ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
Practice 446 original ATI TEAS 7 Science recall and mini-scenario cards across A&P, biology, chemistry, and scientific reasoning.
دربارهٔ این دسته
Build the core Science knowledge and reasoning used for ATI TEAS 7 with 446 independently authored flashcards.
What this deck practices
- Structure or concept → function: body systems, cells, molecules, atoms, solutions, and experimental parts.
- Function, outcome, or evidence → concept: selective reverse recall when recognizing the name matters in practice.
- Cause or condition → effect: physiology, chemical changes, reaction conditions, inheritance, and experimental predictions.
- Process and order: circulation, ventilation, digestion, urine formation, gene expression, cell division, and scientific investigations.
- Application: short calculations, comparisons, data interpretations, and original mini-scenarios.
The deck does not mechanically reverse every fact. It excludes multiple-choice distractors, exhaustive anatomy lists, obscure chemical nomenclature, advanced pathophysiology, pharmacology, and nursing-school procedures because those mappings do not improve entry-level TEAS Science recall.
The sequence introduces prerequisites before dependent ideas: anatomical language before body systems, cells before genetics, atoms before reactions, and measurement before experimental design. Related forward and reverse variants are separated so one card does not immediately reveal another.
Coverage follows the four Science areas and relative emphasis in ATI's public ATI TEAS 7 content outline: Human Anatomy and Physiology, Biology, Chemistry, and Scientific Reasoning. The public outline defines scope only. Questions, answers, explanations, examples, and ordering were independently authored from common scientific knowledge checked against open educational and official public sources.
No exam question, mark scheme, paid ATI flashcard, test-bank item, or curriculum text was copied. This is an independent, unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. ATI and TEAS are marks of Assessment Technologies Institute, L.L.C.; this deck is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or produced by ATI. See ATI's official exam details for current requirements.
کارتهای این دسته
کارت ۱
پرسش
What posture defines the standard anatomical position?
پاسخ
Standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms forward. The feet point forward, giving anatomy a consistent reference position.
کارت ۲
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In anatomical language, what does superior mean?
پاسخ
Toward the head or above another structure. Inferior means toward the feet or below.
کارت ۳
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Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right portions?
پاسخ
The sagittal plane. A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.
کارت ۴
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Why does the body use feedback mechanisms?
پاسخ
To regulate internal conditions. Feedback compares a condition with a set range and triggers responses that adjust it.
کارت ۵
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What is the order of structural organization from simplest to most complex?
پاسخ
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. Each level builds on interactions at the preceding level.
کارت ۶
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What does anterior mean in human anatomy?
پاسخ
Toward the front of the body. Posterior means toward the back.
کارت ۷
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Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions?
پاسخ
The transverse plane. It is also called the horizontal plane.
کارت ۸
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What is homeostasis?
پاسخ
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. It is dynamic rather than perfectly unchanging.
کارت ۹
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Which major body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?
پاسخ
The dorsal body cavity. Its cranial cavity holds the brain, and its vertebral cavity holds the spinal cord.
کارت ۱۰
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What does medial mean in anatomical language?
پاسخ
Toward the body's midline. Lateral means farther from the midline.
کارت ۱۱
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A rise in body temperature triggers sweating. What control pattern is this?
پاسخ
Negative feedback. The response opposes the original temperature change and moves the body toward its normal range.
کارت ۱۲
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Which anatomical plane divides the body into front and back portions?
پاسخ
The frontal, or coronal, plane. It separates anterior from posterior portions.
کارت ۱۳
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Which major body cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
پاسخ
The ventral body cavity. The diaphragm separates its thoracic and abdominopelvic portions.
کارت ۱۴
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What does proximal mean when describing a limb?
پاسخ
Closer to the limb's point of attachment. Distal means farther from that point.
کارت ۱۵
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How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
پاسخ
Positive feedback amplifies the initial change. Negative feedback opposes a change; positive feedback continues until a stopping event occurs.
کارت ۱۶
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Which tissue type covers surfaces and lines body cavities?
پاسخ
Epithelial tissue. It also forms many glands and often serves protective, absorptive, or secretory roles.
کارت ۱۷
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Which tissue type mainly supports, binds, and protects other tissues?
پاسخ
Connective tissue. Its cells are typically separated by an extracellular matrix.
کارت ۱۸
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What shared property lets muscle tissue produce movement?
پاسخ
Contractility. Muscle cells shorten or develop tension in response to stimulation.
کارت ۱۹
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Which tissue type rapidly communicates by electrical signals?
پاسخ
Nervous tissue. Neurons transmit signals, while supporting cells help maintain their environment.
کارت ۲۰
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Why are tightly packed epithelial cells well suited for barriers?
پاسخ
They leave little space between cells. This continuous arrangement limits passage across a surface.
کارت ۲۱
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What distinguishes connective tissue from epithelial tissue?
پاسخ
Connective tissue usually has abundant extracellular matrix. Epithelial cells are more tightly packed.
کارت ۲۲
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What are the four basic human tissue types?
پاسخ
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Organs contain two or more tissue types working together.
کارت ۲۳
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What makes a structure an organ rather than a tissue?
پاسخ
An organ combines multiple tissue types for a specific function. A tissue is a group of similar cells and matrix performing related work.
کارت ۲۴
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What are the skeletal system's main functions?
پاسخ
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood-cell production, and fat storage. Bones also provide levers for muscles.
کارت ۲۵
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What belongs to the axial skeleton?
پاسخ
The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. These structures form the body's central axis.
کارت ۲۶
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How do compact and spongy bone differ?
پاسخ
Compact bone is dense; spongy bone has a lattice of trabeculae. Both are organized living bone tissue.
کارت ۲۷
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What is a joint?
پاسخ
A place where two or more bones meet. Joint structure determines how much movement is possible.
کارت ۲۸
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Which bone cell builds new bone matrix?
پاسخ
An osteoblast. Osteoclasts break down bone, while osteocytes maintain mature bone tissue.
کارت ۲۹
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What belongs to the appendicular skeleton?
پاسخ
The limbs plus the shoulder and pelvic girdles. It attaches the limbs to the axial skeleton.
کارت ۳۰
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What is the main role of red bone marrow?
پاسخ
Blood-cell production. This process is called hematopoiesis.
کارت ۳۱
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Which joint class allows the greatest range of motion?
پاسخ
A synovial joint. A fluid-filled joint cavity reduces friction between articulating surfaces.
کارت ۳۲
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Which bone cell breaks down bone matrix?
پاسخ
An osteoclast. Bone resorption helps remodeling and mineral balance.
کارت ۳۳
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What does a ligament connect?
پاسخ
Bone to bone. A tendon connects muscle to bone.
کارت ۳۴
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What is the shaft of a long bone called?
پاسخ
The diaphysis. The enlarged ends are the epiphyses.
کارت ۳۵
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Why is bone important to blood-calcium balance?
پاسخ
Bone stores calcium and can release or absorb it during remodeling. Hormones regulate this exchange.
کارت ۳۶
پرسش
What is stored mainly in yellow bone marrow?
پاسخ
Fat. It serves as an energy reserve.
کارت ۳۷
پرسش
What does articular cartilage do at a synovial joint?
پاسخ
It reduces friction and absorbs shock. It covers the ends of articulating bones.
کارت ۳۸
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Why must a broken bone receive a blood supply during healing?
پاسخ
Repairing cells need oxygen and nutrients. Restored blood vessels support fracture healing.
کارت ۳۹
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What is bone remodeling?
پاسخ
Continuous removal and replacement of bone tissue. It repairs microdamage and helps bones adapt to stress.
کارت ۴۰
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Which muscle tissue is usually under voluntary control?
پاسخ
Skeletal muscle. Most skeletal muscles move the skeleton, while some, such as facial muscles, insert into skin or other soft tissue.
کارت ۴۱
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What is a sarcomere?
پاسخ
The basic contractile unit of striated muscle. It lies between two Z discs.
کارت ۴۲
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What does a tendon connect?
پاسخ
Muscle to bone. It transmits muscle force to the skeleton.
کارت ۴۳
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Which proteins slide past one another during muscle contraction?
پاسخ
Actin and myosin. Their interaction shortens sarcomeres without shortening the filaments themselves.
کارت ۴۴
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Where is smooth muscle commonly found?
پاسخ
In the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels. Its contractions are generally involuntary.
کارت ۴۵
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What ion exposes binding sites needed for skeletal muscle contraction?
پاسخ
Calcium. Its release inside the muscle fiber allows actin and myosin interaction.
کارت ۴۶
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How do antagonistic muscle pairs move a joint?
پاسخ
One muscle contracts while the opposing muscle relaxes. Reversing their roles moves the joint in the opposite direction.
کارت ۴۷
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Why does muscle contraction require ATP?
پاسخ
ATP powers cross-bridge cycling and ion pumps. It is also needed for myosin to detach from actin.
کارت ۴۸
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Which muscle tissue makes up the heart wall?
پاسخ
Cardiac muscle. It is striated, involuntary, and connected for coordinated pumping.
کارت ۴۹
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During a typical muscle contraction, which attachment moves more: origin or insertion?
پاسخ
The insertion. The origin is generally the more fixed attachment.
کارت ۵۰
پرسش
Which type of neuron sends the signal that initiates skeletal-muscle contraction?
