    Otázka

    Who makes decisions when an adult patient lacks capacity and has no applicable advance directive?

    Odpoveď

    Use the legally authorized surrogate and guide decisions by the patient’s known wishes or, if unknown, best interests.

    Decisions for Adult Patients Who Lack Capacity · reviewed 2026-08-26

  44. Kartička 44

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, which next action matters most in retinal detachment?

    Odpoveď

    Send the patient to an eye doctor or emergency department immediately for retinal evaluation and treatment. Early treatment helps prevent permanent vision loss.

    Retinal Detachment · reviewed 2026-08-26

  45. Kartička 45

    Otázka

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for acute deep-vein thrombosis?

    Odpoveď

    Unilateral leg swelling, pain, warmth, and risk from immobility, surgery, cancer, estrogen, or prior VTE raise suspicion.

    ASH VTE Guidelines: Diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolism · reviewed 2026-08-26

  46. Kartička 46

    Otázka

    Which next action matters most in Crohn disease?

    Odpoveď

    Drain abscesses and involve surgery for obstruction, fistula complications, perforation, or refractory disease.

    Updated 2025 ACG Guidelines for Crohn’s Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  48. Kartička 48

    Otázka

    What antimicrobial approach is appropriate for suspected or confirmed pleural infection?

    Odpoveď

    Start empiric antibiotics before culture results, covering likely organisms including anaerobes, then narrow therapy to microbiology and clinical context.

    British Thoracic Society Guideline for Pleural Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  51. Kartička 51

    Otázka

    Which next action matters most in multiple sclerosis relapse?

    Odpoveď

    Exclude infection or pseudo-relapse, then treat functionally significant relapse and reassess disease-modifying therapy.

    Multiple Sclerosis in Adults: Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  52. Kartička 52

    Otázka

    Which next action matters most in HIV infection?

    Odpoveď

    Link a newly diagnosed patient rapidly to HIV care and begin antiretroviral therapy as soon as feasible.

    Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy · reviewed 2026-08-26

  53. Kartička 53

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, which next action matters most in postpartum hemorrhage?

    Odpoveď

    Call the hemorrhage team, massage an atonic uterus, give uterotonics, replace blood products, and control the cause procedurally if needed.

    Postpartum Hemorrhage · reviewed 2026-08-26

  58. Kartička 58

    Otázka

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis?

    Odpoveď

    Persistent symptoms beyond 10 days, severe fever with purulent drainage, or worsening after initial improvement are patterns that support bacterial disease.

    Clinical Practice Guideline: Adult Sinusitis Update · reviewed 2026-08-26

  59. Kartička 59

    Otázka

    How should a clinician respond when a patient asks not to hear serious diagnostic information?

    Odpoveď

    Explore the request and preferences, confirm it is voluntary, and identify whether the patient wants information shared with a chosen surrogate.

    Withholding Information from Patients · reviewed 2026-08-26

  61. Kartička 61

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, which next action matters most in atopic dermatitis?

    Odpoveď

    Treat active inflammation and address infection, sleep disruption, and trigger exposure.

    Atopic Dermatitis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  65. Kartička 65

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, which initial medication regimen is indicated for a convulsive seizure lasting at least five minutes or recurring without recovery?

    Odpoveď

    A benzodiazepine is first-line for convulsive status epilepticus, followed by an appropriate longer-acting antiseizure medicine.

    Treatment of Prolonged Seizures in Children and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  67. Kartička 67

    Otázka

    What drug class or regimen fits sepsis?

    Odpoveď

    Use broad therapy matched to source, host, and local resistance, then de-escalate from cultures and response.

    2026 Surviving Sepsis Campaign Adult Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  70. Kartička 70

    Otázka

    Which prevention or risk-reduction step is important for acute pancreatitis?

    Odpoveď

    Treat gallstones, avoid alcohol excess, and control severe hypertriglyceridemia to reduce recurrence.

    ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Acute Pancreatitis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  71. Kartička 71

    Otázka

    What drug class or regimen fits schizophrenia?

    Odpoveď

    Use an antipsychotic through shared decision-making; clozapine is indicated for treatment resistance or persistent suicide risk under monitoring.

    Management of First-Episode Psychosis and Schizophrenia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  73. Kartička 73

    Otázka

    What is the key first diagnostic step for primary hypothyroidism?

    Odpoveď

    Measure TSH first in most patients and free T4 to characterize overt disease.

    Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism · reviewed 2026-08-26

  74. Kartička 74

    Otázka

    In an acutely ill hospitalized medical patient, what VTE prevention strategy is appropriate?

    Odpoveď

    Assess VTE and bleeding risk, then use pharmacologic prophylaxis when indicated or mechanical prophylaxis when anticoagulation is unsuitable.

    ASH VTE Guidelines: Prophylaxis for Medical Patients · reviewed 2026-08-26

  76. Kartička 76

    Otázka

    What makes informed consent more than a signed form?

    Odpoveď

    It is a communication process covering the nature, expected benefits, material risks, alternatives, and the option to decline, followed by a voluntary decision.

    Informed Consent · reviewed 2026-08-26

  77. Kartička 77

    Otázka

    What condition should be suspected from this finding: Severely elevated pressure with acute neurologic, cardiac, renal, retinal, or aortic injury defines an emergency.

    Odpoveď

    Hypertensive emergency. Severely elevated pressure with acute neurologic, cardiac, renal, retinal, or aortic injury defines an emergency.

    2025 High Blood Pressure Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  80. Kartička 80

    Otázka

    Which prevention or risk-reduction step is important for early syphilis?

    Odpoveď

    Condom use, partner services, repeat testing for ongoing risk, and prenatal screening reduce transmission and congenital disease.

    Primary and Secondary Syphilis: STI Treatment Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  82. Kartička 82

    Otázka

    Which prevention or risk-reduction step is important for abnormal uterine bleeding from anovulation?

    Odpoveď

    Address reversible causes of ovulatory dysfunction, review medicines that worsen bleeding, and monitor for anemia.

    Abnormal Uterine Bleeding · reviewed 2026-08-26

  83. Kartička 83

    Otázka

    In a young child, which diagnosis best fits a barking cough, hoarseness, and inspiratory stridor after a viral prodrome?

    Odpoveď

    Croup. Barking cough, hoarseness, and inspiratory stridor after a viral prodrome in a young child suggests croup.

    Acute Management of Croup in the Emergency Department · reviewed 2026-08-26

  88. Kartička 88

    Otázka

    What drug class or regimen fits chronic kidney disease?

    Odpoveď

    Use an ACE inhibitor or ARB for appropriate albuminuric CKD and an SGLT2 inhibitor for eligible patients.

    2024 CKD Evaluation and Management Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  89. Kartička 89

    Otázka

    Which microbiologic test is essential when gonococcal conjunctivitis is suspected?

    Odpoveď

    Obtain a conjunctival specimen for culture; add a locally validated nucleic-acid amplification test when available, and perform susceptibility testing on cultured isolates when indicated.

    Gonococcal Infections Among Adolescents and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  91. Kartička 91

    Otázka

    When may treatment proceed without prior consent in an emergency?

    Odpoveď

    When urgent treatment is needed, the patient cannot participate, no surrogate is available, and delay threatens life or serious health; document the circumstances.

    Informed Consent · reviewed 2026-08-26

  93. Kartička 93

    Otázka

    What is the key first diagnostic step for subarachnoid hemorrhage?

    Odpoveď

    Use immediate noncontrast CT; if negative but suspicion remains, follow the time-appropriate pathway with lumbar puncture or vascular imaging.

    2023 Guideline for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage · reviewed 2026-08-26

  95. Kartička 95

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, what is the key first diagnostic step for bacterial meningitis?

    Odpoveď

    Obtain blood cultures and lumbar puncture when safe; perform head imaging first only for defined risk features.

    WHO Guidelines on Meningitis Diagnosis, Treatment and Care · reviewed 2026-08-26

  96. Kartička 96

    Otázka

    In a postmenopausal woman or man aged 50 or older, which diagnosis is established by a hip or vertebral fragility fracture?

    Odpoveď

    Osteoporosis. A hip or vertebral fracture from low trauma establishes osteoporosis regardless of T-score.

    The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  97. Kartička 97

    Otázka

    What is the key first diagnostic step for preeclampsia with severe features?

    Odpoveď

    Confirm pressure correctly and assess urine protein, CBC, creatinine, liver tests, fetal status, and symptoms.

    Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  99. Kartička 99

    Otázka

    What is the key first diagnostic step for bipolar I mania?

    Odpoveď

    Diagnosis is clinical; assess substances, thyroid disease, medicines, psychosis, and safety.

    Management of Bipolar Disorder in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  100. Kartička 100

    Otázka

    How should medication be used in hypertensive emergency?

    Odpoveď

    Choose a titratable IV agent suited to the clinical syndrome; do not rapidly normalize pressure in most presentations.

    2025 High Blood Pressure Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  105. Kartička 105

    Otázka

    In a patient with prior demyelinating events, which diagnosis fits a new focal neurologic deficit evolving over hours to days and lasting more than 24 hours?

    Odpoveď

    Multiple sclerosis relapse. A focal neurologic deficit evolving over hours to days and lasting over 24 hours, separated in time and space from prior events, suggests relapse.

    Multiple Sclerosis in Adults: Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  107. Kartička 107

    Otázka

    What condition should be suspected from this finding: Acute retroviral illness can cause fever, rash, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, or no symptoms; chronic infection may remain silent.

    Odpoveď

    HIV infection. Acute retroviral illness can cause fever, rash, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, or no symptoms; chronic infection may remain silent.

    About HIV · reviewed 2026-08-26

  108. Kartička 108

    Otázka

    Which prevention or risk-reduction step is important for sudden sensorineural hearing loss?

    Odpoveď

    Counsel patients to seek same-day care for sudden hearing change rather than waiting for spontaneous recovery.

    Clinical Practice Guideline: Sudden Hearing Loss (Update) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  109. Kartička 109

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, what condition should be suspected from this finding: Heavy postpartum bleeding with uterine atony, retained tissue, trauma, or coagulopathy can rapidly cause shock.

    Odpoveď

    Postpartum hemorrhage. Heavy postpartum bleeding with uterine atony, retained tissue, trauma, or coagulopathy can rapidly cause shock.

    Postpartum Hemorrhage · reviewed 2026-08-26

  110. Kartička 110

    Otázka

    What is the clinician’s duty after recognizing a significant medical error that harmed a patient?

    Odpoveď

    Disclose the known facts honestly, explain the clinical impact and next care steps, express appropriate concern, and follow reporting processes.

    Promoting Patient Safety · reviewed 2026-08-26

  111. Kartička 111

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis causes an acute, fluctuating disturbance of attention and awareness with disorganized thinking?

    Odpoveď

    Delirium. An acute fluctuating disturbance of attention and awareness with disorganized thinking suggests delirium.

    Delirium: Prevention, Diagnosis and Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  113. Kartička 113

    Otázka

    Which next action matters most in uncomplicated cystitis?

    Odpoveď

    Assess for pyelonephritis, pregnancy, obstruction, or sepsis before treating as uncomplicated disease.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  116. Kartička 116

    Otázka

    What diagnostic approach is most appropriate when stable chronic hypertension is suspected?

    Odpoveď

    Confirm persistent elevation with standardized office technique and out-of-office monitoring when appropriate.

    2025 High Blood Pressure Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  118. Kartička 118

    Otázka

    What is the key first diagnostic step for herpes zoster?

    Odpoveď

    Clinical diagnosis is typical; PCR from a lesion is most useful when confirmation matters.

    Clinical Overview of Shingles (Herpes Zoster) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  120. Kartička 120

    Otázka

    Which bedside pattern best points to migraine with aura?

    Odpoveď

    Recurrent unilateral pulsating headache with nausea or sensory sensitivity, preceded by gradually spreading reversible visual or sensory symptoms, suggests migraine with aura.

    ICHD-3: Migraine with Aura · reviewed 2026-08-26

  121. Kartička 121

    Otázka

    What condition should be suspected from this finding: Polyuria, polydipsia, blurred vision, recurrent infections, or an asymptomatic high-risk patient may reveal hyperglycemia.

    Odpoveď

    Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Polyuria, polydipsia, blurred vision, recurrent infections, or an asymptomatic high-risk patient may reveal hyperglycemia.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  122. Kartička 122

    Otázka

    Which bedside pattern best points to early syphilis?

    Odpoveď

    A painless chancre or a diffuse rash involving palms and soles with generalized lymphadenopathy suggests syphilis by stage.

    Primary and Secondary Syphilis: STI Treatment Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  123. Kartička 123

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, what condition should be suspected from this finding: Sudden painful red eye, blurred vision with halos, headache, nausea, a fixed mid-dilated pupil, and a firm globe are classic.

    Odpoveď

    Acute angle-closure glaucoma. Sudden painful red eye, blurred vision with halos, headache, nausea, a fixed mid-dilated pupil, and a firm globe are classic.

    Management of Angle-Closure Glaucoma · reviewed 2026-08-26

  124. Kartička 124

    Otázka

    Which bedside pattern best points to abnormal uterine bleeding from anovulation?

