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PANCE Flashcards: Blueprint-Aligned Diagnoses, Tests & Next Steps

Study diagnoses, tests, next steps and management with a source-linked PANCE deck organized by the January 2025 NCCPA blueprint.

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O tej talii

Reviewed for 2026, this 600-card English deck follows the January 2025 NCCPA PANCE blueprint. Its two public tag axes let you switch between medical-content systems and exam-task retrievals: discriminating history and examination cues, diagnosis, diagnostic-study choice, prevention, next-step intervention, pharmacotherapy, and selected foundations. Every answer links to a current first-party clinical guideline or authoritative public-health or professional body and records the 2026-08-26 review date. Official PANCE eligibility and certification requirements remain with NCCPA. No recalled or leaked exam questions, exam items, mark schemes, curriculum prose, commercial deck wording, logos, figures, or trade dress were copied. Educational review only. This deck isn't medical advice and isn't a substitute for current clinical guidance, supervision, local protocols, or patient-specific judgment. This independently written resource is unofficial and is not affiliated with or endorsed by NCCPA.

Karty w tej talii

  2. Karta 2

    Pytanie

    When an adult patient with decision-making capacity refuses a recommended treatment, what is the clinician’s next step?

    Odpowiedź

    Confirm that the choice is informed and voluntary, explain material risks and alternatives, document the discussion, and respect the refusal.

    Informed Consent · reviewed 2026-08-26

  3. Karta 3

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, what core mechanism explains asthma?

    Odpowiedź

    Airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness create variable, usually reversible airflow obstruction.

    2026 GINA Strategy Report · reviewed 2026-08-26

  8. Karta 8

    Pytanie

    What core mechanism explains ectopic pregnancy?

    Odpowiedź

    Implantation outside the endometrial cavity, usually in the tube, can erode vessels and rupture.

    Ectopic Pregnancy · reviewed 2026-08-26

  10. Karta 10

    Pytanie

    What core mechanism explains type 2 diabetes mellitus?

    Odpowiedź

    Insulin resistance plus progressive beta-cell dysfunction produces chronic hyperglycemia.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  11. Karta 11

    Pytanie

    What core mechanism explains acute angle-closure glaucoma?

    Odpowiedź

    Closure of the anterior-chamber angle blocks aqueous outflow and abruptly raises intraocular pressure.

    Management of Angle-Closure Glaucoma · reviewed 2026-08-26

  13. Karta 13

    Pytanie

    What core mechanism explains chronic kidney disease?

    Odpowiedź

    Progressive nephron loss causes hyperfiltration in remaining nephrons, fibrosis, and multisystem toxin accumulation.

    2024 CKD Evaluation and Management Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  16. Karta 16

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, what core mechanism explains atopic dermatitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Skin-barrier dysfunction and type 2 inflammation increase transepidermal water loss and itch.

    Atopic Dermatitis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  18. Karta 18

    Pytanie

    What core mechanism explains uncomplicated cystitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Ascending periurethral bacteria inflame the bladder mucosa without renal-parenchymal involvement.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  19. Karta 19

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis causes symmetric synovitis of the MCP, PIP, or wrist joints with prolonged morning stiffness?

    Odpowiedź

    Rheumatoid arthritis. Symmetric inflammatory pain and prolonged morning stiffness in MCP, PIP, or wrist joints with synovitis suggest rheumatoid arthritis.

    Rheumatoid Arthritis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  20. Karta 20

    Pytanie

    What abilities are assessed when determining decision-making capacity for a specific choice?

    Odpowiedź

    The patient must communicate a choice, understand relevant information, appreciate how it applies personally, and reason about the options.

    Informed Consent · reviewed 2026-08-26

  21. Karta 21

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis causes fluctuating, fatigable ptosis, diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, or proximal weakness that worsens with use?

    Odpowiedź

    Myasthenia gravis. Fluctuating fatigable ptosis, diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, or proximal weakness that worsens with use suggests myasthenia.

    International Consensus Guidance for Management of Myasthenia Gravis: 2020 Update · reviewed 2026-08-26

  22. Karta 22

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis best fits new clinically significant diarrhea after antibiotics or healthcare exposure, especially with abdominal pain or leukocytosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Clostridioides difficile infection. New clinically significant diarrhea after antibiotics or healthcare exposure, with abdominal pain or leukocytosis, suggests C. difficile.

    2021 Focused Update Guidelines on Management of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  23. Karta 23

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, after delivery of the head, retraction against the perineum and failure of the shoulders to deliver indicate which obstetric emergency?

    Odpowiedź

    Shoulder dystocia. After delivery of the head, retraction against the perineum and failure of the shoulders to deliver indicates dystocia.

    Shoulder Dystocia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  24. Karta 24

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, which diagnosis causes persistent developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity in more than one setting with impairment?

    Odpowiedź

    Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Persistent developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity in more than one setting with impairment suggests ADHD.

    ADHD in Children and Youth: Part 1—Etiology, Diagnosis, and Comorbidity · reviewed 2026-08-26

  25. Karta 25

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis best fits sharp pleuritic chest pain that improves when sitting forward, a friction rub, and diffuse ST elevation?

    Odpowiedź

    Acute pericarditis. Sharp pleuritic chest pain that improves when sitting forward, a friction rub, and diffuse ST elevation support pericarditis.

    2025 Concise Clinical Guidance: Diagnosis and Management of Pericarditis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  27. Karta 27

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, identify the condition from this pattern: Proximal weakness, easy bruising, facial plethora, wide violaceous striae, osteoporosis, or difficult diabetes and hypertension are discriminating clues.

    Odpowiedź

    Cushing syndrome. Proximal weakness, easy bruising, facial plethora, wide violaceous striae, osteoporosis, or difficult diabetes and hypertension are discriminating clues.

    Diagnosis of Cushing Syndrome: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  28. Karta 28

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, identify the condition from this pattern: Severe unilateral sore throat, muffled voice, drooling, trismus, and uvular deviation suggest a peritonsillar collection.

    Odpowiedź

    Peritonsillar abscess. Severe unilateral sore throat, muffled voice, drooling, trismus, and uvular deviation suggest a peritonsillar collection.

    Tonsillitis and Peritonsillar Abscess · reviewed 2026-08-26

  30. Karta 30

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis may be silent until edema, pruritus, anemia, hypertension, or abnormal urine testing appears?

    Odpowiedź

    Chronic kidney disease. CKD may be silent; edema, pruritus, anemia, hypertension, or abnormal urine testing often appears later.

    2024 CKD Evaluation and Management Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  34. Karta 34

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis best fits chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, perianal disease, and skip lesions?

    Odpowiedź

    Crohn disease. Chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, perianal disease, and skip lesions support Crohn disease.

    Updated 2025 ACG Guidelines for Crohn’s Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  35. Karta 35

    Pytanie

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for pulmonary tuberculosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Chronic cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysis, or epidemiologic exposure raises concern.

    Clinical Overview of Tuberculosis Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  36. Karta 36

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis causes well-demarcated erythematous plaques with silvery scale on extensor surfaces and nail pitting?

    Odpowiedź

    Plaque psoriasis. Well-demarcated erythematous plaques with silvery scale on extensor surfaces and nail pitting support psoriasis.

    Psoriasis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  37. Karta 37

    Pytanie

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for endometriosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Cyclic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia, painful defecation, or infertility suggests endometriosis.

    Endometriosis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  38. Karta 38

    Pytanie

    Identify the condition from this pattern: Fever, flank pain, costovertebral-angle tenderness, nausea, and urinary symptoms suggest renal infection.

    Odpowiedź

    Acute pyelonephritis. Fever, flank pain, costovertebral-angle tenderness, nausea, and urinary symptoms suggest renal infection.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  39. Karta 39

    Pytanie

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for panic disorder?

    Odpowiedź

    Recurrent unexpected panic attacks plus persistent worry or maladaptive avoidance for at least a month suggests panic disorder.

    Panic Disorder: What You Need to Know · reviewed 2026-08-26

  41. Karta 41

    Pytanie

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for tension pneumothorax?

    Odpowiedź

    Severe dyspnea, unilateral absent breath sounds, hypotension, distended neck veins, and obstructive shock suggest tension physiology.

    Thoracic Trauma WSES-AAST Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  42. Karta 42

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, which next action matters most in diabetic ketoacidosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Begin isotonic fluids, replace potassium according to the measured level, and start IV insulin once potassium is safe.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  43. Karta 43

    Pytanie

    Who makes decisions when an adult patient lacks capacity and has no applicable advance directive?

    Odpowiedź

    Use the legally authorized surrogate and guide decisions by the patient’s known wishes or, if unknown, best interests.

    Decisions for Adult Patients Who Lack Capacity · reviewed 2026-08-26

  44. Karta 44

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, which next action matters most in retinal detachment?

    Odpowiedź

    Send the patient to an eye doctor or emergency department immediately for retinal evaluation and treatment. Early treatment helps prevent permanent vision loss.

    Retinal Detachment · reviewed 2026-08-26

  45. Karta 45

    Pytanie

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for acute deep-vein thrombosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Unilateral leg swelling, pain, warmth, and risk from immobility, surgery, cancer, estrogen, or prior VTE raise suspicion.

    ASH VTE Guidelines: Diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolism · reviewed 2026-08-26

  46. Karta 46

    Pytanie

    Which next action matters most in Crohn disease?

    Odpowiedź

    Drain abscesses and involve surgery for obstruction, fistula complications, perforation, or refractory disease.

    Updated 2025 ACG Guidelines for Crohn’s Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  48. Karta 48

    Pytanie

    What antimicrobial approach is appropriate for suspected or confirmed pleural infection?

    Odpowiedź

    Start empiric antibiotics before culture results, covering likely organisms including anaerobes, then narrow therapy to microbiology and clinical context.

    British Thoracic Society Guideline for Pleural Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  51. Karta 51

    Pytanie

    Which next action matters most in multiple sclerosis relapse?

    Odpowiedź

    Exclude infection or pseudo-relapse, then treat functionally significant relapse and reassess disease-modifying therapy.

    Multiple Sclerosis in Adults: Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  52. Karta 52

    Pytanie

    Which next action matters most in HIV infection?

    Odpowiedź

    Link a newly diagnosed patient rapidly to HIV care and begin antiretroviral therapy as soon as feasible.

    Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy · reviewed 2026-08-26

  53. Karta 53

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, which next action matters most in postpartum hemorrhage?

    Odpowiedź

    Call the hemorrhage team, massage an atonic uterus, give uterotonics, replace blood products, and control the cause procedurally if needed.

    Postpartum Hemorrhage · reviewed 2026-08-26

  58. Karta 58

    Pytanie

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Persistent symptoms beyond 10 days, severe fever with purulent drainage, or worsening after initial improvement are patterns that support bacterial disease.

    Clinical Practice Guideline: Adult Sinusitis Update · reviewed 2026-08-26

  59. Karta 59

    Pytanie

    How should a clinician respond when a patient asks not to hear serious diagnostic information?

    Odpowiedź

    Explore the request and preferences, confirm it is voluntary, and identify whether the patient wants information shared with a chosen surrogate.

    Withholding Information from Patients · reviewed 2026-08-26

  61. Karta 61

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, which next action matters most in atopic dermatitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Treat active inflammation and address infection, sleep disruption, and trigger exposure.

    Atopic Dermatitis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  65. Karta 65

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, which initial medication regimen is indicated for a convulsive seizure lasting at least five minutes or recurring without recovery?

    Odpowiedź

    A benzodiazepine is first-line for convulsive status epilepticus, followed by an appropriate longer-acting antiseizure medicine.

    Treatment of Prolonged Seizures in Children and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  67. Karta 67

    Pytanie

    What drug class or regimen fits sepsis?

    Odpowiedź

    Use broad therapy matched to source, host, and local resistance, then de-escalate from cultures and response.

    2026 Surviving Sepsis Campaign Adult Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  70. Karta 70

    Pytanie

    Which prevention or risk-reduction step is important for acute pancreatitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Treat gallstones, avoid alcohol excess, and control severe hypertriglyceridemia to reduce recurrence.

    ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Acute Pancreatitis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  71. Karta 71

    Pytanie

    What drug class or regimen fits schizophrenia?

    Odpowiedź

    Use an antipsychotic through shared decision-making; clozapine is indicated for treatment resistance or persistent suicide risk under monitoring.

    Management of First-Episode Psychosis and Schizophrenia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  73. Karta 73

    Pytanie

    What is the key first diagnostic step for primary hypothyroidism?

    Odpowiedź

    Measure TSH first in most patients and free T4 to characterize overt disease.

    Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism · reviewed 2026-08-26

  74. Karta 74

    Pytanie

    In an acutely ill hospitalized medical patient, what VTE prevention strategy is appropriate?

    Odpowiedź

    Assess VTE and bleeding risk, then use pharmacologic prophylaxis when indicated or mechanical prophylaxis when anticoagulation is unsuitable.

    ASH VTE Guidelines: Prophylaxis for Medical Patients · reviewed 2026-08-26

  76. Karta 76

    Pytanie

    What makes informed consent more than a signed form?

    Odpowiedź

    It is a communication process covering the nature, expected benefits, material risks, alternatives, and the option to decline, followed by a voluntary decision.

    Informed Consent · reviewed 2026-08-26

  77. Karta 77

    Pytanie

    What condition should be suspected from this finding: Severely elevated pressure with acute neurologic, cardiac, renal, retinal, or aortic injury defines an emergency.

    Odpowiedź

    Hypertensive emergency. Severely elevated pressure with acute neurologic, cardiac, renal, retinal, or aortic injury defines an emergency.

    2025 High Blood Pressure Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  80. Karta 80

    Pytanie

    Which prevention or risk-reduction step is important for early syphilis?

    Odpowiedź

    Condom use, partner services, repeat testing for ongoing risk, and prenatal screening reduce transmission and congenital disease.

    Primary and Secondary Syphilis: STI Treatment Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  82. Karta 82

    Pytanie

    Which prevention or risk-reduction step is important for abnormal uterine bleeding from anovulation?

