Which relationship gives average velocity over a time interval?

\bar v=\Delta x/\Delta t. Displacement \Delta x includes direction; average speed instead uses total distance.

How do you convert a sample's mass to moles?

n=m/M. Divide mass m by molar mass M using compatible units.

What is the electrostatic force between two point charges?

F=k_e|q_1q_2|/r^2. It acts along the line joining the charges; like charges repel and unlike charges attract.

How is pH defined from hydrogen-ion activity in the usual MCAT approximation?

\mathrm{pH}=-\log[H^+]. The bracket approximation uses molar concentration for sufficiently dilute solutions.

How are period and frequency related?

f=1/T. Frequency is in hertz and period is in seconds.

Which relationship gives sensible heat for a sample with known specific heat?

q=mc\Delta T. Use it within one phase when the specific heat c is approximately constant.

Which relationship defines mass density?

\rho=m/V. Density has SI units of \mathrm{kg/m^3}; 1\ \mathrm{g/mL}=1000\ \mathrm{kg/m^3}.

What is the concentration equilibrium constant for aA+bB\rightleftharpoons cC+dD?

K_c=[C]^c[D]^d/([A]^a[B]^b). Use equilibrium concentrations and stoichiometric coefficients as exponents.

How is photon energy related to frequency and wavelength?

E=hf=hc/\lambda. Higher frequency and shorter wavelength mean greater photon energy.

How is standard cell potential calculated from reduction potentials?

E^\circ_{\mathrm{cell}}=E^\circ_{\mathrm{cathode}}-E^\circ_{\mathrm{anode}}. Use both tabulated values as reductions; do not multiply potentials by stoichiometric coefficients.

Which SI base units cover the quantities most often used in MCAT mechanics and circuits?

Use meters (m) for length, kilograms (kg) for mass, seconds (s) for time, and amperes (A) for electric current. Amount of substance uses moles (mol), and thermodynamic temperature uses kelvin (K).

How do you convert Celsius temperature to kelvin for gas-law work?

T_K=T_{^\circ C}+273.15. Gas-law temperatures must be absolute; a Celsius value cannot be inserted directly.

Which relationship gives average acceleration over a time interval?

\bar a=\Delta v/\Delta t. Acceleration has SI units of \mathrm{m/s^2}.

How is reaction rate related to a species concentration and its stoichiometric coefficient?

For aA\rightarrow cC, \mathrm{rate}=-(1/a)d[A]/dt=(1/c)d[C]/dt. The signs and coefficients make one reaction rate consistent across species.

What electric-field magnitude does a point charge produce?

E=k_e|q|/r^2. The field points away from a positive source charge and toward a negative one.

How do moles relate to the number of microscopic particles?

N=nN_A, with N_A\approx6.022\times10^{23}\ \mathrm{mol^{-1}}.

For constant acceleration, how does velocity change with time?

v=v_0+at. Use it when acceleration is constant and the elapsed time is known.

How is specific gravity defined?

SG=\rho_{\mathrm{substance}}/\rho_{\mathrm{water}}. It is dimensionless because it is a density ratio.

How is an object's heat capacity related to heat and temperature change?

q=C\Delta T. Heat capacity C applies to the whole object; specific heat is per unit mass.

How are frequency and wavelength related for electromagnetic radiation in vacuum?

c=f\lambda. Use c\approx3.00\times10^8\ \mathrm{m/s}.

Which species are omitted from a heterogeneous equilibrium expression?

Pure solids and pure liquids are omitted because their activities are effectively constant. Gases and dissolved species remain.

What force does an electric field exert on a charge?

\vec F=q\vec E. A negative charge feels force opposite the field direction.

Which equation relates pressure, volume, amount, and temperature for an ideal gas?

PV=nRT. Use absolute temperature and a gas constant whose units match pressure and volume.

Which equation relates wave speed, frequency, and wavelength?

v=f\lambda. The medium sets the wave speed; changing frequency then changes wavelength.

What is the water-ion product at 25^\circ\mathrm{C}?

K_w=[H^+][OH^-]\approx1.0\times10^{-14}. Its value changes with temperature.

What base-unit dimensions define one newton?

1\ \mathrm{N}=1\ \mathrm{kg\,m\,s^{-2}}. A force must have dimensions of mass times acceleration.

How is cell potential related to reaction free energy?

\Delta G=-nFE_{\mathrm{cell}}. A positive galvanic-cell potential gives negative \Delta G for the written reaction.

For constant acceleration, how does displacement depend on time?

\Delta x=v_0t+\tfrac12at^2. Choose a positive direction first, then keep signs consistent.

How is molarity defined?

M=n_{\mathrm{solute}}/V_{\mathrm{solution}}. Use solution volume in liters, so molarity has units of \mathrm{mol/L}.

What electric potential does a point charge produce?

V=k_e q/r. Potential is scalar, so contributions from multiple charges add algebraically.

Which relationship gives heat absorbed or released during a phase change?

q=n\Delta H_{\mathrm{phase}}, or q=mL when latent heat is given per unit mass. Temperature stays constant during an ideal equilibrium phase change.

Which constant-acceleration equation avoids time?

v^2=v_0^2+2a\Delta x. It connects speed and displacement when time is absent.

What is the general experimental rate-law form?

\mathrm{rate}=k[A]^m[B]^n. The exponents are determined experimentally and need not equal overall-reaction coefficients.

Which relationship defines pressure from a normal force?

P=F_\perp/A. Pressure is scalar and measured in pascals.

What pH–pOH relationship applies at 25^\circ\mathrm{C}?

\mathrm{pH}+\mathrm{pOH}=14.00. More generally, \mathrm{pH}+\mathrm{pOH}=\mathrm{p}K_w.

How is wave intensity related to transmitted power and area?

I=P/A. Intensity is power per area, measured in \mathrm{W/m^2}.

How is molality defined?

m=n_{\mathrm{solute}}/(\mathrm{kg\ of\ solvent}). Molality uses solvent mass, not solution volume, and is temperature-independent.

What base-unit dimensions define one joule?

1\ \mathrm{J}=1\ \mathrm{N\,m}=1\ \mathrm{kg\,m^2\,s^{-2}}. Work, energy, and heat share this unit.

What is the chemistry sign-convention form of the first law?

\Delta U=q+w. q>0 means heat enters the system, and w>0 means work is done on the system.

How is refractive index related to light speed in a medium?

n=c/v. A larger refractive index means a lower phase speed in the material.

What equation links net force and acceleration?

\sum \vec F=m\vec a. The vector sum of external forces determines the acceleration.

Which relationship compares two states of a fixed amount of ideal gas?

P_1V_1/T_1=P_2V_2/T_2. It assumes the amount of gas is unchanged. Holding one variable constant gives Boyle's, Charles's, or Gay-Lussac's law.

How is electric potential energy related to charge and voltage?