    Odpoveď

    Irregular unpredictable bleeding without cyclic ovulation is common at reproductive extremes or with endocrine disruption.

    Abnormal Uterine Bleeding · reviewed 2026-08-26

  125. Kartička 125

    Otázka

    How should a clinician manage a boundary-crossing gift from a patient?

    Odpoveď

    Assess its meaning, value, timing, and effect on care; decline gifts that exploit, obligate, or distort the professional relationship.

    Gifts from Patients · reviewed 2026-08-26

  128. Kartička 128

    Otázka

    In a child aged 6–11 years or an adolescent, what diagnostic approach is most appropriate when asthma is suspected?

    Odpoveď

    Demonstrate variable expiratory airflow limitation with spirometry and bronchodilator response or an accepted alternative.

    2026 GINA Strategy Report · reviewed 2026-08-26

  129. Kartička 129

    Otázka

    Which prevention or risk-reduction step is important for chronic kidney disease?

    Odpoveď

    Control blood pressure, diabetes, tobacco use, and nephrotoxin exposure; vaccinate and reduce cardiovascular risk.

    2024 CKD Evaluation and Management Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  132. Kartička 132

    Otázka

    Which drug class is preferred before oral therapy for knee osteoarthritis pain when topical treatment is feasible?

    Odpoveď

    Use a topical NSAID first; it provides local pain relief with less systemic exposure than an oral NSAID.

    2019 ACR/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for Osteoarthritis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  133. Kartička 133

    Otázka

    A patient has this pattern: Exertional calf discomfort relieved by rest, diminished pulses, and nonhealing foot wounds suggest lower-extremity arterial disease. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpoveď

    Peripheral artery disease. Exertional calf discomfort relieved by rest, diminished pulses, and nonhealing foot wounds suggest lower-extremity arterial disease.

    2024 ACC/AHA Guideline for Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: Key Points · reviewed 2026-08-26

  135. Kartička 135

    Otázka

    Which prevention or risk-reduction step is important for melanoma?

    Odpoveď

    Use sun protection and teach patients to report changing lesions rather than relying on routine self-treatment.

    Melanoma Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  137. Kartička 137

    Otázka

    Which prevention or risk-reduction step is important for ureteral stone?

    Odpoveď

    High fluid intake and stone-specific dietary changes based on metabolic evaluation reduce recurrence.

    EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  138. Kartička 138

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, how should a clinician initially manage ectopic pregnancy?

    Odpoveď

    Hemodynamic instability or suspected rupture requires emergency surgery; stable management depends on imaging, hCG, size, and follow-up reliability.

    Ectopic Pregnancy · reviewed 2026-08-26

  139. Kartička 139

    Otázka

    What counseling point helps reduce harm from tension pneumothorax?

    Odpoveď

    After chest trauma or an invasive thoracic procedure, urgently reassess new dyspnea, hypotension, or unilateral breath-sound loss so tension physiology is decompressed without delay.

    Thoracic Trauma WSES-AAST Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  141. Kartička 141

    Otázka

    What should happen when a clinician’s personal belief conflicts with a requested legal service?

    Odpoveď

    Disclose the limitation without judgment, protect urgent care, provide timely information or referral, and avoid abandoning the patient.

    Physician Exercise of Conscience · reviewed 2026-08-26

  144. Kartička 144

    Otázka

    How should a clinician initially manage primary hypothyroidism?

    Odpoveď

    Start replacement when indicated and recheck TSH after dose changes rather than adjusting from symptoms alone.

    Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism · reviewed 2026-08-26

  145. Kartička 145

    Otázka

    Which activity counseling can reduce carpal tunnel symptoms or slow progression?

    Odpoveď

    Modify job or recreational activities that aggravate symptoms, especially prolonged wrist flexion or extension.

    Carpal Tunnel Syndrome · reviewed 2026-08-26

  146. Kartička 146

    Otázka

    How should a clinician initially manage bacterial conjunctivitis?

    Odpoveď

    Remove contact lenses and urgently assess pain, photophobia, vision loss, corneal opacity, or hyperacute discharge.

    Clinical Overview of Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  147. Kartička 147

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis is marked by a rising creatinine or falling urine output after illness, volume loss, nephrotoxin exposure, obstruction, or sepsis?

    Odpoveď

    Acute kidney injury. A rising creatinine or falling urine output after illness, volume loss, nephrotoxin exposure, obstruction, or sepsis indicates AKI.

    KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury · reviewed 2026-08-26

  149. Kartička 149

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, what condition should be suspected from this finding: Isolated petechiae, bruising, or mucosal bleeding with thrombocytopenia and otherwise preserved cell lines suggests ITP.

    Odpoveď

    Immune thrombocytopenia. Isolated petechiae, bruising, or mucosal bleeding with thrombocytopenia and otherwise preserved cell lines suggests ITP.

    American Society of Hematology 2019 Guidelines for Immune Thrombocytopenia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  151. Kartička 151

    Otázka

    A patient has this pattern: Dyspnea with reduced breath sounds, dullness to percussion, and decreased tactile fremitus suggests pleural fluid. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpoveď

    Pleural effusion. Dyspnea with reduced breath sounds, dullness to percussion, and decreased tactile fremitus suggests pleural fluid.

    British Thoracic Society Guideline for Pleural Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  152. Kartička 152

    Otázka

    How should medication be used in pulmonary tuberculosis?

    Odpoveď

    Treat drug-susceptible disease with a multidrug regimen and adherence support; tailor to susceptibility and patient factors.

    Treatment for Drug-Susceptible Tuberculosis Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  153. Kartička 153

    Otázka

    How should medication be used in endometriosis?

    Odpoveď

    Combined hormonal contraceptives or progestins are common first-line suppressive therapies when pregnancy is not desired.

    Endometriosis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  154. Kartička 154

    Otázka

    How should medication be used in panic disorder?

    Odpoveď

    SSRIs or SNRIs are preferred long-term medicines; benzodiazepines carry dependence and safety risks.

    Panic Disorder: What You Need to Know · reviewed 2026-08-26

  156. Kartička 156

    Otázka

    In a patient younger than 16, which diagnosis fits persistent joint swelling, limited motion, or morning stiffness after other causes are excluded?

    Odpoveď

    Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Persistent joint swelling, limited motion, or morning stiffness beginning before age 16, after excluding other causes, suggests JIA.

    2026 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  157. Kartička 157

    Otázka

    Which bedside pattern best points to primary adrenal insufficiency?

    Odpoveď

    Weight loss, fatigue, hypotension, salt craving, hyperpigmentation, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia suggest primary adrenal failure.

    Primary Adrenal Insufficiency Guideline Resources · reviewed 2026-08-26

  160. Kartička 160

    Otázka

    Which pathophysiologic process drives heart failure with reduced ejection fraction?

    Odpoveď

    Reduced contractility activates sympathetic and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathways that drive maladaptive remodeling.

    2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure · reviewed 2026-08-26

  161. Kartička 161

    Otázka

    In a child, typically 6 months to 3 years, what immediate plan is appropriate for croup?

    Odpoveď

    Keep the child calm, give dexamethasone, and add nebulized epinephrine for moderate or severe stridor.

    Acute Management of Croup in the Emergency Department · reviewed 2026-08-26

  163. Kartička 163

    Otázka

    What is the key first diagnostic step for testicular torsion?

    Odpoveď

    Make a clinical diagnosis and obtain urgent urologic assessment; use Doppler ultrasound only if the diagnosis is uncertain and imaging will not delay exploration.

    Testicular Torsion · reviewed 2026-08-26

  164. Kartička 164

    Otázka

    What counseling point helps reduce harm from Parkinson disease?

    Odpoveď

    Exercise, fall-risk reduction, medication review, and driving and swallowing assessment reduce complications.

    Parkinson’s Disease in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  166. Kartička 166

    Otázka

    What counseling point helps reduce harm from gonococcal urethritis or cervicitis?

    Odpoveď

    Condom use, routine screening by risk, and partner treatment reduce reinfection and complications.

    Gonococcal Infections Among Adolescents and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  168. Kartička 168

    Otázka

    What counseling point helps reduce harm from menopause vasomotor symptoms?

    Odpoveď

    Cooling strategies and avoiding individual triggers can reduce symptom burden; assess bone and cardiovascular risk separately.

    The Menopause Years · reviewed 2026-08-26

  169. Kartička 169

    Otázka

    A patient has this pattern: Most chronic infections are asymptomatic; abnormal aminotransferases or risk-based screening may reveal disease. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpoveď

    Chronic hepatitis C. Most chronic infections are asymptomatic; abnormal aminotransferases or risk-based screening may reveal disease.

    Viral Hepatitis Clinical Care · reviewed 2026-08-26

  172. Kartička 172

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent with sickle cell disease, which pain pattern supports an acute vaso-occlusive episode?

    Odpoveď

    Acute severe extremity, back, or bone pain that matches the patient’s typical vaso-occlusive pattern and has no alternative cause supports an acute vaso-occlusive pain episode.

    ASH 2020 Guidelines for Sickle Cell Disease: Management of Acute and Chronic Pain · reviewed 2026-08-26

  175. Kartička 175

    Otázka

    How should medication be used in sudden sensorineural hearing loss?

    Odpoveď

    Offer corticosteroids within the treatment window when appropriate; intratympanic therapy is an option in selected cases.

    Clinical Practice Guideline: Sudden Hearing Loss (Update) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  176. Kartička 176

    Otázka

    What is the HIPAA minimum-necessary rule?

    Odpoveď

    For many uses and disclosures, limit protected information to what is reasonably needed for the purpose; the rule does not apply in the same way to disclosures for treatment.

    Minimum Necessary Requirement · reviewed 2026-08-26

  177. Kartička 177

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, hypotension, elevated jugular venous pressure, tachycardia, muffled heart sounds, and pulsus paradoxus indicate which diagnosis?

    Odpoveď

    Cardiac tamponade. Hypotension, elevated jugular venous pressure, tachycardia, muffled heart sounds, and pulsus paradoxus suggest tamponade physiology.

    2025 Concise Clinical Guidance: Diagnosis and Management of Pericarditis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  178. Kartička 178

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, what diagnostic approach is most appropriate when acute appendicitis is suspected?

    Odpoveď

    Use ultrasound as the initial imaging study in many children; use CT or MRI when ultrasound is nondiagnostic and suspicion persists, according to local expertise.

    Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Appendicitis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  179. Kartička 179

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, sudden focal weakness, facial droop, speech change, gaze deviation, neglect, or ataxia indicate which time-critical diagnosis?

    Odpoveď

    Acute ischemic stroke. Sudden focal weakness, facial droop, speech change, gaze deviation, neglect, or ataxia is stroke until proved otherwise.

    2026 Guideline for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke · reviewed 2026-08-26

  180. Kartička 180

    Otázka

    A clinician is considering gout flare. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpoveď

    Abrupt severe monoarthritis with erythema, often at the first metatarsophalangeal joint, suggests gout.

    Gout · reviewed 2026-08-26

  181. Kartička 181

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis best fits new cough, fever, dyspnea, pleuritic pain, and focal crackles when an infiltrate is confirmed?

    Odpoveď

    Community-acquired pneumonia. New cough, fever, dyspnea, pleuritic pain, and focal crackles suggest pneumonia, but clinical findings alone are imperfect.

    Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  182. Kartička 182

    Otázka

    In a child aged 6–11 years or an adolescent, what medication strategy is appropriate for asthma?

    Odpoveď

    For children 6–11 years and adolescents, use an age-appropriate inhaled corticosteroid-containing strategy rather than short-acting beta agonist-only treatment.

    2026 GINA Strategy Report · reviewed 2026-08-26

  183. Kartička 183

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, a patient has this pattern: Unilateral pelvic pain or bleeding in early pregnancy, especially with syncope or shoulder pain, raises concern for ectopic implantation. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpoveď

    Ectopic pregnancy. Unilateral pelvic pain or bleeding in early pregnancy, especially with syncope or shoulder pain, raises concern for ectopic implantation.

    Ectopic Pregnancy · reviewed 2026-08-26

  184. Kartička 184

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, which diagnosis requires at least two weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest with functional change and associated neurovegetative or cognitive symptoms?

    Odpoveď

    Major depressive disorder. At least two weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest with functional change and associated neurovegetative or cognitive symptoms suggests major depression.

    Clinical Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Major and Persistent Depressive Disorders · reviewed 2026-08-26

  186. Kartička 186

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, what condition should be suspected from this finding: An evolving asymmetric pigmented lesion with border irregularity, color variation, or a concerning outlier pattern requires evaluation.

    Odpoveď

    Melanoma. An evolving asymmetric pigmented lesion with border irregularity, color variation, or a concerning outlier pattern requires evaluation.

    Melanoma Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  188. Kartička 188

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, what condition should be suspected from this finding: Sudden colicky flank pain radiating to the groin with hematuria and restlessness is typical.

    Odpoveď

    Ureteral stone. Sudden colicky flank pain radiating to the groin with hematuria and restlessness is typical.

    EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  191. Kartička 191

    Otázka

    What diagnostic approach is most appropriate when acute bacterial rhinosinusitis is suspected?

    Odpoveď

    Diagnosis is clinical; routine imaging is not needed unless a complication or alternative diagnosis is suspected.

    Clinical Practice Guideline: Adult Sinusitis Update · reviewed 2026-08-26

  192. Kartička 192

    Otázka

    What should a clinician do before discussing a patient in a public or semipublic area?

    Odpoveď

    Move to a private setting when practical and use reasonable safeguards so others do not overhear identifiable information.

    Incidental Uses and Disclosures · reviewed 2026-08-26

  193. Kartička 193

    Otázka

    A clinician is considering Parkinson disease. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpoveď

    Bradykinesia plus rest tremor or rigidity, with reduced arm swing and shuffling gait, supports parkinsonism.

    Parkinson’s Disease in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  194. Kartička 194

    Otázka

    What immediate plan is appropriate for chronic hepatitis C?

    Odpoveď

    Stage liver disease, review interactions, test for coinfections, and link every patient with active infection to curative treatment.

    Viral Hepatitis Clinical Care · reviewed 2026-08-26

  195. Kartička 195

    Otázka

    A clinician is considering gonococcal urethritis or cervicitis. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpoveď

    Purulent urethral discharge, dysuria, cervicitis, pelvic pain, or exposure may indicate gonorrhea, but infection can be asymptomatic.

    Gonococcal Infections Among Adolescents and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  196. Kartička 196

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, what immediate plan is appropriate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis?

    Odpoveď

    Refer to pediatric rheumatology early and treat to control inflammation and preserve function.

    2026 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  197. Kartička 197

    Otázka

    A clinician is considering menopause vasomotor symptoms. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpoveď

    Hot flashes, night sweats, sleep disruption, and menstrual transition at the expected age usually identify menopausal vasomotor symptoms.

    The Menopause Years · reviewed 2026-08-26

  198. Kartička 198

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis best fits this presentation: Progressive exertional dyspnea, dry cough, bibasilar fine crackles, and clubbing in an older adult suggest fibrotic interstitial disease.

    Odpoveď

    Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Progressive exertional dyspnea, dry cough, bibasilar fine crackles, and clubbing in an older adult suggest fibrotic interstitial disease.

    Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: An Update and Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  199. Kartička 199

    Otázka

    A clinician is considering alcohol withdrawal. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpoveď

    Tremor, autonomic hyperactivity, insomnia, nausea, anxiety, hallucinations, or seizures after reducing heavy alcohol use suggests withdrawal.

    The ASAM Clinical Practice Guideline on Alcohol Withdrawal Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  202. Kartička 202

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, what is the priority management step for pleural effusion?

    Odpoveď

    Drain a large symptomatic effusion or complicated parapneumonic collection and treat the underlying disease.

    British Thoracic Society Guideline for Pleural Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  203. Kartička 203

    Otázka

    In acute decompensated heart failure with fluid overload, which drug class is used first to relieve congestion?

    Odpoveď

    Give an intravenous loop diuretic and adjust it to urine output, symptoms, renal function, and electrolytes.

    2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure · reviewed 2026-08-26

  204. Kartička 204

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, what immediate plan is appropriate for subarachnoid hemorrhage?

    Odpoveď

    Stabilize, control pressure carefully, give nimodipine, and obtain urgent neurovascular treatment of the aneurysm.

    2023 Guideline for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage · reviewed 2026-08-26

  206. Kartička 206

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, what immediate plan is appropriate for bacterial meningitis?

    Odpoveď

    Give empiric antibiotics immediately; do not delay for imaging or lumbar puncture when delay is likely.

    WHO Guidelines on Meningitis Diagnosis, Treatment and Care · reviewed 2026-08-26

  207. Kartička 207

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, which diagnosis fits hyperglycemia with dehydration, abdominal pain, vomiting, Kussmaul respirations, or altered mental status?

    Odpoveď

    Diabetic ketoacidosis. Hyperglycemia with dehydration, abdominal pain, vomiting, Kussmaul respirations, or altered mental status suggests ketoacidosis.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  208. Kartička 208

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, what immediate plan is appropriate for preeclampsia with severe features?

    Odpoveď

    Stabilize the mother, prevent seizure, control persistent severe pressure, and plan delivery by gestational age and status.

    Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  209. Kartička 209

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, new flashes, floaters, and a curtain or shadow across the visual field indicate which diagnosis?

    Odpoveď

    Retinal detachment. New flashes, floaters, and a curtain or shadow across the visual field suggest detachment.

    Retinal Detachment · reviewed 2026-08-26

  210. Kartička 210

    Otázka

    What immediate plan is appropriate for bipolar I mania?

    Odpoveď

    Hospitalize when danger, grave disability, or severe psychosis requires containment; stop antidepressant monotherapy.

    Management of Bipolar Disorder in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  211. Kartička 211

    Otázka

    May a clinician leave appointment information in a voicemail?

    Odpoveď

    Yes, with reasonable safeguards: keep the message limited and follow any confidential communication request the patient has made.

    Incidental Uses and Disclosures · reviewed 2026-08-26

  212. Kartička 212

    Otázka

    When is a loop diuretic appropriate in acute kidney injury?

    Odpoveď

    Use a loop diuretic only to manage volume overload; it does not reverse intrinsic kidney injury or improve renal recovery.

    KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury · reviewed 2026-08-26

  213. Kartička 213

    Otázka

    How should a clinician initially manage plaque psoriasis?

    Odpoveď

    Assess body-surface area, special-site involvement, symptoms, and joint disease before selecting therapy.

    Psoriasis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  216. Kartička 216

    Otázka

    Which drug class is first-line for erectile dysfunction when no contraindication such as nitrate use exists?

    Odpoveď

    Use a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor after reviewing cardiovascular fitness, interactions, and correct use; never combine it with nitrates.

    Erectile Dysfunction Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  217. Kartička 217

    Otázka

    Which pathophysiologic process drives COPD?

    Odpoveď

    Small-airway disease and emphysematous parenchymal destruction cause persistent expiratory flow limitation.

    2026 GOLD Report and Pocket Guide · reviewed 2026-08-26

  218. Kartička 218

    Otázka

    Which history or examination finding most strongly supports Crohn disease?

    Odpoveď

    Chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, perianal disease, and skip lesions support Crohn disease.

    Updated 2025 ACG Guidelines for Crohn’s Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  221. Kartička 221

    Otázka

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for hypertensive emergency?

    Odpoveď

    Severely elevated pressure with acute neurologic, cardiac, renal, retinal, or aortic injury defines an emergency.

    2025 High Blood Pressure Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  225. Kartička 225

    Otázka

    What counseling point helps reduce harm from peritonsillar abscess?

    Odpoveď

    Seek prompt care for worsening unilateral throat pain, drooling, muffled voice, trismus, or breathing difficulty so an abscess and airway risk are not missed.

    Tonsillitis and Peritonsillar Abscess · reviewed 2026-08-26

  227. Kartička 227

    Otázka

    When may protected health information be disclosed to prevent a serious threat?

    Odpoveď

    HIPAA permits a good-faith disclosure consistent with law and ethical standards to someone reasonably able to prevent or lessen a serious and imminent threat.

    HIPAA Disclosure to Prevent or Lessen a Serious and Imminent Threat · reviewed 2026-08-26

  230. Kartička 230

    Otázka

    Which bedside pattern best points to herpes zoster?

    Odpoveď

    A painful unilateral grouped-vesicle eruption in a dermatomal distribution is characteristic.

    Clinical Overview of Shingles (Herpes Zoster) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  231. Kartička 231

    Otázka

    A patient has this pattern: Thrombocytopenia plus microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, often with neurologic, renal, or fever findings, is an emergency. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpoveď

    Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Thrombocytopenia plus microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, often with neurologic, renal, or fever findings, is an emergency.

    ISTH Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura · reviewed 2026-08-26

  232. Kartička 232

    Otázka

    Which bedside pattern best points to testicular torsion?

    Odpoveď

    Sudden severe unilateral testicular pain with nausea or vomiting, a high-riding transverse testis, and loss of the cremasteric reflex strongly suggests torsion.

    Testicular Torsion · reviewed 2026-08-26

  233. Kartička 233

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, which diagnosis best fits hematemesis, coffee-ground emesis, or melena with orthostasis?

    Odpoveď

    Upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Hematemesis, coffee-ground emesis, or melena with orthostasis indicates an upper gastrointestinal source until shown otherwise.

    ACG Clinical Guideline: Upper Gastrointestinal and Ulcer Bleeding · reviewed 2026-08-26

  234. Kartička 234

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, what diagnostic approach is most appropriate when generalized tonic-clonic seizure is suspected?

    Odpoveď

    Check glucose and reversible causes; use EEG and brain imaging based on whether this is a first unprovoked event or known epilepsy.

    Epilepsies in Children, Young People and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  235. Kartička 235

    Otázka

    Identify the condition from this pattern: Repeated properly measured elevated readings, usually without symptoms, establish the clinical pattern.

    Odpoveď

    Stable chronic hypertension. Repeated properly measured elevated readings, usually without symptoms, establish the clinical pattern.

    2025 High Blood Pressure Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  236. Kartička 236

    Otázka

    What diagnostic approach is most appropriate when sepsis is suspected?

    Odpoveď

    Measure lactate, obtain cultures before antibiotics when this causes no meaningful delay, and evaluate the source.

    2026 Surviving Sepsis Campaign Adult Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  237. Kartička 237

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, in a child with acute severe monoarticular pain, restricted passive motion, fever, or bacteremia risk, which diagnosis must be excluded urgently?

    Odpoveď

    Septic arthritis. Acute severe monoarticular pain, restricted passive motion, fever, or bacteremia risk is septic arthritis until excluded.

    Guideline for Management of Septic Arthritis in Native Joints · reviewed 2026-08-26

  238. Kartička 238

    Otázka

    What diagnostic approach is most appropriate when pelvic inflammatory disease is suspected?

    Odpoveď

    Test for gonorrhea, chlamydia, HIV, and syphilis; use ultrasound when abscess or another diagnosis is possible.

    Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: STI Treatment Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  239. Kartička 239

    Otázka

    Which pharmacologic approach is preferred for COPD?

    Odpoveď

    Long-acting bronchodilators are maintenance therapy; add inhaled corticosteroid for selected exacerbation-prone patients based on phenotype and eosinophils.

    2026 GOLD Report and Pocket Guide · reviewed 2026-08-26

  240. Kartička 240

    Otázka

    What diagnostic approach is most appropriate when schizophrenia is suspected?

    Odpoveď

    Diagnosis is clinical with medical, neurologic, and substance evaluation for first-episode psychosis.

    Management of First-Episode Psychosis and Schizophrenia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  241. Kartička 241

    Otázka

    Which next action matters most in hypertensive emergency?

    Odpoveď

    Lower pressure with monitored IV therapy at a controlled rate tailored to the injured organ.

    2025 High Blood Pressure Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  242. Kartička 242

    Otázka

    How should an interpreter be used for a patient with limited English proficiency?

    Odpoveď

    Use a qualified medical interpreter, speak to the patient directly, pause in short segments, and avoid relying on children or untrained family for consequential decisions.

    Limited English Proficiency Guidance · reviewed 2026-08-26

  245. Kartička 245

    Otázka

    What immediate plan is appropriate for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis?

    Odpoveď

    Assess orbital or intracranial red flags and arrange urgent evaluation when present.

    Clinical Practice Guideline: Adult Sinusitis Update · reviewed 2026-08-26

  246. Kartička 246

    Otázka

    Which preventive measure belongs in care for gout flare?

    Odpoveď

    Weight management, limiting excess alcohol, reviewing urate-raising medicines, and long-term urate control reduce flares.

    Gout · reviewed 2026-08-26

  249. Kartička 249

    Otázka

    Which test or testing sequence best evaluates suspected COPD?

    Odpoveď

    Post-bronchodilator spirometry confirms persistent airflow obstruction.

    2026 GOLD Report and Pocket Guide · reviewed 2026-08-26

  251. Kartička 251

    Otázka

    Which pathophysiologic process drives subarachnoid hemorrhage?

    Odpoveď

    Arterial blood entering the subarachnoid space raises intracranial pressure and can trigger vasospasm.

    2023 Guideline for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage · reviewed 2026-08-26

  252. Kartička 252

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, which pathophysiologic process drives bacterial meningitis?

    Odpoveď

    Bacterial invasion of the subarachnoid space triggers intense inflammation, edema, and raised intracranial pressure.

    WHO Guidelines on Meningitis Diagnosis, Treatment and Care · reviewed 2026-08-26

  253. Kartička 253

    Otázka

    Which pathophysiologic process drives preeclampsia with severe features?

    Odpoveď

    Abnormal placentation and systemic endothelial dysfunction produce vasoconstriction and multisystem injury.

    Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  254. Kartička 254

    Otázka

    Which clinical feature defines bipolar I disorder?

    Odpoveď

    At least one manic episode defines bipolar I disorder; a major depressive episode is common but is not required for the diagnosis.