    Odpowiedź

    Address reversible causes of ovulatory dysfunction, review medicines that worsen bleeding, and monitor for anemia.

    Abnormal Uterine Bleeding · reviewed 2026-08-26

  83. Karta 83

    Pytanie

    In a young child, which diagnosis best fits a barking cough, hoarseness, and inspiratory stridor after a viral prodrome?

    Odpowiedź

    Croup. Barking cough, hoarseness, and inspiratory stridor after a viral prodrome in a young child suggests croup.

    Acute Management of Croup in the Emergency Department · reviewed 2026-08-26

  88. Karta 88

    Pytanie

    What drug class or regimen fits chronic kidney disease?

    Odpowiedź

    Use an ACE inhibitor or ARB for appropriate albuminuric CKD and an SGLT2 inhibitor for eligible patients.

    2024 CKD Evaluation and Management Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  89. Karta 89

    Pytanie

    Which microbiologic test is essential when gonococcal conjunctivitis is suspected?

    Odpowiedź

    Obtain a conjunctival specimen for culture; add a locally validated nucleic-acid amplification test when available, and perform susceptibility testing on cultured isolates when indicated.

    Gonococcal Infections Among Adolescents and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  91. Karta 91

    Pytanie

    When may treatment proceed without prior consent in an emergency?

    Odpowiedź

    When urgent treatment is needed, the patient cannot participate, no surrogate is available, and delay threatens life or serious health; document the circumstances.

    Informed Consent · reviewed 2026-08-26

  93. Karta 93

    Pytanie

    What is the key first diagnostic step for subarachnoid hemorrhage?

    Odpowiedź

    Use immediate noncontrast CT; if negative but suspicion remains, follow the time-appropriate pathway with lumbar puncture or vascular imaging.

    2023 Guideline for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage · reviewed 2026-08-26

  95. Karta 95

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, what is the key first diagnostic step for bacterial meningitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Obtain blood cultures and lumbar puncture when safe; perform head imaging first only for defined risk features.

    WHO Guidelines on Meningitis Diagnosis, Treatment and Care · reviewed 2026-08-26

  96. Karta 96

    Pytanie

    In a postmenopausal woman or man aged 50 or older, which diagnosis is established by a hip or vertebral fragility fracture?

    Odpowiedź

    Osteoporosis. A hip or vertebral fracture from low trauma establishes osteoporosis regardless of T-score.

    The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  97. Karta 97

    Pytanie

    What is the key first diagnostic step for preeclampsia with severe features?

    Odpowiedź

    Confirm pressure correctly and assess urine protein, CBC, creatinine, liver tests, fetal status, and symptoms.

    Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  99. Karta 99

    Pytanie

    What is the key first diagnostic step for bipolar I mania?

    Odpowiedź

    Diagnosis is clinical; assess substances, thyroid disease, medicines, psychosis, and safety.

    Management of Bipolar Disorder in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  100. Karta 100

    Pytanie

    How should medication be used in hypertensive emergency?

    Odpowiedź

    Choose a titratable IV agent suited to the clinical syndrome; do not rapidly normalize pressure in most presentations.

    2025 High Blood Pressure Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  105. Karta 105

    Pytanie

    In a patient with prior demyelinating events, which diagnosis fits a new focal neurologic deficit evolving over hours to days and lasting more than 24 hours?

    Odpowiedź

    Multiple sclerosis relapse. A focal neurologic deficit evolving over hours to days and lasting over 24 hours, separated in time and space from prior events, suggests relapse.

    Multiple Sclerosis in Adults: Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  107. Karta 107

    Pytanie

    What condition should be suspected from this finding: Acute retroviral illness can cause fever, rash, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, or no symptoms; chronic infection may remain silent.

    Odpowiedź

    HIV infection. Acute retroviral illness can cause fever, rash, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, or no symptoms; chronic infection may remain silent.

    About HIV · reviewed 2026-08-26

  108. Karta 108

    Pytanie

    Which prevention or risk-reduction step is important for sudden sensorineural hearing loss?

    Odpowiedź

    Counsel patients to seek same-day care for sudden hearing change rather than waiting for spontaneous recovery.

    Clinical Practice Guideline: Sudden Hearing Loss (Update) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  109. Karta 109

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, what condition should be suspected from this finding: Heavy postpartum bleeding with uterine atony, retained tissue, trauma, or coagulopathy can rapidly cause shock.

    Odpowiedź

    Postpartum hemorrhage. Heavy postpartum bleeding with uterine atony, retained tissue, trauma, or coagulopathy can rapidly cause shock.

    Postpartum Hemorrhage · reviewed 2026-08-26

  110. Karta 110

    Pytanie

    What is the clinician’s duty after recognizing a significant medical error that harmed a patient?

    Odpowiedź

    Disclose the known facts honestly, explain the clinical impact and next care steps, express appropriate concern, and follow reporting processes.

    Promoting Patient Safety · reviewed 2026-08-26

  111. Karta 111

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis causes an acute, fluctuating disturbance of attention and awareness with disorganized thinking?

    Odpowiedź

    Delirium. An acute fluctuating disturbance of attention and awareness with disorganized thinking suggests delirium.

    Delirium: Prevention, Diagnosis and Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  113. Karta 113

    Pytanie

    Which next action matters most in uncomplicated cystitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Assess for pyelonephritis, pregnancy, obstruction, or sepsis before treating as uncomplicated disease.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  116. Karta 116

    Pytanie

    What diagnostic approach is most appropriate when stable chronic hypertension is suspected?

    Odpowiedź

    Confirm persistent elevation with standardized office technique and out-of-office monitoring when appropriate.

    2025 High Blood Pressure Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  118. Karta 118

    Pytanie

    What is the key first diagnostic step for herpes zoster?

    Odpowiedź

    Clinical diagnosis is typical; PCR from a lesion is most useful when confirmation matters.

    Clinical Overview of Shingles (Herpes Zoster) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  120. Karta 120

    Pytanie

    Which bedside pattern best points to migraine with aura?

    Odpowiedź

    Recurrent unilateral pulsating headache with nausea or sensory sensitivity, preceded by gradually spreading reversible visual or sensory symptoms, suggests migraine with aura.

    ICHD-3: Migraine with Aura · reviewed 2026-08-26

  121. Karta 121

    Pytanie

    What condition should be suspected from this finding: Polyuria, polydipsia, blurred vision, recurrent infections, or an asymptomatic high-risk patient may reveal hyperglycemia.

    Odpowiedź

    Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Polyuria, polydipsia, blurred vision, recurrent infections, or an asymptomatic high-risk patient may reveal hyperglycemia.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  122. Karta 122

    Pytanie

    Which bedside pattern best points to early syphilis?

    Odpowiedź

    A painless chancre or a diffuse rash involving palms and soles with generalized lymphadenopathy suggests syphilis by stage.

    Primary and Secondary Syphilis: STI Treatment Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  123. Karta 123

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, what condition should be suspected from this finding: Sudden painful red eye, blurred vision with halos, headache, nausea, a fixed mid-dilated pupil, and a firm globe are classic.

    Odpowiedź

    Acute angle-closure glaucoma. Sudden painful red eye, blurred vision with halos, headache, nausea, a fixed mid-dilated pupil, and a firm globe are classic.

    Management of Angle-Closure Glaucoma · reviewed 2026-08-26

  124. Karta 124

    Pytanie

    Which bedside pattern best points to abnormal uterine bleeding from anovulation?

    Odpowiedź

    Irregular unpredictable bleeding without cyclic ovulation is common at reproductive extremes or with endocrine disruption.

    Abnormal Uterine Bleeding · reviewed 2026-08-26

  125. Karta 125

    Pytanie

    How should a clinician manage a boundary-crossing gift from a patient?

    Odpowiedź

    Assess its meaning, value, timing, and effect on care; decline gifts that exploit, obligate, or distort the professional relationship.

    Gifts from Patients · reviewed 2026-08-26

  128. Karta 128

    Pytanie

    In a child aged 6–11 years or an adolescent, what diagnostic approach is most appropriate when asthma is suspected?

    Odpowiedź

    Demonstrate variable expiratory airflow limitation with spirometry and bronchodilator response or an accepted alternative.

    2026 GINA Strategy Report · reviewed 2026-08-26

  129. Karta 129

    Pytanie

    Which prevention or risk-reduction step is important for chronic kidney disease?

    Odpowiedź

    Control blood pressure, diabetes, tobacco use, and nephrotoxin exposure; vaccinate and reduce cardiovascular risk.

    2024 CKD Evaluation and Management Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  132. Karta 132

    Pytanie

    Which drug class is preferred before oral therapy for knee osteoarthritis pain when topical treatment is feasible?

    Odpowiedź

    Use a topical NSAID first; it provides local pain relief with less systemic exposure than an oral NSAID.

    2019 ACR/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for Osteoarthritis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  133. Karta 133

    Pytanie

    A patient has this pattern: Exertional calf discomfort relieved by rest, diminished pulses, and nonhealing foot wounds suggest lower-extremity arterial disease. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Peripheral artery disease. Exertional calf discomfort relieved by rest, diminished pulses, and nonhealing foot wounds suggest lower-extremity arterial disease.

    2024 ACC/AHA Guideline for Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: Key Points · reviewed 2026-08-26

  135. Karta 135

    Pytanie

    Which prevention or risk-reduction step is important for melanoma?

    Odpowiedź

    Use sun protection and teach patients to report changing lesions rather than relying on routine self-treatment.

    Melanoma Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  137. Karta 137

    Pytanie

    Which prevention or risk-reduction step is important for ureteral stone?

    Odpowiedź

    High fluid intake and stone-specific dietary changes based on metabolic evaluation reduce recurrence.

    EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  138. Karta 138

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, how should a clinician initially manage ectopic pregnancy?

    Odpowiedź

    Hemodynamic instability or suspected rupture requires emergency surgery; stable management depends on imaging, hCG, size, and follow-up reliability.

    Ectopic Pregnancy · reviewed 2026-08-26

  139. Karta 139

    Pytanie

    What counseling point helps reduce harm from tension pneumothorax?

    Odpowiedź

    After chest trauma or an invasive thoracic procedure, urgently reassess new dyspnea, hypotension, or unilateral breath-sound loss so tension physiology is decompressed without delay.

    Thoracic Trauma WSES-AAST Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  141. Karta 141

    Pytanie

    What should happen when a clinician’s personal belief conflicts with a requested legal service?

    Odpowiedź

    Disclose the limitation without judgment, protect urgent care, provide timely information or referral, and avoid abandoning the patient.

    Physician Exercise of Conscience · reviewed 2026-08-26

  144. Karta 144

    Pytanie

    How should a clinician initially manage primary hypothyroidism?

    Odpowiedź

    Start replacement when indicated and recheck TSH after dose changes rather than adjusting from symptoms alone.

    Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism · reviewed 2026-08-26

  145. Karta 145

    Pytanie

    Which activity counseling can reduce carpal tunnel symptoms or slow progression?

    Odpowiedź

    Modify job or recreational activities that aggravate symptoms, especially prolonged wrist flexion or extension.

    Carpal Tunnel Syndrome · reviewed 2026-08-26

  146. Karta 146

    Pytanie

    How should a clinician initially manage bacterial conjunctivitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Remove contact lenses and urgently assess pain, photophobia, vision loss, corneal opacity, or hyperacute discharge.

    Clinical Overview of Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  147. Karta 147

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis is marked by a rising creatinine or falling urine output after illness, volume loss, nephrotoxin exposure, obstruction, or sepsis?

    Odpowiedź

    Acute kidney injury. A rising creatinine or falling urine output after illness, volume loss, nephrotoxin exposure, obstruction, or sepsis indicates AKI.

    KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury · reviewed 2026-08-26

  149. Karta 149

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, what condition should be suspected from this finding: Isolated petechiae, bruising, or mucosal bleeding with thrombocytopenia and otherwise preserved cell lines suggests ITP.

    Odpowiedź

    Immune thrombocytopenia. Isolated petechiae, bruising, or mucosal bleeding with thrombocytopenia and otherwise preserved cell lines suggests ITP.

    American Society of Hematology 2019 Guidelines for Immune Thrombocytopenia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  151. Karta 151

    Pytanie

    A patient has this pattern: Dyspnea with reduced breath sounds, dullness to percussion, and decreased tactile fremitus suggests pleural fluid. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Pleural effusion. Dyspnea with reduced breath sounds, dullness to percussion, and decreased tactile fremitus suggests pleural fluid.

    British Thoracic Society Guideline for Pleural Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  152. Karta 152

    Pytanie

    How should medication be used in pulmonary tuberculosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Treat drug-susceptible disease with a multidrug regimen and adherence support; tailor to susceptibility and patient factors.

    Treatment for Drug-Susceptible Tuberculosis Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  153. Karta 153

    Pytanie

    How should medication be used in endometriosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Combined hormonal contraceptives or progestins are common first-line suppressive therapies when pregnancy is not desired.

    Endometriosis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  154. Karta 154

    Pytanie

    How should medication be used in panic disorder?

    Odpowiedź

    SSRIs or SNRIs are preferred long-term medicines; benzodiazepines carry dependence and safety risks.

    Panic Disorder: What You Need to Know · reviewed 2026-08-26

  156. Karta 156

    Pytanie

    In a patient younger than 16, which diagnosis fits persistent joint swelling, limited motion, or morning stiffness after other causes are excluded?

    Odpowiedź

    Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Persistent joint swelling, limited motion, or morning stiffness beginning before age 16, after excluding other causes, suggests JIA.

    2026 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  157. Karta 157

    Pytanie

    Which bedside pattern best points to primary adrenal insufficiency?

    Odpowiedź

    Weight loss, fatigue, hypotension, salt craving, hyperpigmentation, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia suggest primary adrenal failure.

    Primary Adrenal Insufficiency Guideline Resources · reviewed 2026-08-26

  160. Karta 160

    Pytanie

    Which pathophysiologic process drives heart failure with reduced ejection fraction?

