ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
Practice 446 original ATI TEAS 7 Science recall and mini-scenario cards across A&P, biology, chemistry, and scientific reasoning.
Về bộ thẻ này
Build the core Science knowledge and reasoning used for ATI TEAS 7 with 446 independently authored flashcards.
What this deck practices
- Structure or concept → function: body systems, cells, molecules, atoms, solutions, and experimental parts.
- Function, outcome, or evidence → concept: selective reverse recall when recognizing the name matters in practice.
- Cause or condition → effect: physiology, chemical changes, reaction conditions, inheritance, and experimental predictions.
- Process and order: circulation, ventilation, digestion, urine formation, gene expression, cell division, and scientific investigations.
- Application: short calculations, comparisons, data interpretations, and original mini-scenarios.
The deck does not mechanically reverse every fact. It excludes multiple-choice distractors, exhaustive anatomy lists, obscure chemical nomenclature, advanced pathophysiology, pharmacology, and nursing-school procedures because those mappings do not improve entry-level TEAS Science recall.
The sequence introduces prerequisites before dependent ideas: anatomical language before body systems, cells before genetics, atoms before reactions, and measurement before experimental design. Related forward and reverse variants are separated so one card does not immediately reveal another.
Coverage follows the four Science areas and relative emphasis in ATI's public ATI TEAS 7 content outline: Human Anatomy and Physiology, Biology, Chemistry, and Scientific Reasoning. The public outline defines scope only. Questions, answers, explanations, examples, and ordering were independently authored from common scientific knowledge checked against open educational and official public sources.
No exam question, mark scheme, paid ATI flashcard, test-bank item, or curriculum text was copied. This is an independent, unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. ATI and TEAS are marks of Assessment Technologies Institute, L.L.C.; this deck is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or produced by ATI. See ATI's official exam details for current requirements.
Thẻ trong bộ này
Thẻ 1
Câu hỏi
What posture defines the standard anatomical position?
Câu trả lời
Standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms forward. The feet point forward, giving anatomy a consistent reference position.
Thẻ 2
Câu hỏi
In anatomical language, what does superior mean?
Câu trả lời
Toward the head or above another structure. Inferior means toward the feet or below.
Thẻ 3
Câu hỏi
Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right portions?
Câu trả lời
The sagittal plane. A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.
Thẻ 4
Câu hỏi
Why does the body use feedback mechanisms?
Câu trả lời
To regulate internal conditions. Feedback compares a condition with a set range and triggers responses that adjust it.
Thẻ 5
Câu hỏi
What is the order of structural organization from simplest to most complex?
Câu trả lời
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. Each level builds on interactions at the preceding level.
Thẻ 6
Câu hỏi
What does anterior mean in human anatomy?
Câu trả lời
Toward the front of the body. Posterior means toward the back.
Thẻ 7
Câu hỏi
Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions?
Câu trả lời
The transverse plane. It is also called the horizontal plane.
Thẻ 8
Câu hỏi
What is homeostasis?
Câu trả lời
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. It is dynamic rather than perfectly unchanging.
Thẻ 9
Câu hỏi
Which major body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?
Câu trả lời
The dorsal body cavity. Its cranial cavity holds the brain, and its vertebral cavity holds the spinal cord.
Thẻ 10
Câu hỏi
What does medial mean in anatomical language?
Câu trả lời
Toward the body's midline. Lateral means farther from the midline.
Thẻ 11
Câu hỏi
A rise in body temperature triggers sweating. What control pattern is this?
Câu trả lời
Negative feedback. The response opposes the original temperature change and moves the body toward its normal range.
Thẻ 12
Câu hỏi
Which anatomical plane divides the body into front and back portions?
Câu trả lời
The frontal, or coronal, plane. It separates anterior from posterior portions.
Thẻ 13
Câu hỏi
Which major body cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Câu trả lời
The ventral body cavity. The diaphragm separates its thoracic and abdominopelvic portions.
Thẻ 14
Câu hỏi
What does proximal mean when describing a limb?
Câu trả lời
Closer to the limb's point of attachment. Distal means farther from that point.
Thẻ 15
Câu hỏi
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
Câu trả lời
Positive feedback amplifies the initial change. Negative feedback opposes a change; positive feedback continues until a stopping event occurs.
Thẻ 16
Câu hỏi
Which tissue type covers surfaces and lines body cavities?
Câu trả lời
Epithelial tissue. It also forms many glands and often serves protective, absorptive, or secretory roles.
Thẻ 17
Câu hỏi
Which tissue type mainly supports, binds, and protects other tissues?
Câu trả lời
Connective tissue. Its cells are typically separated by an extracellular matrix.
Thẻ 18
Câu hỏi
What shared property lets muscle tissue produce movement?
Câu trả lời
Contractility. Muscle cells shorten or develop tension in response to stimulation.
Thẻ 19
Câu hỏi
Which tissue type rapidly communicates by electrical signals?
Câu trả lời
Nervous tissue. Neurons transmit signals, while supporting cells help maintain their environment.
Thẻ 20
Câu hỏi
Why are tightly packed epithelial cells well suited for barriers?
Câu trả lời
They leave little space between cells. This continuous arrangement limits passage across a surface.
Thẻ 21
Câu hỏi
What distinguishes connective tissue from epithelial tissue?
Câu trả lời
Connective tissue usually has abundant extracellular matrix. Epithelial cells are more tightly packed.
Thẻ 22
Câu hỏi
What are the four basic human tissue types?
Câu trả lời
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Organs contain two or more tissue types working together.
Thẻ 23
Câu hỏi
What makes a structure an organ rather than a tissue?
Câu trả lời
An organ combines multiple tissue types for a specific function. A tissue is a group of similar cells and matrix performing related work.
Thẻ 24
Câu hỏi
What are the skeletal system's main functions?
Câu trả lời
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood-cell production, and fat storage. Bones also provide levers for muscles.
Thẻ 25
Câu hỏi
What belongs to the axial skeleton?
Câu trả lời
The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. These structures form the body's central axis.
Thẻ 26
Câu hỏi
How do compact and spongy bone differ?
Câu trả lời
Compact bone is dense; spongy bone has a lattice of trabeculae. Both are organized living bone tissue.
Thẻ 27
Câu hỏi
What is a joint?
Câu trả lời
A place where two or more bones meet. Joint structure determines how much movement is possible.
Thẻ 28
Câu hỏi
Which bone cell builds new bone matrix?
Câu trả lời
An osteoblast. Osteoclasts break down bone, while osteocytes maintain mature bone tissue.
Thẻ 29
Câu hỏi
What belongs to the appendicular skeleton?
Câu trả lời
The limbs plus the shoulder and pelvic girdles. It attaches the limbs to the axial skeleton.
Thẻ 30
Câu hỏi
What is the main role of red bone marrow?
Câu trả lời
Blood-cell production. This process is called hematopoiesis.
Thẻ 31
Câu hỏi
Which joint class allows the greatest range of motion?
Câu trả lời
A synovial joint. A fluid-filled joint cavity reduces friction between articulating surfaces.
Thẻ 32
Câu hỏi
Which bone cell breaks down bone matrix?
Câu trả lời
An osteoclast. Bone resorption helps remodeling and mineral balance.
Thẻ 33
Câu hỏi
What does a ligament connect?
Câu trả lời
Bone to bone. A tendon connects muscle to bone.
Thẻ 34
Câu hỏi
What is the shaft of a long bone called?
Câu trả lời
The diaphysis. The enlarged ends are the epiphyses.
Thẻ 35
Câu hỏi
Why is bone important to blood-calcium balance?
Câu trả lời
Bone stores calcium and can release or absorb it during remodeling. Hormones regulate this exchange.
Thẻ 36
Câu hỏi
What is stored mainly in yellow bone marrow?
Câu trả lời
Fat. It serves as an energy reserve.
Thẻ 37
Câu hỏi
What does articular cartilage do at a synovial joint?
Câu trả lời
It reduces friction and absorbs shock. It covers the ends of articulating bones.
Thẻ 38
Câu hỏi
Why must a broken bone receive a blood supply during healing?
Câu trả lời
Repairing cells need oxygen and nutrients. Restored blood vessels support fracture healing.
Thẻ 39
Câu hỏi
What is bone remodeling?
Câu trả lời
Continuous removal and replacement of bone tissue. It repairs microdamage and helps bones adapt to stress.
Thẻ 40
Câu hỏi
Which muscle tissue is usually under voluntary control?
Câu trả lời
Skeletal muscle. Most skeletal muscles move the skeleton, while some, such as facial muscles, insert into skin or other soft tissue.
Thẻ 41
Câu hỏi
What is a sarcomere?
Câu trả lời
The basic contractile unit of striated muscle. It lies between two Z discs.
Thẻ 42
Câu hỏi
What does a tendon connect?
Câu trả lời
Muscle to bone. It transmits muscle force to the skeleton.
Thẻ 43
Câu hỏi
Which proteins slide past one another during muscle contraction?
Câu trả lời
Actin and myosin. Their interaction shortens sarcomeres without shortening the filaments themselves.
Thẻ 44
Câu hỏi
Where is smooth muscle commonly found?
Câu trả lời
In the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels. Its contractions are generally involuntary.
Thẻ 45
Câu hỏi
What ion exposes binding sites needed for skeletal muscle contraction?
Câu trả lời
Calcium. Its release inside the muscle fiber allows actin and myosin interaction.
Thẻ 46
Câu hỏi
How do antagonistic muscle pairs move a joint?
Câu trả lời
One muscle contracts while the opposing muscle relaxes. Reversing their roles moves the joint in the opposite direction.
Thẻ 47
Câu hỏi
Why does muscle contraction require ATP?
Câu trả lời
ATP powers cross-bridge cycling and ion pumps. It is also needed for myosin to detach from actin.
Thẻ 48
Câu hỏi
Which muscle tissue makes up the heart wall?
Câu trả lời
Cardiac muscle. It is striated, involuntary, and connected for coordinated pumping.
