Which relationship gives average velocity over a time interval?

\bar v=\Delta x/\Delta t. Displacement \Delta x includes direction; average speed instead uses total distance.

How do you convert a sample's mass to moles?

n=m/M. Divide mass m by molar mass M using compatible units.

What is the electrostatic force between two point charges?

F=k_e|q_1q_2|/r^2. It acts along the line joining the charges; like charges repel and unlike charges attract.

How is pH defined from hydrogen-ion activity in the usual MCAT approximation?

\mathrm{pH}=-\log[H^+]. The bracket approximation uses molar concentration for sufficiently dilute solutions.

How are period and frequency related?

f=1/T. Frequency is in hertz and period is in seconds.

Which relationship gives sensible heat for a sample with known specific heat?

q=mc\Delta T. Use it within one phase when the specific heat c is approximately constant.

Which relationship defines mass density?

\rho=m/V. Density has SI units of \mathrm{kg/m^3}; 1\ \mathrm{g/mL}=1000\ \mathrm{kg/m^3}.

What is the concentration equilibrium constant for aA+bB\rightleftharpoons cC+dD?

K_c=[C]^c[D]^d/([A]^a[B]^b). Use equilibrium concentrations and stoichiometric coefficients as exponents.

How is photon energy related to frequency and wavelength?

E=hf=hc/\lambda. Higher frequency and shorter wavelength mean greater photon energy.

How is standard cell potential calculated from reduction potentials?

E^\circ_{\mathrm{cell}}=E^\circ_{\mathrm{cathode}}-E^\circ_{\mathrm{anode}}. Use both tabulated values as reductions; do not multiply potentials by stoichiometric coefficients.

Which SI base units cover the quantities most often used in MCAT mechanics and circuits?

Use meters (m) for length, kilograms (kg) for mass, seconds (s) for time, and amperes (A) for electric current. Amount of substance uses moles (mol), and thermodynamic temperature uses kelvin (K).

How do you convert Celsius temperature to kelvin for gas-law work?

T_K=T_{^\circ C}+273.15. Gas-law temperatures must be absolute; a Celsius value cannot be inserted directly.

Which relationship gives average acceleration over a time interval?

\bar a=\Delta v/\Delta t. Acceleration has SI units of \mathrm{m/s^2}.

How is reaction rate related to a species concentration and its stoichiometric coefficient?

For aA\rightarrow cC, \mathrm{rate}=-(1/a)d[A]/dt=(1/c)d[C]/dt. The signs and coefficients make one reaction rate consistent across species.

What electric-field magnitude does a point charge produce?

E=k_e|q|/r^2. The field points away from a positive source charge and toward a negative one.

How do moles relate to the number of microscopic particles?

N=nN_A, with N_A\approx6.022\times10^{23}\ \mathrm{mol^{-1}}.

For constant acceleration, how does velocity change with time?

v=v_0+at. Use it when acceleration is constant and the elapsed time is known.

How is specific gravity defined?

SG=\rho_{\mathrm{substance}}/\rho_{\mathrm{water}}. It is dimensionless because it is a density ratio.

How is an object's heat capacity related to heat and temperature change?

q=C\Delta T. Heat capacity C applies to the whole object; specific heat is per unit mass.

How are frequency and wavelength related for electromagnetic radiation in vacuum?

c=f\lambda. Use c\approx3.00\times10^8\ \mathrm{m/s}.

Which species are omitted from a heterogeneous equilibrium expression?

Pure solids and pure liquids are omitted because their activities are effectively constant. Gases and dissolved species remain.

What force does an electric field exert on a charge?

\vec F=q\vec E. A negative charge feels force opposite the field direction.

Which equation relates pressure, volume, amount, and temperature for an ideal gas?

PV=nRT. Use absolute temperature and a gas constant whose units match pressure and volume.

Which equation relates wave speed, frequency, and wavelength?

v=f\lambda. The medium sets the wave speed; changing frequency then changes wavelength.

What is the water-ion product at 25^\circ\mathrm{C}?

K_w=[H^+][OH^-]\approx1.0\times10^{-14}. Its value changes with temperature.

What base-unit dimensions define one newton?

1\ \mathrm{N}=1\ \mathrm{kg\,m\,s^{-2}}. A force must have dimensions of mass times acceleration.

How is cell potential related to reaction free energy?

\Delta G=-nFE_{\mathrm{cell}}. A positive galvanic-cell potential gives negative \Delta G for the written reaction.

For constant acceleration, how does displacement depend on time?

\Delta x=v_0t+\tfrac12at^2. Choose a positive direction first, then keep signs consistent.

How is molarity defined?

M=n_{\mathrm{solute}}/V_{\mathrm{solution}}. Use solution volume in liters, so molarity has units of \mathrm{mol/L}.

What electric potential does a point charge produce?

V=k_e q/r. Potential is scalar, so contributions from multiple charges add algebraically.

Which relationship gives heat absorbed or released during a phase change?

q=n\Delta H_{\mathrm{phase}}, or q=mL when latent heat is given per unit mass. Temperature stays constant during an ideal equilibrium phase change.

Which constant-acceleration equation avoids time?

v^2=v_0^2+2a\Delta x. It connects speed and displacement when time is absent.

What is the general experimental rate-law form?

\mathrm{rate}=k[A]^m[B]^n. The exponents are determined experimentally and need not equal overall-reaction coefficients.

Which relationship defines pressure from a normal force?

P=F_\perp/A. Pressure is scalar and measured in pascals.

What pH–pOH relationship applies at 25^\circ\mathrm{C}?

\mathrm{pH}+\mathrm{pOH}=14.00. More generally, \mathrm{pH}+\mathrm{pOH}=\mathrm{p}K_w.

How is wave intensity related to transmitted power and area?

I=P/A. Intensity is power per area, measured in \mathrm{W/m^2}.

How is molality defined?

m=n_{\mathrm{solute}}/(\mathrm{kg\ of\ solvent}). Molality uses solvent mass, not solution volume, and is temperature-independent.

What base-unit dimensions define one joule?

1\ \mathrm{J}=1\ \mathrm{N\,m}=1\ \mathrm{kg\,m^2\,s^{-2}}. Work, energy, and heat share this unit.

What is the chemistry sign-convention form of the first law?

\Delta U=q+w. q>0 means heat enters the system, and w>0 means work is done on the system.

How is refractive index related to light speed in a medium?

n=c/v. A larger refractive index means a lower phase speed in the material.

What equation links net force and acceleration?

\sum \vec F=m\vec a. The vector sum of external forces determines the acceleration.

Which relationship compares two states of a fixed amount of ideal gas?

P_1V_1/T_1=P_2V_2/T_2. It assumes the amount of gas is unchanged. Holding one variable constant gives Boyle's, Charles's, or Gay-Lussac's law.

How is electric potential energy related to charge and voltage?

\Delta U=q\Delta V. A positive charge gains potential energy when moved to higher potential; a negative charge does the opposite.

How are standard cell potential and the equilibrium constant related?

\ln K=nFE^\circ_{\mathrm{cell}}/(RT). At equilibrium, the Nernst equation gives E_{\mathrm{cell}}=0.

What is an object's weight near Earth's surface?