    Odpowiedź

    Reduced contractility activates sympathetic and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathways that drive maladaptive remodeling.

    2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure · reviewed 2026-08-26

  161. Karta 161

    Pytanie

    In a child, typically 6 months to 3 years, what immediate plan is appropriate for croup?

    Odpowiedź

    Keep the child calm, give dexamethasone, and add nebulized epinephrine for moderate or severe stridor.

    Acute Management of Croup in the Emergency Department · reviewed 2026-08-26

  163. Karta 163

    Pytanie

    What is the key first diagnostic step for testicular torsion?

    Odpowiedź

    Make a clinical diagnosis and obtain urgent urologic assessment; use Doppler ultrasound only if the diagnosis is uncertain and imaging will not delay exploration.

    Testicular Torsion · reviewed 2026-08-26

  164. Karta 164

    Pytanie

    What counseling point helps reduce harm from Parkinson disease?

    Odpowiedź

    Exercise, fall-risk reduction, medication review, and driving and swallowing assessment reduce complications.

    Parkinson’s Disease in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  166. Karta 166

    Pytanie

    What counseling point helps reduce harm from gonococcal urethritis or cervicitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Condom use, routine screening by risk, and partner treatment reduce reinfection and complications.

    Gonococcal Infections Among Adolescents and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  168. Karta 168

    Pytanie

    What counseling point helps reduce harm from menopause vasomotor symptoms?

    Odpowiedź

    Cooling strategies and avoiding individual triggers can reduce symptom burden; assess bone and cardiovascular risk separately.

    The Menopause Years · reviewed 2026-08-26

  169. Karta 169

    Pytanie

    A patient has this pattern: Most chronic infections are asymptomatic; abnormal aminotransferases or risk-based screening may reveal disease. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Chronic hepatitis C. Most chronic infections are asymptomatic; abnormal aminotransferases or risk-based screening may reveal disease.

    Viral Hepatitis Clinical Care · reviewed 2026-08-26

  172. Karta 172

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent with sickle cell disease, which pain pattern supports an acute vaso-occlusive episode?

    Odpowiedź

    Acute severe extremity, back, or bone pain that matches the patient’s typical vaso-occlusive pattern and has no alternative cause supports an acute vaso-occlusive pain episode.

    ASH 2020 Guidelines for Sickle Cell Disease: Management of Acute and Chronic Pain · reviewed 2026-08-26

  175. Karta 175

    Pytanie

    How should medication be used in sudden sensorineural hearing loss?

    Odpowiedź

    Offer corticosteroids within the treatment window when appropriate; intratympanic therapy is an option in selected cases.

    Clinical Practice Guideline: Sudden Hearing Loss (Update) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  176. Karta 176

    Pytanie

    What is the HIPAA minimum-necessary rule?

    Odpowiedź

    For many uses and disclosures, limit protected information to what is reasonably needed for the purpose; the rule does not apply in the same way to disclosures for treatment.

    Minimum Necessary Requirement · reviewed 2026-08-26

  177. Karta 177

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, hypotension, elevated jugular venous pressure, tachycardia, muffled heart sounds, and pulsus paradoxus indicate which diagnosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Cardiac tamponade. Hypotension, elevated jugular venous pressure, tachycardia, muffled heart sounds, and pulsus paradoxus suggest tamponade physiology.

    2025 Concise Clinical Guidance: Diagnosis and Management of Pericarditis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  178. Karta 178

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, what diagnostic approach is most appropriate when acute appendicitis is suspected?

    Odpowiedź

    Use ultrasound as the initial imaging study in many children; use CT or MRI when ultrasound is nondiagnostic and suspicion persists, according to local expertise.

    Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Appendicitis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  179. Karta 179

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, sudden focal weakness, facial droop, speech change, gaze deviation, neglect, or ataxia indicate which time-critical diagnosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Acute ischemic stroke. Sudden focal weakness, facial droop, speech change, gaze deviation, neglect, or ataxia is stroke until proved otherwise.

    2026 Guideline for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke · reviewed 2026-08-26

  180. Karta 180

    Pytanie

    A clinician is considering gout flare. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpowiedź

    Abrupt severe monoarthritis with erythema, often at the first metatarsophalangeal joint, suggests gout.

    Gout · reviewed 2026-08-26

  181. Karta 181

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis best fits new cough, fever, dyspnea, pleuritic pain, and focal crackles when an infiltrate is confirmed?

    Odpowiedź

    Community-acquired pneumonia. New cough, fever, dyspnea, pleuritic pain, and focal crackles suggest pneumonia, but clinical findings alone are imperfect.

    Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  182. Karta 182

    Pytanie

    In a child aged 6–11 years or an adolescent, what medication strategy is appropriate for asthma?

    Odpowiedź

    For children 6–11 years and adolescents, use an age-appropriate inhaled corticosteroid-containing strategy rather than short-acting beta agonist-only treatment.

    2026 GINA Strategy Report · reviewed 2026-08-26

  183. Karta 183

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, a patient has this pattern: Unilateral pelvic pain or bleeding in early pregnancy, especially with syncope or shoulder pain, raises concern for ectopic implantation. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Ectopic pregnancy. Unilateral pelvic pain or bleeding in early pregnancy, especially with syncope or shoulder pain, raises concern for ectopic implantation.

    Ectopic Pregnancy · reviewed 2026-08-26

  184. Karta 184

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, which diagnosis requires at least two weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest with functional change and associated neurovegetative or cognitive symptoms?

    Odpowiedź

    Major depressive disorder. At least two weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest with functional change and associated neurovegetative or cognitive symptoms suggests major depression.

    Clinical Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Major and Persistent Depressive Disorders · reviewed 2026-08-26

  186. Karta 186

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, what condition should be suspected from this finding: An evolving asymmetric pigmented lesion with border irregularity, color variation, or a concerning outlier pattern requires evaluation.

    Odpowiedź

    Melanoma. An evolving asymmetric pigmented lesion with border irregularity, color variation, or a concerning outlier pattern requires evaluation.

    Melanoma Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  188. Karta 188

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, what condition should be suspected from this finding: Sudden colicky flank pain radiating to the groin with hematuria and restlessness is typical.

    Odpowiedź

    Ureteral stone. Sudden colicky flank pain radiating to the groin with hematuria and restlessness is typical.

    EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  191. Karta 191

    Pytanie

    What diagnostic approach is most appropriate when acute bacterial rhinosinusitis is suspected?

    Odpowiedź

    Diagnosis is clinical; routine imaging is not needed unless a complication or alternative diagnosis is suspected.

    Clinical Practice Guideline: Adult Sinusitis Update · reviewed 2026-08-26

  192. Karta 192

    Pytanie

    What should a clinician do before discussing a patient in a public or semipublic area?

    Odpowiedź

    Move to a private setting when practical and use reasonable safeguards so others do not overhear identifiable information.

    Incidental Uses and Disclosures · reviewed 2026-08-26

  193. Karta 193

    Pytanie

    A clinician is considering Parkinson disease. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpowiedź

    Bradykinesia plus rest tremor or rigidity, with reduced arm swing and shuffling gait, supports parkinsonism.

    Parkinson’s Disease in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  194. Karta 194

    Pytanie

    What immediate plan is appropriate for chronic hepatitis C?

    Odpowiedź

    Stage liver disease, review interactions, test for coinfections, and link every patient with active infection to curative treatment.

    Viral Hepatitis Clinical Care · reviewed 2026-08-26

  195. Karta 195

    Pytanie

    A clinician is considering gonococcal urethritis or cervicitis. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpowiedź

    Purulent urethral discharge, dysuria, cervicitis, pelvic pain, or exposure may indicate gonorrhea, but infection can be asymptomatic.

    Gonococcal Infections Among Adolescents and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  196. Karta 196

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, what immediate plan is appropriate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis?

    Odpowiedź

    Refer to pediatric rheumatology early and treat to control inflammation and preserve function.

    2026 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  197. Karta 197

    Pytanie

    A clinician is considering menopause vasomotor symptoms. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpowiedź

    Hot flashes, night sweats, sleep disruption, and menstrual transition at the expected age usually identify menopausal vasomotor symptoms.

    The Menopause Years · reviewed 2026-08-26

  198. Karta 198

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis best fits this presentation: Progressive exertional dyspnea, dry cough, bibasilar fine crackles, and clubbing in an older adult suggest fibrotic interstitial disease.

    Odpowiedź

    Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Progressive exertional dyspnea, dry cough, bibasilar fine crackles, and clubbing in an older adult suggest fibrotic interstitial disease.

    Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: An Update and Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  202. Karta 202

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, what is the priority management step for pleural effusion?

    Odpowiedź

    Drain a large symptomatic effusion or complicated parapneumonic collection and treat the underlying disease.

    British Thoracic Society Guideline for Pleural Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  203. Karta 203

    Pytanie

    In acute decompensated heart failure with fluid overload, which drug class is used first to relieve congestion?

    Odpowiedź

    Give an intravenous loop diuretic and adjust it to urine output, symptoms, renal function, and electrolytes.

    2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure · reviewed 2026-08-26

  204. Karta 204

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, what immediate plan is appropriate for subarachnoid hemorrhage?

    Odpowiedź

    Stabilize, control pressure carefully, give nimodipine, and obtain urgent neurovascular treatment of the aneurysm.

    2023 Guideline for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage · reviewed 2026-08-26

  206. Karta 206

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, what immediate plan is appropriate for bacterial meningitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Give empiric antibiotics immediately; do not delay for imaging or lumbar puncture when delay is likely.

    WHO Guidelines on Meningitis Diagnosis, Treatment and Care · reviewed 2026-08-26

  207. Karta 207

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, which diagnosis fits hyperglycemia with dehydration, abdominal pain, vomiting, Kussmaul respirations, or altered mental status?

    Odpowiedź

    Diabetic ketoacidosis. Hyperglycemia with dehydration, abdominal pain, vomiting, Kussmaul respirations, or altered mental status suggests ketoacidosis.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  208. Karta 208

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, what immediate plan is appropriate for preeclampsia with severe features?

    Odpowiedź

    Stabilize the mother, prevent seizure, control persistent severe pressure, and plan delivery by gestational age and status.

    Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  209. Karta 209

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, new flashes, floaters, and a curtain or shadow across the visual field indicate which diagnosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Retinal detachment. New flashes, floaters, and a curtain or shadow across the visual field suggest detachment.

    Retinal Detachment · reviewed 2026-08-26

  210. Karta 210

    Pytanie

    What immediate plan is appropriate for bipolar I mania?

    Odpowiedź

    Hospitalize when danger, grave disability, or severe psychosis requires containment; stop antidepressant monotherapy.

    Management of Bipolar Disorder in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  211. Karta 211

    Pytanie

    May a clinician leave appointment information in a voicemail?

    Odpowiedź

    Yes, with reasonable safeguards: keep the message limited and follow any confidential communication request the patient has made.

    Incidental Uses and Disclosures · reviewed 2026-08-26

  212. Karta 212

    Pytanie

    When is a loop diuretic appropriate in acute kidney injury?

    Odpowiedź

    Use a loop diuretic only to manage volume overload; it does not reverse intrinsic kidney injury or improve renal recovery.

    KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury · reviewed 2026-08-26

  213. Karta 213

    Pytanie

    How should a clinician initially manage plaque psoriasis?

    Odpowiedź

    Assess body-surface area, special-site involvement, symptoms, and joint disease before selecting therapy.

    Psoriasis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  216. Karta 216

    Pytanie

    Which drug class is first-line for erectile dysfunction when no contraindication such as nitrate use exists?

    Odpowiedź

    Use a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor after reviewing cardiovascular fitness, interactions, and correct use; never combine it with nitrates.

    Erectile Dysfunction Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  217. Karta 217

    Pytanie

    Which pathophysiologic process drives COPD?

    Odpowiedź

    Small-airway disease and emphysematous parenchymal destruction cause persistent expiratory flow limitation.

    2026 GOLD Report and Pocket Guide · reviewed 2026-08-26

  218. Karta 218

    Pytanie

    Which history or examination finding most strongly supports Crohn disease?

    Odpowiedź

    Chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, perianal disease, and skip lesions support Crohn disease.

    Updated 2025 ACG Guidelines for Crohn’s Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  221. Karta 221

    Pytanie

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for hypertensive emergency?

    Odpowiedź

    Severely elevated pressure with acute neurologic, cardiac, renal, retinal, or aortic injury defines an emergency.

    2025 High Blood Pressure Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  225. Karta 225

    Pytanie

    What counseling point helps reduce harm from peritonsillar abscess?

    Odpowiedź

    Seek prompt care for worsening unilateral throat pain, drooling, muffled voice, trismus, or breathing difficulty so an abscess and airway risk are not missed.

    Tonsillitis and Peritonsillar Abscess · reviewed 2026-08-26

  227. Karta 227

    Pytanie

    When may protected health information be disclosed to prevent a serious threat?

    Odpowiedź

    HIPAA permits a good-faith disclosure consistent with law and ethical standards to someone reasonably able to prevent or lessen a serious and imminent threat.

    HIPAA Disclosure to Prevent or Lessen a Serious and Imminent Threat · reviewed 2026-08-26

  230. Karta 230

    Pytanie

    Which bedside pattern best points to herpes zoster?

    Odpowiedź

    A painful unilateral grouped-vesicle eruption in a dermatomal distribution is characteristic.

    Clinical Overview of Shingles (Herpes Zoster) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  231. Karta 231

    Pytanie

    A patient has this pattern: Thrombocytopenia plus microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, often with neurologic, renal, or fever findings, is an emergency. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Thrombocytopenia plus microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, often with neurologic, renal, or fever findings, is an emergency.

    ISTH Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura · reviewed 2026-08-26

  232. Karta 232

    Pytanie

    Which bedside pattern best points to testicular torsion?

    Odpowiedź

    Sudden severe unilateral testicular pain with nausea or vomiting, a high-riding transverse testis, and loss of the cremasteric reflex strongly suggests torsion.