Thẻ 49
Câu hỏi
During a typical muscle contraction, which attachment moves more: origin or insertion?
Câu trả lời
The insertion. The origin is generally the more fixed attachment.
Thẻ 50
Câu hỏi
Which type of neuron sends the signal that initiates skeletal-muscle contraction?
Câu trả lời
A somatic motor neuron. It releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, triggering an action potential in the muscle fiber.
Thẻ 51
Câu hỏi
What is muscle tone?
Câu trả lời
Continuous low-level muscle tension. It helps maintain posture and readiness without producing a large movement.
Thẻ 52
Câu hỏi
How does skeletal muscle help regulate body temperature?
Câu trả lời
Contraction releases heat. Shivering increases rapid contractions when the body is cold.
Thẻ 53
Câu hỏi
What are the three muscle tissue types?
Câu trả lời
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. They differ in location, structure, and control.
Thẻ 54
Câu hỏi
What is a neuron's main function?
Câu trả lời
To receive, process, and transmit information. Neurons use electrical signals and chemical messengers.
Thẻ 55
Câu hỏi
What structures make up the central nervous system?
Câu trả lời
The brain and spinal cord. They integrate information and coordinate responses.
Thẻ 56
Câu hỏi
Which part of a neuron usually receives incoming signals?
Câu trả lời
The dendrites. The cell body integrates much of that input.
Thẻ 57
Câu hỏi
What does the peripheral nervous system include?
Câu trả lời
Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. It links the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Thẻ 58
Câu hỏi
Which neuron structure carries an impulse away from the cell body?
Câu trả lời
The axon. Its terminals communicate with another cell.
Thẻ 59
Câu hỏi
Which nervous-system division controls skeletal muscles voluntarily?
Câu trả lời
The somatic nervous system. It also carries sensory information from skin, muscles, and joints.
Thẻ 60
Câu hỏi
What is a synapse?
Câu trả lời
A junction where one neuron communicates with another cell. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters across a small gap.
Thẻ 61
Câu hỏi
Which nervous-system division regulates organs and glands without conscious control?
Câu trả lời
The autonomic nervous system. It includes sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Thẻ 62
Câu hỏi
How does myelin affect nerve signaling?
Câu trả lời
It speeds impulse conduction along an axon. Myelin insulates segments of the axon.
Thẻ 63
Câu hỏi
Which autonomic division prepares the body for acute activity?
Câu trả lời
The sympathetic division. It generally increases alertness and supports a fight-or-flight response.
Thẻ 64
Câu hỏi
What is a reflex?
Câu trả lời
A rapid, predictable response to a stimulus. A reflex pathway can act before conscious awareness.
Thẻ 65
Câu hỏi
Which autonomic division supports rest, digestion, and energy conservation?
Câu trả lời
The parasympathetic division. It generally promotes routine maintenance functions.
Thẻ 66
Câu hỏi
Which brain region is most associated with conscious thought and voluntary movement?
Câu trả lời
The cerebrum. Its cortex also processes much sensory information.
Thẻ 67
Câu hỏi
Which brain region fine-tunes balance and coordinated movement?
Câu trả lời
The cerebellum. It compares intended movement with sensory feedback.
Thẻ 68
Câu hỏi
Which brain region controls vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate?
Câu trả lời
The brainstem. It also connects higher brain regions with the spinal cord.
Thẻ 69
Câu hỏi
How do sensory and motor neurons differ?
Câu trả lời
Sensory neurons carry information toward the CNS; motor neurons carry commands away. Interneurons connect and process signals within the CNS.
Thẻ 70
Câu hỏi
What does a sensory receptor do?
Câu trả lời
It converts a stimulus into a neural signal. Different receptors respond best to particular forms of energy or chemicals.
Thẻ 71
Câu hỏi
What is a hormone?
Câu trả lời
A chemical messenger released into body fluids to affect target cells. A target responds only if it has the appropriate receptor.
Thẻ 72
Câu hỏi
Why is the pituitary gland often called a master gland?
Câu trả lời
Several pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands. The hypothalamus controls much of pituitary activity.
Thẻ 73
Câu hỏi
Why can one hormone affect some cells but not others?
Câu trả lời
Only target cells have the matching receptor. Receptor binding starts the cell's response.
Thẻ 74
Câu hỏi
Which gland produces hormones that broadly increase metabolic activity?
Câu trả lời
The thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones influence energy use and development.
Thẻ 75
Câu hỏi
What is insulin's main effect on blood glucose?
Câu trả lời
It lowers blood glucose. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage after a meal.
Thẻ 76
Câu hỏi
Which glands release a hormone that raises blood calcium?
Câu trả lời
The parathyroid glands. Parathyroid hormone acts on bone, kidneys, and vitamin D pathways.
Thẻ 77
Câu hỏi
Which adrenal region releases epinephrine during acute stress?
Câu trả lời
The adrenal medulla. Its hormones reinforce sympathetic nervous-system effects.
Thẻ 78
Câu hỏi
Which organ has both endocrine and digestive functions?
Câu trả lời
The pancreas. Its islets release hormones, while other cells release digestive enzymes.
Thẻ 79
Câu hỏi
What is glucagon's main effect on blood glucose?
Câu trả lời
It raises blood glucose. It promotes release of stored glucose during fasting.
Thẻ 80
Câu hỏi
Rising thyroid hormone reduces its own upstream stimulation. What pattern is this?
Câu trả lời
Negative feedback. The final hormone limits further release along the control pathway.
Thẻ 81
Câu hỏi
Which adrenal region produces steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone?
Câu trả lời
The adrenal cortex. It surrounds the adrenal medulla.
Thẻ 82
Câu hỏi
Which gland releases melatonin and helps regulate daily sleep timing?
Câu trả lời
The pineal gland. Light information influences its secretion pattern.
Thẻ 83
Câu hỏi
Which hormone directly increases collecting-duct water permeability?
Câu trả lời
Antidiuretic hormone, or ADH. It makes collecting ducts more permeable to water, increasing water reabsorption and usually producing less, more concentrated urine.
Thẻ 84
Câu hỏi
Which hormone strengthens uterine contractions during labor?
Câu trả lời
Oxytocin. This is a classic positive-feedback pathway that ends after delivery.
Thẻ 85
Câu hỏi
How does endocrine signaling generally differ from nervous signaling?
Câu trả lời
It is usually slower to start and longer lasting. Hormones travel through body fluids, while neurons signal specific targets rapidly.
Thẻ 86
Câu hỏi
What is plasma?
Câu trả lời
The liquid portion of blood. It carries cells, nutrients, hormones, proteins, wastes, and dissolved gases.
Thẻ 87
Câu hỏi
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
Câu trả lời
The right side. The right ventricle sends deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary trunk and arteries.
Thẻ 88
Câu hỏi
What is the main function of red blood cells?
Câu trả lời
Transporting oxygen. Their hemoglobin also carries a smaller share of carbon dioxide.
Thẻ 89
Câu hỏi
What defines an artery?
Câu trả lời
It carries blood away from the heart. Oxygen content does not define it; pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood.
Thẻ 90
Câu hỏi
What is the main function of white blood cells?
Câu trả lời
Body defense. Different white blood cells recognize, attack, or coordinate responses to threats.
Thẻ 91
Câu hỏi
Which side of the heart pumps blood into systemic circulation?
Câu trả lời
The left side. The left ventricle sends oxygenated blood into the aorta.
Thẻ 92
Câu hỏi
What is the main purpose of heart valves?
Câu trả lời
To keep blood moving in one direction. Pressure differences open and close them.
Thẻ 93
Câu hỏi
What defines a vein?
Câu trả lời
It carries blood toward the heart. Many veins contain valves that limit backflow.
Thẻ 94
Câu hỏi
What is the main role of platelets?
Câu trả lời
Helping stop bleeding. They form a platelet plug and support clotting reactions at a damaged vessel.
Thẻ 95
Câu hỏi
Why are capillaries well suited for exchange?
Câu trả lời
Their walls are only one cell layer thick. Their small diameter and large total surface area support diffusion and filtration.
Thẻ 96
Câu hỏi
After blood enters the right atrium, what chamber receives it next?
Câu trả lời
The right ventricle. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve before entering that chamber.
Thẻ 97
Câu hỏi
What happens during ventricular systole?
Câu trả lời
The ventricles contract and eject blood. The right ventricle pumps to the lungs, and the left pumps to the body.
Thẻ 98
Câu hỏi
What is pulmonary circulation?
Câu trả lời
Blood flow between the heart and lungs. It allows gas exchange and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
Thẻ 99
Câu hỏi
What normally sets the heart's rhythm?
Câu trả lời
The sinoatrial, or SA, node. Its spontaneous electrical activity initiates each heartbeat.
Thẻ 100
Câu hỏi
What molecule in red blood cells binds oxygen?
Câu trả lời
Hemoglobin. Its iron-containing heme groups bind oxygen reversibly.
Thẻ 101
Câu hỏi
What happens during ventricular diastole?
Câu trả lời
The ventricles relax and fill. Atrioventricular valves are open during most ventricular filling.
Thẻ 102
Câu hỏi
What is systemic circulation?
Câu trả lời
Blood flow between the heart and the body's tissues. It delivers oxygen and nutrients and returns wastes.
Thẻ 103
Câu hỏi
What does arterial blood pressure measure?
Câu trả lời
The force of blood against artery walls. It is commonly reported as systolic over diastolic pressure.
Thẻ 104
Câu hỏi
What do coronary arteries supply?
Câu trả lời
The heart muscle itself. Blocked coronary blood flow can deprive myocardium of oxygen.
Thẻ 105
Câu hỏi
Which major vessels return systemic blood to the right atrium?
Câu trả lời
The superior and inferior venae cavae. The superior vessel drains the upper body; the inferior drains the lower body.
Thẻ 106
Câu hỏi
What is the respiratory system's primary gas-exchange function?
Câu trả lời
Bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide. Ventilation moves air, while diffusion exchanges gases.
Thẻ 107
Câu hỏi
What is the airflow sequence from the pharynx to the gas-exchange surfaces?