    Management of Bipolar Disorder in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  255. Kartička 255

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, what is the priority management step for upper gastrointestinal bleeding?

    Odpoveď

    Establish IV access, resuscitate, use a restrictive transfusion strategy for most patients, and arrange endoscopic hemostasis.

    ACG Clinical Guideline: Upper Gastrointestinal and Ulcer Bleeding · reviewed 2026-08-26

  256. Kartička 256

    Otázka

    Which history or examination finding most strongly supports rheumatoid arthritis?

    Odpoveď

    Symmetric inflammatory pain and prolonged morning stiffness in MCP, PIP, or wrist joints with synovitis suggest rheumatoid arthritis.

    Rheumatoid Arthritis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  257. Kartička 257

    Otázka

    What is teach-back?

    Odpoveď

    Ask the patient to explain the plan in their own words so the clinician can find and correct communication gaps without testing or blaming the patient.

    Use the Teach-Back Method · reviewed 2026-08-26

  260. Kartička 260

    Otázka

    A clinician is considering sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpoveď

    A rapid unilateral hearing decrease, often noticed on waking and sometimes with tinnitus, is an otologic emergency.

    Clinical Practice Guideline: Sudden Hearing Loss (Update) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  261. Kartička 261

    Otázka

    Which preventive measure belongs in care for obstructive sleep apnea?

    Odpoveď

    Weight management, alcohol and sedative avoidance near bedtime, and treatment of nasal obstruction reduce severity.

    Sleep Apnea Treatment · reviewed 2026-08-26

  262. Kartička 262

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, what diagnostic approach is most appropriate when atopic dermatitis is suspected?

    Odpoveď

    Diagnosis is clinical; testing is reserved for an alternative diagnosis or a specific suspected trigger.

    Atopic Dermatitis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  263. Kartička 263

    Otázka

    How should a clinician initially manage acute pyelonephritis?

    Odpoveď

    Give fluids and antibiotics, and admit patients with sepsis, inability to take oral therapy, pregnancy concerns, or obstruction.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  264. Kartička 264

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, which diagnosis best fits this presentation: A sudden maximal-at-onset thunderclap headache, neck stiffness, vomiting, or brief loss of consciousness is concerning.

    Odpoveď

    Subarachnoid hemorrhage. A sudden maximal-at-onset thunderclap headache, neck stiffness, vomiting, or brief loss of consciousness is concerning.

    2023 Guideline for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage · reviewed 2026-08-26

  266. Kartička 266

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, which diagnosis best fits this presentation: Fever, headache, neck stiffness, altered mental status, or a nonblanching rash should trigger urgent evaluation.

    Odpoveď

    Bacterial meningitis. Fever, headache, neck stiffness, altered mental status, or a nonblanching rash should trigger urgent evaluation.

    WHO Guidelines on Meningitis Diagnosis, Treatment and Care · reviewed 2026-08-26

  267. Kartička 267

    Otázka

    What drug class or regimen fits stable chronic hypertension?

    Odpoveď

    First-line classes include thiazide-type diuretics, ACE inhibitors or ARBs, and long-acting dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers.

    2025 High Blood Pressure Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  268. Kartička 268

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, which diagnosis best fits this presentation: New hypertension after 20 weeks with end-organ findings such as severe pressure, thrombocytopenia, liver injury, kidney injury, pulmonary edema, or neurologic symptoms suggests severe disease.

    Odpoveď

    Preeclampsia with severe features. New hypertension after 20 weeks with end-organ findings such as severe pressure, thrombocytopenia, liver injury, kidney injury, pulmonary edema, or neurologic symptoms suggests severe disease.

    Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  269. Kartička 269

    Otázka

    Which pharmacologic approach is preferred for acute pancreatitis?

    Odpoveď

    Routine prophylactic antibiotics do not treat sterile pancreatitis; reserve antimicrobials for proven or strongly suspected infection.

    ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Acute Pancreatitis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  270. Kartička 270

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis best fits this presentation: At least one week of elevated or irritable mood with increased energy, decreased sleep, pressured speech, grandiosity, and risky behavior suggests mania.

    Odpoveď

    Bipolar I mania. At least one week of elevated or irritable mood with increased energy, decreased sleep, pressured speech, grandiosity, and risky behavior suggests mania.

    Management of Bipolar Disorder in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  271. Kartička 271

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, in a child or adolescent, what is the priority management step for septic arthritis?

    Odpoveď

    Drain the joint promptly and start empiric antibiotics after cultures unless the patient is unstable.

    Guideline for Management of Septic Arthritis in Native Joints · reviewed 2026-08-26

  273. Kartička 273

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, which diagnosis causes variable wheeze, cough, chest tightness, or dyspnea that changes over time and with triggers?

    Odpoveď

    Asthma. Variable wheeze, cough, chest tightness, or dyspnea that changes over time and with triggers suggests asthma.

    2026 GINA Strategy Report · reviewed 2026-08-26

  274. Kartička 274

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, which pathophysiologic process drives diabetic ketoacidosis?

    Odpoveď

    Absolute or marked insulin deficiency drives lipolysis, ketogenesis, osmotic diuresis, and total-body potassium loss.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  275. Kartička 275

    Otázka

    How should a clinician respond to a patient requesting an unnecessary antibiotic?

    Odpoveď

    Acknowledge the concern, explain why the antibiotic will not help and may harm, offer a clear alternative plan, and define return precautions.

    Core Elements of Outpatient Antibiotic Stewardship · reviewed 2026-08-26

  276. Kartička 276

    Otázka

    Which pathophysiologic process drives retinal detachment?

    Odpoveď

    Fluid passing through a retinal break separates neurosensory retina from the pigment epithelium.

    Retinal Detachment · reviewed 2026-08-26

  279. Kartička 279

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, which pathophysiologic process drives acute appendicitis?

    Odpoveď

    Luminal obstruction causes distention, ischemia, bacterial overgrowth, and eventual perforation.

    Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Appendicitis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  281. Kartička 281

    Otázka

    After an acute ACL tear, which nonprescription medicines may be used for symptom relief when safe?

    Odpoveď

    Ibuprofen or naproxen can reduce pain and swelling; acetaminophen can reduce pain. Check comorbidities and contraindications before NSAID use.

    Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury - aftercare · reviewed 2026-08-26

  282. Kartička 282

    Otázka

    Which preventive measure belongs in care for shoulder dystocia?

    Odpoveď

    Team drills, clear communication, and avoiding fundal pressure reduce preventable harm.

    Shoulder Dystocia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  284. Kartička 284

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, which preventive measure belongs in care for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

    Odpoveď

    Use an individualized multimodal plan with psychoeducation, parent and school interventions, and clear functional goals.

    ADHD in Children and Youth: Part 2—Treatment · reviewed 2026-08-26

  287. Kartička 287

    Otázka

    During a pulseless arrest, the monitor shows chaotic ventricular activity without organized QRS complexes. Which arrest rhythm is present?

    Odpoveď

    Ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Sudden unresponsiveness with absent normal breathing and no pulse is cardiac arrest; the monitor may show chaotic ventricular activity.

    2025 American Heart Association Guidelines for CPR and ECC: Adult Advanced Life Support · reviewed 2026-08-26

  289. Kartička 289

    Otázka

    A patient has this pattern: Progressive weak stream, hesitancy, incomplete emptying, nocturia, and frequency suggest bladder-outlet symptoms. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpoveď

    Benign prostatic hyperplasia. Progressive weak stream, hesitancy, incomplete emptying, nocturia, and frequency suggest bladder-outlet symptoms.

    EAU Guidelines on the Management of Non-neurogenic Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms · reviewed 2026-08-26

  290. Kartička 290

    Otázka

    Which test or testing sequence best evaluates suspected primary adrenal insufficiency?

    Odpoveď

    Measure morning cortisol and ACTH, then confirm with cosyntropin testing when the patient is stable.

    Primary Adrenal Insufficiency Guideline Resources · reviewed 2026-08-26

  291. Kartička 291

    Otázka

    What medication strategy is appropriate for peritonsillar abscess?

    Odpoveď

    Use antibiotics covering group A streptococci and oral anaerobes after drainage.

    Tonsillitis and Peritonsillar Abscess · reviewed 2026-08-26

  292. Kartička 292

    Otázka

    What belongs in a safe handoff?

    Odpoveď

    State illness severity, active problems, recent changes, pending results, contingency plans, and who owns each next action, then allow questions.

    TeamSTEPPS Communication Module · reviewed 2026-08-26

  294. Kartička 294

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, identify the condition from this pattern: Pain out of proportion, pain with passive stretch, tense swelling, and progressive neurologic deficits after injury are warning signs.

    Odpoveď

    Acute compartment syndrome. Pain out of proportion, pain with passive stretch, tense swelling, and progressive neurologic deficits after injury are warning signs.

    Management of Acute Compartment Syndrome: Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  297. Kartička 297

    Otázka

    Which history or examination finding most strongly supports shoulder dystocia?

    Odpoveď

    After delivery of the head, retraction against the perineum and failure of the shoulders to deliver indicates dystocia.

    Shoulder Dystocia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  298. Kartička 298

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, which history or examination finding most strongly supports attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

    Odpoveď

    Persistent developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity in more than one setting with impairment suggests ADHD.

    ADHD in Children and Youth: Part 1—Etiology, Diagnosis, and Comorbidity · reviewed 2026-08-26

  300. Kartička 300

    Otázka

    In a child, typically 6 months to 3 years, what clinical clue should raise suspicion for croup?

    Odpoveď

    Barking cough, hoarseness, and inspiratory stridor after a viral prodrome in a young child suggests croup.

    Acute Management of Croup in the Emergency Department · reviewed 2026-08-26

    Illustrated clinical review desk with a stethoscope, ECG trace, lungs, brain, and study cards arranged around a clear central title-safe area.

    600 kartičiek

    PANCE Flashcards: Blueprint-Aligned Diagnoses, Tests & Next Steps

    Učiť sa tento balíček zadarmo

    Otvorí sa Nibomo, aby ste sa mohli začať učiť.

  303. Kartička 303

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, in a child or adolescent, identify the condition from this pattern: Periumbilical pain migrating to the right lower quadrant with anorexia, nausea, fever, and focal tenderness is typical.

    Odpoveď

    Acute appendicitis. Periumbilical pain migrating to the right lower quadrant with anorexia, nausea, fever, and focal tenderness is typical.

    Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Appendicitis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  305. Kartička 305

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, what is the priority management step for generalized tonic-clonic seizure?

    Odpoveď

    Protect from injury, position for airway safety, time the event, and treat as status epilepticus when it persists.

    Epilepsies in Children, Young People and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  306. Kartička 306

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis causes fatigue, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, bradycardia, and delayed reflex relaxation?

    Odpoveď

    Primary hypothyroidism. Fatigue, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, bradycardia, and delayed reflex relaxation support hypothyroidism.

    Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism · reviewed 2026-08-26

  308. Kartička 308

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis best fits diffuse conjunctival injection with mucopurulent discharge and eyelids stuck on waking?

    Odpoveď

    Bacterial conjunctivitis. Diffuse conjunctival injection with mucopurulent discharge and eyelids stuck on waking supports bacterial conjunctivitis.

    Clinical Overview of Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  309. Kartička 309

    Otázka

    What is the priority management step for pelvic inflammatory disease?

    Odpoveď

    Start empiric treatment promptly; admit for pregnancy, severe illness, abscess, surgical emergency uncertainty, or failed outpatient care.

    Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: STI Treatment Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  310. Kartička 310

    Otázka

    What is closed-loop communication during an emergency?

    Odpoveď

    The receiver repeats the instruction, the sender confirms or corrects it, and completion is announced so the team shares the same state.

    TeamSTEPPS Check-Back Tool · reviewed 2026-08-26

  311. Kartička 311

    Otázka

    What is the priority management step for schizophrenia?

    Odpoveď

    Assess danger, catatonia, and ability to care for self, then combine antipsychotic treatment with psychosocial support.

    Management of First-Episode Psychosis and Schizophrenia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  317. Kartička 317

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis best fits progressive exertional dyspnea, chronic cough or sputum, and exposure to tobacco, biomass, or occupational irritants?

    Odpoveď

    COPD. Progressive exertional dyspnea, chronic cough or sputum, and exposure to tobacco, biomass, or occupational irritants suggest COPD.

    2026 GOLD Report and Pocket Guide · reviewed 2026-08-26

  318. Kartička 318

    Otázka

    Which test or testing sequence best evaluates suspected acute cholecystitis?

    Odpoveď

    Right-upper-quadrant ultrasound is first-line; a gallbladder nuclear-medicine scan (HIDA) is an appropriate next study when ultrasound is negative or equivocal and suspicion remains high.

    ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Right Upper Quadrant Pain · reviewed 2026-08-26

  319. Kartička 319

    Otázka

    In a postmenopausal woman or man aged 50 or older, what clinical clue should raise suspicion for osteoporosis?

    Odpoveď

    A fragility fracture, height loss, or kyphosis should prompt assessment for osteoporosis and vertebral fracture.