    Testicular Torsion · reviewed 2026-08-26

  233. Karta 233

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, which diagnosis best fits hematemesis, coffee-ground emesis, or melena with orthostasis?

    Odpowiedź

    Upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Hematemesis, coffee-ground emesis, or melena with orthostasis indicates an upper gastrointestinal source until shown otherwise.

    ACG Clinical Guideline: Upper Gastrointestinal and Ulcer Bleeding · reviewed 2026-08-26

  234. Karta 234

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, what diagnostic approach is most appropriate when generalized tonic-clonic seizure is suspected?

    Odpowiedź

    Check glucose and reversible causes; use EEG and brain imaging based on whether this is a first unprovoked event or known epilepsy.

    Epilepsies in Children, Young People and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  235. Karta 235

    Pytanie

    Identify the condition from this pattern: Repeated properly measured elevated readings, usually without symptoms, establish the clinical pattern.

    Odpowiedź

    Stable chronic hypertension. Repeated properly measured elevated readings, usually without symptoms, establish the clinical pattern.

    2025 High Blood Pressure Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  236. Karta 236

    Pytanie

    What diagnostic approach is most appropriate when sepsis is suspected?

    Odpowiedź

    Measure lactate, obtain cultures before antibiotics when this causes no meaningful delay, and evaluate the source.

    2026 Surviving Sepsis Campaign Adult Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  237. Karta 237

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, in a child with acute severe monoarticular pain, restricted passive motion, fever, or bacteremia risk, which diagnosis must be excluded urgently?

    Odpowiedź

    Septic arthritis. Acute severe monoarticular pain, restricted passive motion, fever, or bacteremia risk is septic arthritis until excluded.

    Guideline for Management of Septic Arthritis in Native Joints · reviewed 2026-08-26

  238. Karta 238

    Pytanie

    What diagnostic approach is most appropriate when pelvic inflammatory disease is suspected?

    Odpowiedź

    Test for gonorrhea, chlamydia, HIV, and syphilis; use ultrasound when abscess or another diagnosis is possible.

    Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: STI Treatment Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  239. Karta 239

    Pytanie

    Which pharmacologic approach is preferred for COPD?

    Odpowiedź

    Long-acting bronchodilators are maintenance therapy; add inhaled corticosteroid for selected exacerbation-prone patients based on phenotype and eosinophils.

    2026 GOLD Report and Pocket Guide · reviewed 2026-08-26

  240. Karta 240

    Pytanie

    What diagnostic approach is most appropriate when schizophrenia is suspected?

    Odpowiedź

    Diagnosis is clinical with medical, neurologic, and substance evaluation for first-episode psychosis.

    Management of First-Episode Psychosis and Schizophrenia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  241. Karta 241

    Pytanie

    Which next action matters most in hypertensive emergency?

    Odpowiedź

    Lower pressure with monitored IV therapy at a controlled rate tailored to the injured organ.

    2025 High Blood Pressure Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  242. Karta 242

    Pytanie

    How should an interpreter be used for a patient with limited English proficiency?

    Odpowiedź

    Use a qualified medical interpreter, speak to the patient directly, pause in short segments, and avoid relying on children or untrained family for consequential decisions.

    Limited English Proficiency Guidance · reviewed 2026-08-26

  245. Karta 245

    Pytanie

    What immediate plan is appropriate for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Assess orbital or intracranial red flags and arrange urgent evaluation when present.

    Clinical Practice Guideline: Adult Sinusitis Update · reviewed 2026-08-26

  246. Karta 246

    Pytanie

    Which preventive measure belongs in care for gout flare?

    Odpowiedź

    Weight management, limiting excess alcohol, reviewing urate-raising medicines, and long-term urate control reduce flares.

    Gout · reviewed 2026-08-26

  249. Karta 249

    Pytanie

    Which test or testing sequence best evaluates suspected COPD?

    Odpowiedź

    Post-bronchodilator spirometry confirms persistent airflow obstruction.

    2026 GOLD Report and Pocket Guide · reviewed 2026-08-26

  251. Karta 251

    Pytanie

    Which pathophysiologic process drives subarachnoid hemorrhage?

    Odpowiedź

    Arterial blood entering the subarachnoid space raises intracranial pressure and can trigger vasospasm.

    2023 Guideline for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage · reviewed 2026-08-26

  252. Karta 252

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, which pathophysiologic process drives bacterial meningitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Bacterial invasion of the subarachnoid space triggers intense inflammation, edema, and raised intracranial pressure.

    WHO Guidelines on Meningitis Diagnosis, Treatment and Care · reviewed 2026-08-26

  253. Karta 253

    Pytanie

    Which pathophysiologic process drives preeclampsia with severe features?

    Odpowiedź

    Abnormal placentation and systemic endothelial dysfunction produce vasoconstriction and multisystem injury.

    Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  254. Karta 254

    Pytanie

    Which clinical feature defines bipolar I disorder?

    Odpowiedź

    At least one manic episode defines bipolar I disorder; a major depressive episode is common but is not required for the diagnosis.

    Management of Bipolar Disorder in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  255. Karta 255

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, what is the priority management step for upper gastrointestinal bleeding?

    Odpowiedź

    Establish IV access, resuscitate, use a restrictive transfusion strategy for most patients, and arrange endoscopic hemostasis.

    ACG Clinical Guideline: Upper Gastrointestinal and Ulcer Bleeding · reviewed 2026-08-26

  256. Karta 256

    Pytanie

    Which history or examination finding most strongly supports rheumatoid arthritis?

    Odpowiedź

    Symmetric inflammatory pain and prolonged morning stiffness in MCP, PIP, or wrist joints with synovitis suggest rheumatoid arthritis.

    Rheumatoid Arthritis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  257. Karta 257

    Pytanie

    What is teach-back?

    Odpowiedź

    Ask the patient to explain the plan in their own words so the clinician can find and correct communication gaps without testing or blaming the patient.

    Use the Teach-Back Method · reviewed 2026-08-26

  260. Karta 260

    Pytanie

    A clinician is considering sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpowiedź

    A rapid unilateral hearing decrease, often noticed on waking and sometimes with tinnitus, is an otologic emergency.

    Clinical Practice Guideline: Sudden Hearing Loss (Update) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  261. Karta 261

    Pytanie

    Which preventive measure belongs in care for obstructive sleep apnea?

    Odpowiedź

    Weight management, alcohol and sedative avoidance near bedtime, and treatment of nasal obstruction reduce severity.

    Sleep Apnea Treatment · reviewed 2026-08-26

  262. Karta 262

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, what diagnostic approach is most appropriate when atopic dermatitis is suspected?

    Odpowiedź

    Diagnosis is clinical; testing is reserved for an alternative diagnosis or a specific suspected trigger.

    Atopic Dermatitis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  263. Karta 263

    Pytanie

    How should a clinician initially manage acute pyelonephritis?

    Odpowiedź

    Give fluids and antibiotics, and admit patients with sepsis, inability to take oral therapy, pregnancy concerns, or obstruction.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  264. Karta 264

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, which diagnosis best fits this presentation: A sudden maximal-at-onset thunderclap headache, neck stiffness, vomiting, or brief loss of consciousness is concerning.

    Odpowiedź

    Subarachnoid hemorrhage. A sudden maximal-at-onset thunderclap headache, neck stiffness, vomiting, or brief loss of consciousness is concerning.

    2023 Guideline for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage · reviewed 2026-08-26

  266. Karta 266

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, which diagnosis best fits this presentation: Fever, headache, neck stiffness, altered mental status, or a nonblanching rash should trigger urgent evaluation.

    Odpowiedź

    Bacterial meningitis. Fever, headache, neck stiffness, altered mental status, or a nonblanching rash should trigger urgent evaluation.

    WHO Guidelines on Meningitis Diagnosis, Treatment and Care · reviewed 2026-08-26

  267. Karta 267

    Pytanie

    What drug class or regimen fits stable chronic hypertension?

    Odpowiedź

    First-line classes include thiazide-type diuretics, ACE inhibitors or ARBs, and long-acting dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers.

    2025 High Blood Pressure Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  268. Karta 268

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, which diagnosis best fits this presentation: New hypertension after 20 weeks with end-organ findings such as severe pressure, thrombocytopenia, liver injury, kidney injury, pulmonary edema, or neurologic symptoms suggests severe disease.

    Odpowiedź

    Preeclampsia with severe features. New hypertension after 20 weeks with end-organ findings such as severe pressure, thrombocytopenia, liver injury, kidney injury, pulmonary edema, or neurologic symptoms suggests severe disease.

    Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  269. Karta 269

    Pytanie

    Which pharmacologic approach is preferred for acute pancreatitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Routine prophylactic antibiotics do not treat sterile pancreatitis; reserve antimicrobials for proven or strongly suspected infection.

    ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Acute Pancreatitis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  270. Karta 270

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis best fits this presentation: At least one week of elevated or irritable mood with increased energy, decreased sleep, pressured speech, grandiosity, and risky behavior suggests mania.

    Odpowiedź

    Bipolar I mania. At least one week of elevated or irritable mood with increased energy, decreased sleep, pressured speech, grandiosity, and risky behavior suggests mania.

    Management of Bipolar Disorder in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  271. Karta 271

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, in a child or adolescent, what is the priority management step for septic arthritis?

    Odpowiedź

    Drain the joint promptly and start empiric antibiotics after cultures unless the patient is unstable.

    Guideline for Management of Septic Arthritis in Native Joints · reviewed 2026-08-26

  273. Karta 273

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, which diagnosis causes variable wheeze, cough, chest tightness, or dyspnea that changes over time and with triggers?

    Odpowiedź

    Asthma. Variable wheeze, cough, chest tightness, or dyspnea that changes over time and with triggers suggests asthma.

    2026 GINA Strategy Report · reviewed 2026-08-26

  274. Karta 274

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, which pathophysiologic process drives diabetic ketoacidosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Absolute or marked insulin deficiency drives lipolysis, ketogenesis, osmotic diuresis, and total-body potassium loss.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  275. Karta 275

    Pytanie

    How should a clinician respond to a patient requesting an unnecessary antibiotic?

    Odpowiedź

    Acknowledge the concern, explain why the antibiotic will not help and may harm, offer a clear alternative plan, and define return precautions.

    Core Elements of Outpatient Antibiotic Stewardship · reviewed 2026-08-26

  276. Karta 276

    Pytanie

    Which pathophysiologic process drives retinal detachment?

    Odpowiedź

    Fluid passing through a retinal break separates neurosensory retina from the pigment epithelium.

    Retinal Detachment · reviewed 2026-08-26

  279. Karta 279

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, which pathophysiologic process drives acute appendicitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Luminal obstruction causes distention, ischemia, bacterial overgrowth, and eventual perforation.

    Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Appendicitis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  281. Karta 281

    Pytanie

    After an acute ACL tear, which nonprescription medicines may be used for symptom relief when safe?

    Odpowiedź

    Ibuprofen or naproxen can reduce pain and swelling; acetaminophen can reduce pain. Check comorbidities and contraindications before NSAID use.

    Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury - aftercare · reviewed 2026-08-26

  282. Karta 282

    Pytanie

    Which preventive measure belongs in care for shoulder dystocia?

    Odpowiedź

    Team drills, clear communication, and avoiding fundal pressure reduce preventable harm.

    Shoulder Dystocia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  284. Karta 284

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, which preventive measure belongs in care for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

    Odpowiedź

    Use an individualized multimodal plan with psychoeducation, parent and school interventions, and clear functional goals.

    ADHD in Children and Youth: Part 2—Treatment · reviewed 2026-08-26

  287. Karta 287

    Pytanie

    During a pulseless arrest, the monitor shows chaotic ventricular activity without organized QRS complexes. Which arrest rhythm is present?

    Odpowiedź

    Ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Sudden unresponsiveness with absent normal breathing and no pulse is cardiac arrest; the monitor may show chaotic ventricular activity.

    2025 American Heart Association Guidelines for CPR and ECC: Adult Advanced Life Support · reviewed 2026-08-26

  289. Karta 289

    Pytanie

    A patient has this pattern: Progressive weak stream, hesitancy, incomplete emptying, nocturia, and frequency suggest bladder-outlet symptoms. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Benign prostatic hyperplasia. Progressive weak stream, hesitancy, incomplete emptying, nocturia, and frequency suggest bladder-outlet symptoms.

    EAU Guidelines on the Management of Non-neurogenic Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms · reviewed 2026-08-26

  290. Karta 290

    Pytanie

    Which test or testing sequence best evaluates suspected primary adrenal insufficiency?

    Odpowiedź

    Measure morning cortisol and ACTH, then confirm with cosyntropin testing when the patient is stable.

    Primary Adrenal Insufficiency Guideline Resources · reviewed 2026-08-26

  291. Karta 291

    Pytanie

    What medication strategy is appropriate for peritonsillar abscess?

    Odpowiedź

    Use antibiotics covering group A streptococci and oral anaerobes after drainage.

    Tonsillitis and Peritonsillar Abscess · reviewed 2026-08-26

  292. Karta 292

    Pytanie

    What belongs in a safe handoff?

    Odpowiedź

    State illness severity, active problems, recent changes, pending results, contingency plans, and who owns each next action, then allow questions.

    TeamSTEPPS Communication Module · reviewed 2026-08-26

  294. Karta 294

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, identify the condition from this pattern: Pain out of proportion, pain with passive stretch, tense swelling, and progressive neurologic deficits after injury are warning signs.

    Odpowiedź

    Acute compartment syndrome. Pain out of proportion, pain with passive stretch, tense swelling, and progressive neurologic deficits after injury are warning signs.

    Management of Acute Compartment Syndrome: Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  297. Karta 297

    Pytanie

    Which history or examination finding most strongly supports shoulder dystocia?

    Odpowiedź

    After delivery of the head, retraction against the perineum and failure of the shoulders to deliver indicates dystocia.

    Shoulder Dystocia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  298. Karta 298

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, which history or examination finding most strongly supports attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

    Odpowiedź

    Persistent developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity in more than one setting with impairment suggests ADHD.