\Delta U=q\Delta V. A positive charge gains potential energy when moved to higher potential; a negative charge does the opposite.

How are standard cell potential and the equilibrium constant related?

\ln K=nFE^\circ_{\mathrm{cell}}/(RT). At equilibrium, the Nernst equation gives E_{\mathrm{cell}}=0.

What is an object's weight near Earth's surface?

W=mg. Weight is a force in newtons; mass remains in kilograms.

How are K_p and K_c related for an ideal-gas reaction?

K_p=K_c(RT)^{\Delta n_{\mathrm{gas}}}. \Delta n_{\mathrm{gas}} is gaseous product coefficients minus gaseous reactant coefficients.

How does pressure change with depth in a static incompressible fluid?

P=P_0+\rho gh. h is depth below the surface; the gauge pressure is \rho gh.

How do the units of a rate constant depend on overall reaction order N?

[k]=\mathrm{M^{1-N}s^{-1}} when rate is in \mathrm{M/s}. For example, first-order k has units of \mathrm{s^{-1}}.

Which relationship defines electric current?

I=\Delta Q/\Delta t. Conventional current points in the direction positive charge would move.

What is the acid-dissociation expression for HA\rightleftharpoons H^++A^-?

K_a=[H^+][A^-]/[HA]. A larger K_a means a stronger acid under comparable conditions.

MCAT Physics & Chemistry Equation Flashcards: Formulas, Units & When to Use Them

Memorize MCAT physics and chemistry equations with variables, units, conditions, and original when-to-use examples—not a bare formula dump.

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การ์ด: 180 การ์ด
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สัญญาอนุญาต: Common knowledge · CC0 1.0
ภาษาของผู้เรียน: en
วิชา: Physical sciences
ระดับ: MCAT
แท็ก: mcat-equations, physics, chemistry

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MCAT Physics & Chemistry Equation Flashcards: Formulas, Units & When to Use Them

These 180 cards build fast recall for the equation-heavy part of MCAT Chem/Phys: 95 physics cards and 85 chemistry cards. They cover formulas, variables, units, assumptions, signs, and the small clues that tell you which relationship fits.

What the cards practice

The prompts move in several useful directions. Some ask for an equation from a concept, some ask what an equation or unit means, and others give a short original setup where the main job is choosing the right relationship. Common traps—such as static friction always equaling its maximum, Celsius in a gas law, or multiplying a reduction potential by a coefficient—get their own constraint cards.

This isn't a mechanical set of forward-and-reverse pairs. Closely related variants appear only when they train a different recall job, and the fixed order keeps them at least three unrelated cards apart. Physics and chemistry are interleaved while prerequisites stay in order inside each topic. Long-term spacing is left to the review scheduler.

Coverage

Physics covers dimensional analysis and SI units, mechanics, fluids, waves and sound, electrostatics, circuits, magnetism, light, geometrical optics, and thermal expansion. Chemistry covers gases, stoichiometry, solutions and concentration, acids and bases, buffers, thermodynamics, calorimetry, kinetics, equilibrium, solubility, and electrochemistry.

The deck is a recall layer, not a substitute for passage analysis, estimation, or multi-step calculation practice. The AAMC outline includes scientific reasoning and formula use in context, so practice problems still matter.

Scope and provenance

The current AAMC content outline was used to set the boundary, while independent open references were used to check equations, variables, units, assumptions, and sign conventions. The prompts, answers, micro-scenarios, sequence, and metadata were written independently. Public pages from UWorld, MedSchoolCoach, and MCAT Bootcamp were compared only at a structural level; no table, wording, example, or organization was copied.

The Common knowledge · CC0 1.0 label applies to the original wording, organization, metadata, and generated cover to the extent applicable rights exist. It doesn't claim ownership of scientific facts or third-party names.

This package is independent and unofficial, with no affiliation with or endorsement by AAMC. No official questions, answer keys, mark schemes, outline wording, logos, or trade dress were copied. Check the official AAMC MCAT content outline for the exam owner's current requirements.

การ์ดในเด็คนี้

การ์ด 1
คำถาม
Which relationship gives average velocity over a time interval?
คำตอบ
$\bar v=\Delta x/\Delta t$ .

Displacement $\Delta x$ includes direction; average speed instead uses total distance.
การ์ด 2
คำถาม
How do you convert a sample's mass to moles?
คำตอบ
$n=m/M$ .

Divide mass $m$ by molar mass $M$ using compatible units.
การ์ด 3
คำถาม
What is the electrostatic force between two point charges?
คำตอบ
$F=k_e|q_1q_2|/r^2$ .

It acts along the line joining the charges; like charges repel and unlike charges attract.
การ์ด 4
คำถาม
How is pH defined from hydrogen-ion activity in the usual MCAT approximation?
คำตอบ
$\mathrm{pH}=-\log[H^+]$ .

The bracket approximation uses molar concentration for sufficiently dilute solutions.
การ์ด 5
คำถาม
How are period and frequency related?
คำตอบ
$f=1/T$ .

Frequency is in hertz and period is in seconds.
การ์ด 6
คำถาม
Which relationship gives sensible heat for a sample with known specific heat?
คำตอบ
$q=mc\Delta T$ .

Use it within one phase when the specific heat $c$ is approximately constant.
การ์ด 7
คำถาม
Which relationship defines mass density?
คำตอบ
$\rho=m/V$ .

Density has SI units of $\mathrm{kg/m^3}$ ; $1\ \mathrm{g/mL}=1000\ \mathrm{kg/m^3}$ .
การ์ด 8
คำถาม
What is the concentration equilibrium constant for $aA+bB\rightleftharpoons cC+dD$ ?
คำตอบ
$K_c=[C]^c[D]^d/([A]^a[B]^b)$ .

Use equilibrium concentrations and stoichiometric coefficients as exponents.
การ์ด 9
คำถาม
How is photon energy related to frequency and wavelength?
คำตอบ
$E=hf=hc/\lambda$ .

Higher frequency and shorter wavelength mean greater photon energy.
การ์ด 10
คำถาม
How is standard cell potential calculated from reduction potentials?
คำตอบ
$E^\circ_{\mathrm{cell}}=E^\circ_{\mathrm{cathode}}-E^\circ_{\mathrm{anode}}$ .

Use both tabulated values as reductions; do not multiply potentials by stoichiometric coefficients.
การ์ด 11
คำถาม
Which SI base units cover the quantities most often used in MCAT mechanics and circuits?
คำตอบ
Use meters (m) for length, kilograms (kg) for mass, seconds (s) for time, and amperes (A) for electric current. Amount of substance uses moles (mol), and thermodynamic temperature uses kelvin (K).
การ์ด 12
คำถาม
How do you convert Celsius temperature to kelvin for gas-law work?
คำตอบ
$T_K=T_{^\circ C}+273.15$ .