پاسخ
A somatic motor neuron. It releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, triggering an action potential in the muscle fiber.
کارت ۵۱
پرسش
What is muscle tone?
پاسخ
Continuous low-level muscle tension. It helps maintain posture and readiness without producing a large movement.
کارت ۵۲
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How does skeletal muscle help regulate body temperature?
پاسخ
Contraction releases heat. Shivering increases rapid contractions when the body is cold.
کارت ۵۳
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What are the three muscle tissue types?
پاسخ
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. They differ in location, structure, and control.
کارت ۵۴
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What is a neuron's main function?
پاسخ
To receive, process, and transmit information. Neurons use electrical signals and chemical messengers.
کارت ۵۵
پرسش
What structures make up the central nervous system?
پاسخ
The brain and spinal cord. They integrate information and coordinate responses.
کارت ۵۶
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Which part of a neuron usually receives incoming signals?
پاسخ
The dendrites. The cell body integrates much of that input.
کارت ۵۷
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What does the peripheral nervous system include?
پاسخ
Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. It links the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
کارت ۵۸
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Which neuron structure carries an impulse away from the cell body?
پاسخ
The axon. Its terminals communicate with another cell.
کارت ۵۹
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Which nervous-system division controls skeletal muscles voluntarily?
پاسخ
The somatic nervous system. It also carries sensory information from skin, muscles, and joints.
کارت ۶۰
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What is a synapse?
پاسخ
A junction where one neuron communicates with another cell. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters across a small gap.
کارت ۶۱
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Which nervous-system division regulates organs and glands without conscious control?
پاسخ
The autonomic nervous system. It includes sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
کارت ۶۲
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How does myelin affect nerve signaling?
پاسخ
It speeds impulse conduction along an axon. Myelin insulates segments of the axon.
کارت ۶۳
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Which autonomic division prepares the body for acute activity?
پاسخ
The sympathetic division. It generally increases alertness and supports a fight-or-flight response.
کارت ۶۴
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What is a reflex?
پاسخ
A rapid, predictable response to a stimulus. A reflex pathway can act before conscious awareness.
کارت ۶۵
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Which autonomic division supports rest, digestion, and energy conservation?
پاسخ
The parasympathetic division. It generally promotes routine maintenance functions.
کارت ۶۶
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Which brain region is most associated with conscious thought and voluntary movement?
پاسخ
The cerebrum. Its cortex also processes much sensory information.
کارت ۶۷
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Which brain region fine-tunes balance and coordinated movement?
پاسخ
The cerebellum. It compares intended movement with sensory feedback.
کارت ۶۸
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Which brain region controls vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate?
پاسخ
The brainstem. It also connects higher brain regions with the spinal cord.
کارت ۶۹
پرسش
How do sensory and motor neurons differ?
پاسخ
Sensory neurons carry information toward the CNS; motor neurons carry commands away. Interneurons connect and process signals within the CNS.
کارت ۷۰
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What does a sensory receptor do?
پاسخ
It converts a stimulus into a neural signal. Different receptors respond best to particular forms of energy or chemicals.
کارت ۷۱
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What is a hormone?
پاسخ
A chemical messenger released into body fluids to affect target cells. A target responds only if it has the appropriate receptor.
کارت ۷۲
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Why is the pituitary gland often called a master gland?
پاسخ
Several pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands. The hypothalamus controls much of pituitary activity.
کارت ۷۳
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Why can one hormone affect some cells but not others?
پاسخ
Only target cells have the matching receptor. Receptor binding starts the cell's response.
کارت ۷۴
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Which gland produces hormones that broadly increase metabolic activity?
پاسخ
The thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones influence energy use and development.
کارت ۷۵
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What is insulin's main effect on blood glucose?
پاسخ
It lowers blood glucose. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage after a meal.
کارت ۷۶
پرسش
Which glands release a hormone that raises blood calcium?
پاسخ
The parathyroid glands. Parathyroid hormone acts on bone, kidneys, and vitamin D pathways.
کارت ۷۷
پرسش
Which adrenal region releases epinephrine during acute stress?
پاسخ
The adrenal medulla. Its hormones reinforce sympathetic nervous-system effects.
کارت ۷۸
پرسش
Which organ has both endocrine and digestive functions?
پاسخ
The pancreas. Its islets release hormones, while other cells release digestive enzymes.
کارت ۷۹
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What is glucagon's main effect on blood glucose?
پاسخ
It raises blood glucose. It promotes release of stored glucose during fasting.
کارت ۸۰
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Rising thyroid hormone reduces its own upstream stimulation. What pattern is this?
پاسخ
Negative feedback. The final hormone limits further release along the control pathway.
کارت ۸۱
پرسش
Which adrenal region produces steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone?
پاسخ
The adrenal cortex. It surrounds the adrenal medulla.
کارت ۸۲
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Which gland releases melatonin and helps regulate daily sleep timing?
پاسخ
The pineal gland. Light information influences its secretion pattern.
کارت ۸۳
پرسش
Which hormone directly increases collecting-duct water permeability?
پاسخ
Antidiuretic hormone, or ADH. It makes collecting ducts more permeable to water, increasing water reabsorption and usually producing less, more concentrated urine.
کارت ۸۴
پرسش
Which hormone strengthens uterine contractions during labor?
پاسخ
Oxytocin. This is a classic positive-feedback pathway that ends after delivery.
کارت ۸۵
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How does endocrine signaling generally differ from nervous signaling?
پاسخ
It is usually slower to start and longer lasting. Hormones travel through body fluids, while neurons signal specific targets rapidly.
کارت ۸۶
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What is plasma?
پاسخ
The liquid portion of blood. It carries cells, nutrients, hormones, proteins, wastes, and dissolved gases.
کارت ۸۷
پرسش
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
پاسخ
The right side. The right ventricle sends deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary trunk and arteries.
کارت ۸۸
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What is the main function of red blood cells?
پاسخ
Transporting oxygen. Their hemoglobin also carries a smaller share of carbon dioxide.
کارت ۸۹
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What defines an artery?
پاسخ
It carries blood away from the heart. Oxygen content does not define it; pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood.
کارت ۹۰
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What is the main function of white blood cells?
پاسخ
Body defense. Different white blood cells recognize, attack, or coordinate responses to threats.
کارت ۹۱
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Which side of the heart pumps blood into systemic circulation?
پاسخ
The left side. The left ventricle sends oxygenated blood into the aorta.
کارت ۹۲
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What is the main purpose of heart valves?
پاسخ
To keep blood moving in one direction. Pressure differences open and close them.
کارت ۹۳
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What defines a vein?
پاسخ
It carries blood toward the heart. Many veins contain valves that limit backflow.
کارت ۹۴
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What is the main role of platelets?
پاسخ
Helping stop bleeding. They form a platelet plug and support clotting reactions at a damaged vessel.
کارت ۹۵
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Why are capillaries well suited for exchange?
پاسخ
Their walls are only one cell layer thick. Their small diameter and large total surface area support diffusion and filtration.
کارت ۹۶
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After blood enters the right atrium, what chamber receives it next?
پاسخ
The right ventricle. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve before entering that chamber.
کارت ۹۷
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What happens during ventricular systole?
پاسخ
The ventricles contract and eject blood. The right ventricle pumps to the lungs, and the left pumps to the body.
کارت ۹۸
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What is pulmonary circulation?
پاسخ
Blood flow between the heart and lungs. It allows gas exchange and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
کارت ۹۹
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What normally sets the heart's rhythm?
پاسخ
The sinoatrial, or SA, node. Its spontaneous electrical activity initiates each heartbeat.
کارت ۱۰۰
پرسش
What molecule in red blood cells binds oxygen?
پاسخ
Hemoglobin. Its iron-containing heme groups bind oxygen reversibly.
کارت ۱۰۱
پرسش
What happens during ventricular diastole?
پاسخ
The ventricles relax and fill. Atrioventricular valves are open during most ventricular filling.
کارت ۱۰۲
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What is systemic circulation?
پاسخ
Blood flow between the heart and the body's tissues. It delivers oxygen and nutrients and returns wastes.
کارت ۱۰۳
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What does arterial blood pressure measure?
پاسخ
The force of blood against artery walls. It is commonly reported as systolic over diastolic pressure.
کارت ۱۰۴
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What do coronary arteries supply?
پاسخ
The heart muscle itself. Blocked coronary blood flow can deprive myocardium of oxygen.
کارت ۱۰۵
پرسش
Which major vessels return systemic blood to the right atrium?
پاسخ
The superior and inferior venae cavae. The superior vessel drains the upper body; the inferior drains the lower body.
کارت ۱۰۶
پرسش
What is the respiratory system's primary gas-exchange function?
پاسخ
Bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide. Ventilation moves air, while diffusion exchanges gases.
کارت ۱۰۷
پرسش
What is the airflow sequence from the pharynx to the gas-exchange surfaces?
پاسخ
Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. Each branch conducts air deeper into the lungs.
کارت ۱۰۸
پرسش
Where does most gas exchange occur in the lungs?
پاسخ
Across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Thin walls and a large surface area shorten diffusion distance.
کارت ۱۰۹
پرسش
What does the diaphragm do during quiet inhalation?
پاسخ
It contracts and moves downward. Thoracic volume rises, lung pressure falls, and air flows inward.
کارت ۱۱۰
پرسش
Why does oxygen move from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries?