    The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  320. Kartička 320

    Otázka

    Which pharmacologic approach is preferred for Parkinson disease?

    Odpoveď

    Levodopa provides the strongest motor benefit for many patients; dopamine agonists carry impulse-control and sleep risks.

    Parkinson’s Disease in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  321. Kartička 321

    Otázka

    A patient has this pattern: Pressure-like substernal pain with diaphoresis, nausea, or radiation to the arm or jaw is a classic ischemic pattern. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpoveď

    Acute coronary syndrome. Pressure-like substernal pain with diaphoresis, nausea, or radiation to the arm or jaw is a classic ischemic pattern.

    2025 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes · reviewed 2026-08-26

  322. Kartička 322

    Otázka

    Which pharmacologic approach is preferred for gonococcal urethritis or cervicitis?

    Odpoveď

    Ceftriaxone is first-line for uncomplicated infection; add chlamydia treatment if it has not been excluded.

    Gonococcal Infections Among Adolescents and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  323. Kartička 323

    Otázka

    In a child aged 6 months or older, which examination best evaluates suspected acute otitis media?

    Odpoveď

    Use pneumatic otoscopy to confirm middle-ear effusion and assess for a bulging tympanic membrane; tympanometry is less reliable in young infants.

    Management of Acute Otitis Media in Children Six Months of Age and Older · reviewed 2026-08-26

  324. Kartička 324

    Otázka

    Which pharmacologic approach is preferred for menopause vasomotor symptoms?

    Odpoveď

    Systemic menopausal hormone therapy is most effective for eligible patients; nonhormonal options include selected SSRIs, SNRIs, gabapentin, or fezolinetant.

    Hormone Therapy for Menopause · reviewed 2026-08-26

  325. Kartička 325

    Otázka

    How should a clinician handle an ambiguous verbal medication order?

    Odpoveď

    Stop and clarify the drug, dose, route, timing, and patient; read it back and do not guess.

    TeamSTEPPS Communication Module · reviewed 2026-08-26

  327. Kartička 327

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, how should a clinician initially manage asthma?

    Odpoveď

    Assess severity during exacerbation, give repeated bronchodilator, systemic corticosteroid when indicated, oxygen, and escalate for fatigue or silent chest.

    2026 GINA Strategy Report · reviewed 2026-08-26

  331. Kartička 331

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, in a child or adolescent, which next action matters most in acute appendicitis?

    Odpoveď

    Give fluids, analgesia, antibiotics, and obtain prompt surgical consultation.

    Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Appendicitis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  334. Kartička 334

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, which diagnosis fits sudden loss of consciousness with bilateral tonic then clonic movements followed by confusion?

    Odpoveď

    Generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Sudden loss of consciousness with bilateral tonic then clonic movements followed by confusion supports a generalized convulsion.

    Epilepsies in Children, Young People and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  335. Kartička 335

    Otázka

    How should medication be used in herpes zoster?

    Odpoveď

    Start an oral antiviral early for eligible patients, especially with severe pain, older age, or high-risk sites.

    Clinical Overview of Shingles (Herpes Zoster) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  336. Kartička 336

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis is defined by suspected infection with acute organ dysfunction and may include altered mentation, hypotension, tachypnea, or poor perfusion?

    Odpoveď

    Sepsis. Suspected infection with acute organ dysfunction, altered mentation, hypotension, tachypnea, or poor perfusion suggests sepsis.

    2026 Surviving Sepsis Campaign Adult Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  337. Kartička 337

    Otázka

    What medication strategy is appropriate for uncomplicated cystitis?

    Odpoveď

    Nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole where appropriate, or fosfomycin are common first-line options guided by patient factors and resistance.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  338. Kartička 338

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis warrants empiric treatment when lower abdominal pain occurs with cervical-motion, uterine, or adnexal tenderness in a patient at STI risk?

    Odpoveď

    Pelvic inflammatory disease. Lower abdominal pain with cervical motion, uterine, or adnexal tenderness in a patient at STI risk supports empiric PID treatment.

    Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: STI Treatment Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  339. Kartička 339

    Otázka

    How should a clinician confirm or characterize pulmonary embolism?

    Odpoveď

    Use pretest probability with PERC or D-dimer when appropriate and CT pulmonary angiography for indicated stable patients.

    ASH VTE Guidelines: Diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolism · reviewed 2026-08-26

  340. Kartička 340

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis requires at least six months of illness with psychosis and functional decline, including at least one month of active symptoms, after exclusions?

    Odpoveď

    Schizophrenia. At least six months of illness with psychosis and functional decline, including at least one month of active symptoms, supports schizophrenia after exclusions.

    Management of First-Episode Psychosis and Schizophrenia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  342. Kartička 342

    Otázka

    What is the priority management step for primary adrenal insufficiency?

    Odpoveď

    Suspected adrenal crisis requires immediate glucocorticoid and isotonic fluid treatment before confirmatory results.

    Primary Adrenal Insufficiency Guideline Resources · reviewed 2026-08-26

  344. Kartička 344

    Otázka

    In a child aged 6 months or older, what is the priority management step for acute otitis media?

    Odpoveď

    Provide analgesia; treat severe illness promptly with antibiotics and use 24–48 hours of watchful waiting only for selected mildly ill children with reliable follow-up.

    Management of Acute Otitis Media in Children Six Months of Age and Older · reviewed 2026-08-26

  345. Kartička 345

    Otázka

    When antibiotic susceptibility is unknown, which empiric regimen is preferred for most treatment-naive Helicobacter pylori infection?

    Odpoveď

    Use 14-day optimized bismuth quadruple therapy: a proton-pump inhibitor, bismuth, tetracycline, and metronidazole.

    ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection · reviewed 2026-08-26

  346. Kartička 346

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, which diagnosis best fits this presentation: Hematuria with dysmorphic red cells or casts, hypertension, edema, and reduced kidney function suggests glomerular inflammation.

    Odpoveď

    Nephritic syndrome. Hematuria with dysmorphic red cells or casts, hypertension, edema, and reduced kidney function suggests glomerular inflammation.

    KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Glomerular Diseases with 2024 Chapter Updates · reviewed 2026-08-26

  352. Kartička 352

    Otázka

    Which test or testing sequence best evaluates suspected pulmonary tuberculosis?

    Odpoveď

    Obtain chest imaging and multiple respiratory specimens for nucleic-acid testing, smear, and culture with susceptibility testing.

    Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis for Tuberculosis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  353. Kartička 353

    Otázka

    Which test or testing sequence best evaluates suspected endometriosis?

    Odpoveď

    Diagnosis can be clinical with imaging for endometrioma or deep disease; laparoscopy is not mandatory before initial treatment.

    Endometriosis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  354. Kartička 354

    Otázka

    Which test or testing sequence best evaluates suspected panic disorder?

    Odpoveď

    Diagnosis is clinical after considering cardiac, pulmonary, endocrine, neurologic, medication, and substance causes.

    Panic Disorder: What You Need to Know · reviewed 2026-08-26

  355. Kartička 355

    Otázka

    How can a clinician reduce avoidable harm related to Crohn disease?

    Odpoveď

    Support smoking cessation and use effective maintenance therapy with objective monitoring to reduce relapse and complications.

    Updated 2025 ACG Guidelines for Crohn’s Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  358. Kartička 358

    Otázka

    Which history or examination finding most strongly supports peritonsillar abscess?

    Odpoveď

    Severe unilateral sore throat, muffled voice, drooling, trismus, and uvular deviation suggest a peritonsillar collection.

    Tonsillitis and Peritonsillar Abscess · reviewed 2026-08-26

  359. Kartička 359

    Otázka

    When should a safety event or near miss be reported?

    Odpoveď

    Report it through the local safety system promptly, including near misses, so hazards can be corrected without waiting for patient harm.

    Reporting Patient Safety Events · reviewed 2026-08-26

  361. Kartička 361

    Otázka

    Which bedside pattern best points to pleural effusion?

    Odpoveď

    Dyspnea with reduced breath sounds, dullness to percussion, and decreased tactile fremitus suggests pleural fluid.

    British Thoracic Society Guideline for Pleural Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  362. Kartička 362

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, what immediate plan is appropriate for melanoma?

    Odpoveď

    Prompt complete diagnostic excision and staging guide definitive surgical management.

    Melanoma Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  363. Kartička 363

    Otázka

    A clinician is considering uncomplicated cystitis. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpoveď

    Dysuria and frequency without vaginal symptoms strongly support lower urinary infection in an appropriate patient.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  364. Kartička 364

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, which clinical sequence defines a generalized tonic-clonic seizure?

    Odpoveď

    Loss of consciousness with bilateral tonic stiffening followed by clonic jerking and a postictal period defines the typical sequence.

    Epilepsies in Children, Young People and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  365. Kartička 365

    Otázka

    What is the priority management step for chronic kidney disease?

    Odpoveď

    Identify cause, quantify progression risk, treat complications, and refer for high-risk features or advanced disease.

    2024 CKD Evaluation and Management Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  366. Kartička 366

    Otázka

    Why does sepsis produce its defining clinical pattern?

    Odpoveď

    A dysregulated host response causes endothelial injury, vasodilation, capillary leak, and organ dysfunction.

    2026 Surviving Sepsis Campaign Adult Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  367. Kartička 367

    Otázka

    Which history or examination finding most strongly supports stable chronic hypertension?

    Odpoveď

    Repeated properly measured elevated readings, usually without symptoms, establish the clinical pattern.

    2025 High Blood Pressure Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  368. Kartička 368

    Otázka

    Why does pelvic inflammatory disease produce its defining clinical pattern?

    Odpoveď

    Ascending polymicrobial infection inflames endometrium and tubes, causing scarring and future ectopic or infertility risk.

    Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: STI Treatment Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  369. Kartička 369

    Otázka

    Which bedside pattern best points to chronic hepatitis C?

    Odpoveď

    Most chronic infections are asymptomatic; abnormal aminotransferases or risk-based screening may reveal disease.

    Viral Hepatitis Clinical Care · reviewed 2026-08-26

  370. Kartička 370

    Otázka

    Which symptom domains should a clinician assess in schizophrenia?

    Odpoveď

    Assess positive, negative, cognitive, and mood symptoms together with substance use, functioning, and safety.

    Management of First-Episode Psychosis and Schizophrenia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  371. Kartička 371

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, an older adult after a fall has groin pain, cannot bear weight, and holds a shortened, externally rotated leg. Which diagnosis is most likely?

    Odpoveď

    Hip fracture. An older adult after a fall with groin pain, inability to bear weight, and a shortened externally rotated leg likely has a hip fracture.

    Management of Hip Fractures in Older Adults: Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  372. Kartička 372

    Otázka

    In pulmonary embolism with hemodynamic compromise and no prohibitive bleeding risk, which drug class should be considered for reperfusion?

    Odpoveď

    Use systemic thrombolytic therapy followed by anticoagulation; weigh the immediate bleeding risk and activate an advanced-reperfusion pathway.

    ASH 2020 Guidelines for Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism · reviewed 2026-08-26

  373. Kartička 373

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis best fits this presentation: Unilateral leg swelling, pain, warmth, and risk from immobility, surgery, cancer, estrogen, or prior VTE raise suspicion.

    Odpoveď

    Acute deep-vein thrombosis. Unilateral leg swelling, pain, warmth, and risk from immobility, surgery, cancer, estrogen, or prior VTE raise suspicion.

    ASH VTE Guidelines: Diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolism · reviewed 2026-08-26

  374. Kartička 374

    Otázka

    Which preventive measure belongs in care for type 2 diabetes mellitus?

    Odpoveď

    Weight-supportive nutrition, physical activity, tobacco avoidance, and cardiometabolic risk control prevent complications.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  376. Kartička 376

    Otázka

    Which preventive measure belongs in care for acute angle-closure glaucoma?

    Odpoveď

    Definitive treatment of the fellow narrow-angle eye helps prevent a second attack.

    Management of Angle-Closure Glaucoma · reviewed 2026-08-26

  377. Kartička 377

    Otázka

    Exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, edema, elevated jugular venous pressure, an S3, and an echocardiographic LVEF of 35% indicate which heart-failure phenotype?

    Odpoveď

    Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The congestion findings establish heart failure, and an LVEF of 40% or less identifies the reduced-EF phenotype.

    2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure · reviewed 2026-08-26

  378. Kartička 378

    Otázka

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for multiple sclerosis relapse?

    Odpoveď

    A focal neurologic deficit evolving over hours to days and lasting over 24 hours, separated in time and space from prior events, suggests relapse.

    Multiple Sclerosis in Adults: Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  380. Kartička 380

    Otázka

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for HIV infection?

    Odpoveď

    Acute retroviral illness can cause fever, rash, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, or no symptoms; chronic infection may remain silent.

    About HIV · reviewed 2026-08-26

  382. Kartička 382

    Otázka

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for postpartum hemorrhage?

    Odpoveď

    Heavy postpartum bleeding with uterine atony, retained tissue, trauma, or coagulopathy can rapidly cause shock.