W=mg. Weight is a force in newtons; mass remains in kilograms.

How are K_p and K_c related for an ideal-gas reaction?

K_p=K_c(RT)^{\Delta n_{\mathrm{gas}}}. \Delta n_{\mathrm{gas}} is gaseous product coefficients minus gaseous reactant coefficients.

How does pressure change with depth in a static incompressible fluid?

P=P_0+\rho gh. h is depth below the surface; the gauge pressure is \rho gh.

How do the units of a rate constant depend on overall reaction order N?

[k]=\mathrm{M^{1-N}s^{-1}} when rate is in \mathrm{M/s}. For example, first-order k has units of \mathrm{s^{-1}}.

Which relationship defines electric current?

I=\Delta Q/\Delta t. Conventional current points in the direction positive charge would move.

What is the acid-dissociation expression for HA\rightleftharpoons H^++A^-?

K_a=[H^+][A^-]/[HA]. A larger K_a means a stronger acid under comparable conditions.

MCAT Physics & Chemistry Equation Flashcards: Formulas, Units & When to Use Them

Memorize MCAT physics and chemistry equations with variables, units, conditions, and original when-to-use examples—not a bare formula dump.

Tác giả Open Study Contributor

Về bộ thẻ này

MCAT Physics & Chemistry Equation Flashcards: Formulas, Units & When to Use Them

These 180 cards build fast recall for the equation-heavy part of MCAT Chem/Phys: 95 physics cards and 85 chemistry cards. They cover formulas, variables, units, assumptions, signs, and the small clues that tell you which relationship fits.

What the cards practice

The prompts move in several useful directions. Some ask for an equation from a concept, some ask what an equation or unit means, and others give a short original setup where the main job is choosing the right relationship. Common traps—such as static friction always equaling its maximum, Celsius in a gas law, or multiplying a reduction potential by a coefficient—get their own constraint cards.

This isn't a mechanical set of forward-and-reverse pairs. Closely related variants appear only when they train a different recall job, and the fixed order keeps them at least three unrelated cards apart. Physics and chemistry are interleaved while prerequisites stay in order inside each topic. Long-term spacing is left to the review scheduler.

Coverage

Physics covers dimensional analysis and SI units, mechanics, fluids, waves and sound, electrostatics, circuits, magnetism, light, geometrical optics, and thermal expansion. Chemistry covers gases, stoichiometry, solutions and concentration, acids and bases, buffers, thermodynamics, calorimetry, kinetics, equilibrium, solubility, and electrochemistry.

The deck is a recall layer, not a substitute for passage analysis, estimation, or multi-step calculation practice. The AAMC outline includes scientific reasoning and formula use in context, so practice problems still matter.

Scope and provenance

The current AAMC content outline was used to set the boundary, while independent open references were used to check equations, variables, units, assumptions, and sign conventions. The prompts, answers, micro-scenarios, sequence, and metadata were written independently. Public pages from UWorld, MedSchoolCoach, and MCAT Bootcamp were compared only at a structural level; no table, wording, example, or organization was copied.

The Common knowledge · CC0 1.0 label applies to the original wording, organization, metadata, and generated cover to the extent applicable rights exist. It doesn't claim ownership of scientific facts or third-party names.

This package is independent and unofficial, with no affiliation with or endorsement by AAMC. No official questions, answer keys, mark schemes, outline wording, logos, or trade dress were copied. Check the official AAMC MCAT content outline for the exam owner's current requirements.

Thẻ trong bộ này

Thẻ 1
Câu hỏi
Which relationship gives average velocity over a time interval?
Câu trả lời
$\bar v=\Delta x/\Delta t$ .

Displacement $\Delta x$ includes direction; average speed instead uses total distance.
Thẻ 2
Câu hỏi
How do you convert a sample's mass to moles?
Câu trả lời
$n=m/M$ .

Divide mass $m$ by molar mass $M$ using compatible units.
Thẻ 3
Câu hỏi
What is the electrostatic force between two point charges?
Câu trả lời
$F=k_e|q_1q_2|/r^2$ .

It acts along the line joining the charges; like charges repel and unlike charges attract.
Thẻ 4
Câu hỏi
How is pH defined from hydrogen-ion activity in the usual MCAT approximation?
Câu trả lời
$\mathrm{pH}=-\log[H^+]$ .

The bracket approximation uses molar concentration for sufficiently dilute solutions.
Thẻ 5
Câu hỏi
How are period and frequency related?
Câu trả lời
$f=1/T$ .

Frequency is in hertz and period is in seconds.
Thẻ 6
Câu hỏi
Which relationship gives sensible heat for a sample with known specific heat?
Câu trả lời
$q=mc\Delta T$ .

Use it within one phase when the specific heat $c$ is approximately constant.
Thẻ 7
Câu hỏi
Which relationship defines mass density?
Câu trả lời
$\rho=m/V$ .

Density has SI units of $\mathrm{kg/m^3}$ ; $1\ \mathrm{g/mL}=1000\ \mathrm{kg/m^3}$ .
Thẻ 8
Câu hỏi
What is the concentration equilibrium constant for $aA+bB\rightleftharpoons cC+dD$ ?
Câu trả lời
$K_c=[C]^c[D]^d/([A]^a[B]^b)$ .

Use equilibrium concentrations and stoichiometric coefficients as exponents.
Thẻ 9
Câu hỏi
How is photon energy related to frequency and wavelength?
Câu trả lời
$E=hf=hc/\lambda$ .

Higher frequency and shorter wavelength mean greater photon energy.
Thẻ 10
Câu hỏi
How is standard cell potential calculated from reduction potentials?
Câu trả lời
$E^\circ_{\mathrm{cell}}=E^\circ_{\mathrm{cathode}}-E^\circ_{\mathrm{anode}}$ .

Use both tabulated values as reductions; do not multiply potentials by stoichiometric coefficients.
Thẻ 11
Câu hỏi
Which SI base units cover the quantities most often used in MCAT mechanics and circuits?
Câu trả lời
Use meters (m) for length, kilograms (kg) for mass, seconds (s) for time, and amperes (A) for electric current. Amount of substance uses moles (mol), and thermodynamic temperature uses kelvin (K).
Thẻ 12
Câu hỏi
How do you convert Celsius temperature to kelvin for gas-law work?
Câu trả lời
$T_K=T_{^\circ C}+273.15$ .

Gas-law temperatures must be absolute; a Celsius value cannot be inserted directly.
Thẻ 13
Câu hỏi
Which relationship gives average acceleration over a time interval?
Câu trả lời
$\bar a=\Delta v/\Delta t$ .

Acceleration has SI units of $\mathrm{m/s^2}$ .
Thẻ 14
Câu hỏi
How is reaction rate related to a species concentration and its stoichiometric coefficient?
Câu trả lời
For $aA\rightarrow cC$ , $\mathrm{rate}=-(1/a)d[A]/dt=(1/c)d[C]/dt$ .

The signs and coefficients make one reaction rate consistent across species.
Thẻ 15
Câu hỏi
What electric-field magnitude does a point charge produce?
Câu trả lời
$E=k_e|q|/r^2$ .