پاسخ
Its partial pressure is higher in alveolar air than in incoming blood. Oxygen diffuses down that gradient.
کارت ۱۱۱
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What drives quiet exhalation?
پاسخ
Elastic recoil after inspiratory muscles relax. Thoracic volume falls and pressure pushes air outward.
کارت ۱۱۲
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What is the pleura?
پاسخ
A double membrane surrounding each lung. A thin fluid layer reduces friction during breathing.
کارت ۱۱۳
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How is most oxygen transported in blood?
پاسخ
Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Only a small amount dissolves directly in plasma.
کارت ۱۱۴
پرسش
Why does carbon dioxide move from pulmonary blood into alveoli?
پاسخ
Its partial pressure is higher in incoming blood than in alveolar air. It diffuses down that gradient for exhalation.
کارت ۱۱۵
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What helps keep swallowed material out of the airway?
پاسخ
The epiglottis and coordinated swallowing reflexes. The laryngeal opening is protected as food passes.
کارت ۱۱۶
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How does the conducting airway remove trapped particles?
پاسخ
Mucus traps them, and cilia move the mucus toward the throat. This is the mucociliary escalator.
کارت ۱۱۷
پرسش
In what form is most carbon dioxide transported in blood?
پاسخ
As bicarbonate ions. Red blood cells help convert carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate.
کارت ۱۱۸
پرسش
Which blood change is a strong normal stimulus to increase breathing?
پاسخ
A rise in carbon dioxide and the associated fall in pH. Brainstem centers adjust ventilation in response.
کارت ۱۱۹
پرسش
Why must alveoli receive both air and blood?
پاسخ
Gas exchange needs ventilation and perfusion. Air without blood flow, or blood without airflow, cannot exchange gases effectively.
کارت ۱۲۰
پرسش
Why does ventilation increase during exercise?
پاسخ
Active tissues use more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide. Faster, deeper breathing helps meet that demand.
کارت ۱۲۱
پرسش
What are the digestive system's core functions?
پاسخ
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Movement and secretion support those processes.
کارت ۱۲۲
پرسش
What is the alimentary-canal sequence after the mouth?
پاسخ
Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. Food passes through this continuous tube.
کارت ۱۲۳
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What is mechanical digestion?
پاسخ
Physical breakdown and mixing of food without changing its molecules. Chewing and stomach churning are examples.
کارت ۱۲۴
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What are two major functions of the stomach?
پاسخ
It stores and mixes food and begins substantial protein digestion. Acid denatures proteins, converts pepsinogen to pepsin, and provides the low pH pepsin needs.
کارت ۱۲۵
پرسش
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
پاسخ
The small intestine. Folds, villi, and microvilli create a large absorptive surface.
کارت ۱۲۶
پرسش
Which nutrient does salivary amylase begin digesting in the mouth?
پاسخ
Carbohydrates, especially starch. Salivary amylase breaks starch into smaller carbohydrates.
کارت ۱۲۷
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What is chemical digestion?
پاسخ
Enzymatic breakdown of large food molecules into absorbable units. Chemical bonds are changed during the process.
کارت ۱۲۸
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What is peristalsis?
پاسخ
Wave-like smooth-muscle contractions that move material forward. It occurs throughout much of the digestive tract.
کارت ۱۲۹
پرسش
What is a main function of the large intestine?
پاسخ
Absorbing water and electrolytes and forming feces. Resident microbes also process some undigested material.
کارت ۱۳۰
پرسش
What digestive product does the liver make?
پاسخ
Bile. Bile salts help disperse dietary fat into smaller droplets.
کارت ۱۳۱
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What does a digestive sphincter do?
پاسخ
It regulates movement between regions of the digestive tract. Circular muscle contracts to close a passage.
کارت ۱۳۲
پرسش
What does the pancreas release into the small intestine?
پاسخ
Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid. Bicarbonate helps neutralize acidic material from the stomach.
کارت ۱۳۳
پرسش
How do intestinal villi improve absorption?
پاسخ
They increase surface area. Each villus contains blood capillaries and a lymphatic lacteal for transported nutrients.
کارت ۱۳۴
پرسش
What is the gallbladder's role?
پاسخ
It stores and concentrates bile. It releases bile into the small intestine when fatty food arrives.
کارت ۱۳۵
پرسش
Which macronutrient's absorbed products usually enter intestinal lacteals before reaching the blood?
پاسخ
Most dietary lipids. Their absorbed products travel through lymph before entering the bloodstream.
کارت ۱۳۶
پرسش
Which accessory organs help digestion without food passing through them?
پاسخ
The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Teeth and the tongue act mechanically; the other accessory organs add or store digestive secretions.
کارت ۱۳۷
پرسش
What organs make up the urinary system?
پاسخ
The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Kidneys make urine; the remaining organs transport, store, and release it.
کارت ۱۳۸
پرسش
What is a nephron?
پاسخ
The kidney's functional unit. It filters blood and adjusts the filtrate to form urine.
کارت ۱۳۹
پرسش
Where does blood filtration begin in a nephron?
پاسخ
At the renal corpuscle. Pressure pushes water and small solutes from glomerular capillaries into the capsule.
کارت ۱۴۰
پرسش
What moves urine from a kidney to the bladder?
پاسخ
A ureter. Smooth-muscle contractions propel urine along the tube.
کارت ۱۴۱
پرسش
What is the urinary bladder's main role?
پاسخ
Temporary urine storage. Stretch receptors help trigger the urge to urinate as it fills.
کارت ۱۴۲
پرسش
Which structure carries urine from the bladder out of the body?
پاسخ
The urethra. It is distinct from the ureters that enter the bladder.
کارت ۱۴۳
پرسش
What is tubular reabsorption?
پاسخ
Movement of useful substances from nephron fluid back into blood. Water, glucose, and ions are common examples.
کارت ۱۴۴
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What is the glomerulus?
پاسخ
A capillary tuft that filters blood in the renal corpuscle. Cells and most large proteins normally remain in circulation.
کارت ۱۴۵
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How does more ADH change urine?
پاسخ
It makes urine more concentrated and lowers its volume. More water is reabsorbed from the collecting ducts.
کارت ۱۴۶
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What path does filtrate follow after entering the glomerular capsule?
پاسخ
Proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct. The collecting duct receives forming urine from multiple nephrons.
کارت ۱۴۷
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What is tubular secretion?
پاسخ
Movement of selected substances from blood into nephron fluid. It helps eliminate wastes and regulate ions and pH.
کارت ۱۴۸
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Besides removing waste, what does the urinary system regulate?
پاسخ
Water, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and blood volume. Kidney hormones also affect blood pressure and red-cell production.
کارت ۱۴۹
پرسش
Why does dehydration usually reduce urine volume?
پاسخ
The body conserves water by increasing renal reabsorption. ADH is an important signal in this response.
کارت ۱۵۰
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Why do the kidneys receive a large blood flow?
پاسخ
They must continuously filter plasma and regulate its composition. High flow supports waste removal and homeostasis.
کارت ۱۵۱
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What is lymph?
پاسخ
Interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels. It eventually returns to the bloodstream.
کارت ۱۵۲
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What is innate immunity?
پاسخ
Rapid, nonspecific defense present before a particular exposure. Barriers, inflammation, and several immune cells contribute.
کارت ۱۵۳
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What is a major function of lymph nodes?
پاسخ
Filtering lymph and providing sites for immune-cell activation. Swelling can reflect an active immune response.
کارت ۱۵۴
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What does the spleen filter?
پاسخ
Blood. It removes aged blood cells and supports immune responses to blood-borne antigens.
کارت ۱۵۵
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What is a key function of B lymphocytes?
پاسخ
Producing antibody-secreting cells and memory cells. Antibodies bind specific antigens.
کارت ۱۵۶
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What distinguishes adaptive immunity?
پاسخ
It targets specific antigens and develops memory. Later exposure can trigger a faster, stronger response.
کارت ۱۵۷
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Which lymphatic organ is important for T-cell maturation?
پاسخ
The thymus. It is most active early in life.
کارت ۱۵۸
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What is the body's first physical barrier against many pathogens?
پاسخ
Intact skin and mucous membranes. Their secretions and normal microbes add protection.
کارت ۱۵۹
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What is a key function of T lymphocytes?
پاسخ
Coordinating immune responses or killing infected cells. Different T-cell types perform different roles.
کارت ۱۶۰
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What does an antibody bind?
پاسخ
A specific antigen. Binding can neutralize a target or mark it for other immune defenses.
کارت ۱۶۱
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What is the purpose of inflammation after tissue injury?
پاسخ
To contain damage, recruit defenses, and begin repair. Redness, heat, swelling, and pain can accompany it.
کارت ۱۶۲
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Why is a second adaptive response often faster than the first?
پاسخ
Memory lymphocytes remain after the first exposure. They respond quickly when the same antigen appears again.
کارت ۱۶۳
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What does a phagocyte do?
پاسخ
It engulfs particles, microbes, or debris. Neutrophils and macrophages are important examples.
کارت ۱۶۴
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How does vaccination support adaptive immunity?
پاسخ
It safely exposes the immune system to antigen information. This promotes memory without requiring the full disease.
کارت ۱۶۵
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Why is lymphatic fluid return important?
پاسخ
It prevents excess interstitial fluid from accumulating. Lymphatic vessels return fluid and leaked proteins to blood.