Gas-law temperatures must be absolute; a Celsius value cannot be inserted directly.
การ์ด 13
คำถาม
Which relationship gives average acceleration over a time interval?
คำตอบ
$\bar a=\Delta v/\Delta t$ .

Acceleration has SI units of $\mathrm{m/s^2}$ .
การ์ด 14
คำถาม
How is reaction rate related to a species concentration and its stoichiometric coefficient?
คำตอบ
For $aA\rightarrow cC$ , $\mathrm{rate}=-(1/a)d[A]/dt=(1/c)d[C]/dt$ .

The signs and coefficients make one reaction rate consistent across species.
การ์ด 15
คำถาม
What electric-field magnitude does a point charge produce?
คำตอบ
$E=k_e|q|/r^2$ .

The field points away from a positive source charge and toward a negative one.
การ์ด 16
คำถาม
How do moles relate to the number of microscopic particles?
คำตอบ
$N=nN_A$ , with $N_A\approx6.022\times10^{23}\ \mathrm{mol^{-1}}$ .
การ์ด 17
คำถาม
For constant acceleration, how does velocity change with time?
คำตอบ
$v=v_0+at$ .

Use it when acceleration is constant and the elapsed time is known.
การ์ด 18
คำถาม
How is pOH defined?
คำตอบ
$\mathrm{pOH}=-\log[OH^-]$ .
การ์ด 19
คำถาม
How is specific gravity defined?
คำตอบ
$SG=\rho_{\mathrm{substance}}/\rho_{\mathrm{water}}$ .

It is dimensionless because it is a density ratio.
การ์ด 20
คำถาม
How is an object's heat capacity related to heat and temperature change?
คำตอบ
$q=C\Delta T$ .

Heat capacity $C$ applies to the whole object; specific heat is per unit mass.
การ์ด 21
คำถาม
How are frequency and wavelength related for electromagnetic radiation in vacuum?
คำตอบ
$c=f\lambda$ .

Use $c\approx3.00\times10^8\ \mathrm{m/s}$ .
การ์ด 22
คำถาม
Which species are omitted from a heterogeneous equilibrium expression?
คำตอบ
Pure solids and pure liquids are omitted because their activities are effectively constant. Gases and dissolved species remain.
การ์ด 23
คำถาม
What force does an electric field exert on a charge?
คำตอบ
$\vec F=q\vec E$ .

A negative charge feels force opposite the field direction.
การ์ด 24
คำถาม
Which equation relates pressure, volume, amount, and temperature for an ideal gas?
คำตอบ
$PV=nRT$ .

Use absolute temperature and a gas constant whose units match pressure and volume.
การ์ด 25
คำถาม
Which equation relates wave speed, frequency, and wavelength?
คำตอบ
$v=f\lambda$ .

The medium sets the wave speed; changing frequency then changes wavelength.
การ์ด 26
คำถาม
What is the water-ion product at $25^\circ\mathrm{C}$ ?
คำตอบ
$K_w=[H^+][OH^-]\approx1.0\times10^{-14}$ .

Its value changes with temperature.
การ์ด 27
คำถาม
What base-unit dimensions define one newton?
คำตอบ
$1\ \mathrm{N}=1\ \mathrm{kg\,m\,s^{-2}}$ .

A force must have dimensions of mass times acceleration.
การ์ด 28
คำถาม
How is cell potential related to reaction free energy?
คำตอบ
$\Delta G=-nFE_{\mathrm{cell}}$ .

A positive galvanic-cell potential gives negative $\Delta G$ for the written reaction.
การ์ด 29
คำถาม
For constant acceleration, how does displacement depend on time?
คำตอบ
$\Delta x=v_0t+\tfrac12at^2$ .

Choose a positive direction first, then keep signs consistent.
การ์ด 30
คำถาม
How is molarity defined?
คำตอบ
$M=n_{\mathrm{solute}}/V_{\mathrm{solution}}$ .

Use solution volume in liters, so molarity has units of $\mathrm{mol/L}$ .
การ์ด 31
คำถาม
What electric potential does a point charge produce?
คำตอบ
$V=k_e q/r$ .

Potential is scalar, so contributions from multiple charges add algebraically.
การ์ด 32
คำถาม
Which relationship gives heat absorbed or released during a phase change?
คำตอบ
$q=n\Delta H_{\mathrm{phase}}$ , or $q=mL$ when latent heat is given per unit mass. Temperature stays constant during an ideal equilibrium phase change.
การ์ด 33
คำถาม
Which constant-acceleration equation avoids time?
คำตอบ
$v^2=v_0^2+2a\Delta x$ .

It connects speed and displacement when time is absent.
การ์ด 34
คำถาม
What is the general experimental rate-law form?
คำตอบ
$\mathrm{rate}=k[A]^m[B]^n$ .

The exponents are determined experimentally and need not equal overall-reaction coefficients.
การ์ด 35
คำถาม
Which relationship defines pressure from a normal force?
คำตอบ
$P=F_\perp/A$ .

Pressure is scalar and measured in pascals.
การ์ด 36
คำถาม
What pH–pOH relationship applies at $25^\circ\mathrm{C}$ ?
คำตอบ
$\mathrm{pH}+\mathrm{pOH}=14.00$ .

More generally, $\mathrm{pH}+\mathrm{pOH}=\mathrm{p}K_w$ .
การ์ด 37
คำถาม
How is wave intensity related to transmitted power and area?
คำตอบ
$I=P/A$ .

Intensity is power per area, measured in $\mathrm{W/m^2}$ .
การ์ด 38
คำถาม
How is molality defined?
คำตอบ
$m=n_{\mathrm{solute}}/(\mathrm{kg\ of\ solvent})$ .

Molality uses solvent mass, not solution volume, and is temperature-independent.
การ์ด 39
คำถาม
What base-unit dimensions define one joule?
คำตอบ
$1\ \mathrm{J}=1\ \mathrm{N\,m}=1\ \mathrm{kg\,m^2\,s^{-2}}$ .

Work, energy, and heat share this unit.
การ์ด 40
คำถาม
What is the chemistry sign-convention form of the first law?
คำตอบ
$\Delta U=q+w$ .

$q>0$ means heat enters the system, and $w>0$ means work is done on the system.
การ์ด 41
คำถาม
How is refractive index related to light speed in a medium?
คำตอบ
$n=c/v$ .

A larger refractive index means a lower phase speed in the material.
การ์ด 42
คำถาม
What equation links net force and acceleration?
คำตอบ
$\sum \vec F=m\vec a$ .

The vector sum of external forces determines the acceleration.
การ์ด 43
คำถาม
Which relationship compares two states of a fixed amount of ideal gas?
คำตอบ
$P_1V_1/T_1=P_2V_2/T_2$ .

It assumes the amount of gas is unchanged. Holding one variable constant gives Boyle's, Charles's, or Gay-Lussac's law.
การ์ด 44
คำถาม
How is electric potential energy related to charge and voltage?
คำตอบ
$\Delta U=q\Delta V$ .