    ADHD in Children and Youth: Part 1—Etiology, Diagnosis, and Comorbidity · reviewed 2026-08-26

  300. Karta 300

    Pytanie

    In a child, typically 6 months to 3 years, what clinical clue should raise suspicion for croup?

    Odpowiedź

    Barking cough, hoarseness, and inspiratory stridor after a viral prodrome in a young child suggests croup.

    Acute Management of Croup in the Emergency Department · reviewed 2026-08-26

    Illustrated clinical review desk with a stethoscope, ECG trace, lungs, brain, and study cards arranged around a clear central title-safe area.

    600 kart

    PANCE Flashcards: Blueprint-Aligned Diagnoses, Tests & Next Steps

    Ucz się z tej talii za darmo

    Otworzy się Nibomo, żeby od razu zacząć naukę.

  303. Karta 303

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, in a child or adolescent, identify the condition from this pattern: Periumbilical pain migrating to the right lower quadrant with anorexia, nausea, fever, and focal tenderness is typical.

    Odpowiedź

    Acute appendicitis. Periumbilical pain migrating to the right lower quadrant with anorexia, nausea, fever, and focal tenderness is typical.

    Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Appendicitis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  305. Karta 305

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, what is the priority management step for generalized tonic-clonic seizure?

    Odpowiedź

    Protect from injury, position for airway safety, time the event, and treat as status epilepticus when it persists.

    Epilepsies in Children, Young People and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  306. Karta 306

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis causes fatigue, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, bradycardia, and delayed reflex relaxation?

    Odpowiedź

    Primary hypothyroidism. Fatigue, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, bradycardia, and delayed reflex relaxation support hypothyroidism.

    Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism · reviewed 2026-08-26

  308. Karta 308

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis best fits diffuse conjunctival injection with mucopurulent discharge and eyelids stuck on waking?

    Odpowiedź

    Bacterial conjunctivitis. Diffuse conjunctival injection with mucopurulent discharge and eyelids stuck on waking supports bacterial conjunctivitis.

    Clinical Overview of Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  309. Karta 309

    Pytanie

    What is the priority management step for pelvic inflammatory disease?

    Odpowiedź

    Start empiric treatment promptly; admit for pregnancy, severe illness, abscess, surgical emergency uncertainty, or failed outpatient care.

    Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: STI Treatment Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  310. Karta 310

    Pytanie

    What is closed-loop communication during an emergency?

    Odpowiedź

    The receiver repeats the instruction, the sender confirms or corrects it, and completion is announced so the team shares the same state.

    TeamSTEPPS Check-Back Tool · reviewed 2026-08-26

  311. Karta 311

    Pytanie

    What is the priority management step for schizophrenia?

    Odpowiedź

    Assess danger, catatonia, and ability to care for self, then combine antipsychotic treatment with psychosocial support.

    Management of First-Episode Psychosis and Schizophrenia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  317. Karta 317

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis best fits progressive exertional dyspnea, chronic cough or sputum, and exposure to tobacco, biomass, or occupational irritants?

    Odpowiedź

    COPD. Progressive exertional dyspnea, chronic cough or sputum, and exposure to tobacco, biomass, or occupational irritants suggest COPD.

    2026 GOLD Report and Pocket Guide · reviewed 2026-08-26

  318. Karta 318

    Pytanie

    Which test or testing sequence best evaluates suspected acute cholecystitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Right-upper-quadrant ultrasound is first-line; a gallbladder nuclear-medicine scan (HIDA) is an appropriate next study when ultrasound is negative or equivocal and suspicion remains high.

    ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Right Upper Quadrant Pain · reviewed 2026-08-26

  319. Karta 319

    Pytanie

    In a postmenopausal woman or man aged 50 or older, what clinical clue should raise suspicion for osteoporosis?

    Odpowiedź

    A fragility fracture, height loss, or kyphosis should prompt assessment for osteoporosis and vertebral fracture.

    The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  320. Karta 320

    Pytanie

    Which pharmacologic approach is preferred for Parkinson disease?

    Odpowiedź

    Levodopa provides the strongest motor benefit for many patients; dopamine agonists carry impulse-control and sleep risks.

    Parkinson’s Disease in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  321. Karta 321

    Pytanie

    A patient has this pattern: Pressure-like substernal pain with diaphoresis, nausea, or radiation to the arm or jaw is a classic ischemic pattern. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Acute coronary syndrome. Pressure-like substernal pain with diaphoresis, nausea, or radiation to the arm or jaw is a classic ischemic pattern.

    2025 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes · reviewed 2026-08-26

  322. Karta 322

    Pytanie

    Which pharmacologic approach is preferred for gonococcal urethritis or cervicitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Ceftriaxone is first-line for uncomplicated infection; add chlamydia treatment if it has not been excluded.

    Gonococcal Infections Among Adolescents and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  323. Karta 323

    Pytanie

    In a child aged 6 months or older, which examination best evaluates suspected acute otitis media?

    Odpowiedź

    Use pneumatic otoscopy to confirm middle-ear effusion and assess for a bulging tympanic membrane; tympanometry is less reliable in young infants.

    Management of Acute Otitis Media in Children Six Months of Age and Older · reviewed 2026-08-26

  324. Karta 324

    Pytanie

    Which pharmacologic approach is preferred for menopause vasomotor symptoms?

    Odpowiedź

    Systemic menopausal hormone therapy is most effective for eligible patients; nonhormonal options include selected SSRIs, SNRIs, gabapentin, or fezolinetant.

    Hormone Therapy for Menopause · reviewed 2026-08-26

  325. Karta 325

    Pytanie

    How should a clinician handle an ambiguous verbal medication order?

    Odpowiedź

    Stop and clarify the drug, dose, route, timing, and patient; read it back and do not guess.

    TeamSTEPPS Communication Module · reviewed 2026-08-26

  327. Karta 327

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, how should a clinician initially manage asthma?

    Odpowiedź

    Assess severity during exacerbation, give repeated bronchodilator, systemic corticosteroid when indicated, oxygen, and escalate for fatigue or silent chest.

    2026 GINA Strategy Report · reviewed 2026-08-26

  331. Karta 331

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, in a child or adolescent, which next action matters most in acute appendicitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Give fluids, analgesia, antibiotics, and obtain prompt surgical consultation.

    Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Appendicitis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  334. Karta 334

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, which diagnosis fits sudden loss of consciousness with bilateral tonic then clonic movements followed by confusion?

    Odpowiedź

    Generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Sudden loss of consciousness with bilateral tonic then clonic movements followed by confusion supports a generalized convulsion.

    Epilepsies in Children, Young People and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  335. Karta 335

    Pytanie

    How should medication be used in herpes zoster?

    Odpowiedź

    Start an oral antiviral early for eligible patients, especially with severe pain, older age, or high-risk sites.

    Clinical Overview of Shingles (Herpes Zoster) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  336. Karta 336

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis is defined by suspected infection with acute organ dysfunction and may include altered mentation, hypotension, tachypnea, or poor perfusion?

    Odpowiedź

    Sepsis. Suspected infection with acute organ dysfunction, altered mentation, hypotension, tachypnea, or poor perfusion suggests sepsis.

    2026 Surviving Sepsis Campaign Adult Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  337. Karta 337

    Pytanie

    What medication strategy is appropriate for uncomplicated cystitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole where appropriate, or fosfomycin are common first-line options guided by patient factors and resistance.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  338. Karta 338

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis warrants empiric treatment when lower abdominal pain occurs with cervical-motion, uterine, or adnexal tenderness in a patient at STI risk?

    Odpowiedź

    Pelvic inflammatory disease. Lower abdominal pain with cervical motion, uterine, or adnexal tenderness in a patient at STI risk supports empiric PID treatment.

    Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: STI Treatment Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  339. Karta 339

    Pytanie

    How should a clinician confirm or characterize pulmonary embolism?

    Odpowiedź

    Use pretest probability with PERC or D-dimer when appropriate and CT pulmonary angiography for indicated stable patients.

    ASH VTE Guidelines: Diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolism · reviewed 2026-08-26

  340. Karta 340

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis requires at least six months of illness with psychosis and functional decline, including at least one month of active symptoms, after exclusions?

    Odpowiedź

    Schizophrenia. At least six months of illness with psychosis and functional decline, including at least one month of active symptoms, supports schizophrenia after exclusions.

    Management of First-Episode Psychosis and Schizophrenia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  342. Karta 342

    Pytanie

    What is the priority management step for primary adrenal insufficiency?

    Odpowiedź

    Suspected adrenal crisis requires immediate glucocorticoid and isotonic fluid treatment before confirmatory results.

    Primary Adrenal Insufficiency Guideline Resources · reviewed 2026-08-26

  344. Karta 344

    Pytanie

    In a child aged 6 months or older, what is the priority management step for acute otitis media?

    Odpowiedź

    Provide analgesia; treat severe illness promptly with antibiotics and use 24–48 hours of watchful waiting only for selected mildly ill children with reliable follow-up.

    Management of Acute Otitis Media in Children Six Months of Age and Older · reviewed 2026-08-26

  345. Karta 345

    Pytanie

    When antibiotic susceptibility is unknown, which empiric regimen is preferred for most treatment-naive Helicobacter pylori infection?

    Odpowiedź

    Use 14-day optimized bismuth quadruple therapy: a proton-pump inhibitor, bismuth, tetracycline, and metronidazole.

    ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection · reviewed 2026-08-26

  346. Karta 346

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, which diagnosis best fits this presentation: Hematuria with dysmorphic red cells or casts, hypertension, edema, and reduced kidney function suggests glomerular inflammation.

    Odpowiedź

    Nephritic syndrome. Hematuria with dysmorphic red cells or casts, hypertension, edema, and reduced kidney function suggests glomerular inflammation.

    KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Glomerular Diseases with 2024 Chapter Updates · reviewed 2026-08-26

  352. Karta 352

    Pytanie

    Which test or testing sequence best evaluates suspected pulmonary tuberculosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Obtain chest imaging and multiple respiratory specimens for nucleic-acid testing, smear, and culture with susceptibility testing.

    Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis for Tuberculosis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  353. Karta 353

    Pytanie

    Which test or testing sequence best evaluates suspected endometriosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Diagnosis can be clinical with imaging for endometrioma or deep disease; laparoscopy is not mandatory before initial treatment.

    Endometriosis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  354. Karta 354

    Pytanie

    Which test or testing sequence best evaluates suspected panic disorder?

    Odpowiedź

    Diagnosis is clinical after considering cardiac, pulmonary, endocrine, neurologic, medication, and substance causes.

    Panic Disorder: What You Need to Know · reviewed 2026-08-26

  355. Karta 355

    Pytanie

    How can a clinician reduce avoidable harm related to Crohn disease?

    Odpowiedź

    Support smoking cessation and use effective maintenance therapy with objective monitoring to reduce relapse and complications.

    Updated 2025 ACG Guidelines for Crohn’s Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  358. Karta 358

    Pytanie

    Which history or examination finding most strongly supports peritonsillar abscess?

    Odpowiedź

    Severe unilateral sore throat, muffled voice, drooling, trismus, and uvular deviation suggest a peritonsillar collection.

    Tonsillitis and Peritonsillar Abscess · reviewed 2026-08-26

  359. Karta 359

    Pytanie

    When should a safety event or near miss be reported?

    Odpowiedź

    Report it through the local safety system promptly, including near misses, so hazards can be corrected without waiting for patient harm.

    Reporting Patient Safety Events · reviewed 2026-08-26

  361. Karta 361

    Pytanie

    Which bedside pattern best points to pleural effusion?

    Odpowiedź

    Dyspnea with reduced breath sounds, dullness to percussion, and decreased tactile fremitus suggests pleural fluid.

    British Thoracic Society Guideline for Pleural Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  362. Karta 362

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, what immediate plan is appropriate for melanoma?

    Odpowiedź

    Prompt complete diagnostic excision and staging guide definitive surgical management.

    Melanoma Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  363. Karta 363

    Pytanie

    A clinician is considering uncomplicated cystitis. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpowiedź

    Dysuria and frequency without vaginal symptoms strongly support lower urinary infection in an appropriate patient.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  364. Karta 364

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, which clinical sequence defines a generalized tonic-clonic seizure?

    Odpowiedź

    Loss of consciousness with bilateral tonic stiffening followed by clonic jerking and a postictal period defines the typical sequence.

    Epilepsies in Children, Young People and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  365. Karta 365

    Pytanie

    What is the priority management step for chronic kidney disease?

    Odpowiedź

    Identify cause, quantify progression risk, treat complications, and refer for high-risk features or advanced disease.

    2024 CKD Evaluation and Management Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  366. Karta 366

    Pytanie

    Why does sepsis produce its defining clinical pattern?

    Odpowiedź

    A dysregulated host response causes endothelial injury, vasodilation, capillary leak, and organ dysfunction.

    2026 Surviving Sepsis Campaign Adult Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  367. Karta 367

    Pytanie

    Which history or examination finding most strongly supports stable chronic hypertension?

    Odpowiedź

    Repeated properly measured elevated readings, usually without symptoms, establish the clinical pattern.

    2025 High Blood Pressure Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  368. Karta 368

    Pytanie

    Why does pelvic inflammatory disease produce its defining clinical pattern?

    Odpowiedź

    Ascending polymicrobial infection inflames endometrium and tubes, causing scarring and future ectopic or infertility risk.

    Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: STI Treatment Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  369. Karta 369

    Pytanie

    Which bedside pattern best points to chronic hepatitis C?

    Odpowiedź

    Most chronic infections are asymptomatic; abnormal aminotransferases or risk-based screening may reveal disease.

    Viral Hepatitis Clinical Care · reviewed 2026-08-26

  370. Karta 370

    Pytanie

    Which symptom domains should a clinician assess in schizophrenia?

    Odpowiedź

    Assess positive, negative, cognitive, and mood symptoms together with substance use, functioning, and safety.

    Management of First-Episode Psychosis and Schizophrenia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  371. Karta 371

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, an older adult after a fall has groin pain, cannot bear weight, and holds a shortened, externally rotated leg. Which diagnosis is most likely?