Câu trả lời
Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. Each branch conducts air deeper into the lungs.
Thẻ 108
Câu hỏi
Where does most gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Câu trả lời
Across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Thin walls and a large surface area shorten diffusion distance.
Thẻ 109
Câu hỏi
What does the diaphragm do during quiet inhalation?
Câu trả lời
It contracts and moves downward. Thoracic volume rises, lung pressure falls, and air flows inward.
Thẻ 110
Câu hỏi
Why does oxygen move from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries?
Câu trả lời
Its partial pressure is higher in alveolar air than in incoming blood. Oxygen diffuses down that gradient.
Thẻ 111
Câu hỏi
What drives quiet exhalation?
Câu trả lời
Elastic recoil after inspiratory muscles relax. Thoracic volume falls and pressure pushes air outward.
Thẻ 112
Câu hỏi
What is the pleura?
Câu trả lời
A double membrane surrounding each lung. A thin fluid layer reduces friction during breathing.
Thẻ 113
Câu hỏi
How is most oxygen transported in blood?
Câu trả lời
Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Only a small amount dissolves directly in plasma.
Thẻ 114
Câu hỏi
Why does carbon dioxide move from pulmonary blood into alveoli?
Câu trả lời
Its partial pressure is higher in incoming blood than in alveolar air. It diffuses down that gradient for exhalation.
Thẻ 115
Câu hỏi
What helps keep swallowed material out of the airway?
Câu trả lời
The epiglottis and coordinated swallowing reflexes. The laryngeal opening is protected as food passes.
Thẻ 116
Câu hỏi
How does the conducting airway remove trapped particles?
Câu trả lời
Mucus traps them, and cilia move the mucus toward the throat. This is the mucociliary escalator.
Thẻ 117
Câu hỏi
In what form is most carbon dioxide transported in blood?
Câu trả lời
As bicarbonate ions. Red blood cells help convert carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate.
Thẻ 118
Câu hỏi
Which blood change is a strong normal stimulus to increase breathing?
Câu trả lời
A rise in carbon dioxide and the associated fall in pH. Brainstem centers adjust ventilation in response.
Thẻ 119
Câu hỏi
Why must alveoli receive both air and blood?
Câu trả lời
Gas exchange needs ventilation and perfusion. Air without blood flow, or blood without airflow, cannot exchange gases effectively.
Thẻ 120
Câu hỏi
Why does ventilation increase during exercise?
Câu trả lời
Active tissues use more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide. Faster, deeper breathing helps meet that demand.
Thẻ 121
Câu hỏi
What are the digestive system's core functions?
Câu trả lời
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Movement and secretion support those processes.
Thẻ 122
Câu hỏi
What is the alimentary-canal sequence after the mouth?
Câu trả lời
Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. Food passes through this continuous tube.
Thẻ 123
Câu hỏi
What is mechanical digestion?
Câu trả lời
Physical breakdown and mixing of food without changing its molecules. Chewing and stomach churning are examples.
Thẻ 124
Câu hỏi
What are two major functions of the stomach?
Câu trả lời
It stores and mixes food and begins substantial protein digestion. Acid denatures proteins, converts pepsinogen to pepsin, and provides the low pH pepsin needs.
Thẻ 125
Câu hỏi
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
Câu trả lời
The small intestine. Folds, villi, and microvilli create a large absorptive surface.
Thẻ 126
Câu hỏi
Which nutrient does salivary amylase begin digesting in the mouth?
Câu trả lời
Carbohydrates, especially starch. Salivary amylase breaks starch into smaller carbohydrates.
Thẻ 127
Câu hỏi
What is chemical digestion?
Câu trả lời
Enzymatic breakdown of large food molecules into absorbable units. Chemical bonds are changed during the process.
Thẻ 128
Câu hỏi
What is peristalsis?
Câu trả lời
Wave-like smooth-muscle contractions that move material forward. It occurs throughout much of the digestive tract.
Thẻ 129
Câu hỏi
What is a main function of the large intestine?
Câu trả lời
Absorbing water and electrolytes and forming feces. Resident microbes also process some undigested material.
Thẻ 130
Câu hỏi
What digestive product does the liver make?
Câu trả lời
Bile. Bile salts help disperse dietary fat into smaller droplets.
Thẻ 131
Câu hỏi
What does a digestive sphincter do?
Câu trả lời
It regulates movement between regions of the digestive tract. Circular muscle contracts to close a passage.
Thẻ 132
Câu hỏi
What does the pancreas release into the small intestine?
Câu trả lời
Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid. Bicarbonate helps neutralize acidic material from the stomach.
Thẻ 133
Câu hỏi
How do intestinal villi improve absorption?
Câu trả lời
They increase surface area. Each villus contains blood capillaries and a lymphatic lacteal for transported nutrients.
Thẻ 134
Câu hỏi
What is the gallbladder's role?
Câu trả lời
It stores and concentrates bile. It releases bile into the small intestine when fatty food arrives.
Thẻ 135
Câu hỏi
Which macronutrient's absorbed products usually enter intestinal lacteals before reaching the blood?
Câu trả lời
Most dietary lipids. Their absorbed products travel through lymph before entering the bloodstream.
Thẻ 136
Câu hỏi
Which accessory organs help digestion without food passing through them?
Câu trả lời
The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Teeth and the tongue act mechanically; the other accessory organs add or store digestive secretions.
Thẻ 137
Câu hỏi
What organs make up the urinary system?
Câu trả lời
The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Kidneys make urine; the remaining organs transport, store, and release it.
Thẻ 138
Câu hỏi
What is a nephron?
Câu trả lời
The kidney's functional unit. It filters blood and adjusts the filtrate to form urine.
Thẻ 139
Câu hỏi
Where does blood filtration begin in a nephron?
Câu trả lời
At the renal corpuscle. Pressure pushes water and small solutes from glomerular capillaries into the capsule.
Thẻ 140
Câu hỏi
What moves urine from a kidney to the bladder?
Câu trả lời
A ureter. Smooth-muscle contractions propel urine along the tube.
Thẻ 141
Câu hỏi
What is the urinary bladder's main role?
Câu trả lời
Temporary urine storage. Stretch receptors help trigger the urge to urinate as it fills.
Thẻ 142
Câu hỏi
Which structure carries urine from the bladder out of the body?
Câu trả lời
The urethra. It is distinct from the ureters that enter the bladder.
Thẻ 143
Câu hỏi
What is tubular reabsorption?
Câu trả lời
Movement of useful substances from nephron fluid back into blood. Water, glucose, and ions are common examples.
Thẻ 144
Câu hỏi
What is the glomerulus?
Câu trả lời
A capillary tuft that filters blood in the renal corpuscle. Cells and most large proteins normally remain in circulation.
Thẻ 145
Câu hỏi
How does more ADH change urine?
Câu trả lời
It makes urine more concentrated and lowers its volume. More water is reabsorbed from the collecting ducts.
Thẻ 146
Câu hỏi
What path does filtrate follow after entering the glomerular capsule?
Câu trả lời
Proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct. The collecting duct receives forming urine from multiple nephrons.
Thẻ 147
Câu hỏi
What is tubular secretion?
Câu trả lời
Movement of selected substances from blood into nephron fluid. It helps eliminate wastes and regulate ions and pH.
Thẻ 148
Câu hỏi
Besides removing waste, what does the urinary system regulate?
Câu trả lời
Water, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and blood volume. Kidney hormones also affect blood pressure and red-cell production.
Thẻ 149
Câu hỏi
Why does dehydration usually reduce urine volume?
Câu trả lời
The body conserves water by increasing renal reabsorption. ADH is an important signal in this response.
Thẻ 150
Câu hỏi
Why do the kidneys receive a large blood flow?
Câu trả lời
They must continuously filter plasma and regulate its composition. High flow supports waste removal and homeostasis.
Thẻ 151
Câu hỏi
What is lymph?
Câu trả lời
Interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels. It eventually returns to the bloodstream.
Thẻ 152
Câu hỏi
What is innate immunity?
Câu trả lời
Rapid, nonspecific defense present before a particular exposure. Barriers, inflammation, and several immune cells contribute.
Thẻ 153
Câu hỏi
What is a major function of lymph nodes?
Câu trả lời
Filtering lymph and providing sites for immune-cell activation. Swelling can reflect an active immune response.
Thẻ 154
Câu hỏi
What does the spleen filter?
Câu trả lời
Blood. It removes aged blood cells and supports immune responses to blood-borne antigens.
Thẻ 155
Câu hỏi
What is a key function of B lymphocytes?
Câu trả lời
Producing antibody-secreting cells and memory cells. Antibodies bind specific antigens.
Thẻ 156
Câu hỏi
What distinguishes adaptive immunity?
Câu trả lời
It targets specific antigens and develops memory. Later exposure can trigger a faster, stronger response.
Thẻ 157
Câu hỏi
Which lymphatic organ is important for T-cell maturation?
Câu trả lời
The thymus. It is most active early in life.
Thẻ 158
Câu hỏi
What is the body's first physical barrier against many pathogens?
Câu trả lời
Intact skin and mucous membranes. Their secretions and normal microbes add protection.
Thẻ 159
Câu hỏi
What is a key function of T lymphocytes?
Câu trả lời
Coordinating immune responses or killing infected cells. Different T-cell types perform different roles.
Thẻ 160
Câu hỏi
What does an antibody bind?
Câu trả lời
A specific antigen. Binding can neutralize a target or mark it for other immune defenses.
Thẻ 161
Câu hỏi
What is the purpose of inflammation after tissue injury?
Câu trả lời
To contain damage, recruit defenses, and begin repair. Redness, heat, swelling, and pain can accompany it.
Thẻ 162
Câu hỏi
Why is a second adaptive response often faster than the first?
Câu trả lời
Memory lymphocytes remain after the first exposure. They respond quickly when the same antigen appears again.
Thẻ 163
Câu hỏi
What does a phagocyte do?
Câu trả lời
It engulfs particles, microbes, or debris. Neutrophils and macrophages are important examples.