کارت ۱۶۶
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What structures belong to the integumentary system?
پاسخ
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Together they form the body's outer covering.
کارت ۱۶۷
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What is the epidermis?
پاسخ
The outer epithelial layer of skin. It is avascular and contains protective keratinized cells.
کارت ۱۶۸
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How does sweating cool the body?
پاسخ
Evaporation removes heat from the skin. Skin blood-flow changes also help regulate heat loss.
کارت ۱۶۹
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What is a major role of melanin in skin?
پاسخ
Absorbing some ultraviolet radiation. It also contributes to skin and hair color.
کارت ۱۷۰
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How does skin contribute to sensation?
پاسخ
Sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. Nerves carry that information to the CNS.
کارت ۱۷۱
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What is the dermis?
پاسخ
The connective-tissue layer beneath the epidermis. It contains vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.
کارت ۱۷۲
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How does skin support vitamin D production?
پاسخ
Ultraviolet light starts conversion of a skin molecule into a vitamin D precursor. The liver and kidneys complete activation.
کارت ۱۷۳
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Why does a deep skin wound bleed but a shallow epidermal scrape may not?
پاسخ
Blood vessels are in the dermis, not the epidermis. A wound must reach vascular tissue to damage them.
کارت ۱۷۴
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What is a gamete?
پاسخ
A haploid reproductive cell. Human sperm and oocytes each carry 23 chromosomes.
کارت ۱۷۵
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What are the testes' two main reproductive functions?
پاسخ
Producing sperm and secreting testosterone. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules.
کارت ۱۷۶
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What tube carries sperm from the epididymis toward the ejaculatory duct?
پاسخ
The ductus, or vas, deferens. Smooth muscle propels sperm during ejaculation.
کارت ۱۷۷
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What is ovulation?
پاسخ
Release of a secondary oocyte from an ovary. A surge in luteinizing hormone helps trigger it.
کارت ۱۷۸
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Where does fertilization usually occur?
پاسخ
In a uterine tube. The early embryo then travels toward the uterus.
کارت ۱۷۹
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What are the ovaries' two main reproductive functions?
پاسخ
Producing oocytes and secreting sex hormones. Estrogen and progesterone help regulate the reproductive cycle.
کارت ۱۸۰
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What is the uterus' main reproductive role?
پاسخ
Supporting implantation and development of an embryo and fetus. Its muscular wall also contracts during birth.
کارت ۱۸۱
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What causes menstruation when pregnancy does not occur?
پاسخ
Falling ovarian hormones allow the uterine lining to shed. A new cycle then begins.
کارت ۱۸۲
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How does a sperm cell's structure support its function?
پاسخ
Its flagellum provides movement, and its head carries DNA plus enzymes used during fertilization. Mitochondria supply energy in the midpiece.
کارت ۱۸۳
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What is the placenta's exchange role?
پاسخ
It allows gases, nutrients, and wastes to move between maternal and fetal circulations. Their blood normally does not mix directly.
کارت ۱۸۴
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Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction?
پاسخ
It halves chromosome number in gametes. Fertilization then restores the diploid number.
کارت ۱۸۵
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How do sex hormones regulate reproductive control pathways?
پاسخ
They usually feed back on the hypothalamus and pituitary. This adjusts release of hormones that act on the gonads.
کارت ۱۸۶
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What does cell theory state?
پاسخ
Living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells come from existing cells. These ideas link organism structure with cell division.
کارت ۱۸۷
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What is the defining structural feature of a prokaryotic cell?
پاسخ
It lacks a membrane-bound nucleus. Its DNA occupies a nucleoid region.
کارت ۱۸۸
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What is the cell membrane's main role?
پاسخ
Regulating movement between the cell and its environment. Its phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable.
کارت ۱۸۹
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What is the nucleus' main role?
پاسخ
Storing most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA. Nuclear pores regulate exchange with the cytoplasm.
کارت ۱۹۰
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Where are proteins assembled?
پاسخ
At ribosomes. Ribosomes may float in cytosol or attach to rough endoplasmic reticulum.
کارت ۱۹۱
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What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
پاسخ
A eukaryotic cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.
کارت ۱۹۲
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What is a mitochondrion's main function?
پاسخ
Producing most cellular ATP through aerobic respiration. Its inner membrane provides a large reaction surface.
کارت ۱۹۳
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What does rough endoplasmic reticulum mainly produce?
پاسخ
Proteins for secretion, membranes, or organelles. Ribosomes on its surface make the proteins.
کارت ۱۹۴
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Which organelle carries out photosynthesis in plants and algae?
پاسخ
The chloroplast. It converts light energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules.
کارت ۱۹۵
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What does the Golgi apparatus do?
پاسخ
It modifies, sorts, and packages cell products. Vesicles carry those products to their destinations.
کارت ۱۹۶
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What is a lysosome's role?
پاسخ
Digesting worn cell parts and engulfed material. Its enzymes work best in an acidic interior.
کارت ۱۹۷
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What are major functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
پاسخ
Lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage. Its membrane lacks attached ribosomes.
کارت ۱۹۸
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What does the cytoskeleton provide?
پاسخ
Cell shape, internal organization, movement, and transport tracks. It is built from protein filaments.
کارت ۱۹۹
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What is diffusion?
پاسخ
Net movement from higher to lower concentration. It is passive and continues until dynamic equilibrium is reached.
کارت ۲۰۰
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What happens to an animal cell in a strongly hypotonic solution?
پاسخ
Water enters and the cell swells. Without a cell wall, it may burst.
کارت ۲۰۱
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What happens during interphase?
پاسخ
The cell grows, performs normal functions, and copies its DNA. Interphase precedes mitotic division.
کارت ۲۰۲
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What is the result of mitosis followed by cytokinesis?
پاسخ
Two genetically similar daughter cells. Chromosome number is normally preserved.
کارت ۲۰۳
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What is osmosis?
پاسخ
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves toward the side with more nonpenetrating solute.
کارت ۲۰۴
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What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?
پاسخ
Water leaves and the cell shrinks. The external solution has a higher effective solute concentration.
کارت ۲۰۵
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Why are cells generally small?
پاسخ
A high surface-area-to-volume ratio supports efficient exchange. Volume grows faster than surface area as a cell enlarges.
کارت ۲۰۶
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What is cytokinesis?
پاسخ
Division of the cytoplasm. It separates one cell into two after nuclear division.
کارت ۲۰۷
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How does active transport differ from passive transport?
پاسخ
It uses energy to move substances against a gradient. Passive transport moves down a gradient without direct energy input.
کارت ۲۰۸
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What happens to an animal cell in an isotonic solution?
پاسخ
There is no net water movement. Water still crosses in both directions at equal rates.
کارت ۲۰۹
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Which structures are typical of plant cells but not animal cells?
پاسخ
A cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. Both cell types have membranes, nuclei, and mitochondria.
کارت ۲۱۰
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How do cells contribute to a multicellular organism's organization?
پاسخ
Specialized cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form systems. Division of labor supports complex functions.
کارت ۲۱۱
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What is DNA's primary biological role?
پاسخ
Storing hereditary information. Its nucleotide sequence contains instructions used to build functional RNA and proteins.
کارت ۲۱۲
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What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
پاسخ
A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides link to form each strand.
کارت ۲۱۳
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Which bases pair in double-stranded DNA?
پاسخ
Adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine. Hydrogen bonds hold complementary strands together.
کارت ۲۱۴
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How does RNA differ from DNA?
پاسخ
RNA usually has ribose, uses uracil instead of thymine, and is usually single-stranded. Several RNA types help express genes.
کارت ۲۱۵
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What is a gene?
پاسخ
A DNA sequence that contributes to a functional product. The product may be a protein or a functional RNA.
کارت ۲۱۶
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What is a chromosome?
پاسخ
A long DNA molecule packaged with proteins. It contains many genes and other sequences.
کارت ۲۱۷
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What is DNA replication?
پاسخ
Copying DNA before cell division. Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one newly made strand.
کارت ۲۱۸
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What is the usual flow of information from a protein-coding gene?
پاسخ
DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription makes RNA; translation builds the polypeptide.
کارت ۲۱۹
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What happens during transcription?
پاسخ
RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. For a protein-coding gene, that RNA functions as or is processed into messenger RNA.
کارت ۲۲۰
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What does messenger RNA carry?
پاسخ
A copy of coding information from DNA to a ribosome. Its codons specify the amino-acid sequence.
کارت ۲۲۱
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What is a codon?
پاسخ
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA. Most codons specify an amino acid; some signal start or stop.
کارت ۲۲۲
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What is the usual role of the AUG codon?
پاسخ
It starts translation and specifies methionine. The ribosome uses it to establish the reading frame.
کارت ۲۲۳
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What happens during translation?
پاسخ
A ribosome reads mRNA and joins amino acids into a polypeptide. Transfer RNAs match codons with amino acids.
۴۴۶ کارت
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
این دسته را رایگان مطالعه کنیدNibomo باز میشود تا بتوانید مطالعه را شروع کنید.
کارت ۲۲۴
پرسش
What is transfer RNA's role in protein synthesis?
پاسخ
It carries an amino acid and matches its anticodon to an mRNA codon. This places the correct amino acid in sequence.
کارت ۲۲۵
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What is an anticodon?