    Postpartum Hemorrhage · reviewed 2026-08-26

  384. Kartička 384

    Otázka

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for delirium?

    Odpoveď

    An acute fluctuating disturbance of attention and awareness with disorganized thinking suggests delirium.

    Delirium: Prevention, Diagnosis and Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  385. Kartička 385

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, what immediate plan is appropriate for ureteral stone?

    Odpoveď

    Provide analgesia, check for infection and kidney injury, and decompress urgently when obstruction is infected.

    EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  387. Kartička 387

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, a clinician is considering atopic dermatitis. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpoveď

    Chronic pruritic eczematous patches with age-dependent flexural or facial distribution and a relapsing course are typical.

    Atopic Dermatitis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  389. Kartička 389

    Otázka

    Which history or examination finding most strongly supports chronic kidney disease?

    Odpoveď

    CKD may be silent; edema, pruritus, anemia, hypertension, or abnormal urine testing often appears later.

    2024 CKD Evaluation and Management Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  390. Kartička 390

    Otázka

    Identify the condition from this pattern: Persistent symptoms beyond 10 days, severe fever with purulent drainage, or worsening after initial improvement are patterns that support bacterial disease.

    Odpoveď

    Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Persistent symptoms beyond 10 days, severe fever with purulent drainage, or worsening after initial improvement are patterns that support bacterial disease.

    Clinical Practice Guideline: Adult Sinusitis Update · reviewed 2026-08-26

  392. Kartička 392

    Otázka

    How should a clinician respond to a patient’s prejudiced request or discriminatory behavior?

    Odpoveď

    Address the behavior directly, explore its reasons, set limits that protect staff and other patients, and do not accommodate invidious discrimination; urgent care still takes priority.

    Discrimination and Disruptive Behavior by Patients · reviewed 2026-08-26

  394. Kartička 394

    Otázka

    How should a clinician confirm or characterize acute pancreatitis?

    Odpoveď

    Diagnosis requires two of three: characteristic pain, lipase or amylase at least three times normal, or compatible imaging.

    ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Acute Pancreatitis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  395. Kartička 395

    Otázka

    Which next action matters most in pulmonary tuberculosis?

    Odpoveď

    Isolate suspected contagious disease and coordinate promptly with public health.

    Tuberculosis Infection Control · reviewed 2026-08-26

  397. Kartička 397

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, which next action matters most in endometriosis?

    Odpoveď

    Offer empiric symptom treatment or surgery based on severity, fertility goals, masses, and response.

    Endometriosis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  398. Kartička 398

    Otázka

    A patient has this pattern: Sudden dyspnea, pleuritic pain, tachycardia, hypoxemia, hemoptysis, or syncope with VTE risk raises suspicion. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpoveď

    Pulmonary embolism. Sudden dyspnea, pleuritic pain, tachycardia, hypoxemia, hemoptysis, or syncope with VTE risk raises suspicion.

    ASH VTE Guidelines: Diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolism · reviewed 2026-08-26

  399. Kartička 399

    Otázka

    Which next action matters most in panic disorder?

    Odpoveď

    During an attack, ensure safety and exclude an emergency; for ongoing disorder, offer cognitive behavioral therapy and/or medication.

    Panic Disorder: What You Need to Know · reviewed 2026-08-26

  401. Kartička 401

    Otázka

    What immediate plan is appropriate for COPD?

    Odpoveď

    For an exacerbation, increase short-acting bronchodilation, use systemic steroids, add antibiotics when indicated, and support ventilation.

    2026 GOLD Report and Pocket Guide · reviewed 2026-08-26

  402. Kartička 402

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, which bedside pattern best points to juvenile idiopathic arthritis?

    Odpoveď

    Persistent joint swelling, limited motion, or morning stiffness beginning before age 16, after excluding other causes, suggests JIA.

    2026 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  403. Kartička 403

    Otázka

    What is the priority management step for stable chronic hypertension?

    Odpoveď

    Estimate cardiovascular risk, assess target-organ damage, and set an individualized treatment plan.

    2025 High Blood Pressure Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  408. Kartička 408

    Otázka

    Which medication prevents seizures in preeclampsia with severe features?

    Odpoveď

    Use magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis while controlling severe hypertension and planning delivery according to maternal and fetal status.

    Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  409. Kartička 409

    Otázka

    What is shared decision-making?

    Odpoveď

    The clinician presents reasonable options and evidence, elicits the patient’s goals and tradeoffs, and reaches a choice together when more than one path is reasonable.

    The SHARE Approach · reviewed 2026-08-26

  410. Kartička 410

    Otázka

    In a child aged 6 years or older or an adolescent, what drug class or regimen fits attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

    Odpoveď

    Extended-release stimulants are first-line medication for most children and adolescents when combined with nonpharmacologic care and monitored for benefit and adverse effects.

    ADHD in Children and Youth: Part 2—Treatment · reviewed 2026-08-26

  412. Kartička 412

    Otázka

    Which pharmacologic approach is preferred for acute angle-closure glaucoma?

    Odpoveď

    Use pressure-lowering topical agents plus systemic acetazolamide when appropriate; pilocarpine is added after pressure begins to fall.

    Management of Angle-Closure Glaucoma · reviewed 2026-08-26

  413. Kartička 413

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis best fits this presentation: A painful unilateral grouped-vesicle eruption in a dermatomal distribution is characteristic.

    Odpoveď

    Herpes zoster. A painful unilateral grouped-vesicle eruption in a dermatomal distribution is characteristic.

    Clinical Overview of Shingles (Herpes Zoster) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  415. Kartička 415

    Otázka

    What counseling point helps reduce harm from symptomatic aortic stenosis?

    Odpoveď

    Teach patients to report exertional dyspnea, angina, presyncope, or syncope promptly; new symptoms require timely reassessment, and severe symptomatic AS warrants valve-team evaluation rather than surveillance alone.

    2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  416. Kartička 416

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, which diagnosis best fits this presentation: Abrupt severe unilateral scrotal pain, a high-riding transverse testis, nausea, and an absent cremasteric reflex are concerning.

    Odpoveď

    Testicular torsion. Sudden severe unilateral pain with nausea or vomiting, a high-riding transverse testis, and loss of the cremasteric reflex is the classic pattern.

    Testicular Torsion · reviewed 2026-08-26

  420. Kartička 420

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, what condition should be suspected from this finding: Headache, fever, focal deficit, seizure, or signs of raised intracranial pressure after sinus, ear, dental, or bloodstream infection raise suspicion.

    Odpoveď

    Bacterial brain abscess. Headache, fever, focal deficit, seizure, or signs of raised intracranial pressure after sinus, ear, dental, or bloodstream infection raise suspicion.

    ESCMID Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Abscess in Children and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  422. Kartička 422

    Otázka

    What condition should be suspected from this finding: Chronic cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysis, or epidemiologic exposure raises concern.

    Odpoveď

    Pulmonary tuberculosis. Chronic cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysis, or epidemiologic exposure raises concern.

    Clinical Overview of Tuberculosis Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  423. Kartička 423

    Otázka

    Which pharmacologic approach is preferred for type 2 diabetes mellitus?

    Odpoveď

    Choose glucose-lowering therapy around comorbid ASCVD, heart failure, CKD, weight goals, hypoglycemia risk, and patient priorities; metformin remains appropriate for many.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  424. Kartička 424

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, which diagnosis best fits cyclic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia, painful defecation, or infertility?

    Odpoveď

    Endometriosis. Cyclic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia, painful defecation, or infertility suggests endometriosis.

    Endometriosis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  426. Kartička 426

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis requires recurrent unexpected panic attacks plus persistent worry or maladaptive avoidance for at least one month?

    Odpoveď

    Panic disorder. Recurrent unexpected panic attacks plus persistent worry or maladaptive avoidance for at least a month suggests panic disorder.

    Panic Disorder: What You Need to Know · reviewed 2026-08-26

  427. Kartička 427

    Otázka

    How should uncertainty be communicated?

    Odpoveď

    Name what is known and unknown, explain the leading possibilities and why, state the plan to reduce uncertainty, and give specific follow-up or return precautions.

    Why Does Clinical Uncertainty Matter? · reviewed 2026-08-26

  428. Kartička 428

    Otázka

    Which medication is FDA-approved for moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity?

    Odpoveď

    Tirzepatide is approved for adults with obesity and moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea, used with a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity.

    FDA Approves First Medication for Obstructive Sleep Apnea · reviewed 2026-08-26

  431. Kartička 431

    Otázka

    A clinician is considering upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpoveď

    Hematemesis, coffee-ground emesis, or melena with orthostasis indicates an upper gastrointestinal source until shown otherwise.

    ACG Clinical Guideline: Upper Gastrointestinal and Ulcer Bleeding · reviewed 2026-08-26

  434. Kartička 434

    Otázka

    Which treatment should not be offered solely to treat multiple sclerosis?

    Odpoveď

    Do not offer vitamin D solely to treat multiple sclerosis.

    Multiple Sclerosis in Adults: Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  435. Kartička 435

    Otázka

    Which pathophysiologic process drives plaque psoriasis?

    Odpoveď

    IL-23 and Th17 pathway activation drives accelerated keratinocyte turnover.

    Psoriasis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  436. Kartička 436

    Otázka

    How can a clinician reduce avoidable harm related to HIV infection?

    Odpoveď

    PrEP, condoms, sterile injection equipment, perinatal treatment, and sustained viral suppression prevent transmission.

    Preventing HIV · reviewed 2026-08-26

  437. Kartička 437

    Otázka

    Which pathophysiologic process drives acute pyelonephritis?

    Odpoveď

    Ascending infection reaches the renal pelvis and parenchyma, producing systemic illness.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  438. Kartička 438

    Otázka

    How can a clinician reduce avoidable harm related to postpartum hemorrhage?

    Odpoveď

    Antenatal anemia treatment, active management of the third stage, and hemorrhage protocols reduce morbidity.

    Postpartum Hemorrhage · reviewed 2026-08-26

  439. Kartička 439

    Otázka

    What is the key first diagnostic step for tension pneumothorax?

    Odpoveď

    Diagnosis is clinical in an unstable patient; bedside ultrasound can support it but imaging must not delay decompression.

    Thoracic Trauma WSES-AAST Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  440. Kartička 440

    Otázka

    How can a clinician reduce avoidable harm related to delirium?

    Odpoveď

    Orientation, mobility, sleep protection, hearing and vision aids, hydration, and medication review reduce hospital delirium.

    Delirium: Prevention, Diagnosis and Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  445. Kartička 445

    Otázka

    A patient has this pattern: Severe persistent epigastric pain radiating to the back with nausea and vomiting is typical. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpoveď

    Acute pancreatitis. Severe persistent epigastric pain radiating to the back with nausea and vomiting is typical.

    ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Acute Pancreatitis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  448. Kartička 448

    Otázka

    Which electrolyte disorder may cause weakness, paresthesias, bradycardia, or ECG changes but can be dangerous even without symptoms?

    Odpoveď

    Hyperkalemia. Weakness, paresthesias, bradycardia, or ECG changes can occur, but dangerous hyperkalemia may be asymptomatic.

    Clinical Practice Guideline: Treatment of Acute Hyperkalaemia in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  450. Kartička 450

    Otázka

    Which pharmacologic approach is preferred for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction?

    Odpoveď

    Foundational chronic therapy includes an ARNI or ACE inhibitor/ARB, an evidence-based beta-blocker, an MRA, and an SGLT2 inhibitor when tolerated.

    2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure · reviewed 2026-08-26

  451. Kartička 451

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, severe dyspnea, unilateral absent breath sounds, hypotension, distended neck veins, and obstructive shock indicate which diagnosis?

    Odpoveď

    Tension pneumothorax. Severe dyspnea, unilateral absent breath sounds, hypotension, distended neck veins, and obstructive shock suggest tension physiology.

    Thoracic Trauma WSES-AAST Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  452. Kartička 452

    Otázka

    Which bedside pattern best points to ectopic pregnancy?

    Odpoveď

    Unilateral pelvic pain or bleeding in early pregnancy, especially with syncope or shoulder pain, raises concern for ectopic implantation.

    Ectopic Pregnancy · reviewed 2026-08-26

  456. Kartička 456

    Otázka

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for type 2 diabetes mellitus?

    Odpoveď

    Polyuria, polydipsia, blurred vision, recurrent infections, or an asymptomatic high-risk patient may reveal hyperglycemia.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  457. Kartička 457

    Otázka

    In a postmenopausal woman or man aged 50 or older, which steps support bone health and reduce fracture risk?

    Odpoveď

    Adequate calcium and vitamin D, weight-bearing and muscle-strengthening exercise, fall-risk reduction, tobacco cessation, and avoiding excess alcohol support bone health.

    The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  458. Kartička 458

    Otázka

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for acute angle-closure glaucoma?

    Odpoveď

    Sudden painful red eye, blurred vision with halos, headache, nausea, a fixed mid-dilated pupil, and a firm globe are classic.

    Management of Angle-Closure Glaucoma · reviewed 2026-08-26

  461. Kartička 461

    Otázka

    Which test or testing sequence best evaluates suspected plaque psoriasis?