A positive charge gains potential energy when moved to higher potential; a negative charge does the opposite.
การ์ด 45
คำถาม
How are standard cell potential and the equilibrium constant related?
คำตอบ
$\ln K=nFE^\circ_{\mathrm{cell}}/(RT)$ .

At equilibrium, the Nernst equation gives $E_{\mathrm{cell}}=0$ .
การ์ด 46
คำถาม
What is an object's weight near Earth's surface?
คำตอบ
$W=mg$ .

Weight is a force in newtons; mass remains in kilograms.
การ์ด 47
คำถาม
How are $K_p$ and $K_c$ related for an ideal-gas reaction?
คำตอบ
$K_p=K_c(RT)^{\Delta n_{\mathrm{gas}}}$ .

$\Delta n_{\mathrm{gas}}$ is gaseous product coefficients minus gaseous reactant coefficients.
การ์ด 48
คำถาม
How does pressure change with depth in a static incompressible fluid?
คำตอบ
$P=P_0+\rho gh$ .

$h$ is depth below the surface; the gauge pressure is $\rho gh$ .
การ์ด 49
คำถาม
How do the units of a rate constant depend on overall reaction order $N$ ?
คำตอบ
$[k]=\mathrm{M^{1-N}s^{-1}}$ when rate is in $\mathrm{M/s}$ . For example, first-order $k$ has units of $\mathrm{s^{-1}}$ .
การ์ด 50
คำถาม
Which relationship defines electric current?
คำตอบ
$I=\Delta Q/\Delta t$ .

Conventional current points in the direction positive charge would move.
การ์ด 51
คำถาม
What is the acid-dissociation expression for $HA\rightleftharpoons H^++A^-$ ?
คำตอบ
$K_a=[H^+][A^-]/[HA]$ .

A larger $K_a$ means a stronger acid under comparable conditions.
การ์ด 52
คำถาม
What equation governs refraction at a boundary?
คำตอบ
$n_1\sin\theta_1=n_2\sin\theta_2$ .

Angles are measured from the normal, not the surface.
การ์ด 53
คำถาม
How is mole fraction defined for component $i$ ?
คำตอบ
$X_i=n_i/\sum_jn_j$ .

Mole fractions are dimensionless and sum to 1.
การ์ด 54
คำถาม
What SI units and base dimensions define pressure?
คำตอบ
Pressure is measured in pascals: $1\ \mathrm{Pa}=1\ \mathrm{N/m^2}=1\ \mathrm{kg\,m^{-1}\,s^{-2}}$ .
การ์ด 55
คำถาม
What pressure–volume work occurs against constant external pressure?
คำตอบ
$w=-P_{\mathrm{ext}}\Delta V$ .

Expansion has $\Delta V>0$ and therefore negative work on the system.
การ์ด 56
คำถาม
How does intensity from an isotropic point source vary with distance?
คำตอบ
$I=P/(4\pi r^2)$ .

Doubling distance reduces intensity to one quarter if absorption is negligible.
การ์ด 57
คำถาม
How large can static friction become before slipping begins?
คำตอบ
$f_s\leq\mu_sN$ , with $f_{s,\max}=\mu_sN$ .

Static friction matches the needed opposing force up to its maximum; it isn't always equal to $\mu_sN$ .
การ์ด 58
คำถาม
Which relationship handles dilution when solute amount is conserved?
คำตอบ
$M_1V_1=M_2V_2$ .

It applies when solvent is added without reaction or solute loss.
การ์ด 59
คำถาม
What is Ohm's law for an ohmic element?
คำตอบ
$V=IR$ .

It applies when resistance is approximately constant over the operating range.
การ์ด 60
คำถาม
How is the reaction quotient $Q$ constructed?
คำตอบ
Use the same expression as $K$ , but insert the current—not necessarily equilibrium—activities or concentrations.
การ์ด 61
คำถาม
What is the usual model for kinetic friction on a sliding surface?
คำตอบ
$f_k=\mu_kN$ .

The force points opposite the relative sliding motion.
การ์ด 62
คำถาม
What is the base-dissociation expression for $B+H_2O\rightleftharpoons HB^++OH^-$ ?
คำตอบ
$K_b=[HB^+][OH^-]/[B]$ .
การ์ด 63
คำถาม
What equation expresses Pascal's principle in a hydraulic device?
คำตอบ
$F_1/A_1=F_2/A_2$ .

An applied pressure change is transmitted through a confined incompressible fluid.
การ์ด 64
คำถาม
How much charge passes through a cell carrying constant current?
คำตอบ
$Q=It$ .

Use amperes and seconds to obtain coulombs.
การ์ด 65
คำถาม
What is the critical-angle condition for total internal reflection?
คำตอบ
$\sin\theta_c=n_2/n_1$ when $n_1>n_2$ .

Total internal reflection occurs only when light starts in the higher-index medium and $\theta_1>\theta_c$ .
การ์ด 66
คำถาม
How is total pressure related to component pressures in an ideal gas mixture?
คำตอบ
$P_{\mathrm{tot}}=\sum_iP_i$ .

Dalton's law treats each gas as contributing its own partial pressure.
การ์ด 67
คำถาม
How is the coulomb expressed through SI base units?
คำตอบ
$1\ \mathrm{C}=1\ \mathrm{A\,s}$ .

Charge equals current multiplied by time.
การ์ด 68
คำถาม
How is standard reaction enthalpy obtained from standard formation enthalpies?
คำตอบ
$\Delta H^\circ_{\mathrm{rxn}}=\sum\nu\Delta H_f^\circ(\mathrm{products})-\sum\nu\Delta H_f^\circ(\mathrm{reactants})$ .
การ์ด 69
คำถาม
How is sound intensity level in decibels defined?
คำตอบ
$\beta=10\log_{10}(I/I_0)$ .

The reference intensity is commonly $I_0=10^{-12}\ \mathrm{W/m^2}$ .
การ์ด 70
คำถาม
What is the integrated rate law for a zero-order reactant?
คำตอบ
$[A]_t=[A]_0-kt$ .

A plot of $[A]$ versus time is linear with slope $-k$ .
การ์ด 71
คำถาม
How does a uniform wire's resistance depend on material and geometry?
คำตอบ
$R=\rho L/A$ .

Longer wires have more resistance; larger cross-sectional area lowers it. Here $\rho$ is resistivity.
การ์ด 72
คำถาม
Which equation gives the magnitude of torque from a force?
คำตอบ
$\tau=rF\sin\theta=r_\perp F$ .