Thẻ 164
Câu hỏi
How does vaccination support adaptive immunity?
Câu trả lời
It safely exposes the immune system to antigen information. This promotes memory without requiring the full disease.
Thẻ 165
Câu hỏi
Why is lymphatic fluid return important?
Câu trả lời
It prevents excess interstitial fluid from accumulating. Lymphatic vessels return fluid and leaked proteins to blood.
Thẻ 166
Câu hỏi
What structures belong to the integumentary system?
Câu trả lời
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Together they form the body's outer covering.
Thẻ 167
Câu hỏi
What is the epidermis?
Câu trả lời
The outer epithelial layer of skin. It is avascular and contains protective keratinized cells.
Thẻ 168
Câu hỏi
How does sweating cool the body?
Câu trả lời
Evaporation removes heat from the skin. Skin blood-flow changes also help regulate heat loss.
Thẻ 169
Câu hỏi
What is a major role of melanin in skin?
Câu trả lời
Absorbing some ultraviolet radiation. It also contributes to skin and hair color.
Thẻ 170
Câu hỏi
How does skin contribute to sensation?
Câu trả lời
Sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. Nerves carry that information to the CNS.
Thẻ 171
Câu hỏi
What is the dermis?
Câu trả lời
The connective-tissue layer beneath the epidermis. It contains vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.
Thẻ 172
Câu hỏi
How does skin support vitamin D production?
Câu trả lời
Ultraviolet light starts conversion of a skin molecule into a vitamin D precursor. The liver and kidneys complete activation.
Thẻ 173
Câu hỏi
Why does a deep skin wound bleed but a shallow epidermal scrape may not?
Câu trả lời
Blood vessels are in the dermis, not the epidermis. A wound must reach vascular tissue to damage them.
Thẻ 174
Câu hỏi
What is a gamete?
Câu trả lời
A haploid reproductive cell. Human sperm and oocytes each carry 23 chromosomes.
Thẻ 175
Câu hỏi
What are the testes' two main reproductive functions?
Câu trả lời
Producing sperm and secreting testosterone. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules.
Thẻ 176
Câu hỏi
What tube carries sperm from the epididymis toward the ejaculatory duct?
Câu trả lời
The ductus, or vas, deferens. Smooth muscle propels sperm during ejaculation.
Thẻ 177
Câu hỏi
What is ovulation?
Câu trả lời
Release of a secondary oocyte from an ovary. A surge in luteinizing hormone helps trigger it.
Thẻ 178
Câu hỏi
Where does fertilization usually occur?
Câu trả lời
In a uterine tube. The early embryo then travels toward the uterus.
Thẻ 179
Câu hỏi
What are the ovaries' two main reproductive functions?
Câu trả lời
Producing oocytes and secreting sex hormones. Estrogen and progesterone help regulate the reproductive cycle.
Thẻ 180
Câu hỏi
What is the uterus' main reproductive role?
Câu trả lời
Supporting implantation and development of an embryo and fetus. Its muscular wall also contracts during birth.
Thẻ 181
Câu hỏi
What causes menstruation when pregnancy does not occur?
Câu trả lời
Falling ovarian hormones allow the uterine lining to shed. A new cycle then begins.
Thẻ 182
Câu hỏi
How does a sperm cell's structure support its function?
Câu trả lời
Its flagellum provides movement, and its head carries DNA plus enzymes used during fertilization. Mitochondria supply energy in the midpiece.
Thẻ 183
Câu hỏi
What is the placenta's exchange role?
Câu trả lời
It allows gases, nutrients, and wastes to move between maternal and fetal circulations. Their blood normally does not mix directly.
Thẻ 184
Câu hỏi
Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction?
Câu trả lời
It halves chromosome number in gametes. Fertilization then restores the diploid number.
Thẻ 185
Câu hỏi
How do sex hormones regulate reproductive control pathways?
Câu trả lời
They usually feed back on the hypothalamus and pituitary. This adjusts release of hormones that act on the gonads.
Thẻ 186
Câu hỏi
What does cell theory state?
Câu trả lời
Living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells come from existing cells. These ideas link organism structure with cell division.
Thẻ 187
Câu hỏi
What is the defining structural feature of a prokaryotic cell?
Câu trả lời
It lacks a membrane-bound nucleus. Its DNA occupies a nucleoid region.
Thẻ 188
Câu hỏi
What is the cell membrane's main role?
Câu trả lời
Regulating movement between the cell and its environment. Its phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable.
Thẻ 189
Câu hỏi
What is the nucleus' main role?
Câu trả lời
Storing most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA. Nuclear pores regulate exchange with the cytoplasm.
Thẻ 190
Câu hỏi
Where are proteins assembled?
Câu trả lời
At ribosomes. Ribosomes may float in cytosol or attach to rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Thẻ 191
Câu hỏi
What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
Câu trả lời
A eukaryotic cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.
Thẻ 192
Câu hỏi
What is a mitochondrion's main function?
Câu trả lời
Producing most cellular ATP through aerobic respiration. Its inner membrane provides a large reaction surface.
Thẻ 193
Câu hỏi
What does rough endoplasmic reticulum mainly produce?
Câu trả lời
Proteins for secretion, membranes, or organelles. Ribosomes on its surface make the proteins.
Thẻ 194
Câu hỏi
Which organelle carries out photosynthesis in plants and algae?
Câu trả lời
The chloroplast. It converts light energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules.
Thẻ 195
Câu hỏi
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Câu trả lời
It modifies, sorts, and packages cell products. Vesicles carry those products to their destinations.
Thẻ 196
Câu hỏi
What is a lysosome's role?
Câu trả lời
Digesting worn cell parts and engulfed material. Its enzymes work best in an acidic interior.
Thẻ 197
Câu hỏi
What are major functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Câu trả lời
Lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage. Its membrane lacks attached ribosomes.
Thẻ 198
Câu hỏi
What does the cytoskeleton provide?
Câu trả lời
Cell shape, internal organization, movement, and transport tracks. It is built from protein filaments.
Thẻ 199
Câu hỏi
What is diffusion?
Câu trả lời
Net movement from higher to lower concentration. It is passive and continues until dynamic equilibrium is reached.
Thẻ 200
Câu hỏi
What happens to an animal cell in a strongly hypotonic solution?
Câu trả lời
Water enters and the cell swells. Without a cell wall, it may burst.
Thẻ 201
Câu hỏi
What happens during interphase?
Câu trả lời
The cell grows, performs normal functions, and copies its DNA. Interphase precedes mitotic division.
Thẻ 202
Câu hỏi
What is the result of mitosis followed by cytokinesis?
Câu trả lời
Two genetically similar daughter cells. Chromosome number is normally preserved.
Thẻ 203
Câu hỏi
What is osmosis?
Câu trả lời
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves toward the side with more nonpenetrating solute.
Thẻ 204
Câu hỏi
What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?
Câu trả lời
Water leaves and the cell shrinks. The external solution has a higher effective solute concentration.
Thẻ 205
Câu hỏi
Why are cells generally small?
Câu trả lời
A high surface-area-to-volume ratio supports efficient exchange. Volume grows faster than surface area as a cell enlarges.
Thẻ 206
Câu hỏi
What is cytokinesis?
Câu trả lời
Division of the cytoplasm. It separates one cell into two after nuclear division.
Thẻ 207
Câu hỏi
How does active transport differ from passive transport?
Câu trả lời
It uses energy to move substances against a gradient. Passive transport moves down a gradient without direct energy input.
Thẻ 208
Câu hỏi
What happens to an animal cell in an isotonic solution?
Câu trả lời
There is no net water movement. Water still crosses in both directions at equal rates.
Thẻ 209
Câu hỏi
Which structures are typical of plant cells but not animal cells?
Câu trả lời
A cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. Both cell types have membranes, nuclei, and mitochondria.
Thẻ 210
Câu hỏi
How do cells contribute to a multicellular organism's organization?
Câu trả lời
Specialized cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form systems. Division of labor supports complex functions.
Thẻ 211
Câu hỏi
What is DNA's primary biological role?
Câu trả lời
Storing hereditary information. Its nucleotide sequence contains instructions used to build functional RNA and proteins.
Thẻ 212
Câu hỏi
What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
Câu trả lời
A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides link to form each strand.
Thẻ 213
Câu hỏi
Which bases pair in double-stranded DNA?
Câu trả lời
Adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine. Hydrogen bonds hold complementary strands together.
Thẻ 214
Câu hỏi
How does RNA differ from DNA?
Câu trả lời
RNA usually has ribose, uses uracil instead of thymine, and is usually single-stranded. Several RNA types help express genes.
Thẻ 215
Câu hỏi
What is a gene?
Câu trả lời
A DNA sequence that contributes to a functional product. The product may be a protein or a functional RNA.
Thẻ 216
Câu hỏi
What is a chromosome?
Câu trả lời
A long DNA molecule packaged with proteins. It contains many genes and other sequences.
Thẻ 217
Câu hỏi
What is DNA replication?
Câu trả lời
Copying DNA before cell division. Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one newly made strand.
Thẻ 218
Câu hỏi
What is the usual flow of information from a protein-coding gene?
Câu trả lời
DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription makes RNA; translation builds the polypeptide.
Thẻ 219
Câu hỏi
What happens during transcription?
Câu trả lời
RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. For a protein-coding gene, that RNA functions as or is processed into messenger RNA.
Thẻ 220
Câu hỏi
What does messenger RNA carry?
Câu trả lời
A copy of coding information from DNA to a ribosome. Its codons specify the amino-acid sequence.
Thẻ 221
Câu hỏi
What is a codon?
Câu trả lời
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA. Most codons specify an amino acid; some signal start or stop.
Thẻ 222
Câu hỏi
What is the usual role of the AUG codon?
Câu trả lời
It starts translation and specifies methionine. The ribosome uses it to establish the reading frame.
Thẻ 223
Câu hỏi
What happens during translation?