The field points away from a positive source charge and toward a negative one.
Thẻ 16
Câu hỏi
How do moles relate to the number of microscopic particles?
Câu trả lời
$N=nN_A$ , with $N_A\approx6.022\times10^{23}\ \mathrm{mol^{-1}}$ .
Thẻ 17
Câu hỏi
For constant acceleration, how does velocity change with time?
Câu trả lời
$v=v_0+at$ .

Use it when acceleration is constant and the elapsed time is known.
Thẻ 18
Câu hỏi
How is pOH defined?
Câu trả lời
$\mathrm{pOH}=-\log[OH^-]$ .
Thẻ 19
Câu hỏi
How is specific gravity defined?
Câu trả lời
$SG=\rho_{\mathrm{substance}}/\rho_{\mathrm{water}}$ .

It is dimensionless because it is a density ratio.
Thẻ 20
Câu hỏi
How is an object's heat capacity related to heat and temperature change?
Câu trả lời
$q=C\Delta T$ .

Heat capacity $C$ applies to the whole object; specific heat is per unit mass.
Thẻ 21
Câu hỏi
How are frequency and wavelength related for electromagnetic radiation in vacuum?
Câu trả lời
$c=f\lambda$ .

Use $c\approx3.00\times10^8\ \mathrm{m/s}$ .
Thẻ 22
Câu hỏi
Which species are omitted from a heterogeneous equilibrium expression?
Câu trả lời
Pure solids and pure liquids are omitted because their activities are effectively constant. Gases and dissolved species remain.
Thẻ 23
Câu hỏi
What force does an electric field exert on a charge?
Câu trả lời
$\vec F=q\vec E$ .

A negative charge feels force opposite the field direction.
Thẻ 24
Câu hỏi
Which equation relates pressure, volume, amount, and temperature for an ideal gas?
Câu trả lời
$PV=nRT$ .

Use absolute temperature and a gas constant whose units match pressure and volume.
Thẻ 25
Câu hỏi
Which equation relates wave speed, frequency, and wavelength?
Câu trả lời
$v=f\lambda$ .

The medium sets the wave speed; changing frequency then changes wavelength.
Thẻ 26
Câu hỏi
What is the water-ion product at $25^\circ\mathrm{C}$ ?
Câu trả lời
$K_w=[H^+][OH^-]\approx1.0\times10^{-14}$ .

Its value changes with temperature.
Thẻ 27
Câu hỏi
What base-unit dimensions define one newton?
Câu trả lời
$1\ \mathrm{N}=1\ \mathrm{kg\,m\,s^{-2}}$ .

A force must have dimensions of mass times acceleration.
Thẻ 28
Câu hỏi
How is cell potential related to reaction free energy?
Câu trả lời
$\Delta G=-nFE_{\mathrm{cell}}$ .

A positive galvanic-cell potential gives negative $\Delta G$ for the written reaction.
Thẻ 29
Câu hỏi
For constant acceleration, how does displacement depend on time?
Câu trả lời
$\Delta x=v_0t+\tfrac12at^2$ .

Choose a positive direction first, then keep signs consistent.
Thẻ 30
Câu hỏi
How is molarity defined?
Câu trả lời
$M=n_{\mathrm{solute}}/V_{\mathrm{solution}}$ .

Use solution volume in liters, so molarity has units of $\mathrm{mol/L}$ .
Thẻ 31
Câu hỏi
What electric potential does a point charge produce?
Câu trả lời
$V=k_e q/r$ .

Potential is scalar, so contributions from multiple charges add algebraically.
Thẻ 32
Câu hỏi
Which relationship gives heat absorbed or released during a phase change?
Câu trả lời
$q=n\Delta H_{\mathrm{phase}}$ , or $q=mL$ when latent heat is given per unit mass. Temperature stays constant during an ideal equilibrium phase change.
Thẻ 33
Câu hỏi
Which constant-acceleration equation avoids time?
Câu trả lời
$v^2=v_0^2+2a\Delta x$ .

It connects speed and displacement when time is absent.
Thẻ 34
Câu hỏi
What is the general experimental rate-law form?
Câu trả lời
$\mathrm{rate}=k[A]^m[B]^n$ .

The exponents are determined experimentally and need not equal overall-reaction coefficients.
Thẻ 35
Câu hỏi
Which relationship defines pressure from a normal force?
Câu trả lời
$P=F_\perp/A$ .

Pressure is scalar and measured in pascals.
Thẻ 36
Câu hỏi
What pH–pOH relationship applies at $25^\circ\mathrm{C}$ ?
Câu trả lời
$\mathrm{pH}+\mathrm{pOH}=14.00$ .

More generally, $\mathrm{pH}+\mathrm{pOH}=\mathrm{p}K_w$ .
Thẻ 37
Câu hỏi
How is wave intensity related to transmitted power and area?
Câu trả lời
$I=P/A$ .

Intensity is power per area, measured in $\mathrm{W/m^2}$ .
Thẻ 38
Câu hỏi
How is molality defined?
Câu trả lời
$m=n_{\mathrm{solute}}/(\mathrm{kg\ of\ solvent})$ .

Molality uses solvent mass, not solution volume, and is temperature-independent.
Thẻ 39
Câu hỏi
What base-unit dimensions define one joule?
Câu trả lời
$1\ \mathrm{J}=1\ \mathrm{N\,m}=1\ \mathrm{kg\,m^2\,s^{-2}}$ .

Work, energy, and heat share this unit.
Thẻ 40
Câu hỏi
What is the chemistry sign-convention form of the first law?
Câu trả lời
$\Delta U=q+w$ .

$q>0$ means heat enters the system, and $w>0$ means work is done on the system.
Thẻ 41
Câu hỏi
How is refractive index related to light speed in a medium?
Câu trả lời
$n=c/v$ .

A larger refractive index means a lower phase speed in the material.
Thẻ 42
Câu hỏi
What equation links net force and acceleration?
Câu trả lời
$\sum \vec F=m\vec a$ .

The vector sum of external forces determines the acceleration.
Thẻ 43
Câu hỏi
Which relationship compares two states of a fixed amount of ideal gas?
Câu trả lời
$P_1V_1/T_1=P_2V_2/T_2$ .

It assumes the amount of gas is unchanged. Holding one variable constant gives Boyle's, Charles's, or Gay-Lussac's law.
Thẻ 44
Câu hỏi
How is electric potential energy related to charge and voltage?
Câu trả lời
$\Delta U=q\Delta V$ .

A positive charge gains potential energy when moved to higher potential; a negative charge does the opposite.
Thẻ 45
Câu hỏi
How are standard cell potential and the equilibrium constant related?
Câu trả lời
$\ln K=nFE^\circ_{\mathrm{cell}}/(RT)$ .

At equilibrium, the Nernst equation gives $E_{\mathrm{cell}}=0$ .
Thẻ 46
Câu hỏi
What is an object's weight near Earth's surface?
Câu trả lời
$W=mg$ .

Weight is a force in newtons; mass remains in kilograms.
Thẻ 47
Câu hỏi
How are $K_p$ and $K_c$ related for an ideal-gas reaction?
Câu trả lời
$K_p=K_c(RT)^{\Delta n_{\mathrm{gas}}}$ .