    Odpowiedź

    Hip fracture. An older adult after a fall with groin pain, inability to bear weight, and a shortened externally rotated leg likely has a hip fracture.

    Management of Hip Fractures in Older Adults: Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  372. Karta 372

    Pytanie

    In pulmonary embolism with hemodynamic compromise and no prohibitive bleeding risk, which drug class should be considered for reperfusion?

    Odpowiedź

    Use systemic thrombolytic therapy followed by anticoagulation; weigh the immediate bleeding risk and activate an advanced-reperfusion pathway.

    ASH 2020 Guidelines for Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism · reviewed 2026-08-26

  373. Karta 373

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis best fits this presentation: Unilateral leg swelling, pain, warmth, and risk from immobility, surgery, cancer, estrogen, or prior VTE raise suspicion.

    Odpowiedź

    Acute deep-vein thrombosis. Unilateral leg swelling, pain, warmth, and risk from immobility, surgery, cancer, estrogen, or prior VTE raise suspicion.

    ASH VTE Guidelines: Diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolism · reviewed 2026-08-26

  374. Karta 374

    Pytanie

    Which preventive measure belongs in care for type 2 diabetes mellitus?

    Odpowiedź

    Weight-supportive nutrition, physical activity, tobacco avoidance, and cardiometabolic risk control prevent complications.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  376. Karta 376

    Pytanie

    Which preventive measure belongs in care for acute angle-closure glaucoma?

    Odpowiedź

    Definitive treatment of the fellow narrow-angle eye helps prevent a second attack.

    Management of Angle-Closure Glaucoma · reviewed 2026-08-26

  377. Karta 377

    Pytanie

    Exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, edema, elevated jugular venous pressure, an S3, and an echocardiographic LVEF of 35% indicate which heart-failure phenotype?

    Odpowiedź

    Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The congestion findings establish heart failure, and an LVEF of 40% or less identifies the reduced-EF phenotype.

    2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure · reviewed 2026-08-26

  378. Karta 378

    Pytanie

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for multiple sclerosis relapse?

    Odpowiedź

    A focal neurologic deficit evolving over hours to days and lasting over 24 hours, separated in time and space from prior events, suggests relapse.

    Multiple Sclerosis in Adults: Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  380. Karta 380

    Pytanie

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for HIV infection?

    Odpowiedź

    Acute retroviral illness can cause fever, rash, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, or no symptoms; chronic infection may remain silent.

    About HIV · reviewed 2026-08-26

  382. Karta 382

    Pytanie

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for postpartum hemorrhage?

    Odpowiedź

    Heavy postpartum bleeding with uterine atony, retained tissue, trauma, or coagulopathy can rapidly cause shock.

    Postpartum Hemorrhage · reviewed 2026-08-26

  384. Karta 384

    Pytanie

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for delirium?

    Odpowiedź

    An acute fluctuating disturbance of attention and awareness with disorganized thinking suggests delirium.

    Delirium: Prevention, Diagnosis and Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  385. Karta 385

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, what immediate plan is appropriate for ureteral stone?

    Odpowiedź

    Provide analgesia, check for infection and kidney injury, and decompress urgently when obstruction is infected.

    EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  387. Karta 387

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, a clinician is considering atopic dermatitis. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpowiedź

    Chronic pruritic eczematous patches with age-dependent flexural or facial distribution and a relapsing course are typical.

    Atopic Dermatitis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  389. Karta 389

    Pytanie

    Which history or examination finding most strongly supports chronic kidney disease?

    Odpowiedź

    CKD may be silent; edema, pruritus, anemia, hypertension, or abnormal urine testing often appears later.

    2024 CKD Evaluation and Management Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  390. Karta 390

    Pytanie

    Identify the condition from this pattern: Persistent symptoms beyond 10 days, severe fever with purulent drainage, or worsening after initial improvement are patterns that support bacterial disease.

    Odpowiedź

    Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Persistent symptoms beyond 10 days, severe fever with purulent drainage, or worsening after initial improvement are patterns that support bacterial disease.

    Clinical Practice Guideline: Adult Sinusitis Update · reviewed 2026-08-26

  392. Karta 392

    Pytanie

    How should a clinician respond to a patient’s prejudiced request or discriminatory behavior?

    Odpowiedź

    Address the behavior directly, explore its reasons, set limits that protect staff and other patients, and do not accommodate invidious discrimination; urgent care still takes priority.

    Discrimination and Disruptive Behavior by Patients · reviewed 2026-08-26

  394. Karta 394

    Pytanie

    How should a clinician confirm or characterize acute pancreatitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Diagnosis requires two of three: characteristic pain, lipase or amylase at least three times normal, or compatible imaging.

    ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Acute Pancreatitis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  395. Karta 395

    Pytanie

    Which next action matters most in pulmonary tuberculosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Isolate suspected contagious disease and coordinate promptly with public health.

    Tuberculosis Infection Control · reviewed 2026-08-26

  397. Karta 397

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, which next action matters most in endometriosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Offer empiric symptom treatment or surgery based on severity, fertility goals, masses, and response.

    Endometriosis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  398. Karta 398

    Pytanie

    A patient has this pattern: Sudden dyspnea, pleuritic pain, tachycardia, hypoxemia, hemoptysis, or syncope with VTE risk raises suspicion. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Pulmonary embolism. Sudden dyspnea, pleuritic pain, tachycardia, hypoxemia, hemoptysis, or syncope with VTE risk raises suspicion.

    ASH VTE Guidelines: Diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolism · reviewed 2026-08-26

  399. Karta 399

    Pytanie

    Which next action matters most in panic disorder?

    Odpowiedź

    During an attack, ensure safety and exclude an emergency; for ongoing disorder, offer cognitive behavioral therapy and/or medication.

    Panic Disorder: What You Need to Know · reviewed 2026-08-26

  401. Karta 401

    Pytanie

    What immediate plan is appropriate for COPD?

    Odpowiedź

    For an exacerbation, increase short-acting bronchodilation, use systemic steroids, add antibiotics when indicated, and support ventilation.

    2026 GOLD Report and Pocket Guide · reviewed 2026-08-26

  402. Karta 402

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, which bedside pattern best points to juvenile idiopathic arthritis?

    Odpowiedź

    Persistent joint swelling, limited motion, or morning stiffness beginning before age 16, after excluding other causes, suggests JIA.

    2026 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  403. Karta 403

    Pytanie

    What is the priority management step for stable chronic hypertension?

    Odpowiedź

    Estimate cardiovascular risk, assess target-organ damage, and set an individualized treatment plan.

    2025 High Blood Pressure Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  408. Karta 408

    Pytanie

    Which medication prevents seizures in preeclampsia with severe features?

    Odpowiedź

    Use magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis while controlling severe hypertension and planning delivery according to maternal and fetal status.

    Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  409. Karta 409

    Pytanie

    What is shared decision-making?

    Odpowiedź

    The clinician presents reasonable options and evidence, elicits the patient’s goals and tradeoffs, and reaches a choice together when more than one path is reasonable.

    The SHARE Approach · reviewed 2026-08-26

  410. Karta 410

    Pytanie

    In a child aged 6 years or older or an adolescent, what drug class or regimen fits attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

    Odpowiedź

    Extended-release stimulants are first-line medication for most children and adolescents when combined with nonpharmacologic care and monitored for benefit and adverse effects.

    ADHD in Children and Youth: Part 2—Treatment · reviewed 2026-08-26

  412. Karta 412

    Pytanie

    Which pharmacologic approach is preferred for acute angle-closure glaucoma?

    Odpowiedź

    Use pressure-lowering topical agents plus systemic acetazolamide when appropriate; pilocarpine is added after pressure begins to fall.

    Management of Angle-Closure Glaucoma · reviewed 2026-08-26

  413. Karta 413

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis best fits this presentation: A painful unilateral grouped-vesicle eruption in a dermatomal distribution is characteristic.

    Odpowiedź

    Herpes zoster. A painful unilateral grouped-vesicle eruption in a dermatomal distribution is characteristic.

    Clinical Overview of Shingles (Herpes Zoster) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  415. Karta 415

    Pytanie

    What counseling point helps reduce harm from symptomatic aortic stenosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Teach patients to report exertional dyspnea, angina, presyncope, or syncope promptly; new symptoms require timely reassessment, and severe symptomatic AS warrants valve-team evaluation rather than surveillance alone.

    2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  416. Karta 416

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, which diagnosis best fits this presentation: Abrupt severe unilateral scrotal pain, a high-riding transverse testis, nausea, and an absent cremasteric reflex are concerning.

    Odpowiedź

    Testicular torsion. Sudden severe unilateral pain with nausea or vomiting, a high-riding transverse testis, and loss of the cremasteric reflex is the classic pattern.

    Testicular Torsion · reviewed 2026-08-26

  420. Karta 420

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, what condition should be suspected from this finding: Headache, fever, focal deficit, seizure, or signs of raised intracranial pressure after sinus, ear, dental, or bloodstream infection raise suspicion.

    Odpowiedź

    Bacterial brain abscess. Headache, fever, focal deficit, seizure, or signs of raised intracranial pressure after sinus, ear, dental, or bloodstream infection raise suspicion.

    ESCMID Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Abscess in Children and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  422. Karta 422

    Pytanie

    What condition should be suspected from this finding: Chronic cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysis, or epidemiologic exposure raises concern.

    Odpowiedź

    Pulmonary tuberculosis. Chronic cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysis, or epidemiologic exposure raises concern.

    Clinical Overview of Tuberculosis Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  423. Karta 423

    Pytanie

    Which pharmacologic approach is preferred for type 2 diabetes mellitus?

    Odpowiedź

    Choose glucose-lowering therapy around comorbid ASCVD, heart failure, CKD, weight goals, hypoglycemia risk, and patient priorities; metformin remains appropriate for many.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  424. Karta 424

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, which diagnosis best fits cyclic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia, painful defecation, or infertility?

    Odpowiedź

    Endometriosis. Cyclic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia, painful defecation, or infertility suggests endometriosis.

    Endometriosis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  426. Karta 426

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis requires recurrent unexpected panic attacks plus persistent worry or maladaptive avoidance for at least one month?

    Odpowiedź

    Panic disorder. Recurrent unexpected panic attacks plus persistent worry or maladaptive avoidance for at least a month suggests panic disorder.

    Panic Disorder: What You Need to Know · reviewed 2026-08-26

  427. Karta 427

    Pytanie

    How should uncertainty be communicated?

    Odpowiedź

    Name what is known and unknown, explain the leading possibilities and why, state the plan to reduce uncertainty, and give specific follow-up or return precautions.

    Why Does Clinical Uncertainty Matter? · reviewed 2026-08-26

  428. Karta 428

    Pytanie

    Which medication is FDA-approved for moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity?

    Odpowiedź

    Tirzepatide is approved for adults with obesity and moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea, used with a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity.

    FDA Approves First Medication for Obstructive Sleep Apnea · reviewed 2026-08-26

  431. Karta 431

    Pytanie

    A clinician is considering upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpowiedź

    Hematemesis, coffee-ground emesis, or melena with orthostasis indicates an upper gastrointestinal source until shown otherwise.

    ACG Clinical Guideline: Upper Gastrointestinal and Ulcer Bleeding · reviewed 2026-08-26

  434. Karta 434

    Pytanie

    Which treatment should not be offered solely to treat multiple sclerosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Do not offer vitamin D solely to treat multiple sclerosis.

    Multiple Sclerosis in Adults: Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  435. Karta 435

    Pytanie

    Which pathophysiologic process drives plaque psoriasis?

    Odpowiedź

    IL-23 and Th17 pathway activation drives accelerated keratinocyte turnover.

    Psoriasis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  436. Karta 436

    Pytanie

    How can a clinician reduce avoidable harm related to HIV infection?

    Odpowiedź

    PrEP, condoms, sterile injection equipment, perinatal treatment, and sustained viral suppression prevent transmission.

    Preventing HIV · reviewed 2026-08-26

  437. Karta 437

    Pytanie

    Which pathophysiologic process drives acute pyelonephritis?

    Odpowiedź

    Ascending infection reaches the renal pelvis and parenchyma, producing systemic illness.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  438. Karta 438

    Pytanie

    How can a clinician reduce avoidable harm related to postpartum hemorrhage?

    Odpowiedź

    Antenatal anemia treatment, active management of the third stage, and hemorrhage protocols reduce morbidity.

    Postpartum Hemorrhage · reviewed 2026-08-26

  439. Karta 439

    Pytanie

    What is the key first diagnostic step for tension pneumothorax?

    Odpowiedź

    Diagnosis is clinical in an unstable patient; bedside ultrasound can support it but imaging must not delay decompression.

    Thoracic Trauma WSES-AAST Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  440. Karta 440

    Pytanie

    How can a clinician reduce avoidable harm related to delirium?

    Odpowiedź

    Orientation, mobility, sleep protection, hearing and vision aids, hydration, and medication review reduce hospital delirium.

    Delirium: Prevention, Diagnosis and Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  445. Karta 445

    Pytanie

    A patient has this pattern: Severe persistent epigastric pain radiating to the back with nausea and vomiting is typical. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Acute pancreatitis. Severe persistent epigastric pain radiating to the back with nausea and vomiting is typical.

    ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Acute Pancreatitis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  448. Karta 448

    Pytanie

    Which electrolyte disorder may cause weakness, paresthesias, bradycardia, or ECG changes but can be dangerous even without symptoms?

    Odpowiedź

    Hyperkalemia. Weakness, paresthesias, bradycardia, or ECG changes can occur, but dangerous hyperkalemia may be asymptomatic.

    Clinical Practice Guideline: Treatment of Acute Hyperkalaemia in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  450. Karta 450

    Pytanie

    Which pharmacologic approach is preferred for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction?

    Odpowiedź

    Foundational chronic therapy includes an ARNI or ACE inhibitor/ARB, an evidence-based beta-blocker, an MRA, and an SGLT2 inhibitor when tolerated.