Câu trả lời
A ribosome reads mRNA and joins amino acids into a polypeptide. Transfer RNAs match codons with amino acids.
446 thẻ
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Thẻ 224
Câu hỏi
What is transfer RNA's role in protein synthesis?
Câu trả lời
It carries an amino acid and matches its anticodon to an mRNA codon. This places the correct amino acid in sequence.
Thẻ 225
Câu hỏi
What is an anticodon?
Câu trả lời
A three-base sequence on tRNA complementary to an mRNA codon. Pairing helps decode the message.
Thẻ 226
Câu hỏi
What is a mutation?
Câu trả lời
A change in a DNA sequence. Its effect may be harmful, neutral, or beneficial depending on location and context.
Thẻ 227
Câu hỏi
Why can a one-base insertion in a coding sequence have a large effect?
Câu trả lời
It can shift the reading frame. Every downstream codon may change until a stop signal appears.
Thẻ 228
Câu hỏi
Why can changing one amino acid alter a protein's function?
Câu trả lời
Amino-acid sequence helps determine folding and shape. Shape controls many protein interactions.
Thẻ 229
Câu hỏi
What is ribosomal RNA's role in protein synthesis?
Câu trả lời
It forms the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA helps align translation components and catalyzes peptide-bond formation.
Thẻ 230
Câu hỏi
Why can different cell types contain the same DNA but perform different jobs?
Câu trả lời
They express different sets of genes. Different proteins give cells different structures and functions.
Thẻ 231
Câu hỏi
Which mutation can be passed to offspring?
Câu trả lời
A mutation present in a gamete-forming lineage. A mutation limited to ordinary body cells is not inherited through reproduction.
Thẻ 232
Câu hỏi
What is an allele?
Câu trả lời
An alternative version of a gene. Diploid individuals usually carry two alleles for each autosomal gene.
Thẻ 233
Câu hỏi
What is genotype?
Câu trả lời
An organism's allele combination for a gene or set of genes. Genotype contributes to phenotype.
Thẻ 234
Câu hỏi
What does homozygous mean?
Câu trả lời
Having two identical alleles for a gene. Examples include AA and aa.
Thẻ 235
Câu hỏi
What makes an allele dominant in a simple Mendelian trait?
Câu trả lời
One copy is enough for its phenotype to appear in a heterozygote. Dominant does not mean common or beneficial.
Thẻ 236
Câu hỏi
What does Mendel's law of segregation describe?
Câu trả lời
The two alleles for a gene separate during gamete formation. Each gamete receives one allele.
Thẻ 237
Câu hỏi
What is phenotype?
Câu trả lời
An observable trait or characteristic. It can reflect genotype, environment, and their interaction.
Thẻ 238
Câu hỏi
What does heterozygous mean?
Câu trả lời
Having two different alleles for a gene. An example is Aa.
Thẻ 239
Câu hỏi
When does a recessive phenotype usually appear in a simple autosomal trait?
Câu trả lời
When both alleles are recessive. A heterozygote carries the allele without showing that phenotype.
Thẻ 240
Câu hỏi
When does independent assortment apply most clearly?
Câu trả lời
When genes are on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome. Their allele pairs enter gametes independently.
Thẻ 241
Câu hỏi
What does a Punnett square predict?
Câu trả lời
Expected offspring genotype probabilities from specified parental gametes. It does not guarantee outcomes in a small family.
Thẻ 242
Câu hỏi
For Aa × Aa, what is the chance of an aa offspring?
Câu trả lời
One fourth, or 25%. The genotype ratio is expected to be 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa.
Thẻ 243
Câu hỏi
For Aa × Aa with complete dominance, what phenotypic ratio is expected?
Câu trả lời
Three dominant-phenotype offspring to one recessive-phenotype offspring. This is a probability across many offspring.
Thẻ 244
Câu hỏi
How can a test cross reveal the genotype behind a dominant phenotype?
Câu trả lời
Cross the individual with a homozygous recessive partner. Recessive offspring show that the unknown parent carried a recessive allele.
Thẻ 245
Câu hỏi
What happens in incomplete dominance?
Câu trả lời
A heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype. Neither allele fully masks the other.
Thẻ 246
Câu hỏi
How is the probability of two independent genetic events both occurring found?
Câu trả lời
Multiply their individual probabilities. This is the product rule.
Thẻ 247
Câu hỏi
What does a pedigree show?
Câu trả lời
How a trait appears across generations of a family. Its pattern can suggest a mode of inheritance.
Thẻ 248
Câu hỏi
Why can two parents have offspring ratios that differ from a Punnett-square expectation?
Câu trả lời
Each fertilization is a chance event. Expected ratios become more apparent with larger numbers of offspring.
Thẻ 249
Câu hỏi
What happens in codominance?
Câu trả lời
Both alleles are distinctly expressed in a heterozygote. The AB blood type is a common example.
Thẻ 250
Câu hỏi
What are major roles of carbohydrates?
Câu trả lời
Providing quick energy, storing energy, and forming some structures. Monosaccharides are their basic building blocks.
Thẻ 251
Câu hỏi
What is a monomer?
Câu trả lời
A small building block that can join with others to form a larger molecule. Glucose, amino acids, and nucleotides are examples in different classes.
Thẻ 252
Câu hỏi
What happens in a dehydration-synthesis reaction?
Câu trả lời
Monomers join while water is removed. The reaction builds a larger biological molecule.
Thẻ 253
Câu hỏi
What does an enzyme do?
Câu trả lời
It lowers activation energy and speeds a reaction without being consumed. Its shape helps it bind specific substrates.
Thẻ 254
Câu hỏi
What are major roles of lipids?
Câu trả lời
Long-term energy storage, membranes, insulation, and signaling. Lipids are mostly nonpolar and do not mix well with water.
Thẻ 255
Câu hỏi
What does it mean for a protein to denature?
Câu trả lời
Its normal shape is disrupted. Heat, extreme pH, or chemicals can reduce its function.
Thẻ 256
Câu hỏi
What happens during hydrolysis?
Câu trả lời
Water is used to split a larger molecule into smaller units. Digestion often uses hydrolysis reactions.
Thẻ 257
Câu hỏi
Why do phospholipids form bilayers in water?
Câu trả lời
Their hydrophilic heads interact with water while hydrophobic tails turn inward. This arrangement forms cell-membrane structure.
Thẻ 258
Câu hỏi
What are proteins built from?
Câu trả lời
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Their folded shapes support enzymes, transport, signaling, structure, and movement.
Thẻ 259
Câu hỏi
How do starch and glycogen compare?
Câu trả lời
Both store glucose; plants use starch and animals use glycogen. Their branching patterns differ.
Thẻ 260
Câu hỏi
How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?
Câu trả lời
Saturated fatty acids lack carbon-carbon double bonds; unsaturated ones have one or more. Double bonds often introduce bends.
Thẻ 261
Câu hỏi
What immediate energy-carrying molecule powers many cell processes?
Câu trả lời
ATP. Energy released from nutrients can be transferred into ATP's phosphate bonds.
Thẻ 262
Câu hỏi
What are nucleic acids built from?
Câu trả lời
Nucleotides. DNA stores hereditary information, while RNA performs several roles in gene expression.
Thẻ 263
Câu hỏi
Which elements are common in all four major biological macromolecule classes?
Câu trả lời
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Nitrogen and phosphorus occur prominently in some classes.
Thẻ 264
Câu hỏi
Why is three-dimensional shape important for macromolecules?
Câu trả lời
Shape determines many interactions and functions. A changed shape can prevent a molecule from binding its target.
Thẻ 265
Câu hỏi
What are triglycerides built from?
Câu trả lời
One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. They join through ester bonds to form a common energy-storage lipid.
Thẻ 266
Câu hỏi
What is a pathogen?
Câu trả lời
An agent capable of causing disease. Not every microorganism is pathogenic.
Thẻ 267
Câu hỏi
What type of cell is a bacterium?
Câu trả lời
A prokaryotic cell. Bacteria usually reproduce by binary fission.
Thẻ 268
Câu hỏi
What cell type do fungi have?
Câu trả lời
Eukaryotic cells. Some fungi are unicellular yeasts, while others form multicellular filaments.
Thẻ 269
Câu hỏi
What does disease transmission describe?
Câu trả lời
How an infectious agent moves to a susceptible host. Routes include contact, droplets, airborne spread, food, water, and vectors.
Thẻ 270
Câu hỏi
What is a biological vector?
Câu trả lời
An organism that becomes infected with a pathogen and transmits it between hosts. The pathogen survives or reproduces inside the vector, unlike transport by a mechanical carrier.
Thẻ 271
Câu hỏi
Why are viruses dependent on host cells?
Câu trả lời
They lack the complete machinery for reproduction and metabolism. They use host components to make new virus particles.
Thẻ 272
Câu hỏi
What is a protist?
Câu trả lời
A diverse eukaryote that is not classified as an animal, plant, or fungus. Some protists cause disease, while many do not.
Thẻ 273
Câu hỏi
Why do antibiotics not treat viral infections?
Câu trả lời
They target bacterial structures or processes that viruses lack. Antiviral drugs use different targets.
Thẻ 274
Câu hỏi
How can normal microbiota protect a host?
Câu trả lời
They occupy space and use resources that pathogens might otherwise exploit. Some also support digestion or immune development.
Thẻ 275
Câu hỏi
How does sterilization differ from disinfection?
Câu trả lời
Sterilization destroys or removes all microbial life, including resistant forms; disinfection reduces pathogens on objects. The required method depends on use.
Thẻ 276
Câu hỏi
How do infection and disease differ?
Câu trả lời
Infection means an agent is established in a host; disease means normal function is impaired and signs or symptoms occur. Infection may be asymptomatic.
Thẻ 277
Câu hỏi
How can breaking a transmission route reduce infectious disease?
Câu trả lời
It interrupts the chain connecting a source with a susceptible host. Hand hygiene, clean water, ventilation, and vector control target different links.
Thẻ 278
Câu hỏi
What is an atom?