$\Delta n_{\mathrm{gas}}$ is gaseous product coefficients minus gaseous reactant coefficients.
Thẻ 48
Câu hỏi
How does pressure change with depth in a static incompressible fluid?
Câu trả lời
$P=P_0+\rho gh$ .

$h$ is depth below the surface; the gauge pressure is $\rho gh$ .
Thẻ 49
Câu hỏi
How do the units of a rate constant depend on overall reaction order $N$ ?
Câu trả lời
$[k]=\mathrm{M^{1-N}s^{-1}}$ when rate is in $\mathrm{M/s}$ . For example, first-order $k$ has units of $\mathrm{s^{-1}}$ .
Thẻ 50
Câu hỏi
Which relationship defines electric current?
Câu trả lời
$I=\Delta Q/\Delta t$ .

Conventional current points in the direction positive charge would move.
Thẻ 51
Câu hỏi
What is the acid-dissociation expression for $HA\rightleftharpoons H^++A^-$ ?
Câu trả lời
$K_a=[H^+][A^-]/[HA]$ .

A larger $K_a$ means a stronger acid under comparable conditions.
Thẻ 52
Câu hỏi
What equation governs refraction at a boundary?
Câu trả lời
$n_1\sin\theta_1=n_2\sin\theta_2$ .

Angles are measured from the normal, not the surface.
Thẻ 53
Câu hỏi
How is mole fraction defined for component $i$ ?
Câu trả lời
$X_i=n_i/\sum_jn_j$ .

Mole fractions are dimensionless and sum to 1.
Thẻ 54
Câu hỏi
What SI units and base dimensions define pressure?
Câu trả lời
Pressure is measured in pascals: $1\ \mathrm{Pa}=1\ \mathrm{N/m^2}=1\ \mathrm{kg\,m^{-1}\,s^{-2}}$ .
Thẻ 55
Câu hỏi
What pressure–volume work occurs against constant external pressure?
Câu trả lời
$w=-P_{\mathrm{ext}}\Delta V$ .

Expansion has $\Delta V>0$ and therefore negative work on the system.
Thẻ 56
Câu hỏi
How does intensity from an isotropic point source vary with distance?
Câu trả lời
$I=P/(4\pi r^2)$ .

Doubling distance reduces intensity to one quarter if absorption is negligible.
Thẻ 57
Câu hỏi
How large can static friction become before slipping begins?
Câu trả lời
$f_s\leq\mu_sN$ , with $f_{s,\max}=\mu_sN$ .

Static friction matches the needed opposing force up to its maximum; it isn't always equal to $\mu_sN$ .
Thẻ 58
Câu hỏi
Which relationship handles dilution when solute amount is conserved?
Câu trả lời
$M_1V_1=M_2V_2$ .

It applies when solvent is added without reaction or solute loss.
Thẻ 59
Câu hỏi
What is Ohm's law for an ohmic element?
Câu trả lời
$V=IR$ .

It applies when resistance is approximately constant over the operating range.
Thẻ 60
Câu hỏi
How is the reaction quotient $Q$ constructed?
Câu trả lời
Use the same expression as $K$ , but insert the current—not necessarily equilibrium—activities or concentrations.
Thẻ 61
Câu hỏi
What is the usual model for kinetic friction on a sliding surface?
Câu trả lời
$f_k=\mu_kN$ .

The force points opposite the relative sliding motion.
Thẻ 62
Câu hỏi
What is the base-dissociation expression for $B+H_2O\rightleftharpoons HB^++OH^-$ ?
Câu trả lời
$K_b=[HB^+][OH^-]/[B]$ .
Thẻ 63
Câu hỏi
What equation expresses Pascal's principle in a hydraulic device?
Câu trả lời
$F_1/A_1=F_2/A_2$ .

An applied pressure change is transmitted through a confined incompressible fluid.
Thẻ 64
Câu hỏi
How much charge passes through a cell carrying constant current?
Câu trả lời
$Q=It$ .

Use amperes and seconds to obtain coulombs.
Thẻ 65
Câu hỏi
What is the critical-angle condition for total internal reflection?
Câu trả lời
$\sin\theta_c=n_2/n_1$ when $n_1>n_2$ .

Total internal reflection occurs only when light starts in the higher-index medium and $\theta_1>\theta_c$ .
Thẻ 66
Câu hỏi
How is total pressure related to component pressures in an ideal gas mixture?
Câu trả lời
$P_{\mathrm{tot}}=\sum_iP_i$ .

Dalton's law treats each gas as contributing its own partial pressure.
Thẻ 67
Câu hỏi
How is the coulomb expressed through SI base units?
Câu trả lời
$1\ \mathrm{C}=1\ \mathrm{A\,s}$ .

Charge equals current multiplied by time.
Thẻ 68
Câu hỏi
How is standard reaction enthalpy obtained from standard formation enthalpies?
Câu trả lời
$\Delta H^\circ_{\mathrm{rxn}}=\sum\nu\Delta H_f^\circ(\mathrm{products})-\sum\nu\Delta H_f^\circ(\mathrm{reactants})$ .
Thẻ 69
Câu hỏi
How is sound intensity level in decibels defined?
Câu trả lời
$\beta=10\log_{10}(I/I_0)$ .

The reference intensity is commonly $I_0=10^{-12}\ \mathrm{W/m^2}$ .
Thẻ 70
Câu hỏi
What is the integrated rate law for a zero-order reactant?
Câu trả lời
$[A]_t=[A]_0-kt$ .

A plot of $[A]$ versus time is linear with slope $-k$ .
Thẻ 71
Câu hỏi
How does a uniform wire's resistance depend on material and geometry?
Câu trả lời
$R=\rho L/A$ .

Longer wires have more resistance; larger cross-sectional area lowers it. Here $\rho$ is resistivity.
Thẻ 72
Câu hỏi
Which equation gives the magnitude of torque from a force?
Câu trả lời
$\tau=rF\sin\theta=r_\perp F$ .

Here $r_\perp$ is the perpendicular lever arm from the pivot to the force's line of action.
Thẻ 73
Câu hỏi
How is mass percent composition calculated?
Câu trả lời
$\%\mathrm{\ by\ mass}=100\times m_{\mathrm{component}}/m_{\mathrm{total}}$ .
Thẻ 74
Câu hỏi
What buoyant force acts on a submerged object?
Câu trả lời
$F_B=\rho_{\mathrm{fluid}}V_{\mathrm{displaced}}g$ .

It equals the weight of displaced fluid.
Thẻ 75
Câu hỏi
How is $\mathrm{p}K_a$ related to $K_a$ ?
Câu trả lời
$\mathrm{p}K_a=-\log K_a$ .

Lower $\mathrm{p}K_a$ corresponds to the stronger acid.
Thẻ 76
Câu hỏi
What two conditions define static mechanical equilibrium?
Câu trả lời
$\sum \vec F=0$ and $\sum\tau=0$ .

Both translational and rotational equilibrium are required.
Thẻ 77
Câu hỏi
How does Hess's law combine reaction enthalpies?
Câu trả lời
Add the manipulated step equations and add their $\Delta H$ values. Reversing a step changes the sign; multiplying a step multiplies $\Delta H$ by the same factor.
Thẻ 78
Câu hỏi
Which equivalent forms give electrical power in a resistor?
Câu trả lời
$P=IV=I^2R=V^2/R$ .