    Odpoveď

    Diagnosis is usually clinical; biopsy is reserved for uncertain morphology.

    Psoriasis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  463. Kartička 463

    Otázka

    What diagnostic approach is most appropriate when uncomplicated cystitis is suspected?

    Odpoveď

    Urinalysis supports the diagnosis; culture is important for complicated, recurrent, resistant, pregnant, or atypical cases.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  466. Kartička 466

    Otázka

    How should a clinician initially manage early syphilis?

    Odpoveď

    Treat the patient and ensure partner evaluation; urgent specialist evaluation is needed for ocular, otic, or neurologic disease.

    Primary and Secondary Syphilis: STI Treatment Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  469. Kartička 469

    Otázka

    Why does acute cholecystitis produce its defining clinical pattern?

    Odpoveď

    A gallstone can block bile flow, causing gallbladder pain and swelling (inflammation).

    Cholecystectomy · reviewed 2026-08-26

  471. Kartička 471

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, a clinician is considering septic arthritis. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpoveď

    Acute severe monoarticular pain, restricted passive motion, fever, or bacteremia risk is septic arthritis until excluded.

    Guideline for Management of Septic Arthritis in Native Joints · reviewed 2026-08-26

  473. Kartička 473

    Otázka

    For an eligible infant or selected high-risk child aged 8–19 months, which immunization strategy reduces severe RSV disease?

    Odpoveď

    Use either maternal RSV vaccination or a recommended long-acting RSV antibody to protect infants; give nirsevimab to eligible high-risk children aged 8–19 months entering a second RSV season.

    RSV Immunization Guidance for Infants and Young Children · reviewed 2026-08-26

  474. Kartička 474

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis causes weight loss, fatigue, hypotension, salt craving, hyperpigmentation, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia?

    Odpoveď

    Primary adrenal insufficiency. Weight loss, fatigue, hypotension, salt craving, hyperpigmentation, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia suggest primary adrenal failure.

    Primary Adrenal Insufficiency Guideline Resources · reviewed 2026-08-26

  475. Kartička 475

    Otázka

    What is the ethical approach to a learner performing a procedure?

    Odpoveď

    Tell the patient who will participate, describe supervision, obtain voluntary agreement, and ensure refusal does not compromise care.

    Residents and Fellows: Patient Involvement in Self-Education · reviewed 2026-08-26

  476. Kartička 476

    Otázka

    In a child aged 6 months or older, what condition should be suspected from a bulging tympanic membrane with acute ear pain or new otorrhea?

    Odpoveď

    Acute otitis media. A bulging tympanic membrane with acute ear pain or new otorrhea is more specific than redness alone.

    Management of Acute Otitis Media in Children Six Months of Age and Older · reviewed 2026-08-26

  478. Kartička 478

    Otázka

    How should medication be used in multiple sclerosis relapse?

    Odpoveď

    High-dose corticosteroids shorten a disabling relapse; they do not alter long-term progression by themselves.

    Multiple Sclerosis in Adults: Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  480. Kartička 480

    Otázka

    How should medication be used in HIV infection?

    Odpoveď

    Use a recommended combination antiretroviral regimen selected for resistance, interactions, comorbidity, pregnancy potential, and patient preference.

    What to Start: Initial Combination Antiretroviral Regimens · reviewed 2026-08-26

  482. Kartička 482

    Otázka

    How should medication be used in postpartum hemorrhage?

    Odpoveď

    Oxytocin is first-line for uterine atony; add other uterotonics according to contraindications and give tranexamic acid early when indicated.

    Postpartum Hemorrhage · reviewed 2026-08-26

  483. Kartička 483

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, which history or examination finding most strongly supports asthma?

    Odpoveď

    Variable wheeze, cough, chest tightness, or dyspnea that changes over time and with triggers suggests asthma.

    2026 GINA Strategy Report · reviewed 2026-08-26

  484. Kartička 484

    Otázka

    How should medication be used in delirium?

    Odpoveď

    Reserve short-term antipsychotic use for severe dangerous agitation after reversible causes and contraindications are addressed.

    Delirium: Prevention, Diagnosis and Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  485. Kartička 485

    Otázka

    Which preventive measure belongs in care for herpes zoster?

    Odpoveď

    Age-appropriate recombinant zoster vaccination lowers zoster and postherpetic-neuralgia risk.

    Clinical Overview of Shingles (Herpes Zoster) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  486. Kartička 486

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, what condition should be suspected from this finding: Abrupt severe chest or back pain, pulse or blood-pressure asymmetry, and a new aortic regurgitation murmur are high-risk clues.

    Odpoveď

    Aortic dissection. Abrupt severe chest or back pain, pulse or blood-pressure asymmetry, and a new aortic regurgitation murmur are high-risk clues.

    2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  487. Kartička 487

    Otázka

    Which preventive step is required during surgery for viable testicular torsion?

    Odpoveď

    Perform bilateral orchiopexy, fixing the affected and contralateral testes to reduce future torsion risk.

    Testicular Torsion · reviewed 2026-08-26

  489. Kartička 489

    Otázka

    Why does primary hypothyroidism produce its defining clinical pattern?

    Odpoveď

    Low thyroid hormone removes feedback inhibition, so TSH rises in primary gland failure.

    Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism · reviewed 2026-08-26

  491. Kartička 491

    Otázka

    Why does bacterial conjunctivitis produce its defining clinical pattern?

    Odpoveď

    Bacterial infection of the conjunctiva commonly produces red eye with purulent discharge that mats the eyelids.

    Clinical Overview of Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  492. Kartička 492

    Otázka

    When is a chaperone appropriate for an intimate examination?

    Odpoveď

    Offer a trained chaperone, respect patient preferences when safety permits, explain the examination, obtain consent, and document who was present.

    Use of Chaperones · reviewed 2026-08-26

  493. Kartička 493

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis causes recurrent unilateral pulsating headache with nausea or sensory sensitivity, preceded by gradually spreading reversible visual or sensory symptoms?

    Odpoveď

    Migraine with aura. Recurrent unilateral pulsating headache with nausea or sensory sensitivity, preceded by gradually spreading reversible visual or sensory symptoms, suggests migraine with aura.

    ICHD-3: Migraine with Aura · reviewed 2026-08-26

  494. Kartička 494

    Otázka

    What medication strategy is appropriate for Crohn disease?

    Odpoveď

    Corticosteroids can induce remission but are not maintenance therapy; immunomodulator or biologic selection depends on risk and phenotype.

    Updated 2025 ACG Guidelines for Crohn’s Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  495. Kartička 495

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis best fits a painless chancre or a diffuse rash involving the palms and soles with generalized lymphadenopathy?

    Odpoveď

    Early syphilis. A painless chancre or a diffuse rash involving palms and soles with generalized lymphadenopathy suggests syphilis by stage.

    Primary and Secondary Syphilis: STI Treatment Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  497. Kartička 497

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis best fits irregular, unpredictable uterine bleeding at reproductive extremes or with endocrine disruption?

    Odpoveď

    Abnormal uterine bleeding from anovulation. Irregular unpredictable bleeding without cyclic ovulation is common at reproductive extremes or with endocrine disruption.

    Abnormal Uterine Bleeding · reviewed 2026-08-26

  499. Kartička 499

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis requires intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or cognition, and hyperarousal lasting more than one month after trauma?

    Odpoveď

    Post-traumatic stress disorder. Intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or cognition, and hyperarousal lasting over a month after trauma suggest PTSD.

    Management of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder · reviewed 2026-08-26

  502. Kartička 502

    Otázka

    What drug class or regimen fits atrial fibrillation?

    Odpoveď

    Choose anticoagulation from validated thromboembolic-risk assessment; direct oral anticoagulants are preferred for most eligible patients without mechanical valves or moderate-to-severe rheumatic mitral stenosis.

    2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for Atrial Fibrillation: Key Perspectives · reviewed 2026-08-26

  503. Kartička 503

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, which history or examination finding most strongly supports acute appendicitis?

    Odpoveď

    Periumbilical pain migrating to the right lower quadrant with anorexia, nausea, fever, and focal tenderness is typical.

    Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Appendicitis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  504. Kartička 504

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis best fits this presentation: Nocturnal numbness or tingling in the thumb, index, and middle fingers with thenar weakness suggests median-nerve compression.

    Odpoveď

    Carpal tunnel syndrome. Nocturnal numbness or tingling in the thumb, index, and middle fingers with thenar weakness suggests median-nerve compression.

    Management of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  506. Kartička 506

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, how can a clinician reduce avoidable harm related to diabetic ketoacidosis?

    Odpoveď

    Sick-day planning, continued basal insulin, ketone checks, and early contact for illness reduce recurrence.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  507. Kartička 507

    Otázka

    How should a clinician confirm or characterize early syphilis?

    Odpoveď

    Use a nontreponemal test with a treponemal confirmatory test, or the reverse sequence; evaluate neurologic or ocular symptoms separately.

    Primary and Secondary Syphilis: STI Treatment Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  508. Kartička 508

    Otázka

    How can a clinician reduce avoidable harm related to retinal detachment?

    Odpoveď

    Assess sudden new floaters, flashes, or a curtain immediately; early treatment can prevent permanent vision loss. Dilated examination can find a small tear or detachment before vision is affected.

    Retinal Detachment · reviewed 2026-08-26

  510. Kartička 510

    Otázka

    How should social media be handled when a clinical story seems de-identified?

    Odpoveď

    Do not post patient material without proper authorization; combinations of details can identify a person even when names are removed.

    Professionalism in the Use of Social Media · reviewed 2026-08-26

  513. Kartička 513

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, what medication strategy is appropriate for atopic dermatitis?

    Odpoveď

    Topical corticosteroids are first-line for most flares; steroid-sparing topical agents help at sensitive sites or with maintenance.

    Atopic Dermatitis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  516. Kartička 516

    Otázka

    Which history or examination finding most strongly supports acute pyelonephritis?

    Odpoveď

    Fever, flank pain, costovertebral-angle tenderness, nausea, and urinary symptoms suggest renal infection.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  517. Kartička 517

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, which next action matters most in tension pneumothorax?

    Odpoveď

    Perform immediate decompression followed by tube thoracostomy.

    Thoracic Trauma WSES-AAST Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  518. Kartička 518

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis best fits this presentation: Chronic diarrhea, bloating, weight loss, iron deficiency, dermatitis herpetiformis, or unexplained osteoporosis can be the clue.

    Odpoveď

    Celiac disease. Chronic diarrhea, bloating, weight loss, iron deficiency, dermatitis herpetiformis, or unexplained osteoporosis can be the clue.

    ACG Clinical Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Celiac Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  519. Kartička 519

    Otázka

    What physiologic disturbance underlies anterior cruciate ligament tear?

    Odpoveď

    An ACL tear removes a primary restraint to anterior tibial translation and rotation, producing anterior and rotational instability.

    The Management of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries · reviewed 2026-08-26

  520. Kartička 520

    Otázka

    A clinician is considering heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpoveď

    Exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, edema, elevated jugular venous pressure, and an S3 support volume-overloaded heart failure.

    2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure · reviewed 2026-08-26

  523. Kartička 523

    Otázka

    What physiologic disturbance underlies pulmonary tuberculosis?

    Odpoveď

    Mycobacteria survive in macrophages and drive granulomatous inflammation with latent or active disease.

    Clinical Overview of Tuberculosis Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  524. Kartička 524

    Otázka

    Which antibiotic is required for gonococcal conjunctivitis in an adult?

    Odpoveď

    Give systemic ceftriaxone; consider one-time saline lavage and evaluate for chlamydial coinfection when it has not been excluded.

    Gonococcal Infections Among Adolescents and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  525. Kartička 525

    Otázka

    What physiologic disturbance underlies endometriosis?

    Odpoveď

    Estrogen-responsive ectopic endometrial-like tissue drives inflammation, fibrosis, and pain.

    Endometriosis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  526. Kartička 526

    Otázka

    What should a clinician do after sending protected information to the wrong recipient?

    Odpoveď

    Act immediately to limit further disclosure, notify the organization’s privacy or security process, document facts, and follow breach assessment requirements.

    Breach Notification Rule · reviewed 2026-08-26

  527. Kartička 527

    Otázka

    Which clinical pattern defines a panic attack?

    Odpoveď

    An abrupt surge of intense fear or discomfort with physical and cognitive symptoms that peaks within minutes defines a panic attack.

    Panic Disorder: What You Need to Know · reviewed 2026-08-26

  528. Kartička 528

    Otázka

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for acute kidney injury?

    Odpoveď

    A rising creatinine or falling urine output after illness, volume loss, nephrotoxin exposure, obstruction, or sepsis indicates AKI.

    KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury · reviewed 2026-08-26

  529. Kartička 529

    Otázka

    What physiologic disturbance underlies tension pneumothorax?

    Odpoveď

    A one-way pleural air leak raises intrathoracic pressure, collapses the lung, and impairs venous return.