Câu trả lời
The smallest unit of an element that retains that element's chemical identity. Atoms contain a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
Thẻ 279
Câu hỏi
What charge and location does an electron have?
Câu trả lời
Negative charge in the electron cloud around the nucleus. Electrons drive most chemical bonding.
Thẻ 280
Câu hỏi
Why are valence electrons important?
Câu trả lời
They participate most directly in bonding and reactions. Their arrangement helps predict chemical behavior.
Thẻ 281
Câu hỏi
What do elements in the same periodic-table group often share?
Câu trả lời
Similar valence-electron patterns and chemical properties. A group is a vertical column.
Thẻ 282
Câu hỏi
What is an ion?
Câu trả lời
An atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. Its total numbers of protons and electrons are unequal.
Thẻ 283
Câu hỏi
What charge and location does a proton have?
Câu trả lời
Positive charge in the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element.
Thẻ 284
Câu hỏi
What does an element's atomic number equal?
Câu trả lời
Its number of protons. A neutral atom has the same number of electrons.
Thẻ 285
Câu hỏi
How does a neutral atom form a cation?
Câu trả lời
By losing one or more electrons. It has more protons than electrons and a positive charge.
Thẻ 286
Câu hỏi
An atom has 8 protons. How many electrons does it have if it is neutral?
Câu trả lời
Eight electrons. Neutral atoms have equal positive and negative charges.
Thẻ 287
Câu hỏi
What charge and location does a neutron have?
Câu trả lời
No electric charge, in the nucleus. Neutron number can vary among isotopes of an element.
Thẻ 288
Câu hỏi
What does mass number equal?
Câu trả lời
Protons plus neutrons in one atom. It is a whole number for a specific isotope.
Thẻ 289
Câu hỏi
How does a neutral atom form an anion?
Câu trả lời
By gaining one or more electrons. It has more electrons than protons and a negative charge.
Thẻ 290
Câu hỏi
What does a period represent on the periodic table?
Câu trả lời
A horizontal row. Moving across a period changes proton number one element at a time.
Thẻ 291
Câu hỏi
What are isotopes?
Câu trả lời
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Thẻ 292
Câu hỏi
What is matter?
Câu trả lời
Anything that has mass and occupies space. Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are forms of matter.
Thẻ 293
Câu hỏi
What distinguishes a solid from a liquid or gas?
Câu trả lời
A solid has a definite shape and volume. Its particles vibrate around relatively fixed positions.
Thẻ 294
Câu hỏi
What is a physical change?
Câu trả lời
A change in form or state without changing chemical identity. Melting and cutting are examples.
Thẻ 295
Câu hỏi
What is a physical property?
Câu trả lời
A characteristic observed without changing a substance's identity. Density, color, and melting point are examples.
Thẻ 296
Câu hỏi
How does an element differ from a compound?
Câu trả lời
An element contains one kind of atom; a compound contains elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. Chemical methods can separate a compound into simpler substances.
Thẻ 297
Câu hỏi
What distinguishes a liquid?
Câu trả lời
It has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container. Its particles remain close while moving past one another.
Thẻ 298
Câu hỏi
What is a chemical change?
Câu trả lời
A process that forms one or more substances with new chemical identities. Bond rearrangement occurs.
Thẻ 299
Câu hỏi
What is a chemical property?
Câu trả lời
A substance's ability to undergo a particular chemical change. Flammability and reactivity with acid are examples.
Thẻ 300
Câu hỏi
Which phase changes connect solids and liquids?
Câu trả lời
Melting changes a solid to a liquid; freezing changes a liquid to a solid. These are opposite physical changes.
Thẻ 301
Câu hỏi
How does a pure substance differ from a mixture?
Câu trả lời
A pure substance has a fixed composition and is an element or compound; a mixture has variable composition and physically combined components. Mixture components retain their identities.
Thẻ 302
Câu hỏi
What distinguishes a gas?
Câu trả lời
It has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. It expands to fill its container.
Thẻ 303
Câu hỏi
What is the formula for density?
Câu trả lời
Density = mass ÷ volume. Density is an intensive property.
Thẻ 304
Câu hỏi
Which phase changes connect liquids and gases?
Câu trả lời
Vaporization changes a liquid to a gas; condensation changes a gas to a liquid. Evaporation is vaporization at a liquid's surface.
Thẻ 305
Câu hỏi
What is a mixture?
Câu trả lời
Two or more substances physically combined in variable proportions. Its components retain their chemical identities.
Thẻ 306
Câu hỏi
How do intensive and extensive properties differ?
Câu trả lời
Intensive properties do not depend on sample amount; extensive properties do. Density and temperature are intensive, while mass and volume are extensive.
Thẻ 307
Câu hỏi
A 20 g sample occupies 5 mL. What is its density?
Câu trả lời
4 g/mL. Divide 20 g by 5 mL.
Thẻ 308
Câu hỏi
Which phase changes connect solids and gases directly?
Câu trả lời
Sublimation changes a solid to a gas; deposition changes a gas to a solid. Neither transition passes through the liquid state.
Thẻ 309
Câu hỏi
How do homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures differ?
Câu trả lời
A homogeneous mixture is uniform throughout; a heterogeneous mixture is not. A solution is homogeneous.
Thẻ 310
Câu hỏi
Where are reactants and products written in a chemical equation?
Câu trả lời
Reactants are on the left; products are on the right. The arrow shows the direction represented.
Thẻ 311
Câu hỏi
Why must a chemical equation be balanced?
Câu trả lời
Atoms are conserved in ordinary chemical reactions. Each element must have the same atom count on both sides.
Thẻ 312
Câu hỏi
What does a coefficient in a chemical equation change?
Câu trả lời
The number of whole particles or moles represented. It multiplies every atom in the following formula.
Thẻ 313
Câu hỏi
Why should subscripts not be changed when balancing an equation?
Câu trả lời
Changing a subscript changes the substance's identity. Balancing changes coefficients only.
Thẻ 314
Câu hỏi
What coefficients balance H₂ + O₂ → H₂O?
Câu trả lời
2, 1, 2: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O. Both sides then contain four hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms.
Thẻ 315
Câu hỏi
What pattern defines a synthesis reaction?
Câu trả lời
Two or more reactants form a more complex product. A general pattern is A + B → AB.
Thẻ 316
Câu hỏi
What are typical products when a hydrocarbon burns completely in oxygen?
Câu trả lời
Carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide or carbon.
Thẻ 317
Câu hỏi
What is the net ionic equation for a typical strong acid–strong base neutralization?
Câu trả lời
H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l). The remaining ions are spectators and do not appear in the net ionic equation.
Thẻ 318
Câu hỏi
What is a precipitate?
Câu trả lời
An insoluble solid that forms from substances in solution. Its appearance can signal a chemical reaction.
Thẻ 319
Câu hỏi
What pattern defines a decomposition reaction?
Câu trả lời
One compound breaks into simpler products. A general pattern is AB → A + B.
Thẻ 320
Câu hỏi
What is an exothermic reaction?
Câu trả lời
A reaction that releases heat to the surroundings. The surroundings often warm.
Thẻ 321
Câu hỏi
What occurs in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
Câu trả lời
Electrons transfer or atoms change oxidation state. Oxidation is electron loss; reduction is electron gain.
Thẻ 322
Câu hỏi
What is activation energy?
Câu trả lời
The minimum energy barrier reactants must overcome to react. Catalysts lower this barrier.
Thẻ 323
Câu hỏi
Which observations can provide evidence of a chemical reaction?
Câu trả lời
Gas formation, a precipitate, sustained color change, light, or temperature change. No single sign proves a reaction without context.
Thẻ 324
Câu hỏi
What is an endothermic reaction?
Câu trả lời
A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings. The surroundings may cool.
Thẻ 325
Câu hỏi
Why does raising temperature usually speed a reaction?
Câu trả lời
Particles collide more often and with greater energy. More collisions overcome activation energy.
Thẻ 326
Câu hỏi
Why can higher reactant concentration increase reaction rate?
Câu trả lời
More reactant particles occupy a given volume. This raises collision frequency.
Thẻ 327
Câu hỏi
Why does powdered solid often react faster than one large piece?
Câu trả lời
Powder exposes more surface area. More particles are available for collisions.
Thẻ 328
Câu hỏi
How does a catalyst speed a reaction?
Câu trả lời
It provides a pathway with lower activation energy. The catalyst is regenerated rather than consumed overall.
Thẻ 329
Câu hỏi
How can increasing pressure affect a reaction between gases?
Câu trả lời
It can increase rate by bringing gas particles closer together. Collision frequency rises when volume falls.
Thẻ 330
Câu hỏi
What does a reaction inhibitor do?
Câu trả lời
It slows a reaction. It may block a pathway, interfere with a catalyst, or remove reactive intermediates.
Thẻ 331
Câu hỏi
Why can very high temperature slow an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
Câu trả lời
The enzyme can denature and lose its active shape. Moderate warming helps only within the enzyme's stable range.
Thẻ 332
Câu hỏi
What is dynamic equilibrium?
Câu trả lời
Forward and reverse reactions continue at equal rates. Concentrations remain constant even though particles still react.
Thẻ 333
Câu hỏi
Does a catalyst change the final equilibrium amounts?
Câu trả lời
No. It speeds forward and reverse reactions, so equilibrium is reached sooner without changing its position.
Thẻ 334
Câu hỏi
At equilibrium, what usually happens when the concentration of a dissolved or gaseous reactant increases?
Câu trả lời
The system shifts toward consuming some added reactant. It forms more product until a new equilibrium is reached.
Thẻ 335
Câu hỏi
What is a solution?
Câu trả lời
A homogeneous mixture. Its components are uniformly distributed at the molecular or ionic level.
Thẻ 336
Câu hỏi
How do solute and solvent differ?
Câu trả lời
The solute is dissolved; the solvent is the dissolving medium. The solvent is often present in greater amount.
Thẻ 337
Câu hỏi
What does aqueous mean in chemistry?
Câu trả lời
Dissolved in water. The symbol
(aq)marks an aqueous species in an equation.Thẻ 338
Câu hỏi
What does concentration describe?