Choose the form that uses the known current, voltage, and resistance.
Thẻ 79
Câu hỏi
How does mole fraction determine an ideal gas's partial pressure?
Câu trả lời
$P_i=X_iP_{\mathrm{tot}}$ , where $X_i=n_i/n_{\mathrm{tot}}$ .
Thẻ 80
Câu hỏi
What decibel change corresponds to multiplying sound intensity by 10?
Câu trả lời
A tenfold intensity increase adds $10\ \mathrm{dB}$ because $10\log_{10}(10)=10$ . A hundredfold increase adds $20\ \mathrm{dB}$ .
Thẻ 81
Câu hỏi
How does comparing $Q$ with $K$ predict reaction direction?
Câu trả lời
If $Q<K$ , the forward direction is favored. If $Q>K$ , the reverse direction is favored. If $Q=K$ , the system is at equilibrium.
Thẻ 82
Câu hỏi
Which equation relates object, image, and focal distances for a thin lens or spherical mirror?
Câu trả lời
$1/f=1/d_o+1/d_i$ .

Use the adopted sign convention consistently; positive $d_i$ usually denotes a real image.
Thẻ 83
Câu hỏi
How do charge and Faraday's constant give moles of electrons?
Câu trả lời
$n_{e^-}=Q/F$ , where $F\approx9.6485\times10^4\ \mathrm{C/mol\ e^-}$ .
Thẻ 84
Câu hỏi
How is the volt expressed through joules and coulombs?
Câu trả lời
$1\ \mathrm{V}=1\ \mathrm{J/C}$ .

Voltage is energy transferred per unit charge.
Thẻ 85
Câu hỏi
How is $\mathrm{p}K_b$ related to $K_b$ ?
Câu trả lời
$\mathrm{p}K_b=-\log K_b$ .
Thẻ 86
Câu hỏi
What work is done by a constant force through a displacement?
Câu trả lời
$W=Fd\cos\theta$ .

$\theta$ is the angle between the force and displacement; perpendicular force does zero work.
Thẻ 87
Câu hỏi
How is volume percent calculated for a liquid mixture?
Câu trả lời
$\%\mathrm{\ by\ volume}=100\times V_{\mathrm{component}}/V_{\mathrm{solution}}$ .

Use it only when the problem defines composition by volume.
Thẻ 88
Câu hỏi
How do resistors combine in series?
Câu trả lời
$R_{\mathrm{eq}}=\sum_iR_i$ .

Series elements carry the same current and their voltage drops add.
Thẻ 89
Câu hỏi
What is the half-life of a zero-order reactant?
Câu trả lời
$t_{1/2}=[A]_0/(2k)$ .

Unlike first-order half-life, it depends on starting concentration.
Thẻ 90
Câu hỏi
How is volumetric flow rate related to cross-sectional area and speed?
Câu trả lời
$Q=Av$ .

$Q$ has SI units of $\mathrm{m^3/s}$ and assumes the average speed across the section.
180 thẻ
MCAT Physics & Chemistry Equation Flashcards: Formulas, Units & When to Use Them
Học bộ thẻ này miễn phí
Nibomo sẽ mở ra để bạn bắt đầu học.
Thẻ 91
Câu hỏi
How can average bond energies estimate reaction enthalpy?
Câu trả lời
$\Delta H_{\mathrm{rxn}}\approx\sum D(\mathrm{bonds\ broken})-\sum D(\mathrm{bonds\ formed})$ .

Breaking bonds costs energy; forming bonds releases it.
Thẻ 92
Câu hỏi
What is the translational kinetic energy of a point mass?
Câu trả lời
$K=\tfrac12mv^2$ .

Kinetic energy is a scalar measured in joules.
Thẻ 93
Câu hỏi
What ratio defines parts per million by mass?
Câu trả lời
$\mathrm{ppm}=10^6\times m_{\mathrm{solute}}/m_{\mathrm{solution}}$ .

For dilute aqueous solutions, $1\ \mathrm{ppm}$ is often approximately $1\ \mathrm{mg/L}$ when density is near $1\ \mathrm{kg/L}$ .
Thẻ 94
Câu hỏi
How do resistors combine in parallel?
Câu trả lời
$1/R_{\mathrm{eq}}=\sum_i1/R_i$ .

Parallel branches share the same voltage, and the equivalent resistance is below the smallest branch resistance.
Thẻ 95
Câu hỏi
How are the dissociation constants of a conjugate acid–base pair related?
Câu trả lời
$K_aK_b=K_w$ .

At $25^\circ\mathrm{C}$ , $\mathrm{p}K_a+\mathrm{p}K_b=14.00$ .
Thẻ 96
Câu hỏi
How do powers of ten combine when multiplying quantities in scientific notation?
Câu trả lời
Multiply the coefficients and add the exponents: $(a\times10^m)(b\times10^n)=ab\times10^{m+n}$ . Then normalize the result so its final coefficient $c$ satisfies $1\leq|c|<10$ ; a coefficient of exactly 10 becomes 1 while the exponent increases by 1.
Thẻ 97
Câu hỏi
How many moles of a product requiring $z$ electrons per mole form during electrolysis?
Câu trả lời
$n_{\mathrm{product}}=Q/(zF)=It/(zF)$ .

This is the ideal Faraday-law result before any stated efficiency correction.
Thẻ 98
Câu hỏi
How is lateral magnification related to image and object distances?
Câu trả lời
$m=h_i/h_o=-d_i/d_o$ .

A negative magnification indicates inversion; $|m|$ gives the size ratio.
Thẻ 99
Câu hỏi
What is the average translational kinetic energy per mole of an ideal gas?
Câu trả lời
$\overline{K}=\tfrac32RT$ .

It depends only on absolute temperature, not molecular identity.
Thẻ 100
Câu hỏi
What are the allowed frequencies of a string fixed at both ends?
Câu trả lời
$f_n=nv/(2L)$ for $n=1,2,3,\ldots$ .

Both ends are nodes, so every positive integer harmonic is allowed.
Thẻ 101
Câu hỏi
How does reversing a reaction change its equilibrium constant?
Câu trả lời
$K_{\mathrm{reverse}}=1/K_{\mathrm{forward}}$ .
Thẻ 102
Câu hỏi
What does the work–energy theorem say?
Câu trả lời
$W_{\mathrm{net}}=\Delta K$ .

Net work changes kinetic energy, even when individual forces are nonconservative.
Thẻ 103
Câu hỏi
What entropy change accompanies reversible heat transfer at constant temperature?
Câu trả lời
$\Delta S=q_{\mathrm{rev}}/T$ .

Temperature must be in kelvin.
Thẻ 104
Câu hỏi
What does Kirchhoff's junction rule require?
Câu trả lời
$\sum I_{\mathrm{in}}=\sum I_{\mathrm{out}}$ .

It follows from conservation of charge at a node.
Thẻ 105
Câu hỏi
Which equation estimates the pH of a buffer made from a weak acid and its conjugate base?
Câu trả lời
$\mathrm{pH}=\mathrm{p}K_a+\log([A^-]/[HA])$ .