    2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure · reviewed 2026-08-26

  451. Karta 451

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, severe dyspnea, unilateral absent breath sounds, hypotension, distended neck veins, and obstructive shock indicate which diagnosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Tension pneumothorax. Severe dyspnea, unilateral absent breath sounds, hypotension, distended neck veins, and obstructive shock suggest tension physiology.

    Thoracic Trauma WSES-AAST Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  452. Karta 452

    Pytanie

    Which bedside pattern best points to ectopic pregnancy?

    Odpowiedź

    Unilateral pelvic pain or bleeding in early pregnancy, especially with syncope or shoulder pain, raises concern for ectopic implantation.

    Ectopic Pregnancy · reviewed 2026-08-26

  456. Karta 456

    Pytanie

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for type 2 diabetes mellitus?

    Odpowiedź

    Polyuria, polydipsia, blurred vision, recurrent infections, or an asymptomatic high-risk patient may reveal hyperglycemia.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  457. Karta 457

    Pytanie

    In a postmenopausal woman or man aged 50 or older, which steps support bone health and reduce fracture risk?

    Odpowiedź

    Adequate calcium and vitamin D, weight-bearing and muscle-strengthening exercise, fall-risk reduction, tobacco cessation, and avoiding excess alcohol support bone health.

    The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  458. Karta 458

    Pytanie

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for acute angle-closure glaucoma?

    Odpowiedź

    Sudden painful red eye, blurred vision with halos, headache, nausea, a fixed mid-dilated pupil, and a firm globe are classic.

    Management of Angle-Closure Glaucoma · reviewed 2026-08-26

  461. Karta 461

    Pytanie

    Which test or testing sequence best evaluates suspected plaque psoriasis?

    Odpowiedź

    Diagnosis is usually clinical; biopsy is reserved for uncertain morphology.

    Psoriasis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  463. Karta 463

    Pytanie

    What diagnostic approach is most appropriate when uncomplicated cystitis is suspected?

    Odpowiedź

    Urinalysis supports the diagnosis; culture is important for complicated, recurrent, resistant, pregnant, or atypical cases.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  466. Karta 466

    Pytanie

    How should a clinician initially manage early syphilis?

    Odpowiedź

    Treat the patient and ensure partner evaluation; urgent specialist evaluation is needed for ocular, otic, or neurologic disease.

    Primary and Secondary Syphilis: STI Treatment Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  469. Karta 469

    Pytanie

    Why does acute cholecystitis produce its defining clinical pattern?

    Odpowiedź

    A gallstone can block bile flow, causing gallbladder pain and swelling (inflammation).

    Cholecystectomy · reviewed 2026-08-26

  471. Karta 471

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, a clinician is considering septic arthritis. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpowiedź

    Acute severe monoarticular pain, restricted passive motion, fever, or bacteremia risk is septic arthritis until excluded.

    Guideline for Management of Septic Arthritis in Native Joints · reviewed 2026-08-26

  473. Karta 473

    Pytanie

    For an eligible infant or selected high-risk child aged 8–19 months, which immunization strategy reduces severe RSV disease?

    Odpowiedź

    Use either maternal RSV vaccination or a recommended long-acting RSV antibody to protect infants; give nirsevimab to eligible high-risk children aged 8–19 months entering a second RSV season.

    RSV Immunization Guidance for Infants and Young Children · reviewed 2026-08-26

  474. Karta 474

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis causes weight loss, fatigue, hypotension, salt craving, hyperpigmentation, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia?

    Odpowiedź

    Primary adrenal insufficiency. Weight loss, fatigue, hypotension, salt craving, hyperpigmentation, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia suggest primary adrenal failure.

    Primary Adrenal Insufficiency Guideline Resources · reviewed 2026-08-26

  475. Karta 475

    Pytanie

    What is the ethical approach to a learner performing a procedure?

    Odpowiedź

    Tell the patient who will participate, describe supervision, obtain voluntary agreement, and ensure refusal does not compromise care.

    Residents and Fellows: Patient Involvement in Self-Education · reviewed 2026-08-26

  476. Karta 476

    Pytanie

    In a child aged 6 months or older, what condition should be suspected from a bulging tympanic membrane with acute ear pain or new otorrhea?

    Odpowiedź

    Acute otitis media. A bulging tympanic membrane with acute ear pain or new otorrhea is more specific than redness alone.

    Management of Acute Otitis Media in Children Six Months of Age and Older · reviewed 2026-08-26

  478. Karta 478

    Pytanie

    How should medication be used in multiple sclerosis relapse?

    Odpowiedź

    High-dose corticosteroids shorten a disabling relapse; they do not alter long-term progression by themselves.

    Multiple Sclerosis in Adults: Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  480. Karta 480

    Pytanie

    How should medication be used in HIV infection?

    Odpowiedź

    Use a recommended combination antiretroviral regimen selected for resistance, interactions, comorbidity, pregnancy potential, and patient preference.

    What to Start: Initial Combination Antiretroviral Regimens · reviewed 2026-08-26

  482. Karta 482

    Pytanie

    How should medication be used in postpartum hemorrhage?

    Odpowiedź

    Oxytocin is first-line for uterine atony; add other uterotonics according to contraindications and give tranexamic acid early when indicated.

    Postpartum Hemorrhage · reviewed 2026-08-26

  483. Karta 483

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, which history or examination finding most strongly supports asthma?

    Odpowiedź

    Variable wheeze, cough, chest tightness, or dyspnea that changes over time and with triggers suggests asthma.

    2026 GINA Strategy Report · reviewed 2026-08-26

  484. Karta 484

    Pytanie

    How should medication be used in delirium?

    Odpowiedź

    Reserve short-term antipsychotic use for severe dangerous agitation after reversible causes and contraindications are addressed.

    Delirium: Prevention, Diagnosis and Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  485. Karta 485

    Pytanie

    Which preventive measure belongs in care for herpes zoster?

    Odpowiedź

    Age-appropriate recombinant zoster vaccination lowers zoster and postherpetic-neuralgia risk.

    Clinical Overview of Shingles (Herpes Zoster) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  486. Karta 486

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, what condition should be suspected from this finding: Abrupt severe chest or back pain, pulse or blood-pressure asymmetry, and a new aortic regurgitation murmur are high-risk clues.

    Odpowiedź

    Aortic dissection. Abrupt severe chest or back pain, pulse or blood-pressure asymmetry, and a new aortic regurgitation murmur are high-risk clues.

    2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  487. Karta 487

    Pytanie

    Which preventive step is required during surgery for viable testicular torsion?

    Odpowiedź

    Perform bilateral orchiopexy, fixing the affected and contralateral testes to reduce future torsion risk.

    Testicular Torsion · reviewed 2026-08-26

  489. Karta 489

    Pytanie

    Why does primary hypothyroidism produce its defining clinical pattern?

    Odpowiedź

    Low thyroid hormone removes feedback inhibition, so TSH rises in primary gland failure.

    Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism · reviewed 2026-08-26

  491. Karta 491

    Pytanie

    Why does bacterial conjunctivitis produce its defining clinical pattern?

    Odpowiedź

    Bacterial infection of the conjunctiva commonly produces red eye with purulent discharge that mats the eyelids.

    Clinical Overview of Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  492. Karta 492

    Pytanie

    When is a chaperone appropriate for an intimate examination?

    Odpowiedź

    Offer a trained chaperone, respect patient preferences when safety permits, explain the examination, obtain consent, and document who was present.

    Use of Chaperones · reviewed 2026-08-26

  493. Karta 493

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis causes recurrent unilateral pulsating headache with nausea or sensory sensitivity, preceded by gradually spreading reversible visual or sensory symptoms?

    Odpowiedź

    Migraine with aura. Recurrent unilateral pulsating headache with nausea or sensory sensitivity, preceded by gradually spreading reversible visual or sensory symptoms, suggests migraine with aura.

    ICHD-3: Migraine with Aura · reviewed 2026-08-26

  494. Karta 494

    Pytanie

    What medication strategy is appropriate for Crohn disease?

    Odpowiedź

    Corticosteroids can induce remission but are not maintenance therapy; immunomodulator or biologic selection depends on risk and phenotype.

    Updated 2025 ACG Guidelines for Crohn’s Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  495. Karta 495

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis best fits a painless chancre or a diffuse rash involving the palms and soles with generalized lymphadenopathy?

    Odpowiedź

    Early syphilis. A painless chancre or a diffuse rash involving palms and soles with generalized lymphadenopathy suggests syphilis by stage.

    Primary and Secondary Syphilis: STI Treatment Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  497. Karta 497

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis best fits irregular, unpredictable uterine bleeding at reproductive extremes or with endocrine disruption?

    Odpowiedź

    Abnormal uterine bleeding from anovulation. Irregular unpredictable bleeding without cyclic ovulation is common at reproductive extremes or with endocrine disruption.

    Abnormal Uterine Bleeding · reviewed 2026-08-26

  499. Karta 499

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis requires intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or cognition, and hyperarousal lasting more than one month after trauma?

    Odpowiedź

    Post-traumatic stress disorder. Intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or cognition, and hyperarousal lasting over a month after trauma suggest PTSD.

    Management of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder · reviewed 2026-08-26

  502. Karta 502

    Pytanie

    What drug class or regimen fits atrial fibrillation?

    Odpowiedź

    Choose anticoagulation from validated thromboembolic-risk assessment; direct oral anticoagulants are preferred for most eligible patients without mechanical valves or moderate-to-severe rheumatic mitral stenosis.

    2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for Atrial Fibrillation: Key Perspectives · reviewed 2026-08-26

  503. Karta 503

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, which history or examination finding most strongly supports acute appendicitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Periumbilical pain migrating to the right lower quadrant with anorexia, nausea, fever, and focal tenderness is typical.

    Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Appendicitis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  504. Karta 504

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis best fits this presentation: Nocturnal numbness or tingling in the thumb, index, and middle fingers with thenar weakness suggests median-nerve compression.

    Odpowiedź

    Carpal tunnel syndrome. Nocturnal numbness or tingling in the thumb, index, and middle fingers with thenar weakness suggests median-nerve compression.

    Management of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  506. Karta 506

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, how can a clinician reduce avoidable harm related to diabetic ketoacidosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Sick-day planning, continued basal insulin, ketone checks, and early contact for illness reduce recurrence.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  507. Karta 507

    Pytanie

    How should a clinician confirm or characterize early syphilis?

    Odpowiedź

    Use a nontreponemal test with a treponemal confirmatory test, or the reverse sequence; evaluate neurologic or ocular symptoms separately.

    Primary and Secondary Syphilis: STI Treatment Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  508. Karta 508

    Pytanie

    How can a clinician reduce avoidable harm related to retinal detachment?

    Odpowiedź

    Assess sudden new floaters, flashes, or a curtain immediately; early treatment can prevent permanent vision loss. Dilated examination can find a small tear or detachment before vision is affected.

    Retinal Detachment · reviewed 2026-08-26

  510. Karta 510

    Pytanie

    How should social media be handled when a clinical story seems de-identified?

    Odpowiedź

    Do not post patient material without proper authorization; combinations of details can identify a person even when names are removed.

    Professionalism in the Use of Social Media · reviewed 2026-08-26

  513. Karta 513

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, what medication strategy is appropriate for atopic dermatitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Topical corticosteroids are first-line for most flares; steroid-sparing topical agents help at sensitive sites or with maintenance.

    Atopic Dermatitis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  516. Karta 516

    Pytanie

    Which history or examination finding most strongly supports acute pyelonephritis?

    Odpowiedź

    Fever, flank pain, costovertebral-angle tenderness, nausea, and urinary symptoms suggest renal infection.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  517. Karta 517

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, which next action matters most in tension pneumothorax?

    Odpowiedź

    Perform immediate decompression followed by tube thoracostomy.

    Thoracic Trauma WSES-AAST Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  518. Karta 518

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis best fits this presentation: Chronic diarrhea, bloating, weight loss, iron deficiency, dermatitis herpetiformis, or unexplained osteoporosis can be the clue.

    Odpowiedź

    Celiac disease. Chronic diarrhea, bloating, weight loss, iron deficiency, dermatitis herpetiformis, or unexplained osteoporosis can be the clue.

    ACG Clinical Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Celiac Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  519. Karta 519

    Pytanie

    What physiologic disturbance underlies anterior cruciate ligament tear?

    Odpowiedź

    An ACL tear removes a primary restraint to anterior tibial translation and rotation, producing anterior and rotational instability.

    The Management of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries · reviewed 2026-08-26

  520. Karta 520

    Pytanie

    A clinician is considering heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpowiedź

    Exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, edema, elevated jugular venous pressure, and an S3 support volume-overloaded heart failure.

    2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure · reviewed 2026-08-26

  523. Karta 523

    Pytanie

    What physiologic disturbance underlies pulmonary tuberculosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Mycobacteria survive in macrophages and drive granulomatous inflammation with latent or active disease.

    Clinical Overview of Tuberculosis Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  524. Karta 524

    Pytanie

    Which antibiotic is required for gonococcal conjunctivitis in an adult?

    Odpowiedź

    Give systemic ceftriaxone; consider one-time saline lavage and evaluate for chlamydial coinfection when it has not been excluded.

    Gonococcal Infections Among Adolescents and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  525. Karta 525

    Pytanie

    What physiologic disturbance underlies endometriosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Estrogen-responsive ectopic endometrial-like tissue drives inflammation, fibrosis, and pain.

    Endometriosis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  526. Karta 526

    Pytanie

    What should a clinician do after sending protected information to the wrong recipient?

    Odpowiedź

    Act immediately to limit further disclosure, notify the organization’s privacy or security process, document facts, and follow breach assessment requirements.

    Breach Notification Rule · reviewed 2026-08-26

  527. Karta 527

    Pytanie

    Which clinical pattern defines a panic attack?

    Odpowiedź

    An abrupt surge of intense fear or discomfort with physical and cognitive symptoms that peaks within minutes defines a panic attack.