Câu trả lời
The amount of solute in a given amount of solution or solvent. Different units express it in different ways.
Thẻ 339
Câu hỏi
What is molarity?
Câu trả lời
Moles of solute per liter of solution. Its unit is mol/L, written M.
Thẻ 340
Câu hỏi
What is the molarity of 0.50 mol solute in 2.0 L of solution?
Câu trả lời
0.25 M. Divide 0.50 mol by 2.0 L.
Thẻ 341
Câu hỏi
What stays constant when water is added to dilute a solution without reaction?
Câu trả lời
The moles of solute. Volume increases and concentration decreases.
Thẻ 342
Câu hỏi
Which equation relates concentration and volume before and after a dilution?
Câu trả lời
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂. It follows from conserving the amount of solute.
Thẻ 343
Câu hỏi
What is solubility?
Câu trả lời
The maximum concentration of a solute that can be achieved in a solution at equilibrium under specified conditions. Temperature and the substances involved matter.
Thẻ 344
Câu hỏi
What is a saturated solution?
Câu trả lời
A solution holding the maximum dissolved solute at those conditions. Extra solute remains undissolved at equilibrium.
Thẻ 345
Câu hỏi
What is an electrolyte?
Câu trả lời
A substance that produces mobile ions in solution and conducts electricity. Soluble ionic compounds are common examples.
Thẻ 346
Câu hỏi
What does 'like dissolves like' predict?
Câu trả lời
Substances with similar polarity tend to mix well. Polar solvents favor polar or ionic solutes; nonpolar solvents favor nonpolar solutes.
Thẻ 347
Câu hỏi
Does heating always increase solubility?
Câu trả lời
No. Many solids become more soluble in water, but gases usually become less soluble as temperature rises.
Thẻ 348
Câu hỏi
What is an unsaturated solution?
Câu trả lời
A solution that can dissolve more solute at the stated conditions. It is below the solubility limit.
Thẻ 349
Câu hỏi
What does a Brønsted-Lowry acid donate?
Câu trả lời
A proton, H⁺. In water, acid behavior increases hydronium-ion concentration.
Thẻ 350
Câu hỏi
What does pH describe?
Câu trả lời
The hydronium-ion concentration on a logarithmic scale. Lower pH means higher hydronium concentration.
Thẻ 351
Câu hỏi
At 25 °C, what pH range is acidic?
Câu trả lời
Below 7. A neutral aqueous solution is pH 7 at this temperature.
Thẻ 352
Câu hỏi
How does hydronium concentration change when pH drops by 1 unit?
Câu trả lời
It increases tenfold. The pH scale is logarithmic.
Thẻ 353
Câu hỏi
What does a Brønsted-Lowry base accept?
Câu trả lời
A proton, H⁺. Many bases in water also increase hydroxide-ion concentration.
Thẻ 354
Câu hỏi
At 25 °C, what is the relationship between pH and pOH?
Câu trả lời
pH + pOH = 14. pOH is the negative base-10 logarithm of hydroxide-ion concentration; this relation applies to aqueous solutions at 25 °C.
Thẻ 355
Câu hỏi
At 25 °C, what pH range is basic?
Câu trả lời
Above 7. Basic solutions have less hydronium and more hydroxide than neutral water.
Thẻ 356
Câu hỏi
What are typical products of a strong acid reacting with a strong base?
Câu trả lời
Water and an ionic salt. Hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions combine to form water.
Thẻ 357
Câu hỏi
What does strong mean for an acid or base?
Câu trả lời
It produces its characteristic ions essentially completely in water. Strong acids ionize; soluble ionic strong bases dissociate. Strength is separate from concentration.
Thẻ 358
Câu hỏi
What does a buffer do?
Câu trả lời
It resists large pH changes when small amounts of acid or base are added. A weak conjugate acid-base pair neutralizes much of the added H₃O⁺ or OH⁻.
Thẻ 359
Câu hỏi
How does an acid-base indicator work?
Câu trả lời
Its color depends on pH. The change occurs over a characteristic pH range.
Thẻ 360
Câu hỏi
A solution has pH 9 at 25 °C. What is its pOH?
Câu trả lời
5. Subtract the pH from 14.
Thẻ 361
Câu hỏi
How does a concentrated weak acid differ from a dilute strong acid?
Câu trả lời
Concentration tells how much acid is present; strength tells how completely it ionizes. A concentrated weak acid contains more partially ionizing acid, while a dilute strong acid contains less acid that ionizes essentially completely. Either can have the lower pH.
Thẻ 362
Câu hỏi
What is the SI base unit of length?
Câu trả lời
The meter (m). Centimeters and millimeters are decimal subdivisions of a meter.
Thẻ 363
Câu hỏi
Which tool directly measures mass in a laboratory?
Câu trả lời
A balance. A spring scale measures force, often reported as weight.
Thẻ 364
Câu hỏi
What is the SI base unit of mass?
Câu trả lời
The kilogram (kg). Laboratory mass is also commonly reported in grams.
Thẻ 365
Câu hỏi
A student needs to measure about 35 mL of liquid and can choose a beaker or graduated cylinder. Which should they use?
Câu trả lời
A graduated cylinder. Read the scale at eye level.
Thẻ 366
Câu hỏi
What is the SI base unit of time?
Câu trả lời
The second (s). Minutes and hours are accepted for many everyday uses.
Thẻ 367
Câu hỏi
Where should the volume of a clear water-based liquid be read in a graduated cylinder?
Câu trả lời
At the bottom of the meniscus. Keep your eye level with the liquid surface.
Thẻ 368
Câu hỏi
What is the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature?
Câu trả lời
The kelvin (K). Degrees Celsius are widely used for laboratory and body temperatures.
Thẻ 369
Câu hỏi
Which tool measures temperature?
Câu trả lời
A thermometer. Its range and resolution should match the task.
Thẻ 370
Câu hỏi
What factor does the metric prefix kilo- represent?
Câu trả lời
One thousand, or 10³. One kilometer equals 1,000 meters.
Thẻ 371
Câu hỏi
A ruler's smallest marking is 1 mm. To what place should a careful analog reading usually be estimated?
Câu trả lời
One place beyond the smallest marking, when the scale allows it. The final digit is uncertain.
Thẻ 372
Câu hỏi
What is measurement accuracy?
Câu trả lời
Closeness to an accepted or true value. A systematic error can make precise measurements inaccurate.
Thẻ 373
Câu hỏi
How do mass and weight differ?
Câu trả lời
Mass is the amount of matter; weight is gravitational force on that mass. Mass stays constant when gravity changes, but weight does not.
Thẻ 374
Câu hỏi
What factor does the metric prefix milli- represent?
Câu trả lời
One thousandth, or 10⁻³. One milliliter is 0.001 liter.
Thẻ 375
Câu hỏi
How can the volume of an irregular solid be measured with water?
Câu trả lời
Use water displacement. Subtract the initial water volume from the final volume after submerging the object.
Thẻ 376
Câu hỏi
What is measurement precision?
Câu trả lời
Closeness of repeated measurements to one another. Precise results can still be consistently wrong.
Thẻ 377
Câu hỏi
What is an instrument's resolution?
Câu trả lời
The smallest change it can meaningfully display or distinguish. Higher resolution does not automatically guarantee accuracy.
Thẻ 378
Câu hỏi
How many centimeters are in 2.5 meters?
Câu trả lời
2.5 × 10² cm (250 cm). Multiply meters by the exact conversion factor 100 cm/m.
Thẻ 379
Câu hỏi
Why must a numerical measurement include a unit?
Câu trả lời
The unit identifies the quantity's scale. A bare number is ambiguous and cannot be compared reliably.
Thẻ 380
Câu hỏi
What is a scientific observation?
Câu trả lời
Information recorded with senses or instruments. It should be distinguished from an explanation of what was observed.
Thẻ 381
Câu hỏi
What makes a hypothesis scientifically useful?
Câu trả lời
It is testable and falsifiable. Evidence must be able to count against it.
Thẻ 382
Câu hỏi
What is a scientific theory?
Câu trả lời
A broad, well-supported explanation of natural phenomena. It is not a casual guess and can be revised with new evidence.
Thẻ 383
Câu hỏi
Which claim is falsifiable: 'No possible observation could count against this treatment's effectiveness' or 'This treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour'?
Câu trả lời
The claim that the treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour. An observation could count against it, so evidence can test it.
Thẻ 384
Câu hỏi
What is an inference?
Câu trả lời
A logical interpretation based on observations and prior knowledge. It goes beyond the raw measurement.
Thẻ 385
Câu hỏi
How does a prediction relate to a hypothesis?
Câu trả lời
It states an expected result if the hypothesis is correct. Experiments compare observed results with that expectation.
Thẻ 386
Câu hỏi
How does a scientific law differ from a scientific theory?
Câu trả lời
A law describes a consistent pattern; a theory explains how or why patterns occur. One does not mature into the other.
Thẻ 387
Câu hỏi
What does reliability mean for a measurement or procedure?
Câu trả lời
It produces consistent results under the same conditions. Repetition helps assess reliability.
Thẻ 388
Câu hỏi
What does a correlation show?
Câu trả lời
Two variables change together in a patterned way. Correlation alone does not establish that one causes the other.
Thẻ 389
Câu hỏi
What is bias in scientific work?
Câu trả lời
A systematic influence that pushes observations, selection, or interpretation in one direction. Good design tries to prevent or measure it.
Thẻ 390
Câu hỏi
What is the purpose of scientific peer review?
Câu trả lời
Independent experts evaluate methods, reasoning, and reporting before publication. It improves scrutiny but does not guarantee truth.
Thẻ 391
Câu hỏi
What does validity ask about a study or measurement?
Câu trả lời
Whether it measures or tests what it claims to measure or test. Consistency alone does not ensure validity.
Thẻ 392
Câu hỏi
What evidence most strengthens a causal claim?
Câu trả lời
A well-controlled experiment that manipulates the suspected cause. Random assignment reduces confounding, while independent replication tests whether the result holds with new data.