Here $r_\perp$ is the perpendicular lever arm from the pivot to the force's line of action.
การ์ด 73
คำถาม
How is mass percent composition calculated?
คำตอบ
$\%\mathrm{\ by\ mass}=100\times m_{\mathrm{component}}/m_{\mathrm{total}}$ .
การ์ด 74
คำถาม
What buoyant force acts on a submerged object?
คำตอบ
$F_B=\rho_{\mathrm{fluid}}V_{\mathrm{displaced}}g$ .

It equals the weight of displaced fluid.
การ์ด 75
คำถาม
How is $\mathrm{p}K_a$ related to $K_a$ ?
คำตอบ
$\mathrm{p}K_a=-\log K_a$ .

Lower $\mathrm{p}K_a$ corresponds to the stronger acid.
การ์ด 76
คำถาม
What two conditions define static mechanical equilibrium?
คำตอบ
$\sum \vec F=0$ and $\sum\tau=0$ .

Both translational and rotational equilibrium are required.
การ์ด 77
คำถาม
How does Hess's law combine reaction enthalpies?
คำตอบ
Add the manipulated step equations and add their $\Delta H$ values. Reversing a step changes the sign; multiplying a step multiplies $\Delta H$ by the same factor.
การ์ด 78
คำถาม
Which equivalent forms give electrical power in a resistor?
คำตอบ
$P=IV=I^2R=V^2/R$ .

Choose the form that uses the known current, voltage, and resistance.
การ์ด 79
คำถาม
How does mole fraction determine an ideal gas's partial pressure?
คำตอบ
$P_i=X_iP_{\mathrm{tot}}$ , where $X_i=n_i/n_{\mathrm{tot}}$ .
การ์ด 80
คำถาม
What decibel change corresponds to multiplying sound intensity by 10?
คำตอบ
A tenfold intensity increase adds $10\ \mathrm{dB}$ because $10\log_{10}(10)=10$ . A hundredfold increase adds $20\ \mathrm{dB}$ .
การ์ด 81
คำถาม
How does comparing $Q$ with $K$ predict reaction direction?
คำตอบ
If $Q<K$ , the forward direction is favored. If $Q>K$ , the reverse direction is favored. If $Q=K$ , the system is at equilibrium.
การ์ด 82
คำถาม
Which equation relates object, image, and focal distances for a thin lens or spherical mirror?
คำตอบ
$1/f=1/d_o+1/d_i$ .

Use the adopted sign convention consistently; positive $d_i$ usually denotes a real image.
การ์ด 83
คำถาม
How do charge and Faraday's constant give moles of electrons?
คำตอบ
$n_{e^-}=Q/F$ , where $F\approx9.6485\times10^4\ \mathrm{C/mol\ e^-}$ .
การ์ด 84
คำถาม
How is the volt expressed through joules and coulombs?
คำตอบ
$1\ \mathrm{V}=1\ \mathrm{J/C}$ .

Voltage is energy transferred per unit charge.
การ์ด 85
คำถาม
How is $\mathrm{p}K_b$ related to $K_b$ ?
คำตอบ
$\mathrm{p}K_b=-\log K_b$ .
การ์ด 86
คำถาม
What work is done by a constant force through a displacement?
คำตอบ
$W=Fd\cos\theta$ .

$\theta$ is the angle between the force and displacement; perpendicular force does zero work.
การ์ด 87
คำถาม
How is volume percent calculated for a liquid mixture?
คำตอบ
$\%\mathrm{\ by\ volume}=100\times V_{\mathrm{component}}/V_{\mathrm{solution}}$ .

Use it only when the problem defines composition by volume.
การ์ด 88
คำถาม
How do resistors combine in series?
คำตอบ
$R_{\mathrm{eq}}=\sum_iR_i$ .

Series elements carry the same current and their voltage drops add.
การ์ด 89
คำถาม
What is the half-life of a zero-order reactant?
คำตอบ
$t_{1/2}=[A]_0/(2k)$ .

Unlike first-order half-life, it depends on starting concentration.
การ์ด 90
คำถาม
How is volumetric flow rate related to cross-sectional area and speed?
คำตอบ
$Q=Av$ .

$Q$ has SI units of $\mathrm{m^3/s}$ and assumes the average speed across the section.
180 การ์ด
MCAT Physics & Chemistry Equation Flashcards: Formulas, Units & When to Use Them
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การ์ด 91
คำถาม
How can average bond energies estimate reaction enthalpy?
คำตอบ
$\Delta H_{\mathrm{rxn}}\approx\sum D(\mathrm{bonds\ broken})-\sum D(\mathrm{bonds\ formed})$ .

Breaking bonds costs energy; forming bonds releases it.
การ์ด 92
คำถาม
What is the translational kinetic energy of a point mass?
คำตอบ
$K=\tfrac12mv^2$ .

Kinetic energy is a scalar measured in joules.
การ์ด 93
คำถาม
What ratio defines parts per million by mass?
คำตอบ
$\mathrm{ppm}=10^6\times m_{\mathrm{solute}}/m_{\mathrm{solution}}$ .

For dilute aqueous solutions, $1\ \mathrm{ppm}$ is often approximately $1\ \mathrm{mg/L}$ when density is near $1\ \mathrm{kg/L}$ .
การ์ด 94
คำถาม
How do resistors combine in parallel?
คำตอบ
$1/R_{\mathrm{eq}}=\sum_i1/R_i$ .

Parallel branches share the same voltage, and the equivalent resistance is below the smallest branch resistance.
การ์ด 95
คำถาม
How are the dissociation constants of a conjugate acid–base pair related?
คำตอบ
$K_aK_b=K_w$ .

At $25^\circ\mathrm{C}$ , $\mathrm{p}K_a+\mathrm{p}K_b=14.00$ .
การ์ด 96
คำถาม
How do powers of ten combine when multiplying quantities in scientific notation?
คำตอบ
Multiply the coefficients and add the exponents: $(a\times10^m)(b\times10^n)=ab\times10^{m+n}$ . Then normalize the result so its final coefficient $c$ satisfies $1\leq|c|<10$ ; a coefficient of exactly 10 becomes 1 while the exponent increases by 1.
การ์ด 97
คำถาม
How many moles of a product requiring $z$ electrons per mole form during electrolysis?
คำตอบ
$n_{\mathrm{product}}=Q/(zF)=It/(zF)$ .

This is the ideal Faraday-law result before any stated efficiency correction.
การ์ด 98
คำถาม
How is lateral magnification related to image and object distances?
คำตอบ
$m=h_i/h_o=-d_i/d_o$ .

A negative magnification indicates inversion; $|m|$ gives the size ratio.
การ์ด 99
คำถาม
What is the average translational kinetic energy per mole of an ideal gas?
คำตอบ
$\overline{K}=\tfrac32RT$ .

It depends only on absolute temperature, not molecular identity.
การ์ด 100
คำถาม
What are the allowed frequencies of a string fixed at both ends?
คำตอบ
$f_n=nv/(2L)$ for $n=1,2,3,\ldots$ .