پاسخ
A three-base sequence on tRNA complementary to an mRNA codon. Pairing helps decode the message.
کارت ۲۲۶
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What is a mutation?
پاسخ
A change in a DNA sequence. Its effect may be harmful, neutral, or beneficial depending on location and context.
کارت ۲۲۷
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Why can a one-base insertion in a coding sequence have a large effect?
پاسخ
It can shift the reading frame. Every downstream codon may change until a stop signal appears.
کارت ۲۲۸
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Why can changing one amino acid alter a protein's function?
پاسخ
Amino-acid sequence helps determine folding and shape. Shape controls many protein interactions.
کارت ۲۲۹
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What is ribosomal RNA's role in protein synthesis?
پاسخ
It forms the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA helps align translation components and catalyzes peptide-bond formation.
کارت ۲۳۰
پرسش
Why can different cell types contain the same DNA but perform different jobs?
پاسخ
They express different sets of genes. Different proteins give cells different structures and functions.
کارت ۲۳۱
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Which mutation can be passed to offspring?
پاسخ
A mutation present in a gamete-forming lineage. A mutation limited to ordinary body cells is not inherited through reproduction.
کارت ۲۳۲
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What is an allele?
پاسخ
An alternative version of a gene. Diploid individuals usually carry two alleles for each autosomal gene.
کارت ۲۳۳
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What is genotype?
پاسخ
An organism's allele combination for a gene or set of genes. Genotype contributes to phenotype.
کارت ۲۳۴
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What does homozygous mean?
پاسخ
Having two identical alleles for a gene. Examples include AA and aa.
کارت ۲۳۵
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What makes an allele dominant in a simple Mendelian trait?
پاسخ
One copy is enough for its phenotype to appear in a heterozygote. Dominant does not mean common or beneficial.
کارت ۲۳۶
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What does Mendel's law of segregation describe?
پاسخ
The two alleles for a gene separate during gamete formation. Each gamete receives one allele.
کارت ۲۳۷
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What is phenotype?
پاسخ
An observable trait or characteristic. It can reflect genotype, environment, and their interaction.
کارت ۲۳۸
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What does heterozygous mean?
پاسخ
Having two different alleles for a gene. An example is Aa.
کارت ۲۳۹
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When does a recessive phenotype usually appear in a simple autosomal trait?
پاسخ
When both alleles are recessive. A heterozygote carries the allele without showing that phenotype.
کارت ۲۴۰
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When does independent assortment apply most clearly?
پاسخ
When genes are on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome. Their allele pairs enter gametes independently.
کارت ۲۴۱
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What does a Punnett square predict?
پاسخ
Expected offspring genotype probabilities from specified parental gametes. It does not guarantee outcomes in a small family.
کارت ۲۴۲
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For Aa × Aa, what is the chance of an aa offspring?
پاسخ
One fourth, or 25%. The genotype ratio is expected to be 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa.
کارت ۲۴۳
پرسش
For Aa × Aa with complete dominance, what phenotypic ratio is expected?
پاسخ
Three dominant-phenotype offspring to one recessive-phenotype offspring. This is a probability across many offspring.
کارت ۲۴۴
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How can a test cross reveal the genotype behind a dominant phenotype?
پاسخ
Cross the individual with a homozygous recessive partner. Recessive offspring show that the unknown parent carried a recessive allele.
کارت ۲۴۵
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What happens in incomplete dominance?
پاسخ
A heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype. Neither allele fully masks the other.
کارت ۲۴۶
پرسش
How is the probability of two independent genetic events both occurring found?
پاسخ
Multiply their individual probabilities. This is the product rule.
کارت ۲۴۷
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What does a pedigree show?
پاسخ
How a trait appears across generations of a family. Its pattern can suggest a mode of inheritance.
کارت ۲۴۸
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Why can two parents have offspring ratios that differ from a Punnett-square expectation?
پاسخ
Each fertilization is a chance event. Expected ratios become more apparent with larger numbers of offspring.
کارت ۲۴۹
پرسش
What happens in codominance?
پاسخ
Both alleles are distinctly expressed in a heterozygote. The AB blood type is a common example.
کارت ۲۵۰
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What are major roles of carbohydrates?
پاسخ
Providing quick energy, storing energy, and forming some structures. Monosaccharides are their basic building blocks.
کارت ۲۵۱
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What is a monomer?
پاسخ
A small building block that can join with others to form a larger molecule. Glucose, amino acids, and nucleotides are examples in different classes.
کارت ۲۵۲
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What happens in a dehydration-synthesis reaction?
پاسخ
Monomers join while water is removed. The reaction builds a larger biological molecule.
کارت ۲۵۳
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What does an enzyme do?
پاسخ
It lowers activation energy and speeds a reaction without being consumed. Its shape helps it bind specific substrates.
کارت ۲۵۴
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What are major roles of lipids?
پاسخ
Long-term energy storage, membranes, insulation, and signaling. Lipids are mostly nonpolar and do not mix well with water.
کارت ۲۵۵
پرسش
What does it mean for a protein to denature?
پاسخ
Its normal shape is disrupted. Heat, extreme pH, or chemicals can reduce its function.
کارت ۲۵۶
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What happens during hydrolysis?
پاسخ
Water is used to split a larger molecule into smaller units. Digestion often uses hydrolysis reactions.
کارت ۲۵۷
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Why do phospholipids form bilayers in water?
پاسخ
Their hydrophilic heads interact with water while hydrophobic tails turn inward. This arrangement forms cell-membrane structure.
کارت ۲۵۸
پرسش
What are proteins built from?
پاسخ
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Their folded shapes support enzymes, transport, signaling, structure, and movement.
کارت ۲۵۹
پرسش
How do starch and glycogen compare?
پاسخ
Both store glucose; plants use starch and animals use glycogen. Their branching patterns differ.
کارت ۲۶۰
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How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?
پاسخ
Saturated fatty acids lack carbon-carbon double bonds; unsaturated ones have one or more. Double bonds often introduce bends.
کارت ۲۶۱
پرسش
What immediate energy-carrying molecule powers many cell processes?
پاسخ
ATP. Energy released from nutrients can be transferred into ATP's phosphate bonds.
کارت ۲۶۲
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What are nucleic acids built from?
پاسخ
Nucleotides. DNA stores hereditary information, while RNA performs several roles in gene expression.
کارت ۲۶۳
پرسش
Which elements are common in all four major biological macromolecule classes?
پاسخ
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Nitrogen and phosphorus occur prominently in some classes.
کارت ۲۶۴
پرسش
Why is three-dimensional shape important for macromolecules?
پاسخ
Shape determines many interactions and functions. A changed shape can prevent a molecule from binding its target.
کارت ۲۶۵
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What are triglycerides built from?
پاسخ
One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. They join through ester bonds to form a common energy-storage lipid.
کارت ۲۶۶
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What is a pathogen?
پاسخ
An agent capable of causing disease. Not every microorganism is pathogenic.
کارت ۲۶۷
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What type of cell is a bacterium?
پاسخ
A prokaryotic cell. Bacteria usually reproduce by binary fission.
کارت ۲۶۸
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What cell type do fungi have?
پاسخ
Eukaryotic cells. Some fungi are unicellular yeasts, while others form multicellular filaments.
کارت ۲۶۹
پرسش
What does disease transmission describe?
پاسخ
How an infectious agent moves to a susceptible host. Routes include contact, droplets, airborne spread, food, water, and vectors.
کارت ۲۷۰
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What is a biological vector?
پاسخ
An organism that becomes infected with a pathogen and transmits it between hosts. The pathogen survives or reproduces inside the vector, unlike transport by a mechanical carrier.
کارت ۲۷۱
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Why are viruses dependent on host cells?
پاسخ
They lack the complete machinery for reproduction and metabolism. They use host components to make new virus particles.
کارت ۲۷۲
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What is a protist?
پاسخ
A diverse eukaryote that is not classified as an animal, plant, or fungus. Some protists cause disease, while many do not.
کارت ۲۷۳
پرسش
Why do antibiotics not treat viral infections?
پاسخ
They target bacterial structures or processes that viruses lack. Antiviral drugs use different targets.
کارت ۲۷۴
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How can normal microbiota protect a host?
پاسخ
They occupy space and use resources that pathogens might otherwise exploit. Some also support digestion or immune development.
کارت ۲۷۵
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How does sterilization differ from disinfection?
پاسخ
Sterilization destroys or removes all microbial life, including resistant forms; disinfection reduces pathogens on objects. The required method depends on use.
کارت ۲۷۶
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How do infection and disease differ?
پاسخ
Infection means an agent is established in a host; disease means normal function is impaired and signs or symptoms occur. Infection may be asymptomatic.
کارت ۲۷۷
پرسش
How can breaking a transmission route reduce infectious disease?
پاسخ
It interrupts the chain connecting a source with a susceptible host. Hand hygiene, clean water, ventilation, and vector control target different links.
کارت ۲۷۸
پرسش
What is an atom?
پاسخ
The smallest unit of an element that retains that element's chemical identity. Atoms contain a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
کارت ۲۷۹
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What charge and location does an electron have?
پاسخ
Negative charge in the electron cloud around the nucleus. Electrons drive most chemical bonding.
کارت ۲۸۰
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Why are valence electrons important?