Henderson–Hasselbalch works best when both buffer components are present in meaningful amounts.
Thẻ 106
Câu hỏi
What continuity relationship applies to steady incompressible flow?
Câu trả lời
$A_1v_1=A_2v_2$ .

A narrower section has a larger average speed when the same volume passes each second.
Thẻ 107
Câu hỏi
A liquid has known density and volume. Which rearranged density relationship gives its mass?
Câu trả lời
$m=\rho V$ .

Here $m$ is mass, $\rho$ is density, and $V$ is volume; use compatible units when density and volume are known. For example, $25\ \mathrm{mL}$ of a $1.20\ \mathrm{g/mL}$ solution has mass $m=(1.20)(25)=30\ \mathrm{g}$ .
Thẻ 108
Câu hỏi
What is local gravitational potential energy near Earth's surface?
Câu trả lời
$U_g=mgh$ .

Only changes matter: $\Delta U_g=mg\Delta h$ when $g$ is approximately constant.
Thẻ 109
Câu hỏi
What is the integrated rate law for a first-order reactant?
Câu trả lời
$\ln[A]_t=\ln[A]_0-kt$ .

A plot of $\ln[A]$ versus time is linear with slope $-k$ .
Thẻ 110
Câu hỏi
What are the allowed frequencies of a pipe open at both ends?
Câu trả lời
$f_n=nv/(2L)$ for $n=1,2,3,\ldots$ .

Both open ends are displacement antinodes.
Thẻ 111
Câu hỏi
Which equation relates Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy at constant temperature?
Câu trả lời
$\Delta G=\Delta H-T\Delta S$ .

Use compatible energy units and absolute temperature.
Thẻ 112
Câu hỏi
What does Kirchhoff's loop rule require?
Câu trả lời
$\sum\Delta V=0$ around any closed loop.

Voltage rises and drops must be assigned consistently with the chosen traversal direction.
Thẻ 113
Câu hỏi
What elastic potential energy is stored in an ideal spring?
Câu trả lời
$U_s=\tfrac12kx^2$ .

$x$ is displacement from equilibrium and $k$ has units of $\mathrm{N/m}$ .
Thẻ 114
Câu hỏi
How does multiplying every reaction coefficient by a factor $n$ change $K$ ?
Câu trả lời
$K_{\mathrm{new}}=K^n$ .

Dividing coefficients by $n$ takes the corresponding root.
Thẻ 115
Câu hỏi
How can you estimate the order of magnitude of a quotient without a calculator?
Câu trả lời
Divide the leading coefficients and subtract powers of ten: $(a\times10^m)/(b\times10^n)=(a/b)\times10^{m-n}$ . Normalize the result so its final coefficient $c$ satisfies $1\leq|c|<10$ ; if the coefficient is exactly 10, write it as 1 and increase the exponent by 1.
Thẻ 116
Câu hỏi
How is lens power related to focal length?
Câu trả lời
$P=1/f$ with $f$ in meters.

Power is measured in diopters; converging lenses have positive power and diverging lenses negative power.
Thẻ 117
Câu hỏi
How does root-mean-square molecular speed depend on molar mass?
Câu trả lời
$v_{\mathrm{rms}}=\sqrt{3RT/M}$ .

Use molar mass $M$ in $\mathrm{kg/mol}$ ; lighter gases move faster at the same temperature.
Thẻ 118
Câu hỏi
Which equation relates pressure, speed, and height along ideal fluid flow?
Câu trả lời
$P+\tfrac12\rho v^2+\rho gy=\text{constant}$ .

Bernoulli's equation assumes steady, incompressible, nonviscous flow along a streamline.
Thẻ 119
Câu hỏi
What is the Nernst equation for a cell reaction?
Câu trả lời
$E=E^\circ-(RT/(nF))\ln Q$ .

At $25^\circ\mathrm{C}$ , $E=E^\circ-(0.0592\ \mathrm{V}/n)\log Q$ .
Thẻ 120
Câu hỏi
What force does an ideal spring exert?
Câu trả lời
$F_s=-kx$ .

The minus sign means the spring force points back toward equilibrium.
Thẻ 121
Câu hỏi
What conjugate-base-to-acid ratio gives a target buffer pH?
Câu trả lời
$[A^-]/[HA]=10^{\mathrm{pH}-\mathrm{p}K_a}$ .

This is Henderson–Hasselbalch solved for the composition ratio.
Thẻ 122
Câu hỏi
Which relationship defines capacitance?
Câu trả lời
$C=Q/V$ .

Capacitance is charge stored per potential difference and is measured in farads.
Thẻ 123
Câu hỏi
How do elemental mass percentages lead to an empirical formula?
Câu trả lời
Convert each element's mass to moles, divide every mole amount by the smallest, then multiply to obtain the smallest whole-number ratio. The retrieval target is the mole ratio, not the mass ratio.
Thẻ 124
Câu hỏi
When can mechanical energy be conserved?
Câu trả lời
$K_i+U_i=K_f+U_f$ when only conservative forces do work. With nonconservative work, use $W_{nc}=\Delta(K+U)$ .
Thẻ 125
Câu hỏi
What sign of $\Delta G$ indicates a thermodynamically spontaneous forward process at constant temperature and pressure?
Câu trả lời
$\Delta G<0$ . At equilibrium $\Delta G=0$ ; $\Delta G>0$ favors the reverse direction. Spontaneity does not say the reaction is fast.
Thẻ 126
Câu hỏi
Which metric-prefix factors correspond to milli-, micro-, and nano-?
Câu trả lời
Milli is $10^{-3}$ , micro is $10^{-6}$ , and nano is $10^{-9}$ . Each step is a factor of $10^3$ .
Thẻ 127
Câu hỏi
What is the pH at the half-equivalence point of a weak-acid/strong-base titration?
Câu trả lời
$\mathrm{pH}=\mathrm{p}K_a$ .

Half of the original weak acid has become conjugate base, so $[A^-]=[HA]$ .
Thẻ 128
Câu hỏi
What are the allowed frequencies of a pipe closed at one end?
Câu trả lời
$f_n=nv/(4L)$ for odd $n=1,3,5,\ldots$ .

The closed end is a displacement node and the open end is an antinode.
Thẻ 129
Câu hỏi
What is the half-life of a first-order reaction?
Câu trả lời
$t_{1/2}=\ln2/k$ .

It is independent of initial concentration.
Thẻ 130
Câu hỏi
How is the focal length of a spherical mirror related to its radius of curvature?
Câu trả lời
$f=R/2$ .

This paraxial approximation applies to rays near the principal axis.
Thẻ 131
Câu hỏi
How is a molecular formula obtained from an empirical formula?
Câu trả lời
$k=M_{\mathrm{molecular}}/M_{\mathrm{empirical}}$ , then multiply every empirical subscript by the integer $k$ .
Thẻ 132
Câu hỏi
What is the capacitance of an ideal parallel-plate capacitor?
Câu trả lời
$C=\kappa\varepsilon_0A/d$ .

Larger plate area or dielectric constant raises capacitance; greater separation lowers it.
Thẻ 133
Câu hỏi
What does Graham's law predict for two gas effusion rates?
Câu trả lời
$r_1/r_2=\sqrt{M_2/M_1}$ .