Both ends are nodes, so every positive integer harmonic is allowed.
การ์ด 101
คำถาม
How does reversing a reaction change its equilibrium constant?
คำตอบ
$K_{\mathrm{reverse}}=1/K_{\mathrm{forward}}$ .
การ์ด 102
คำถาม
What does the work–energy theorem say?
คำตอบ
$W_{\mathrm{net}}=\Delta K$ .

Net work changes kinetic energy, even when individual forces are nonconservative.
การ์ด 103
คำถาม
What entropy change accompanies reversible heat transfer at constant temperature?
คำตอบ
$\Delta S=q_{\mathrm{rev}}/T$ .

Temperature must be in kelvin.
การ์ด 104
คำถาม
What does Kirchhoff's junction rule require?
คำตอบ
$\sum I_{\mathrm{in}}=\sum I_{\mathrm{out}}$ .

It follows from conservation of charge at a node.
การ์ด 105
คำถาม
Which equation estimates the pH of a buffer made from a weak acid and its conjugate base?
คำตอบ
$\mathrm{pH}=\mathrm{p}K_a+\log([A^-]/[HA])$ .

Henderson–Hasselbalch works best when both buffer components are present in meaningful amounts.
การ์ด 106
คำถาม
What continuity relationship applies to steady incompressible flow?
คำตอบ
$A_1v_1=A_2v_2$ .

A narrower section has a larger average speed when the same volume passes each second.
การ์ด 107
คำถาม
A liquid has known density and volume. Which rearranged density relationship gives its mass?
คำตอบ
$m=\rho V$ .

Here $m$ is mass, $\rho$ is density, and $V$ is volume; use compatible units when density and volume are known. For example, $25\ \mathrm{mL}$ of a $1.20\ \mathrm{g/mL}$ solution has mass $m=(1.20)(25)=30\ \mathrm{g}$ .
การ์ด 108
คำถาม
What is local gravitational potential energy near Earth's surface?
คำตอบ
$U_g=mgh$ .

Only changes matter: $\Delta U_g=mg\Delta h$ when $g$ is approximately constant.
การ์ด 109
คำถาม
What is the integrated rate law for a first-order reactant?
คำตอบ
$\ln[A]_t=\ln[A]_0-kt$ .

A plot of $\ln[A]$ versus time is linear with slope $-k$ .
การ์ด 110
คำถาม
What are the allowed frequencies of a pipe open at both ends?
คำตอบ
$f_n=nv/(2L)$ for $n=1,2,3,\ldots$ .

Both open ends are displacement antinodes.
การ์ด 111
คำถาม
Which equation relates Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy at constant temperature?
คำตอบ
$\Delta G=\Delta H-T\Delta S$ .

Use compatible energy units and absolute temperature.
การ์ด 112
คำถาม
What does Kirchhoff's loop rule require?
คำตอบ
$\sum\Delta V=0$ around any closed loop.

Voltage rises and drops must be assigned consistently with the chosen traversal direction.
การ์ด 113
คำถาม
What elastic potential energy is stored in an ideal spring?
คำตอบ
$U_s=\tfrac12kx^2$ .

$x$ is displacement from equilibrium and $k$ has units of $\mathrm{N/m}$ .
การ์ด 114
คำถาม
How does multiplying every reaction coefficient by a factor $n$ change $K$ ?
คำตอบ
$K_{\mathrm{new}}=K^n$ .

Dividing coefficients by $n$ takes the corresponding root.
การ์ด 115
คำถาม
How can you estimate the order of magnitude of a quotient without a calculator?
คำตอบ
Divide the leading coefficients and subtract powers of ten: $(a\times10^m)/(b\times10^n)=(a/b)\times10^{m-n}$ . Normalize the result so its final coefficient $c$ satisfies $1\leq|c|<10$ ; if the coefficient is exactly 10, write it as 1 and increase the exponent by 1.
การ์ด 116
คำถาม
How is lens power related to focal length?
คำตอบ
$P=1/f$ with $f$ in meters.

Power is measured in diopters; converging lenses have positive power and diverging lenses negative power.
การ์ด 117
คำถาม
How does root-mean-square molecular speed depend on molar mass?
คำตอบ
$v_{\mathrm{rms}}=\sqrt{3RT/M}$ .

Use molar mass $M$ in $\mathrm{kg/mol}$ ; lighter gases move faster at the same temperature.
การ์ด 118
คำถาม
Which equation relates pressure, speed, and height along ideal fluid flow?
คำตอบ
$P+\tfrac12\rho v^2+\rho gy=\text{constant}$ .

Bernoulli's equation assumes steady, incompressible, nonviscous flow along a streamline.
การ์ด 119
คำถาม
What is the Nernst equation for a cell reaction?
คำตอบ
$E=E^\circ-(RT/(nF))\ln Q$ .

At $25^\circ\mathrm{C}$ , $E=E^\circ-(0.0592\ \mathrm{V}/n)\log Q$ .
การ์ด 120
คำถาม
What force does an ideal spring exert?
คำตอบ
$F_s=-kx$ .

The minus sign means the spring force points back toward equilibrium.
การ์ด 121
คำถาม
What conjugate-base-to-acid ratio gives a target buffer pH?
คำตอบ
$[A^-]/[HA]=10^{\mathrm{pH}-\mathrm{p}K_a}$ .

This is Henderson–Hasselbalch solved for the composition ratio.
การ์ด 122
คำถาม
Which relationship defines capacitance?
คำตอบ
$C=Q/V$ .

Capacitance is charge stored per potential difference and is measured in farads.
การ์ด 123
คำถาม
How do elemental mass percentages lead to an empirical formula?
คำตอบ
Convert each element's mass to moles, divide every mole amount by the smallest, then multiply to obtain the smallest whole-number ratio. The retrieval target is the mole ratio, not the mass ratio.
การ์ด 124
คำถาม
When can mechanical energy be conserved?
คำตอบ
$K_i+U_i=K_f+U_f$ when only conservative forces do work. With nonconservative work, use $W_{nc}=\Delta(K+U)$ .
การ์ด 125
คำถาม
What sign of $\Delta G$ indicates a thermodynamically spontaneous forward process at constant temperature and pressure?
คำตอบ
$\Delta G<0$ . At equilibrium $\Delta G=0$ ; $\Delta G>0$ favors the reverse direction. Spontaneity does not say the reaction is fast.
การ์ด 126
คำถาม
Which metric-prefix factors correspond to milli-, micro-, and nano-?
คำตอบ
Milli is $10^{-3}$ , micro is $10^{-6}$ , and nano is $10^{-9}$ . Each step is a factor of $10^3$ .
การ์ด 127
คำถาม
What is the pH at the half-equivalence point of a weak-acid/strong-base titration?
คำตอบ
$\mathrm{pH}=\mathrm{p}K_a$ .