    Panic Disorder: What You Need to Know · reviewed 2026-08-26

  528. Karta 528

    Pytanie

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for acute kidney injury?

    Odpowiedź

    A rising creatinine or falling urine output after illness, volume loss, nephrotoxin exposure, obstruction, or sepsis indicates AKI.

    KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury · reviewed 2026-08-26

  529. Karta 529

    Pytanie

    What physiologic disturbance underlies tension pneumothorax?

    Odpowiedź

    A one-way pleural air leak raises intrathoracic pressure, collapses the lung, and impairs venous return.

    Thoracic Trauma WSES-AAST Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  532. Karta 532

    Pytanie

    A patient has this pattern: Fever plus a new or changing murmur, embolic findings, injection-drug use, or prosthetic material raises suspicion. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Infective endocarditis. Fever plus a new or changing murmur, embolic findings, injection-drug use, or prosthetic material raises suspicion.

    2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

  536. Karta 536

    Pytanie

    Which prevention or risk-reduction step is important for community-acquired pneumonia?

    Odpowiedź

    Keep age- and risk-appropriate pneumococcal vaccination current to reduce preventable pneumococcal pneumonia.

    Pneumococcal Vaccine Recommendations · reviewed 2026-08-26

  538. Karta 538

    Pytanie

    Which prevention or risk-reduction step is important for ectopic pregnancy?

    Odpowiedź

    Early testing after a missed period and prompt evaluation of pain or bleeding reduce rupture morbidity.

    Ectopic Pregnancy · reviewed 2026-08-26

  542. Karta 542

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, what drug class or regimen fits diabetic ketoacidosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Use continuous IV regular insulin; add dextrose as glucose falls so ketone clearance can continue.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  543. Karta 543

    Pytanie

    What is the key first diagnostic step for peritonsillar abscess?

    Odpowiedź

    Diagnosis is usually clinical; ultrasound or CT helps when the diagnosis or deep-space extension is uncertain.

    Tonsillitis and Peritonsillar Abscess · reviewed 2026-08-26

  544. Karta 544

    Pytanie

    What does continuity require before ending a clinician-patient relationship?

    Odpowiedź

    Give reasonable notice, provide urgent coverage during the transition, offer transfer resources, and make records available as permitted.

    Terminating a Patient-Physician Relationship · reviewed 2026-08-26

  545. Karta 545

    Pytanie

    What counseling point helps reduce harm from chronic hepatitis C?

    Odpowiedź

    Avoid blood exposure, do not share injection equipment, and screen all adults and each pregnancy as recommended.

    Viral Hepatitis Clinical Care · reviewed 2026-08-26

  547. Karta 547

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, what counseling point helps reduce harm from juvenile idiopathic arthritis?

    Odpowiedź

    Vaccination, eye screening, activity, and growth monitoring reduce preventable morbidity.

    2026 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  549. Karta 549

    Pytanie

    A clinician is considering subarachnoid hemorrhage. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpowiedź

    A sudden maximal-at-onset thunderclap headache, neck stiffness, vomiting, or brief loss of consciousness is concerning.

    2023 Guideline for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage · reviewed 2026-08-26

  551. Karta 551

    Pytanie

    In a child, typically 6 months to 3 years, what counseling point helps reduce harm from croup?

    Odpowiedź

    Caregivers should seek urgent assessment for stridor at rest, marked chest retractions, cyanosis, lethargy, or poor air entry.

    Acute Management of Croup in the Emergency Department · reviewed 2026-08-26

  552. Karta 552

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, a clinician is considering bacterial meningitis. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpowiedź

    Fever, headache, neck stiffness, altered mental status, or a nonblanching rash should trigger urgent evaluation.

    WHO Guidelines on Meningitis Diagnosis, Treatment and Care · reviewed 2026-08-26

  553. Karta 553

    Pytanie

    A clinician is considering preeclampsia with severe features. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpowiedź

    New hypertension after 20 weeks with end-organ findings such as severe pressure, thrombocytopenia, liver injury, kidney injury, pulmonary edema, or neurologic symptoms suggests severe disease.

    Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  554. Karta 554

    Pytanie

    A clinician is considering bipolar I mania. Which finding adds the most support?

    Odpowiedź

    At least one week of elevated or irritable mood with increased energy, decreased sleep, pressured speech, grandiosity, and risky behavior suggests mania.

    Management of Bipolar Disorder in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  558. Karta 558

    Pytanie

    Which bedside pattern best points to retinal detachment?

    Odpowiedź

    New flashes, floaters, and a curtain or shadow across the visual field suggest detachment.

    Retinal Detachment · reviewed 2026-08-26

  559. Karta 559

    Pytanie

    How should a clinician respond when requested to falsify a work note or record?

    Odpowiedź

    Decline, document objective facts accurately, explain what can truthfully be certified, and preserve the integrity of the record.

    Management of Medical Records · reviewed 2026-08-26

  560. Karta 560

    Pytanie

    How can a clinician reduce avoidable harm related to hypertensive emergency?

    Odpowiedź

    Accurate home monitoring and sustained treatment adherence reduce progression to crisis.

    2025 High Blood Pressure Guideline · reviewed 2026-08-26

  561. Karta 561

    Pytanie

    What clinical clue should raise suspicion for COPD?

    Odpowiedź

    Progressive exertional dyspnea, chronic cough or sputum, and exposure to tobacco, biomass, or occupational irritants suggest COPD.

    2026 GOLD Report and Pocket Guide · reviewed 2026-08-26

  562. Karta 562

    Pytanie

    Which pharmacologic approach is preferred for acute pyelonephritis?

    Odpowiedź

    Select empiric therapy from local resistance and severity, then narrow to the culture.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  563. Karta 563

    Pytanie

    Which history or examination finding most strongly supports plaque psoriasis?

    Odpowiedź

    Well-demarcated erythematous plaques with silvery scale on extensor surfaces and nail pitting support psoriasis.

    Psoriasis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  564. Karta 564

    Pytanie

    What immediate plan is appropriate for Parkinson disease?

    Odpowiedź

    Start multidisciplinary care and choose symptomatic treatment by functional impact, age, cognition, and adverse-effect risk.

    Parkinson’s Disease in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  565. Karta 565

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis best fits hypotonic euvolemic hyponatremia with inappropriately concentrated urine after thyroid, adrenal, renal, and diuretic causes are excluded?

    Odpowiedź

    Hyponatremia due to SIADH. Nausea, confusion, gait change, seizure, or subtle cognitive symptoms with hypotonic euvolemic hyponatremia may reflect SIADH.

    Clinical Practice Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyponatraemia · reviewed 2026-08-26

  566. Karta 566

    Pytanie

    What immediate plan is appropriate for gonococcal urethritis or cervicitis?

    Odpowiedź

    Treat promptly, test for other STIs, abstain until treatment criteria are met, and arrange partner services.

    Gonococcal Infections Among Adolescents and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  568. Karta 568

    Pytanie

    What immediate plan is appropriate for menopause vasomotor symptoms?

    Odpowiedź

    Match treatment to symptom burden, uterus status, contraindications, and patient preference.

    Hormone Therapy for Menopause · reviewed 2026-08-26

  574. Karta 574

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, which bedside pattern best points to diabetic ketoacidosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Hyperglycemia with dehydration, abdominal pain, vomiting, Kussmaul respirations, or altered mental status suggests ketoacidosis.

    Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 · reviewed 2026-08-26

  575. Karta 575

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, how should a clinician initially manage peritonsillar abscess?

    Odpowiedź

    Assess the airway, drain the abscess, hydrate, and treat infection.

    Tonsillitis and Peritonsillar Abscess · reviewed 2026-08-26

  576. Karta 576

    Pytanie

    Which factors determine a PA’s scope of practice?

    Odpowiedź

    A PA’s education and experience, state law, practice-setting policy and credentialing, and the care team’s arrangements together define the services the PA may provide.

    PA Scope of Practice · reviewed 2026-08-26

  581. Karta 581

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis is defined by acute hypoxemic respiratory failure with bilateral opacities not fully explained by cardiac failure after a known insult?

    Odpowiedź

    Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure with bilateral opacities not fully explained by cardiac failure after a known insult suggests ARDS.

    An Update on Management of Adult Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome · reviewed 2026-08-26

  582. Karta 582

    Pytanie

    What medication strategy is appropriate for ectopic pregnancy?

    Odpowiedź

    Methotrexate is an option for selected stable unruptured ectopic pregnancy without contraindications.

    Ectopic Pregnancy · reviewed 2026-08-26

  584. Karta 584

    Pytanie

    In a child or adolescent, identify the condition from this pattern: Chronic pruritic eczematous patches with age-dependent flexural or facial distribution and a relapsing course are typical.

    Odpowiedź

    Atopic dermatitis. Chronic pruritic eczematous patches with age-dependent flexural or facial distribution and a relapsing course are typical.

    Atopic Dermatitis Clinical Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  585. Karta 585

    Pytanie

    Which pharmacologic approach is preferred for a postmenopausal woman with osteoporosis at high fracture risk?

    Odpowiedź

    Bisphosphonates are first-line for many postmenopausal women at high fracture risk; consider anabolic therapy for very high risk.

    Pharmacological Management of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women · reviewed 2026-08-26

  587. Karta 587

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis best fits dysuria and frequency without vaginal symptoms in an otherwise appropriate patient?

    Odpowiedź

    Uncomplicated cystitis. Dysuria and frequency without vaginal symptoms strongly support lower urinary infection in an appropriate patient.

    EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections · reviewed 2026-08-26

  589. Karta 589

    Pytanie

    What condition should be suspected from this finding: A single fever in a patient with severe chemotherapy-related neutropenia is an emergency even when examination is unrevealing.

    Odpowiedź

    Neutropenic fever. A single fever in a patient with severe chemotherapy-related neutropenia is an emergency even when examination is unrevealing.

    Outpatient Management of Fever and Neutropenia in Adults Treated for Malignancy · reviewed 2026-08-26

  590. Karta 590

    Pytanie

    What is the purpose of root cause analysis after a serious patient-safety event?

    Odpowiedź

    Identify active and latent system contributors, then design and track corrective actions that reduce recurrence rather than stopping at individual blame.

    Root Cause Analysis · reviewed 2026-08-26

  591. Karta 591

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, a patient has this pattern: Often asymptomatic hypercalcemia, nephrolithiasis, bone loss, constipation, or neurocognitive symptoms can be the clue. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Primary hyperparathyroidism. Often asymptomatic hypercalcemia, nephrolithiasis, bone loss, constipation, or neurocognitive symptoms can be the clue.

    Evaluation and Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Fifth International Workshop Guidelines · reviewed 2026-08-26

  593. Karta 593

    Pytanie

    A patient has this pattern: A rapid unilateral hearing decrease, often noticed on waking and sometimes with tinnitus, is an otologic emergency. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Odpowiedź

    Sudden sensorineural hearing loss. A rapid unilateral hearing decrease, often noticed on waking and sometimes with tinnitus, is an otologic emergency.

    Clinical Practice Guideline: Sudden Hearing Loss (Update) · reviewed 2026-08-26

  594. Karta 594

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis requires bradykinesia plus rest tremor or rigidity and often includes reduced arm swing or a shuffling gait?

    Odpowiedź

    Parkinson disease. Bradykinesia plus rest tremor or rigidity, with reduced arm swing and shuffling gait, supports parkinsonism.

    Parkinson’s Disease in Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  595. Karta 595

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis best fits purulent urethral discharge, dysuria, cervicitis, pelvic pain, or a relevant sexual exposure, although infection may be asymptomatic?

    Odpowiedź

    Gonococcal urethritis or cervicitis. Purulent urethral discharge, dysuria, cervicitis, pelvic pain, or exposure may indicate gonorrhea, but infection can be asymptomatic.

    Gonococcal Infections Among Adolescents and Adults · reviewed 2026-08-26

  596. Karta 596

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis best fits hot flashes, night sweats, sleep disruption, and menstrual transition at the expected age?

    Odpowiedź

    Menopause vasomotor symptoms. Hot flashes, night sweats, sleep disruption, and menstrual transition at the expected age usually identify menopausal vasomotor symptoms.

    The Menopause Years · reviewed 2026-08-26

  597. Karta 597

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis causes tremor, autonomic hyperactivity, insomnia, nausea, anxiety, hallucinations, or seizures after reducing heavy alcohol use?

    Odpowiedź

    Alcohol withdrawal. Tremor, autonomic hyperactivity, insomnia, nausea, anxiety, hallucinations, or seizures after reducing heavy alcohol use suggests withdrawal.

    The ASAM Clinical Practice Guideline on Alcohol Withdrawal Management · reviewed 2026-08-26

  598. Karta 598

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis causes bloody diarrhea, urgency, tenesmus, and crampy abdominal pain with continuous colonic inflammation?

    Odpowiedź

    Ulcerative colitis. Bloody diarrhea, urgency, tenesmus, and crampy abdominal pain with continuous colonic inflammation suggest ulcerative colitis.

    Updated 2025 ACG Guidelines to Manage Adult Ulcerative Colitis Patients · reviewed 2026-08-26

  599. Karta 599

    Pytanie

    Which diagnosis best fits abrupt severe monoarthritis with erythema, often at the first metatarsophalangeal joint?

    Odpowiedź

    Gout flare. Abrupt severe monoarthritis with erythema, often at the first metatarsophalangeal joint, suggests gout.

    Gout · reviewed 2026-08-26

  600. Karta 600

    Pytanie

    For surgical decision-making, which diagnosis best fits this presentation: Exertional dyspnea, angina, or syncope with a harsh crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur radiating to the carotids is typical.

    Odpowiedź

    Symptomatic aortic stenosis. Exertional dyspnea, angina, or syncope with a harsh crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur radiating to the carotids is typical.

    2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease · reviewed 2026-08-26

Illustrated clinical review desk with a stethoscope, ECG trace, lungs, brain, and study cards arranged around a clear central title-safe area.

600 kart

PANCE Flashcards: Blueprint-Aligned Diagnoses, Tests & Next Steps

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