At the same temperature, effusion rate is inversely proportional to the square root of molar mass.
Thẻ 134
Câu hỏi
Which relationship gives laminar flow through a cylindrical tube?
Câu trả lời
$Q=\dfrac{\pi r^4\Delta P}{8\eta L}$ .

Poiseuille flow is extremely sensitive to radius and assumes a Newtonian fluid in a long rigid tube.
Thẻ 135
Câu hỏi
How do equilibrium constants combine when reactions are added?
Câu trả lời
Multiply them: $K_{\mathrm{overall}}=K_1K_2\cdots$ .

Reverse or scale each component reaction before applying the reciprocal or power rule.
Thẻ 136
Câu hỏi
Which relationship defines average power?
Câu trả lời
$P=W/\Delta t$ .

Power is the rate of energy transfer and is measured in watts, where $1\ \mathrm{W}=1\ \mathrm{J/s}$ .
Thẻ 137
Câu hỏi
What voltage does an ideal concentration cell produce at $25^\circ\mathrm{C}$ ?
Câu trả lời
$E=(0.0592\ \mathrm{V}/n)\log(C_{\mathrm{high}}/C_{\mathrm{low}})$ for the simple same-ion setup. The voltage vanishes when concentrations equalize.
Thẻ 138
Câu hỏi
Which equivalent forms give energy stored in a capacitor?
Câu trả lời
$U=\tfrac12CV^2=\tfrac12QV=Q^2/(2C)$ .

Use the form matching the known variables.
Thẻ 139
Câu hỏi
How is standard free-energy change related to the equilibrium constant?
Câu trả lời
$\Delta G^\circ=-RT\ln K$ .

A large $K$ corresponds to negative $\Delta G^\circ$ .
Thẻ 140
Câu hỏi
What instantaneous power is delivered by a force to a moving object?
Câu trả lời
$P=\vec F\cdot\vec v=Fv\cos\theta$ .

Only the force component parallel to velocity transfers energy at that instant.
Thẻ 141
Câu hỏi
How is percent yield calculated?
Câu trả lời
$\%\mathrm{yield}=100\times(\mathrm{actual\ yield})/(\mathrm{theoretical\ yield})$ .
Thẻ 142
Câu hỏi
What condition gives constructive interference in a double-slit experiment?
Câu trả lời
$d\sin\theta=m\lambda$ for integers $m$ .

For small angles on a screen, fringe position is approximately $y_m=m\lambda L/d$ .
Thẻ 143
Câu hỏi
What stoichiometric condition marks acid–base equivalence?
Câu trả lời
Acid equivalents equal base equivalents: $n_a|z_a|=n_b|z_b|$ . For molarity and volume, $M_aV_a|z_a|=M_bV_b|z_b|$ .
Thẻ 144
Câu hỏi
What value is useful for the speed of light in vacuum?
Câu trả lời
Use $c\approx3.00\times10^8\ \mathrm{m/s}$ . In a material, light travels at $v=c/n$ .
Thẻ 145
Câu hỏi
Which Doppler relationship applies to collinear motion in a stationary medium?
Câu trả lời
$f'=f\dfrac{v\pm v_o}{v\mp v_s}$ .

Choose signs that raise $f'$ when source and observer approach and lower it when they separate.
Thẻ 146
Câu hỏi
What is the integrated rate law for a second-order reaction in one reactant?
Câu trả lời
$1/[A]_t=1/[A]_0+kt$ .

A plot of $1/[A]$ versus time is linear with slope $k$ .
Thẻ 147
Câu hỏi
What dimensionless quantity helps predict laminar versus turbulent pipe flow?
Câu trả lời
$Re=\rho vD/\eta$ .

Lower Reynolds number favors laminar flow; higher values make turbulence more likely.
Thẻ 148
Câu hỏi
How is reaction free energy related to standard free energy and reaction quotient?
Câu trả lời
$\Delta G=\Delta G^\circ+RT\ln Q$ .

This predicts the favorable direction under nonstandard conditions.
Thẻ 149
Câu hỏi
What is linear momentum?
Câu trả lời
$\vec p=m\vec v$ .

Momentum is a vector with SI units of $\mathrm{kg\,m/s}$ .
Thẻ 150
Câu hỏi
How do you identify the limiting reactant from available moles?
Câu trả lời
Compare $n_i/\nu_i$ for each reactant, where $\nu_i$ is its stoichiometric coefficient. The smallest ratio runs out first and sets the reaction extent.
Thẻ 151
Câu hỏi
How do capacitors combine in parallel?
Câu trả lời
$C_{\mathrm{eq}}=\sum_iC_i$ .

Parallel capacitors share voltage and their stored charges add.
Thẻ 152
Câu hỏi
How do you estimate the pH of a dilute strong monoprotic acid of concentration $C$ ?
Câu trả lời
Assuming complete dissociation and negligible water autoionization, $[H^+]\approx C$ and $\mathrm{pH}\approx-\log C$ .
Thẻ 153
Câu hỏi
What relationship connects impulse and momentum change?
Câu trả lời
$\vec J=\int\vec F\,dt=\Delta\vec p$ . For a constant force, $\vec J=\vec F\Delta t$ .
Thẻ 154
Câu hỏi
What is the solubility-product expression for $M_aX_b(s)\rightleftharpoons aM+bX$ ?
Câu trả lời
$K_{sp}=[M]^a[X]^b$ .

The solid is omitted; dissolved-ion concentrations carry their stoichiometric exponents.
Thẻ 155
Câu hỏi
What condition gives minima from a single slit of width $a$ ?
Câu trả lời
$a\sin\theta=m\lambda$ for $m=1,2,3,\ldots$ .

The central maximum lies between the first minima.
Thẻ 156
Câu hỏi
Which way do electrons flow in both galvanic and electrolytic cells?
Câu trả lời
Electrons flow through the external circuit from anode to cathode. Oxidation is always at the anode; reduction is always at the cathode.
Thẻ 157
Câu hỏi
How do capacitors combine in series?
Câu trả lời
$1/C_{\mathrm{eq}}=\sum_i1/C_i$ .

Series capacitors carry equal charge magnitude, and the equivalent capacitance is below the smallest one.
Thẻ 158
Câu hỏi
Which equation adds molecular size and attraction corrections to the ideal gas law?
Câu trả lời
$\left(P+a\dfrac{n^2}{V^2}\right)(V-nb)=nRT$ .

The $a$ term corrects attractions; $b$ corrects finite molecular volume.
Thẻ 159
Câu hỏi
What beat frequency is heard from two nearby tones?
Câu trả lời
$f_{\mathrm{beat}}=|f_1-f_2|$ .

Beats arise from alternating constructive and destructive interference.
Thẻ 160
Câu hỏi
What near-Earth gravitational acceleration is useful for MCAT estimates?
Câu trả lời
Use $g\approx9.8\ \mathrm{m/s^2}$ , or $10\ \mathrm{m/s^2}$ for quick order-of-magnitude work when the choices allow it.
Thẻ 161
Câu hỏi
What weak-acid approximation estimates $[H^+]$ for initial concentration $C$ ?
Câu trả lời
$[H^+]\approx\sqrt{K_aC}$ when dissociation is small compared with $C$ . Check that the resulting ionization is roughly below 5%.
Thẻ 162
Câu hỏi
Why does a constriction in a horizontal ideal-fluid tube usually have lower static pressure?
Câu trả lời
Continuity raises the speed in the narrow section, and Bernoulli's relationship then requires lower static pressure when height is unchanged. This is the Venturi effect.
Thẻ 163
Câu hỏi
How does a solid's length change for a small temperature shift?
Câu trả lời
$\Delta L=\alpha L_0\Delta T$ .