    Thoracic Trauma WSES-AAST Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  532. Kartička 532

    Otázka

    A patient has this pattern: Fever plus a new or changing murmur, embolic findings, injection-drug use, or prosthetic material raises suspicion. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpoveď

    Infective endocarditis. Fever plus a new or changing murmur, embolic findings, injection-drug use, or prosthetic material raises suspicion.

    2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  536. Kartička 536

    Otázka

    Which prevention or risk-reduction step is important for community-acquired pneumonia?

    Odpoveď

    Keep age- and risk-appropriate pneumococcal vaccination current to reduce preventable pneumococcal pneumonia.

    Pneumococcal Vaccine Recommendations · reviewed 2026-08-26

  538. Kartička 538

    Otázka

    Which prevention or risk-reduction step is important for ectopic pregnancy?

    Odpoveď

    Early testing after a missed period and prompt evaluation of pain or bleeding reduce rupture morbidity.

    Ectopic Pregnancy · reviewed 2026-08-26

  542. Kartička 542

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, what drug class or regimen fits diabetic ketoacidosis?

    Odpoveď

    Use continuous IV regular insulin; add dextrose as glucose falls so ketone clearance can continue.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  543. Kartička 543

    Otázka

    What is the key first diagnostic step for peritonsillar abscess?

    Odpoveď

    Diagnosis is usually clinical; ultrasound or CT helps when the diagnosis or deep-space extension is uncertain.

    Tonsillitis and Peritonsillar Abscess · reviewed 2026-08-26

  544. Kartička 544

    Otázka

    What does continuity require before ending a clinician-patient relationship?

    Odpoveď

    Give reasonable notice, provide urgent coverage during the transition, offer transfer resources, and make records available as permitted.

    Terminating a Patient-Physician Relationship · reviewed 2026-08-26

  545. Kartička 545

    Otázka

    What counseling point helps reduce harm from chronic hepatitis C?

    Odpoveď

    Avoid blood exposure, do not share injection equipment, and screen all adults and each pregnancy as recommended.

    Viral Hepatitis Clinical Care · reviewed 2026-08-26

  547. Kartička 547

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, what counseling point helps reduce harm from juvenile idiopathic arthritis?

    Odpoveď

    Vaccination, eye screening, activity, and growth monitoring reduce preventable morbidity.

    2026 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  549. Kartička 549

    Otázka

    A clinician is considering subarachnoid hemorrhage. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpoveď

    A sudden maximal-at-onset thunderclap headache, neck stiffness, vomiting, or brief loss of consciousness is concerning.

    2023 Guideline for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage · reviewed 2026-08-26

  551. Kartička 551

    Otázka

    In a child, typically 6 months to 3 years, what counseling point helps reduce harm from croup?

    Odpoveď

    Caregivers should seek urgent assessment for stridor at rest, marked chest retractions, cyanosis, lethargy, or poor air entry.

    Acute Management of Croup in the Emergency Department · reviewed 2026-08-26

  552. Kartička 552

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, a clinician is considering bacterial meningitis. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpoveď

    Fever, headache, neck stiffness, altered mental status, or a nonblanching rash should trigger urgent evaluation.

    WHO Guidelines on Meningitis Diagnosis, Treatment and Care · reviewed 2026-08-26

  553. Kartička 553

    Otázka

    A clinician is considering preeclampsia with severe features. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpoveď

    New hypertension after 20 weeks with end-organ findings such as severe pressure, thrombocytopenia, liver injury, kidney injury, pulmonary edema, or neurologic symptoms suggests severe disease.

    Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  554. Kartička 554

    Otázka

    A clinician is considering bipolar I mania. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpoveď

    At least one week of elevated or irritable mood with increased energy, decreased sleep, pressured speech, grandiosity, and risky behavior suggests mania.

    Management of Bipolar Disorder in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  558. Kartička 558

    Otázka

    Which bedside pattern best points to retinal detachment?

    Odpoveď

    New flashes, floaters, and a curtain or shadow across the visual field suggest detachment.

    Retinal Detachment · reviewed 2026-08-26

  559. Kartička 559

    Otázka

    How should a clinician respond when requested to falsify a work note or record?

    Odpoveď

    Decline, document objective facts accurately, explain what can truthfully be certified, and preserve the integrity of the record.

    Management of Medical Records · reviewed 2026-08-26

  560. Kartička 560

    Otázka

    How can a clinician reduce avoidable harm related to hypertensive emergency?

    Odpoveď

    Accurate home monitoring and sustained treatment adherence reduce progression to crisis.

    2025 High Blood Pressure Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  561. Kartička 561

    Otázka

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for COPD?

    Odpoveď

    Progressive exertional dyspnea, chronic cough or sputum, and exposure to tobacco, biomass, or occupational irritants suggest COPD.

    2026 GOLD Report and Pocket Guide · reviewed 2026-08-26

  562. Kartička 562

    Otázka

    Which pharmacologic approach is preferred for acute pyelonephritis?

    Odpoveď

    Select empiric therapy from local resistance and severity, then narrow to the culture.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  563. Kartička 563

    Otázka

    Which history or examination finding most strongly supports plaque psoriasis?

    Odpoveď

    Well-demarcated erythematous plaques with silvery scale on extensor surfaces and nail pitting support psoriasis.

    Psoriasis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  564. Kartička 564

    Otázka

    What immediate plan is appropriate for Parkinson disease?

    Odpoveď

    Start multidisciplinary care and choose symptomatic treatment by functional impact, age, cognition, and adverse-effect risk.

    Parkinson’s Disease in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  565. Kartička 565

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis best fits hypotonic euvolemic hyponatremia with inappropriately concentrated urine after thyroid, adrenal, renal, and diuretic causes are excluded?

    Odpoveď

    Hyponatremia due to SIADH. Nausea, confusion, gait change, seizure, or subtle cognitive symptoms with hypotonic euvolemic hyponatremia may reflect SIADH.

    Clinical Practice Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyponatraemia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  566. Kartička 566

    Otázka

    What immediate plan is appropriate for gonococcal urethritis or cervicitis?

    Odpoveď

    Treat promptly, test for other STIs, abstain until treatment criteria are met, and arrange partner services.

    Gonococcal Infections Among Adolescents and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  568. Kartička 568

    Otázka

    What immediate plan is appropriate for menopause vasomotor symptoms?

    Odpoveď

    Match treatment to symptom burden, uterus status, contraindications, and patient preference.

    Hormone Therapy for Menopause · reviewed 2026-08-26

  574. Kartička 574

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, which bedside pattern best points to diabetic ketoacidosis?

    Odpoveď

    Hyperglycemia with dehydration, abdominal pain, vomiting, Kussmaul respirations, or altered mental status suggests ketoacidosis.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  575. Kartička 575

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, how should a clinician initially manage peritonsillar abscess?

    Odpoveď

    Assess the airway, drain the abscess, hydrate, and treat infection.

    Tonsillitis and Peritonsillar Abscess · reviewed 2026-08-26

  576. Kartička 576

    Otázka

    Which factors determine a PA’s scope of practice?

    Odpoveď

    A PA’s education and experience, state law, practice-setting policy and credentialing, and the care team’s arrangements together define the services the PA may provide.

    PA Scope of Practice · reviewed 2026-08-26

  581. Kartička 581

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis is defined by acute hypoxemic respiratory failure with bilateral opacities not fully explained by cardiac failure after a known insult?

    Odpoveď

    Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure with bilateral opacities not fully explained by cardiac failure after a known insult suggests ARDS.

    An Update on Management of Adult Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome · reviewed 2026-08-26

  582. Kartička 582

    Otázka

    What medication strategy is appropriate for ectopic pregnancy?

    Odpoveď

    Methotrexate is an option for selected stable unruptured ectopic pregnancy without contraindications.

    Ectopic Pregnancy · reviewed 2026-08-26

  584. Kartička 584

    Otázka

    In a child or adolescent, identify the condition from this pattern: Chronic pruritic eczematous patches with age-dependent flexural or facial distribution and a relapsing course are typical.

    Odpoveď

    Atopic dermatitis. Chronic pruritic eczematous patches with age-dependent flexural or facial distribution and a relapsing course are typical.

    Atopic Dermatitis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  585. Kartička 585

    Otázka

    Which pharmacologic approach is preferred for a postmenopausal woman with osteoporosis at high fracture risk?

    Odpoveď

    Bisphosphonates are first-line for many postmenopausal women at high fracture risk; consider anabolic therapy for very high risk.

    Pharmacological Management of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women · reviewed 2026-08-26

  587. Kartička 587

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis best fits dysuria and frequency without vaginal symptoms in an otherwise appropriate patient?

    Odpoveď

    Uncomplicated cystitis. Dysuria and frequency without vaginal symptoms strongly support lower urinary infection in an appropriate patient.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  589. Kartička 589

    Otázka

    What condition should be suspected from this finding: A single fever in a patient with severe chemotherapy-related neutropenia is an emergency even when examination is unrevealing.

    Odpoveď

    Neutropenic fever. A single fever in a patient with severe chemotherapy-related neutropenia is an emergency even when examination is unrevealing.

    Outpatient Management of Fever and Neutropenia in Adults Treated for Malignancy · reviewed 2026-08-26

  590. Kartička 590

    Otázka

    What is the purpose of root cause analysis after a serious patient-safety event?

    Odpoveď

    Identify active and latent system contributors, then design and track corrective actions that reduce recurrence rather than stopping at individual blame.

    Root Cause Analysis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  591. Kartička 591

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, a patient has this pattern: Often asymptomatic hypercalcemia, nephrolithiasis, bone loss, constipation, or neurocognitive symptoms can be the clue. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpoveď

    Primary hyperparathyroidism. Often asymptomatic hypercalcemia, nephrolithiasis, bone loss, constipation, or neurocognitive symptoms can be the clue.

    Evaluation and Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Fifth International Workshop Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  593. Kartička 593

    Otázka

    A patient has this pattern: A rapid unilateral hearing decrease, often noticed on waking and sometimes with tinnitus, is an otologic emergency. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpoveď

    Sudden sensorineural hearing loss. A rapid unilateral hearing decrease, often noticed on waking and sometimes with tinnitus, is an otologic emergency.

    Clinical Practice Guideline: Sudden Hearing Loss (Update) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  594. Kartička 594

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis requires bradykinesia plus rest tremor or rigidity and often includes reduced arm swing or a shuffling gait?

    Odpoveď

    Parkinson disease. Bradykinesia plus rest tremor or rigidity, with reduced arm swing and shuffling gait, supports parkinsonism.

    Parkinson’s Disease in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  595. Kartička 595

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis best fits purulent urethral discharge, dysuria, cervicitis, pelvic pain, or a relevant sexual exposure, although infection may be asymptomatic?

    Odpoveď

    Gonococcal urethritis or cervicitis. Purulent urethral discharge, dysuria, cervicitis, pelvic pain, or exposure may indicate gonorrhea, but infection can be asymptomatic.

    Gonococcal Infections Among Adolescents and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  596. Kartička 596

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis best fits hot flashes, night sweats, sleep disruption, and menstrual transition at the expected age?

    Odpoveď

    Menopause vasomotor symptoms. Hot flashes, night sweats, sleep disruption, and menstrual transition at the expected age usually identify menopausal vasomotor symptoms.

    The Menopause Years · reviewed 2026-08-26

  597. Kartička 597

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis causes tremor, autonomic hyperactivity, insomnia, nausea, anxiety, hallucinations, or seizures after reducing heavy alcohol use?

    Odpoveď

    Alcohol withdrawal. Tremor, autonomic hyperactivity, insomnia, nausea, anxiety, hallucinations, or seizures after reducing heavy alcohol use suggests withdrawal.

    The ASAM Clinical Practice Guideline on Alcohol Withdrawal Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  598. Kartička 598

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis causes bloody diarrhea, urgency, tenesmus, and crampy abdominal pain with continuous colonic inflammation?

    Odpoveď

    Ulcerative colitis. Bloody diarrhea, urgency, tenesmus, and crampy abdominal pain with continuous colonic inflammation suggest ulcerative colitis.

    Updated 2025 ACG Guidelines to Manage Adult Ulcerative Colitis Patients · reviewed 2026-08-26

  599. Kartička 599

    Otázka

    Which diagnosis best fits abrupt severe monoarthritis with erythema, often at the first metatarsophalangeal joint?

    Odpoveď

    Gout flare. Abrupt severe monoarthritis with erythema, often at the first metatarsophalangeal joint, suggests gout.

    Gout · reviewed 2026-08-26

  600. Kartička 600

    Otázka

    For surgical decision-making, which diagnosis best fits this presentation: Exertional dyspnea, angina, or syncope with a harsh crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur radiating to the carotids is typical.

    Odpoveď

    Symptomatic aortic stenosis. Exertional dyspnea, angina, or syncope with a harsh crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur radiating to the carotids is typical.

    2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

Illustrated clinical review desk with a stethoscope, ECG trace, lungs, brain, and study cards arranged around a clear central title-safe area.

600 kartičiek

PANCE Flashcards: Blueprint-Aligned Diagnoses, Tests & Next Steps

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