Half of the original weak acid has become conjugate base, so $[A^-]=[HA]$ .
การ์ด 128
คำถาม
What are the allowed frequencies of a pipe closed at one end?
คำตอบ
$f_n=nv/(4L)$ for odd $n=1,3,5,\ldots$ .

The closed end is a displacement node and the open end is an antinode.
การ์ด 129
คำถาม
What is the half-life of a first-order reaction?
คำตอบ
$t_{1/2}=\ln2/k$ .

It is independent of initial concentration.
การ์ด 130
คำถาม
How is the focal length of a spherical mirror related to its radius of curvature?
คำตอบ
$f=R/2$ .

This paraxial approximation applies to rays near the principal axis.
การ์ด 131
คำถาม
How is a molecular formula obtained from an empirical formula?
คำตอบ
$k=M_{\mathrm{molecular}}/M_{\mathrm{empirical}}$ , then multiply every empirical subscript by the integer $k$ .
การ์ด 132
คำถาม
What is the capacitance of an ideal parallel-plate capacitor?
คำตอบ
$C=\kappa\varepsilon_0A/d$ .

Larger plate area or dielectric constant raises capacitance; greater separation lowers it.
การ์ด 133
คำถาม
What does Graham's law predict for two gas effusion rates?
คำตอบ
$r_1/r_2=\sqrt{M_2/M_1}$ .

At the same temperature, effusion rate is inversely proportional to the square root of molar mass.
การ์ด 134
คำถาม
Which relationship gives laminar flow through a cylindrical tube?
คำตอบ
$Q=\dfrac{\pi r^4\Delta P}{8\eta L}$ .

Poiseuille flow is extremely sensitive to radius and assumes a Newtonian fluid in a long rigid tube.
การ์ด 135
คำถาม
How do equilibrium constants combine when reactions are added?
คำตอบ
Multiply them: $K_{\mathrm{overall}}=K_1K_2\cdots$ .

Reverse or scale each component reaction before applying the reciprocal or power rule.
การ์ด 136
คำถาม
Which relationship defines average power?
คำตอบ
$P=W/\Delta t$ .

Power is the rate of energy transfer and is measured in watts, where $1\ \mathrm{W}=1\ \mathrm{J/s}$ .
การ์ด 137
คำถาม
What voltage does an ideal concentration cell produce at $25^\circ\mathrm{C}$ ?
คำตอบ
$E=(0.0592\ \mathrm{V}/n)\log(C_{\mathrm{high}}/C_{\mathrm{low}})$ for the simple same-ion setup. The voltage vanishes when concentrations equalize.
การ์ด 138
คำถาม
Which equivalent forms give energy stored in a capacitor?
คำตอบ
$U=\tfrac12CV^2=\tfrac12QV=Q^2/(2C)$ .

Use the form matching the known variables.
การ์ด 139
คำถาม
How is standard free-energy change related to the equilibrium constant?
คำตอบ
$\Delta G^\circ=-RT\ln K$ .

A large $K$ corresponds to negative $\Delta G^\circ$ .
การ์ด 140
คำถาม
What instantaneous power is delivered by a force to a moving object?
คำตอบ
$P=\vec F\cdot\vec v=Fv\cos\theta$ .

Only the force component parallel to velocity transfers energy at that instant.
การ์ด 141
คำถาม
How is percent yield calculated?
คำตอบ
$\%\mathrm{yield}=100\times(\mathrm{actual\ yield})/(\mathrm{theoretical\ yield})$ .
การ์ด 142
คำถาม
What condition gives constructive interference in a double-slit experiment?
คำตอบ
$d\sin\theta=m\lambda$ for integers $m$ .

For small angles on a screen, fringe position is approximately $y_m=m\lambda L/d$ .
การ์ด 143
คำถาม
What stoichiometric condition marks acid–base equivalence?
คำตอบ
Acid equivalents equal base equivalents: $n_a|z_a|=n_b|z_b|$ . For molarity and volume, $M_aV_a|z_a|=M_bV_b|z_b|$ .
การ์ด 144
คำถาม
What value is useful for the speed of light in vacuum?
คำตอบ
Use $c\approx3.00\times10^8\ \mathrm{m/s}$ . In a material, light travels at $v=c/n$ .
การ์ด 145
คำถาม
Which Doppler relationship applies to collinear motion in a stationary medium?
คำตอบ
$f'=f\dfrac{v\pm v_o}{v\mp v_s}$ .

Choose signs that raise $f'$ when source and observer approach and lower it when they separate.
การ์ด 146
คำถาม
What is the integrated rate law for a second-order reaction in one reactant?
คำตอบ
$1/[A]_t=1/[A]_0+kt$ .

A plot of $1/[A]$ versus time is linear with slope $k$ .
การ์ด 147
คำถาม
What dimensionless quantity helps predict laminar versus turbulent pipe flow?
คำตอบ
$Re=\rho vD/\eta$ .

Lower Reynolds number favors laminar flow; higher values make turbulence more likely.
การ์ด 148
คำถาม
How is reaction free energy related to standard free energy and reaction quotient?
คำตอบ
$\Delta G=\Delta G^\circ+RT\ln Q$ .

This predicts the favorable direction under nonstandard conditions.
การ์ด 149
คำถาม
What is linear momentum?
คำตอบ
$\vec p=m\vec v$ .

Momentum is a vector with SI units of $\mathrm{kg\,m/s}$ .
การ์ด 150
คำถาม
How do you identify the limiting reactant from available moles?
คำตอบ
Compare $n_i/\nu_i$ for each reactant, where $\nu_i$ is its stoichiometric coefficient. The smallest ratio runs out first and sets the reaction extent.
การ์ด 151
คำถาม
How do capacitors combine in parallel?
คำตอบ
$C_{\mathrm{eq}}=\sum_iC_i$ .

Parallel capacitors share voltage and their stored charges add.
การ์ด 152
คำถาม
How do you estimate the pH of a dilute strong monoprotic acid of concentration $C$ ?
คำตอบ
Assuming complete dissociation and negligible water autoionization, $[H^+]\approx C$ and $\mathrm{pH}\approx-\log C$ .
การ์ด 153
คำถาม
What relationship connects impulse and momentum change?
คำตอบ
$\vec J=\int\vec F\,dt=\Delta\vec p$ . For a constant force, $\vec J=\vec F\Delta t$ .
การ์ด 154
คำถาม
What is the solubility-product expression for $M_aX_b(s)\rightleftharpoons aM+bX$ ?
คำตอบ
$K_{sp}=[M]^a[X]^b$ .

The solid is omitted; dissolved-ion concentrations carry their stoichiometric exponents.
การ์ด 155
คำถาม
What condition gives minima from a single slit of width $a$ ?
คำตอบ
$a\sin\theta=m\lambda$ for $m=1,2,3,\ldots$ .