پاسخ
They participate most directly in bonding and reactions. Their arrangement helps predict chemical behavior.
کارت ۲۸۱
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What do elements in the same periodic-table group often share?
پاسخ
Similar valence-electron patterns and chemical properties. A group is a vertical column.
کارت ۲۸۲
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What is an ion?
پاسخ
An atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. Its total numbers of protons and electrons are unequal.
کارت ۲۸۳
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What charge and location does a proton have?
پاسخ
Positive charge in the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element.
کارت ۲۸۴
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What does an element's atomic number equal?
پاسخ
Its number of protons. A neutral atom has the same number of electrons.
کارت ۲۸۵
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How does a neutral atom form a cation?
پاسخ
By losing one or more electrons. It has more protons than electrons and a positive charge.
کارت ۲۸۶
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An atom has 8 protons. How many electrons does it have if it is neutral?
پاسخ
Eight electrons. Neutral atoms have equal positive and negative charges.
کارت ۲۸۷
پرسش
What charge and location does a neutron have?
پاسخ
No electric charge, in the nucleus. Neutron number can vary among isotopes of an element.
کارت ۲۸۸
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What does mass number equal?
پاسخ
Protons plus neutrons in one atom. It is a whole number for a specific isotope.
کارت ۲۸۹
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How does a neutral atom form an anion?
پاسخ
By gaining one or more electrons. It has more electrons than protons and a negative charge.
کارت ۲۹۰
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What does a period represent on the periodic table?
پاسخ
A horizontal row. Moving across a period changes proton number one element at a time.
کارت ۲۹۱
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What are isotopes?
پاسخ
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
کارت ۲۹۲
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What is matter?
پاسخ
Anything that has mass and occupies space. Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are forms of matter.
کارت ۲۹۳
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What distinguishes a solid from a liquid or gas?
پاسخ
A solid has a definite shape and volume. Its particles vibrate around relatively fixed positions.
کارت ۲۹۴
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What is a physical change?
پاسخ
A change in form or state without changing chemical identity. Melting and cutting are examples.
کارت ۲۹۵
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What is a physical property?
پاسخ
A characteristic observed without changing a substance's identity. Density, color, and melting point are examples.
کارت ۲۹۶
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How does an element differ from a compound?
پاسخ
An element contains one kind of atom; a compound contains elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. Chemical methods can separate a compound into simpler substances.
کارت ۲۹۷
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What distinguishes a liquid?
پاسخ
It has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container. Its particles remain close while moving past one another.
کارت ۲۹۸
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What is a chemical change?
پاسخ
A process that forms one or more substances with new chemical identities. Bond rearrangement occurs.
کارت ۲۹۹
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What is a chemical property?
پاسخ
A substance's ability to undergo a particular chemical change. Flammability and reactivity with acid are examples.
کارت ۳۰۰
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Which phase changes connect solids and liquids?
پاسخ
Melting changes a solid to a liquid; freezing changes a liquid to a solid. These are opposite physical changes.
کارت ۳۰۱
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How does a pure substance differ from a mixture?
پاسخ
A pure substance has a fixed composition and is an element or compound; a mixture has variable composition and physically combined components. Mixture components retain their identities.
کارت ۳۰۲
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What distinguishes a gas?
پاسخ
It has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. It expands to fill its container.
کارت ۳۰۳
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What is the formula for density?
پاسخ
Density = mass ÷ volume. Density is an intensive property.
کارت ۳۰۴
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Which phase changes connect liquids and gases?
پاسخ
Vaporization changes a liquid to a gas; condensation changes a gas to a liquid. Evaporation is vaporization at a liquid's surface.
کارت ۳۰۵
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What is a mixture?
پاسخ
Two or more substances physically combined in variable proportions. Its components retain their chemical identities.
کارت ۳۰۶
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How do intensive and extensive properties differ?
پاسخ
Intensive properties do not depend on sample amount; extensive properties do. Density and temperature are intensive, while mass and volume are extensive.
کارت ۳۰۷
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A 20 g sample occupies 5 mL. What is its density?
پاسخ
4 g/mL. Divide 20 g by 5 mL.
کارت ۳۰۸
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Which phase changes connect solids and gases directly?
پاسخ
Sublimation changes a solid to a gas; deposition changes a gas to a solid. Neither transition passes through the liquid state.
کارت ۳۰۹
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How do homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures differ?
پاسخ
A homogeneous mixture is uniform throughout; a heterogeneous mixture is not. A solution is homogeneous.
کارت ۳۱۰
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Where are reactants and products written in a chemical equation?
پاسخ
Reactants are on the left; products are on the right. The arrow shows the direction represented.
کارت ۳۱۱
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Why must a chemical equation be balanced?
پاسخ
Atoms are conserved in ordinary chemical reactions. Each element must have the same atom count on both sides.
کارت ۳۱۲
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What does a coefficient in a chemical equation change?
پاسخ
The number of whole particles or moles represented. It multiplies every atom in the following formula.
کارت ۳۱۳
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Why should subscripts not be changed when balancing an equation?
پاسخ
Changing a subscript changes the substance's identity. Balancing changes coefficients only.
کارت ۳۱۴
پرسش
What coefficients balance H₂ + O₂ → H₂O?
پاسخ
2, 1, 2: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O. Both sides then contain four hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms.
کارت ۳۱۵
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What pattern defines a synthesis reaction?
پاسخ
Two or more reactants form a more complex product. A general pattern is A + B → AB.
کارت ۳۱۶
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What are typical products when a hydrocarbon burns completely in oxygen?
پاسخ
Carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide or carbon.
کارت ۳۱۷
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What is the net ionic equation for a typical strong acid–strong base neutralization?
پاسخ
H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l). The remaining ions are spectators and do not appear in the net ionic equation.
کارت ۳۱۸
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What is a precipitate?
پاسخ
An insoluble solid that forms from substances in solution. Its appearance can signal a chemical reaction.
کارت ۳۱۹
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What pattern defines a decomposition reaction?
پاسخ
One compound breaks into simpler products. A general pattern is AB → A + B.
کارت ۳۲۰
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What is an exothermic reaction?
پاسخ
A reaction that releases heat to the surroundings. The surroundings often warm.
کارت ۳۲۱
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What occurs in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
پاسخ
Electrons transfer or atoms change oxidation state. Oxidation is electron loss; reduction is electron gain.
کارت ۳۲۲
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What is activation energy?
پاسخ
The minimum energy barrier reactants must overcome to react. Catalysts lower this barrier.
کارت ۳۲۳
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Which observations can provide evidence of a chemical reaction?
پاسخ
Gas formation, a precipitate, sustained color change, light, or temperature change. No single sign proves a reaction without context.
کارت ۳۲۴
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What is an endothermic reaction?
پاسخ
A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings. The surroundings may cool.
کارت ۳۲۵
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Why does raising temperature usually speed a reaction?
پاسخ
Particles collide more often and with greater energy. More collisions overcome activation energy.
کارت ۳۲۶
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Why can higher reactant concentration increase reaction rate?
پاسخ
More reactant particles occupy a given volume. This raises collision frequency.
کارت ۳۲۷
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Why does powdered solid often react faster than one large piece?
پاسخ
Powder exposes more surface area. More particles are available for collisions.
کارت ۳۲۸
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How does a catalyst speed a reaction?
پاسخ
It provides a pathway with lower activation energy. The catalyst is regenerated rather than consumed overall.
کارت ۳۲۹
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How can increasing pressure affect a reaction between gases?
پاسخ
It can increase rate by bringing gas particles closer together. Collision frequency rises when volume falls.
کارت ۳۳۰
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What does a reaction inhibitor do?
پاسخ
It slows a reaction. It may block a pathway, interfere with a catalyst, or remove reactive intermediates.
کارت ۳۳۱
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Why can very high temperature slow an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
پاسخ
The enzyme can denature and lose its active shape. Moderate warming helps only within the enzyme's stable range.
کارت ۳۳۲
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What is dynamic equilibrium?
پاسخ
Forward and reverse reactions continue at equal rates. Concentrations remain constant even though particles still react.
کارت ۳۳۳
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Does a catalyst change the final equilibrium amounts?
پاسخ
No. It speeds forward and reverse reactions, so equilibrium is reached sooner without changing its position.
کارت ۳۳۴
پرسش
At equilibrium, what usually happens when the concentration of a dissolved or gaseous reactant increases?
پاسخ
The system shifts toward consuming some added reactant. It forms more product until a new equilibrium is reached.
کارت ۳۳۵
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What is a solution?
پاسخ
A homogeneous mixture. Its components are uniformly distributed at the molecular or ionic level.
کارت ۳۳۶
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How do solute and solvent differ?
پاسخ
The solute is dissolved; the solvent is the dissolving medium. The solvent is often present in greater amount.
کارت ۳۳۷
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What does aqueous mean in chemistry?
پاسخ
Dissolved in water. The symbol
(aq)marks an aqueous species in an equation.کارت ۳۳۸
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What does concentration describe?
پاسخ
The amount of solute in a given amount of solution or solvent. Different units express it in different ways.
کارت ۳۳۹
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What is molarity?
پاسخ
Moles of solute per liter of solution. Its unit is mol/L, written M.
کارت ۳۴۰
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What is the molarity of 0.50 mol solute in 2.0 L of solution?