Thẻ 393
Câu hỏi
What is a primary scientific source?
Câu trả lời
A report of original methods, data, and results. A review article synthesizes many primary studies.
Thẻ 394
Câu hỏi
How should an unexpected outlier be handled?
Câu trả lời
Investigate and report it rather than deleting it automatically. Exclusion needs a documented scientific reason.
Thẻ 395
Câu hỏi
What is a confounding variable?
Câu trả lời
An outside factor related to both the suspected cause and the outcome. It can create a misleading association.
Thẻ 396
Câu hỏi
Why should a sample represent the population of interest?
Câu trả lời
Results generalize poorly when important groups are missing or overrepresented. Sampling method matters as much as size.
Thẻ 397
Câu hỏi
What is a scientific model?
Câu trả lời
A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system. A model is useful within its assumptions and limits.
Thẻ 398
Câu hỏi
Why should measurements report uncertainty or reasonable precision?
Câu trả lời
Every measurement has limits. Reporting more digits than the method supports creates false precision.
Thẻ 399
Câu hỏi
If results match a prediction once, what is the safest conclusion?
Câu trả lời
The results support the hypothesis under those conditions. One result does not prove the hypothesis in every setting.
Thẻ 400
Câu hỏi
What is a direct relationship between two variables?
Câu trả lời
As one increases, the other tends to increase; as one decreases, the other tends to decrease. The relationship need not be perfectly linear.
Thẻ 401
Câu hỏi
Which variable is usually placed on the x-axis of an experimental graph?
Câu trả lời
The independent variable. It is the factor selected or changed by the investigator.
Thẻ 402
Câu hỏi
What does the slope of a straight-line graph represent?
Câu trả lời
Change in y divided by change in x. It is the response rate per unit change in the other variable.
Thẻ 403
Câu hỏi
A line rises 12 units in y while x rises 3 units. What is its slope?
Câu trả lời
4 units of y per unit of x. Divide 12 by 3.
Thẻ 404
Câu hỏi
What is an inverse relationship?
Câu trả lời
As one variable increases, the other tends to decrease. Their product is constant only in a strictly inverse proportion.
Thẻ 405
Câu hỏi
Which variable is usually placed on the y-axis of an experimental graph?
Câu trả lời
The dependent variable. It is the measured response.
Thẻ 406
Câu hỏi
What does a plateau on a response graph indicate?
Câu trả lời
The measured response has stopped changing much despite further x increases. A limiting factor may have been reached.
Thẻ 407
Câu hỏi
What is interpolation?
Câu trả lời
Estimating a value within the range of measured data. It is generally safer than extrapolating beyond that range.
Thẻ 408
Câu hỏi
What pattern suggests no relationship between two plotted variables?
Câu trả lời
The response shows no consistent change as the other variable changes. Points may scatter without a trend.
Thẻ 409
Câu hỏi
Before comparing values in a data table, what should you check?
Câu trả lời
Headings, units, and conditions. Numbers from different measures or scales cannot be compared directly.
Thẻ 410
Câu hỏi
If 3 samples require 12 mL total, how much is needed for 5 equal samples?
Câu trả lời
20 mL. The rate is 4 mL per sample, so multiply by 5.
Thẻ 411
Câu hỏi
How is the arithmetic mean calculated?
Câu trả lời
Add all values and divide by the number of values. A large outlier can shift the mean.
Thẻ 412
Câu hỏi
Why is extrapolation uncertain?
Câu trả lời
It assumes the observed trend continues outside measured conditions. The relationship may change beyond the data range.
Thẻ 413
Câu hỏi
A culture grows from 20 to 50 cells in 6 hours. What is the average growth rate?
Câu trả lời
5 cells per hour. The change is 30 cells divided by 6 hours.
Thẻ 414
Câu hỏi
A measurement rises from 40 to 50. What is the percent increase?
Câu trả lời
25%. The increase is 10, and 10 ÷ 40 × 100 = 25%.
Thẻ 415
Câu hỏi
When can the median describe a typical value better than the mean?
Câu trả lời
When data are skewed or contain strong outliers. In an ordered set, the median is the middle value for an odd count and the mean of the two middle values for an even count.
Thẻ 416
Câu hỏi
How do quantitative and qualitative data differ?
Câu trả lời
Quantitative data are numerical; qualitative data describe categories or qualities. Both can answer scientific questions.
Thẻ 417
Câu hỏi
A response is 2 at dose 1, 4 at dose 2, and 8 at dose 4. If the relationship is linear, what response is predicted at dose 3?
Câu trả lời
6. The observed rate is 2 response units per dose unit, so interpolation at dose 3 gives 6.
Thẻ 418
Câu hỏi
How can a graph reveal a nonlinear relationship?
Câu trả lời
The points follow a curve rather than a straight line. The rate of change varies across the x-range.
Thẻ 419
Câu hỏi
What is the range of a data set?
Câu trả lời
Maximum minus minimum. It describes total spread but ignores the distribution between the endpoints.
Thẻ 420
Câu hỏi
What makes a scientific research question testable?
Câu trả lời
It identifies measurable variables or observable outcomes. The needed data must be obtainable.
Thẻ 421
Câu hỏi
In an experiment, what is the independent variable?
Câu trả lời
The factor deliberately changed or assigned by the investigator. In a simple one-factor experiment, changing one independent variable helps isolate its effect.
Thẻ 422
Câu hỏi
What should a hypothesis connect?
Câu trả lời
A proposed explanation with a measurable outcome. It should lead to a prediction that evidence can challenge.
Thẻ 423
Câu hỏi
What is a controlled variable, or constant?
Câu trả lời
A condition kept the same across groups. Holding it constant prevents it from explaining outcome differences.
Thẻ 424
Câu hỏi
What is the purpose of a control group?
Câu trả lời
It provides a comparison without the experimental treatment. Differences can then be attributed more confidently to the treatment.
Thẻ 425
Câu hỏi
In an experiment, what is the dependent variable?
Câu trả lời
The measured response. It may change because of the independent variable.
Thẻ 426
Câu hỏi
What form can a useful experimental prediction take?
Câu trả lời
If the independent variable changes in a stated way, then the dependent variable should respond in a stated way. The reason links it to the hypothesis.
Thẻ 427
Câu hỏi
What does a positive control demonstrate?
Câu trả lời
That the setup can produce a known response. If it fails, the test system may be defective.
Thẻ 428
Câu hỏi
Why randomly assign subjects to experimental groups?
Câu trả lời
To distribute known and unknown differences more evenly. This reduces selection bias and confounding.
Thẻ 429
Câu hỏi
How can blinding reduce bias?
Câu trả lời
It keeps participants, observers, or both unaware of treatment assignments. Expectations are less likely to affect behavior or measurement.
Thẻ 430
Câu hỏi
What is a placebo?
Câu trả lời
An inactive treatment designed to resemble the experimental treatment. It helps separate treatment effects from expectation effects.
Thẻ 431
Câu hỏi
What does a negative control demonstrate?
Câu trả lời
What happens when the tested cause is absent. An unexpected response may reveal contamination or another source.
Thẻ 432
Câu hỏi
Why does a larger sample often improve a study?
Câu trả lời
It reduces the influence of chance variation and supports more stable estimates. It cannot repair a biased sampling method.
Thẻ 433
Câu hỏi
Why repeat trials within an experiment?
Câu trả lời
To estimate variability and check consistency. One unusual trial then has less influence.
Thẻ 434
Câu hỏi
Why must an experimental procedure be detailed and standardized?
Câu trả lời
So groups are treated consistently and others can reproduce the work. Uncontrolled procedural differences create alternative explanations.
Thẻ 435
Câu hỏi
Why calibrate a measuring instrument before collecting data?
Câu trả lời
To compare its readings with a known standard and reduce systematic error. Calibration improves confidence in accuracy.
Thẻ 436
Câu hỏi
What is an operational definition?
Câu trả lời
A precise statement of how a variable is measured or manipulated. It turns an abstract concept into a repeatable procedure.
Thẻ 437
Câu hỏi
How does independent replication differ from repeated trials?
Câu trả lời
Independent replication repeats a study with independently collected data, often by a different investigator; repeated trials rerun measurements within the original experiment. Replication tests consistency across separate studies.
Thẻ 438
Câu hỏi
Why should raw data be recorded before interpretation?
Câu trả lời
It preserves the observations separately from conclusions. Others can check calculations and reasoning.
Thẻ 439
Câu hỏi
What should a scientific conclusion do?
Câu trả lời
Answer the research question using the data and acknowledge limits. It should not claim more than the design supports.
Thẻ 440
Câu hỏi
What should happen when data do not support a hypothesis?
Câu trả lời
Revise or reject the hypothesis and consider new tests. Data should not be altered to preserve the original idea.
Thẻ 441
Câu hỏi
What is a study limitation?
Câu trả lời
A feature that restricts interpretation or generalization. Small samples, short duration, and imperfect measurements are examples.
Thẻ 442
Câu hỏi
Why are ethics part of experimental design?
Câu trả lời
Research must protect participants, organisms, and communities while balancing risks and benefits. Consent and humane treatment are key examples.
Thẻ 443
Câu hỏi
How does an observational study differ from an experiment?
Câu trả lời
It measures variables without assigning the exposure. It can find associations but usually supports weaker causal conclusions.
Thẻ 444
Câu hỏi
Plants receive 0, 2, or 4 hours of added light, and growth is measured. What is the independent variable?
Câu trả lời
Hours of added light. Plant growth is the dependent variable.
Thẻ 445
Câu hỏi
A fertilizer study gives every plant the same water, soil, and temperature. What are these conditions?
Câu trả lời
Controlled variables. Keeping them constant isolates the fertilizer's effect.
Thẻ 446
Câu hỏi
A drug group improves more than a control group, but the groups were not randomly assigned. What is the main caution?
Câu trả lời
Preexisting group differences could explain some improvement. The result is suggestive, but the design weakens a causal claim.
446 thẻ
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
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