The central maximum lies between the first minima.
การ์ด 156
คำถาม
Which way do electrons flow in both galvanic and electrolytic cells?
คำตอบ
Electrons flow through the external circuit from anode to cathode. Oxidation is always at the anode; reduction is always at the cathode.
การ์ด 157
คำถาม
How do capacitors combine in series?
คำตอบ
$1/C_{\mathrm{eq}}=\sum_i1/C_i$ .

Series capacitors carry equal charge magnitude, and the equivalent capacitance is below the smallest one.
การ์ด 158
คำถาม
Which equation adds molecular size and attraction corrections to the ideal gas law?
คำตอบ
$\left(P+a\dfrac{n^2}{V^2}\right)(V-nb)=nRT$ .

The $a$ term corrects attractions; $b$ corrects finite molecular volume.
การ์ด 159
คำถาม
What beat frequency is heard from two nearby tones?
คำตอบ
$f_{\mathrm{beat}}=|f_1-f_2|$ .

Beats arise from alternating constructive and destructive interference.
การ์ด 160
คำถาม
What near-Earth gravitational acceleration is useful for MCAT estimates?
คำตอบ
Use $g\approx9.8\ \mathrm{m/s^2}$ , or $10\ \mathrm{m/s^2}$ for quick order-of-magnitude work when the choices allow it.
การ์ด 161
คำถาม
What weak-acid approximation estimates $[H^+]$ for initial concentration $C$ ?
คำตอบ
$[H^+]\approx\sqrt{K_aC}$ when dissociation is small compared with $C$ . Check that the resulting ionization is roughly below 5%.
การ์ด 162
คำถาม
Why does a constriction in a horizontal ideal-fluid tube usually have lower static pressure?
คำตอบ
Continuity raises the speed in the narrow section, and Bernoulli's relationship then requires lower static pressure when height is unchanged. This is the Venturi effect.
การ์ด 163
คำถาม
How does a solid's length change for a small temperature shift?
คำตอบ
$\Delta L=\alpha L_0\Delta T$ .

$\alpha$ is the linear expansion coefficient; the approximation assumes it stays nearly constant.
การ์ด 164
คำถาม
When is total linear momentum conserved?
คำตอบ
$\sum\vec p_i=\sum\vec p_f$ when the net external impulse on the chosen system is zero. Internal forces can redistribute momentum without changing the total.
การ์ด 165
คำถาม
What relationship connects absorbance and concentration in a dilute solution?
คำตอบ
$A=\varepsilon bc$ .

Beer–Lambert law uses molar absorptivity $\varepsilon$ , path length $b$ , and concentration $c$ ; it is most reliable in the linear dilute range.
การ์ด 166
คำถาม
What magnetic force acts on a moving charge?
คำตอบ
$F=|q|vB\sin\theta$ .

The force is perpendicular to both velocity and magnetic field, so it changes direction but does no work.
การ์ด 167
คำถาม
How does the Arrhenius equation relate rate constant and temperature?
คำตอบ
$k=Ae^{-E_a/(RT)}$ . Equivalently, $\ln k=\ln A-E_a/(RT)$ . Higher temperature or lower activation energy increases $k$ .
การ์ด 168
คำถาม
What is centripetal acceleration for uniform circular motion?
คำตอบ
$a_c=v^2/r=\omega^2r$ .

It points toward the center even when speed is constant.
การ์ด 169
คำถาม
How do ions in a salt bridge move to maintain electroneutrality in a galvanic cell?
คำตอบ
Anions migrate toward the anode compartment, where oxidation creates excess positive charge. Cations migrate toward the cathode compartment, where reduction creates relative excess negative charge by consuming cations or producing anions. These migrations maintain charge neutrality.
การ์ด 170
คำถาม
What is the maximum kinetic energy in the photoelectric effect?
คำตอบ
$K_{\max}=hf-\phi$ .

Electrons are emitted when $hf\geq\phi$ . Exactly at threshold, $hf=\phi$ and $K_{\max}=0$ ; positive kinetic energy requires $hf>\phi$ .
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คำถาม
What molar volume is a useful ideal-gas reference at $0^\circ\mathrm{C}$ and $1\ \mathrm{atm}$ ?
คำตอบ
About $22.4\ \mathrm{L/mol}$ .

This shortcut is tied to those stated conditions, not every convention labeled STP.
การ์ด 172
คำถาม
What is the period of an ideal mass–spring oscillator?
คำตอบ
$T=2\pi\sqrt{m/k}$ .

The small-amplitude period depends on mass and spring stiffness, not amplitude.
การ์ด 173
คำถาม
For $MX_2(s)\rightleftharpoons M^{2+}+2X^-$ , how is $K_{sp}$ related to molar solubility $s$ in pure water?
คำตอบ
$K_{sp}=s(2s)^2=4s^3$ .

This relation changes when a common ion is already present.
การ์ด 174
คำถาม
What does a dimensional-consistency check require of an equation?
คำตอบ
Every term that is added or equated must have the same dimensions. A mismatch, such as adding energy to force, proves the equation or unit conversion is wrong.
การ์ด 175
คำถาม
How is percent ionization of a weak acid calculated?
คำตอบ
$\%\mathrm{ionization}=100\times[H^+]_{\mathrm{eq}}/[HA]_0$ for a monoprotic acid. Dilution generally raises percent ionization even while lowering $[H^+]$ .
การ์ด 176
คำถาม
What pressure difference does surface tension create across one spherical liquid–gas interface?
คำตอบ
$\Delta P=2\gamma/r$ .

For a soap bubble with two interfaces, $\Delta P=4\gamma/r$ . Smaller radii require larger pressure differences.
การ์ด 177
คำถาม
What energy balance applies in an insulated calorimetry problem?
คำตอบ
$\sum q=0$ , so heat lost by hotter parts equals heat gained by colder parts and the calorimeter. Include every component named in the setup.
การ์ด 178
คำถาม
What radius does a charged particle follow when moving perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field?
คำตอบ
$r=mv/(|q|B)$ .

The magnetic force supplies centripetal force; faster or heavier particles curve less.
การ์ด 179
คำถาม
How do you find concentration after mixing solutions of the same nonreacting solute?
คำตอบ
$M_f=(M_1V_1+M_2V_2)/(V_1+V_2)$ when volumes are additive. If the solutes react, do stoichiometry before calculating the remaining concentration.
การ์ด 180
คำถาม
What net inward force is required for circular motion?
คำตอบ
$F_c=mv^2/r=m\omega^2r$ .

“Centripetal force” is the inward net force supplied by real forces, not an extra force.

Abstract study cards linking physics motion, waves, circuits, and chemistry lab motifs.

180 การ์ด

MCAT Physics & Chemistry Equation Flashcards: Formulas, Units & When to Use Them

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MCAT Physics & Chemistry Equation Flashcards: Formulas, Units & When to Use Them

What the cards practice

Coverage

Scope and provenance

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