پاسخ
0.25 M. Divide 0.50 mol by 2.0 L.
کارت ۳۴۱
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What stays constant when water is added to dilute a solution without reaction?
پاسخ
The moles of solute. Volume increases and concentration decreases.
کارت ۳۴۲
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Which equation relates concentration and volume before and after a dilution?
پاسخ
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂. It follows from conserving the amount of solute.
کارت ۳۴۳
پرسش
What is solubility?
پاسخ
The maximum concentration of a solute that can be achieved in a solution at equilibrium under specified conditions. Temperature and the substances involved matter.
کارت ۳۴۴
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What is a saturated solution?
پاسخ
A solution holding the maximum dissolved solute at those conditions. Extra solute remains undissolved at equilibrium.
کارت ۳۴۵
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What is an electrolyte?
پاسخ
A substance that produces mobile ions in solution and conducts electricity. Soluble ionic compounds are common examples.
کارت ۳۴۶
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What does 'like dissolves like' predict?
پاسخ
Substances with similar polarity tend to mix well. Polar solvents favor polar or ionic solutes; nonpolar solvents favor nonpolar solutes.
کارت ۳۴۷
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Does heating always increase solubility?
پاسخ
No. Many solids become more soluble in water, but gases usually become less soluble as temperature rises.
کارت ۳۴۸
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What is an unsaturated solution?
پاسخ
A solution that can dissolve more solute at the stated conditions. It is below the solubility limit.
کارت ۳۴۹
پرسش
What does a Brønsted-Lowry acid donate?
پاسخ
A proton, H⁺. In water, acid behavior increases hydronium-ion concentration.
کارت ۳۵۰
پرسش
What does pH describe?
پاسخ
The hydronium-ion concentration on a logarithmic scale. Lower pH means higher hydronium concentration.
کارت ۳۵۱
پرسش
At 25 °C, what pH range is acidic?
پاسخ
Below 7. A neutral aqueous solution is pH 7 at this temperature.
کارت ۳۵۲
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How does hydronium concentration change when pH drops by 1 unit?
پاسخ
It increases tenfold. The pH scale is logarithmic.
کارت ۳۵۳
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What does a Brønsted-Lowry base accept?
پاسخ
A proton, H⁺. Many bases in water also increase hydroxide-ion concentration.
کارت ۳۵۴
پرسش
At 25 °C, what is the relationship between pH and pOH?
پاسخ
pH + pOH = 14. pOH is the negative base-10 logarithm of hydroxide-ion concentration; this relation applies to aqueous solutions at 25 °C.
کارت ۳۵۵
پرسش
At 25 °C, what pH range is basic?
پاسخ
Above 7. Basic solutions have less hydronium and more hydroxide than neutral water.
کارت ۳۵۶
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What are typical products of a strong acid reacting with a strong base?
پاسخ
Water and an ionic salt. Hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions combine to form water.
کارت ۳۵۷
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What does strong mean for an acid or base?
پاسخ
It produces its characteristic ions essentially completely in water. Strong acids ionize; soluble ionic strong bases dissociate. Strength is separate from concentration.
کارت ۳۵۸
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What does a buffer do?
پاسخ
It resists large pH changes when small amounts of acid or base are added. A weak conjugate acid-base pair neutralizes much of the added H₃O⁺ or OH⁻.
کارت ۳۵۹
پرسش
How does an acid-base indicator work?
پاسخ
Its color depends on pH. The change occurs over a characteristic pH range.
کارت ۳۶۰
پرسش
A solution has pH 9 at 25 °C. What is its pOH?
پاسخ
5. Subtract the pH from 14.
کارت ۳۶۱
پرسش
How does a concentrated weak acid differ from a dilute strong acid?
پاسخ
Concentration tells how much acid is present; strength tells how completely it ionizes. A concentrated weak acid contains more partially ionizing acid, while a dilute strong acid contains less acid that ionizes essentially completely. Either can have the lower pH.
کارت ۳۶۲
پرسش
What is the SI base unit of length?
پاسخ
The meter (m). Centimeters and millimeters are decimal subdivisions of a meter.
کارت ۳۶۳
پرسش
Which tool directly measures mass in a laboratory?
پاسخ
A balance. A spring scale measures force, often reported as weight.
کارت ۳۶۴
پرسش
What is the SI base unit of mass?
پاسخ
The kilogram (kg). Laboratory mass is also commonly reported in grams.
کارت ۳۶۵
پرسش
A student needs to measure about 35 mL of liquid and can choose a beaker or graduated cylinder. Which should they use?
پاسخ
A graduated cylinder. Read the scale at eye level.
کارت ۳۶۶
پرسش
What is the SI base unit of time?
پاسخ
The second (s). Minutes and hours are accepted for many everyday uses.
کارت ۳۶۷
پرسش
Where should the volume of a clear water-based liquid be read in a graduated cylinder?
پاسخ
At the bottom of the meniscus. Keep your eye level with the liquid surface.
کارت ۳۶۸
پرسش
What is the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature?
پاسخ
The kelvin (K). Degrees Celsius are widely used for laboratory and body temperatures.
کارت ۳۶۹
پرسش
Which tool measures temperature?
پاسخ
A thermometer. Its range and resolution should match the task.
کارت ۳۷۰
پرسش
What factor does the metric prefix kilo- represent?
پاسخ
One thousand, or 10³. One kilometer equals 1,000 meters.
کارت ۳۷۱
پرسش
A ruler's smallest marking is 1 mm. To what place should a careful analog reading usually be estimated?
پاسخ
One place beyond the smallest marking, when the scale allows it. The final digit is uncertain.
کارت ۳۷۲
پرسش
What is measurement accuracy?
پاسخ
Closeness to an accepted or true value. A systematic error can make precise measurements inaccurate.
کارت ۳۷۳
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How do mass and weight differ?
پاسخ
Mass is the amount of matter; weight is gravitational force on that mass. Mass stays constant when gravity changes, but weight does not.
کارت ۳۷۴
پرسش
What factor does the metric prefix milli- represent?
پاسخ
One thousandth, or 10⁻³. One milliliter is 0.001 liter.
کارت ۳۷۵
پرسش
How can the volume of an irregular solid be measured with water?
پاسخ
Use water displacement. Subtract the initial water volume from the final volume after submerging the object.
کارت ۳۷۶
پرسش
What is measurement precision?
پاسخ
Closeness of repeated measurements to one another. Precise results can still be consistently wrong.
کارت ۳۷۷
پرسش
What is an instrument's resolution?
پاسخ
The smallest change it can meaningfully display or distinguish. Higher resolution does not automatically guarantee accuracy.
کارت ۳۷۸
پرسش
How many centimeters are in 2.5 meters?
پاسخ
2.5 × 10² cm (250 cm). Multiply meters by the exact conversion factor 100 cm/m.
کارت ۳۷۹
پرسش
Why must a numerical measurement include a unit?
پاسخ
The unit identifies the quantity's scale. A bare number is ambiguous and cannot be compared reliably.
کارت ۳۸۰
پرسش
What is a scientific observation?
پاسخ
Information recorded with senses or instruments. It should be distinguished from an explanation of what was observed.
کارت ۳۸۱
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What makes a hypothesis scientifically useful?
پاسخ
It is testable and falsifiable. Evidence must be able to count against it.
کارت ۳۸۲
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What is a scientific theory?
پاسخ
A broad, well-supported explanation of natural phenomena. It is not a casual guess and can be revised with new evidence.
کارت ۳۸۳
پرسش
Which claim is falsifiable: 'No possible observation could count against this treatment's effectiveness' or 'This treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour'?
پاسخ
The claim that the treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour. An observation could count against it, so evidence can test it.
کارت ۳۸۴
پرسش
What is an inference?
پاسخ
A logical interpretation based on observations and prior knowledge. It goes beyond the raw measurement.
کارت ۳۸۵
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How does a prediction relate to a hypothesis?
پاسخ
It states an expected result if the hypothesis is correct. Experiments compare observed results with that expectation.
کارت ۳۸۶
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How does a scientific law differ from a scientific theory?
پاسخ
A law describes a consistent pattern; a theory explains how or why patterns occur. One does not mature into the other.
کارت ۳۸۷
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What does reliability mean for a measurement or procedure?
پاسخ
It produces consistent results under the same conditions. Repetition helps assess reliability.
کارت ۳۸۸
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What does a correlation show?
پاسخ
Two variables change together in a patterned way. Correlation alone does not establish that one causes the other.
کارت ۳۸۹
پرسش
What is bias in scientific work?
پاسخ
A systematic influence that pushes observations, selection, or interpretation in one direction. Good design tries to prevent or measure it.
کارت ۳۹۰
پرسش
What is the purpose of scientific peer review?
پاسخ
Independent experts evaluate methods, reasoning, and reporting before publication. It improves scrutiny but does not guarantee truth.
کارت ۳۹۱
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What does validity ask about a study or measurement?
پاسخ
Whether it measures or tests what it claims to measure or test. Consistency alone does not ensure validity.
کارت ۳۹۲
پرسش
What evidence most strengthens a causal claim?
پاسخ
A well-controlled experiment that manipulates the suspected cause. Random assignment reduces confounding, while independent replication tests whether the result holds with new data.
کارت ۳۹۳
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What is a primary scientific source?
پاسخ
A report of original methods, data, and results. A review article synthesizes many primary studies.