$\alpha$ is the linear expansion coefficient; the approximation assumes it stays nearly constant.
Thẻ 164
Câu hỏi
When is total linear momentum conserved?
Câu trả lời
$\sum\vec p_i=\sum\vec p_f$ when the net external impulse on the chosen system is zero. Internal forces can redistribute momentum without changing the total.
Thẻ 165
Câu hỏi
What relationship connects absorbance and concentration in a dilute solution?
Câu trả lời
$A=\varepsilon bc$ .

Beer–Lambert law uses molar absorptivity $\varepsilon$ , path length $b$ , and concentration $c$ ; it is most reliable in the linear dilute range.
Thẻ 166
Câu hỏi
What magnetic force acts on a moving charge?
Câu trả lời
$F=|q|vB\sin\theta$ .

The force is perpendicular to both velocity and magnetic field, so it changes direction but does no work.
Thẻ 167
Câu hỏi
How does the Arrhenius equation relate rate constant and temperature?
Câu trả lời
$k=Ae^{-E_a/(RT)}$ . Equivalently, $\ln k=\ln A-E_a/(RT)$ . Higher temperature or lower activation energy increases $k$ .
Thẻ 168
Câu hỏi
What is centripetal acceleration for uniform circular motion?
Câu trả lời
$a_c=v^2/r=\omega^2r$ .

It points toward the center even when speed is constant.
Thẻ 169
Câu hỏi
How do ions in a salt bridge move to maintain electroneutrality in a galvanic cell?
Câu trả lời
Anions migrate toward the anode compartment, where oxidation creates excess positive charge. Cations migrate toward the cathode compartment, where reduction creates relative excess negative charge by consuming cations or producing anions. These migrations maintain charge neutrality.
Thẻ 170
Câu hỏi
What is the maximum kinetic energy in the photoelectric effect?
Câu trả lời
$K_{\max}=hf-\phi$ .

Electrons are emitted when $hf\geq\phi$ . Exactly at threshold, $hf=\phi$ and $K_{\max}=0$ ; positive kinetic energy requires $hf>\phi$ .
Thẻ 171
Câu hỏi
What molar volume is a useful ideal-gas reference at $0^\circ\mathrm{C}$ and $1\ \mathrm{atm}$ ?
Câu trả lời
About $22.4\ \mathrm{L/mol}$ .

This shortcut is tied to those stated conditions, not every convention labeled STP.
Thẻ 172
Câu hỏi
What is the period of an ideal mass–spring oscillator?
Câu trả lời
$T=2\pi\sqrt{m/k}$ .

The small-amplitude period depends on mass and spring stiffness, not amplitude.
Thẻ 173
Câu hỏi
For $MX_2(s)\rightleftharpoons M^{2+}+2X^-$ , how is $K_{sp}$ related to molar solubility $s$ in pure water?
Câu trả lời
$K_{sp}=s(2s)^2=4s^3$ .

This relation changes when a common ion is already present.
Thẻ 174
Câu hỏi
What does a dimensional-consistency check require of an equation?
Câu trả lời
Every term that is added or equated must have the same dimensions. A mismatch, such as adding energy to force, proves the equation or unit conversion is wrong.
Thẻ 175
Câu hỏi
How is percent ionization of a weak acid calculated?
Câu trả lời
$\%\mathrm{ionization}=100\times[H^+]_{\mathrm{eq}}/[HA]_0$ for a monoprotic acid. Dilution generally raises percent ionization even while lowering $[H^+]$ .
Thẻ 176
Câu hỏi
What pressure difference does surface tension create across one spherical liquid–gas interface?
Câu trả lời
$\Delta P=2\gamma/r$ .

For a soap bubble with two interfaces, $\Delta P=4\gamma/r$ . Smaller radii require larger pressure differences.
Thẻ 177
Câu hỏi
What energy balance applies in an insulated calorimetry problem?
Câu trả lời
$\sum q=0$ , so heat lost by hotter parts equals heat gained by colder parts and the calorimeter. Include every component named in the setup.
Thẻ 178
Câu hỏi
What radius does a charged particle follow when moving perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field?
Câu trả lời
$r=mv/(|q|B)$ .

The magnetic force supplies centripetal force; faster or heavier particles curve less.
Thẻ 179
Câu hỏi
How do you find concentration after mixing solutions of the same nonreacting solute?
Câu trả lời
$M_f=(M_1V_1+M_2V_2)/(V_1+V_2)$ when volumes are additive. If the solutes react, do stoichiometry before calculating the remaining concentration.
Thẻ 180
Câu hỏi
What net inward force is required for circular motion?
Câu trả lời
$F_c=mv^2/r=m\omega^2r$ .

“Centripetal force” is the inward net force supplied by real forces, not an extra force.

Abstract study cards linking physics motion, waves, circuits, and chemistry lab motifs.

180 thẻ

MCAT Physics & Chemistry Equation Flashcards: Formulas, Units & When to Use Them

Học bộ thẻ này miễn phí

Nibomo sẽ mở ra để bạn bắt đầu học.

Về bộ thẻ này

MCAT Physics & Chemistry Equation Flashcards: Formulas, Units & When to Use Them

What the cards practice

Coverage

Scope and provenance

Thẻ trong bộ này

Thẻ 1

Thẻ 2

Thẻ 3

Thẻ 4

Thẻ 5

Thẻ 6

Thẻ 7

Thẻ 8

Thẻ 9

Thẻ 10

Thẻ 11

Thẻ 12

Thẻ 13

Thẻ 14

Thẻ 15

Thẻ 16

Thẻ 17

Thẻ 18

Thẻ 19

Thẻ 20

Thẻ 21

Thẻ 22

Thẻ 23

Thẻ 24

Thẻ 25

Thẻ 26

Thẻ 27

Thẻ 28

Thẻ 29

Thẻ 30

Thẻ 31

Thẻ 32

Thẻ 33

Thẻ 34

Thẻ 35

Thẻ 36

Thẻ 37

Thẻ 38

Thẻ 39

Thẻ 40

Thẻ 41

Thẻ 42

Thẻ 43

Thẻ 44

Thẻ 45

Thẻ 46

Thẻ 47

Thẻ 48

Thẻ 49

Thẻ 50

Thẻ 51

Thẻ 52

Thẻ 53

Thẻ 54

Thẻ 55

Thẻ 56

Thẻ 57

Thẻ 58

Thẻ 59

Thẻ 60

Thẻ 61

Thẻ 62

Thẻ 63

Thẻ 64

Thẻ 65

Thẻ 66

Thẻ 67

Thẻ 68

Thẻ 69

Thẻ 70

Thẻ 71

Thẻ 72

Thẻ 73

Thẻ 74