کارت ۳۹۴
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How should an unexpected outlier be handled?
پاسخ
Investigate and report it rather than deleting it automatically. Exclusion needs a documented scientific reason.
کارت ۳۹۵
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What is a confounding variable?
پاسخ
An outside factor related to both the suspected cause and the outcome. It can create a misleading association.
کارت ۳۹۶
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Why should a sample represent the population of interest?
پاسخ
Results generalize poorly when important groups are missing or overrepresented. Sampling method matters as much as size.
کارت ۳۹۷
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What is a scientific model?
پاسخ
A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system. A model is useful within its assumptions and limits.
کارت ۳۹۸
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Why should measurements report uncertainty or reasonable precision?
پاسخ
Every measurement has limits. Reporting more digits than the method supports creates false precision.
کارت ۳۹۹
پرسش
If results match a prediction once, what is the safest conclusion?
پاسخ
The results support the hypothesis under those conditions. One result does not prove the hypothesis in every setting.
کارت ۴۰۰
پرسش
What is a direct relationship between two variables?
پاسخ
As one increases, the other tends to increase; as one decreases, the other tends to decrease. The relationship need not be perfectly linear.
کارت ۴۰۱
پرسش
Which variable is usually placed on the x-axis of an experimental graph?
پاسخ
The independent variable. It is the factor selected or changed by the investigator.
کارت ۴۰۲
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What does the slope of a straight-line graph represent?
پاسخ
Change in y divided by change in x. It is the response rate per unit change in the other variable.
کارت ۴۰۳
پرسش
A line rises 12 units in y while x rises 3 units. What is its slope?
پاسخ
4 units of y per unit of x. Divide 12 by 3.
کارت ۴۰۴
پرسش
What is an inverse relationship?
پاسخ
As one variable increases, the other tends to decrease. Their product is constant only in a strictly inverse proportion.
کارت ۴۰۵
پرسش
Which variable is usually placed on the y-axis of an experimental graph?
پاسخ
The dependent variable. It is the measured response.
کارت ۴۰۶
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What does a plateau on a response graph indicate?
پاسخ
The measured response has stopped changing much despite further x increases. A limiting factor may have been reached.
کارت ۴۰۷
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What is interpolation?
پاسخ
Estimating a value within the range of measured data. It is generally safer than extrapolating beyond that range.
کارت ۴۰۸
پرسش
What pattern suggests no relationship between two plotted variables?
پاسخ
The response shows no consistent change as the other variable changes. Points may scatter without a trend.
کارت ۴۰۹
پرسش
Before comparing values in a data table, what should you check?
پاسخ
Headings, units, and conditions. Numbers from different measures or scales cannot be compared directly.
کارت ۴۱۰
پرسش
If 3 samples require 12 mL total, how much is needed for 5 equal samples?
پاسخ
20 mL. The rate is 4 mL per sample, so multiply by 5.
کارت ۴۱۱
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How is the arithmetic mean calculated?
پاسخ
Add all values and divide by the number of values. A large outlier can shift the mean.
کارت ۴۱۲
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Why is extrapolation uncertain?
پاسخ
It assumes the observed trend continues outside measured conditions. The relationship may change beyond the data range.
کارت ۴۱۳
پرسش
A culture grows from 20 to 50 cells in 6 hours. What is the average growth rate?
پاسخ
5 cells per hour. The change is 30 cells divided by 6 hours.
کارت ۴۱۴
پرسش
A measurement rises from 40 to 50. What is the percent increase?
پاسخ
25%. The increase is 10, and 10 ÷ 40 × 100 = 25%.
کارت ۴۱۵
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When can the median describe a typical value better than the mean?
پاسخ
When data are skewed or contain strong outliers. In an ordered set, the median is the middle value for an odd count and the mean of the two middle values for an even count.
کارت ۴۱۶
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How do quantitative and qualitative data differ?
پاسخ
Quantitative data are numerical; qualitative data describe categories or qualities. Both can answer scientific questions.
کارت ۴۱۷
پرسش
A response is 2 at dose 1, 4 at dose 2, and 8 at dose 4. If the relationship is linear, what response is predicted at dose 3?
پاسخ
6. The observed rate is 2 response units per dose unit, so interpolation at dose 3 gives 6.
کارت ۴۱۸
پرسش
How can a graph reveal a nonlinear relationship?
پاسخ
The points follow a curve rather than a straight line. The rate of change varies across the x-range.
کارت ۴۱۹
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What is the range of a data set?
پاسخ
Maximum minus minimum. It describes total spread but ignores the distribution between the endpoints.
کارت ۴۲۰
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What makes a scientific research question testable?
پاسخ
It identifies measurable variables or observable outcomes. The needed data must be obtainable.
کارت ۴۲۱
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In an experiment, what is the independent variable?
پاسخ
The factor deliberately changed or assigned by the investigator. In a simple one-factor experiment, changing one independent variable helps isolate its effect.
کارت ۴۲۲
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What should a hypothesis connect?
پاسخ
A proposed explanation with a measurable outcome. It should lead to a prediction that evidence can challenge.
کارت ۴۲۳
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What is a controlled variable, or constant?
پاسخ
A condition kept the same across groups. Holding it constant prevents it from explaining outcome differences.
کارت ۴۲۴
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What is the purpose of a control group?
پاسخ
It provides a comparison without the experimental treatment. Differences can then be attributed more confidently to the treatment.
کارت ۴۲۵
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In an experiment, what is the dependent variable?
پاسخ
The measured response. It may change because of the independent variable.
کارت ۴۲۶
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What form can a useful experimental prediction take?
پاسخ
If the independent variable changes in a stated way, then the dependent variable should respond in a stated way. The reason links it to the hypothesis.
کارت ۴۲۷
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What does a positive control demonstrate?
پاسخ
That the setup can produce a known response. If it fails, the test system may be defective.
کارت ۴۲۸
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Why randomly assign subjects to experimental groups?
پاسخ
To distribute known and unknown differences more evenly. This reduces selection bias and confounding.
کارت ۴۲۹
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How can blinding reduce bias?
پاسخ
It keeps participants, observers, or both unaware of treatment assignments. Expectations are less likely to affect behavior or measurement.
کارت ۴۳۰
پرسش
What is a placebo?
پاسخ
An inactive treatment designed to resemble the experimental treatment. It helps separate treatment effects from expectation effects.
کارت ۴۳۱
پرسش
What does a negative control demonstrate?
پاسخ
What happens when the tested cause is absent. An unexpected response may reveal contamination or another source.
کارت ۴۳۲
پرسش
Why does a larger sample often improve a study?
پاسخ
It reduces the influence of chance variation and supports more stable estimates. It cannot repair a biased sampling method.
کارت ۴۳۳
پرسش
Why repeat trials within an experiment?
پاسخ
To estimate variability and check consistency. One unusual trial then has less influence.
کارت ۴۳۴
پرسش
Why must an experimental procedure be detailed and standardized?
پاسخ
So groups are treated consistently and others can reproduce the work. Uncontrolled procedural differences create alternative explanations.
کارت ۴۳۵
پرسش
Why calibrate a measuring instrument before collecting data?
پاسخ
To compare its readings with a known standard and reduce systematic error. Calibration improves confidence in accuracy.
کارت ۴۳۶
پرسش
What is an operational definition?
پاسخ
A precise statement of how a variable is measured or manipulated. It turns an abstract concept into a repeatable procedure.
کارت ۴۳۷
پرسش
How does independent replication differ from repeated trials?
پاسخ
Independent replication repeats a study with independently collected data, often by a different investigator; repeated trials rerun measurements within the original experiment. Replication tests consistency across separate studies.
کارت ۴۳۸
پرسش
Why should raw data be recorded before interpretation?
پاسخ
It preserves the observations separately from conclusions. Others can check calculations and reasoning.
کارت ۴۳۹
پرسش
What should a scientific conclusion do?
پاسخ
Answer the research question using the data and acknowledge limits. It should not claim more than the design supports.
کارت ۴۴۰
پرسش
What should happen when data do not support a hypothesis?
پاسخ
Revise or reject the hypothesis and consider new tests. Data should not be altered to preserve the original idea.
کارت ۴۴۱
پرسش
What is a study limitation?
پاسخ
A feature that restricts interpretation or generalization. Small samples, short duration, and imperfect measurements are examples.
کارت ۴۴۲
پرسش
Why are ethics part of experimental design?
پاسخ
Research must protect participants, organisms, and communities while balancing risks and benefits. Consent and humane treatment are key examples.
کارت ۴۴۳
پرسش
How does an observational study differ from an experiment?
پاسخ
It measures variables without assigning the exposure. It can find associations but usually supports weaker causal conclusions.
کارت ۴۴۴
پرسش
Plants receive 0, 2, or 4 hours of added light, and growth is measured. What is the independent variable?
پاسخ
Hours of added light. Plant growth is the dependent variable.
کارت ۴۴۵
پرسش
A fertilizer study gives every plant the same water, soil, and temperature. What are these conditions?
پاسخ
Controlled variables. Keeping them constant isolates the fertilizer's effect.
کارت ۴۴۶
پرسش
A drug group improves more than a control group, but the groups were not randomly assigned. What is the main caution?
پاسخ
Preexisting group differences could explain some improvement. The result is suggestive, but the design weakens a causal claim.
۴۴۶ کارت
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
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