What posture defines the standard anatomical position?

Standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms forward. The feet point forward, giving anatomy a consistent reference position.

In anatomical language, what does superior mean?

Toward the head or above another structure. Inferior means toward the feet or below.

Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right portions?

The sagittal plane. A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.

Why does the body use feedback mechanisms?

To regulate internal conditions. Feedback compares a condition with a set range and triggers responses that adjust it.

What is the order of structural organization from simplest to most complex?

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. Each level builds on interactions at the preceding level.

What does anterior mean in human anatomy?

Toward the front of the body. Posterior means toward the back.

Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions?

The transverse plane. It is also called the horizontal plane.

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. It is dynamic rather than perfectly unchanging.

Which major body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?

The dorsal body cavity. Its cranial cavity holds the brain, and its vertebral cavity holds the spinal cord.

What does medial mean in anatomical language?

Toward the body's midline. Lateral means farther from the midline.

A rise in body temperature triggers sweating. What control pattern is this?

Negative feedback. The response opposes the original temperature change and moves the body toward its normal range.

Which anatomical plane divides the body into front and back portions?

The frontal, or coronal, plane. It separates anterior from posterior portions.

Which major body cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

The ventral body cavity. The diaphragm separates its thoracic and abdominopelvic portions.

What does proximal mean when describing a limb?

Closer to the limb's point of attachment. Distal means farther from that point.

How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?

Positive feedback amplifies the initial change. Negative feedback opposes a change; positive feedback continues until a stopping event occurs.

Which tissue type covers surfaces and lines body cavities?

Epithelial tissue. It also forms many glands and often serves protective, absorptive, or secretory roles.

Which tissue type mainly supports, binds, and protects other tissues?

Connective tissue. Its cells are typically separated by an extracellular matrix.

What shared property lets muscle tissue produce movement?

Contractility. Muscle cells shorten or develop tension in response to stimulation.

Which tissue type rapidly communicates by electrical signals?

Nervous tissue. Neurons transmit signals, while supporting cells help maintain their environment.

Why are tightly packed epithelial cells well suited for barriers?

They leave little space between cells. This continuous arrangement limits passage across a surface.

What distinguishes connective tissue from epithelial tissue?

Connective tissue usually has abundant extracellular matrix. Epithelial cells are more tightly packed.

What are the four basic human tissue types?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Organs contain two or more tissue types working together.

What makes a structure an organ rather than a tissue?

An organ combines multiple tissue types for a specific function. A tissue is a group of similar cells and matrix performing related work.

What are the skeletal system's main functions?

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood-cell production, and fat storage. Bones also provide levers for muscles.

What belongs to the axial skeleton?

The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. These structures form the body's central axis.

How do compact and spongy bone differ?

Compact bone is dense; spongy bone has a lattice of trabeculae. Both are organized living bone tissue.

A place where two or more bones meet. Joint structure determines how much movement is possible.

Which bone cell builds new bone matrix?

An osteoblast. Osteoclasts break down bone, while osteocytes maintain mature bone tissue.

What belongs to the appendicular skeleton?

The limbs plus the shoulder and pelvic girdles. It attaches the limbs to the axial skeleton.

What is the main role of red bone marrow?

Blood-cell production. This process is called hematopoiesis.

Which joint class allows the greatest range of motion?

A synovial joint. A fluid-filled joint cavity reduces friction between articulating surfaces.

Which bone cell breaks down bone matrix?

An osteoclast. Bone resorption helps remodeling and mineral balance.

What does a ligament connect?

Bone to bone. A tendon connects muscle to bone.

What is the shaft of a long bone called?

The diaphysis. The enlarged ends are the epiphyses.

Why is bone important to blood-calcium balance?

Bone stores calcium and can release or absorb it during remodeling. Hormones regulate this exchange.

What is stored mainly in yellow bone marrow?

Fat. It serves as an energy reserve.

What does articular cartilage do at a synovial joint?

It reduces friction and absorbs shock. It covers the ends of articulating bones.

Why must a broken bone receive a blood supply during healing?

Repairing cells need oxygen and nutrients. Restored blood vessels support fracture healing.

What is bone remodeling?

Continuous removal and replacement of bone tissue. It repairs microdamage and helps bones adapt to stress.

Which muscle tissue is usually under voluntary control?

Skeletal muscle. Most skeletal muscles move the skeleton, while some, such as facial muscles, insert into skin or other soft tissue.

The basic contractile unit of striated muscle. It lies between two Z discs.

What does a tendon connect?

Muscle to bone. It transmits muscle force to the skeleton.

Which proteins slide past one another during muscle contraction?

Actin and myosin. Their interaction shortens sarcomeres without shortening the filaments themselves.

Where is smooth muscle commonly found?

In the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels. Its contractions are generally involuntary.

What ion exposes binding sites needed for skeletal muscle contraction?

Calcium. Its release inside the muscle fiber allows actin and myosin interaction.

How do antagonistic muscle pairs move a joint?

One muscle contracts while the opposing muscle relaxes. Reversing their roles moves the joint in the opposite direction.

Why does muscle contraction require ATP?

ATP powers cross-bridge cycling and ion pumps. It is also needed for myosin to detach from actin.

Which muscle tissue makes up the heart wall?

Cardiac muscle. It is striated, involuntary, and connected for coordinated pumping.

During a typical muscle contraction, which attachment moves more: origin or insertion?

The insertion. The origin is generally the more fixed attachment.

Which type of neuron sends the signal that initiates skeletal-muscle contraction?

A somatic motor neuron. It releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, triggering an action potential in the muscle fiber.

Continuous low-level muscle tension. It helps maintain posture and readiness without producing a large movement.

ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning

Practice 446 original ATI TEAS 7 Science recall and mini-scenario cards across A&P, biology, chemistry, and scientific reasoning.

Oleh penulis Flashcards Open Source App

Tentang dek ini

Build the core Science knowledge and reasoning used for ATI TEAS 7 with 446 independently authored flashcards.

What this deck practices

Structure or concept → function: body systems, cells, molecules, atoms, solutions, and experimental parts.
Function, outcome, or evidence → concept: selective reverse recall when recognizing the name matters in practice.
Cause or condition → effect: physiology, chemical changes, reaction conditions, inheritance, and experimental predictions.
Process and order: circulation, ventilation, digestion, urine formation, gene expression, cell division, and scientific investigations.
Application: short calculations, comparisons, data interpretations, and original mini-scenarios.

The deck does not mechanically reverse every fact. It excludes multiple-choice distractors, exhaustive anatomy lists, obscure chemical nomenclature, advanced pathophysiology, pharmacology, and nursing-school procedures because those mappings do not improve entry-level TEAS Science recall.

The sequence introduces prerequisites before dependent ideas: anatomical language before body systems, cells before genetics, atoms before reactions, and measurement before experimental design. Related forward and reverse variants are separated so one card does not immediately reveal another.

Coverage follows the four Science areas and relative emphasis in ATI's public ATI TEAS 7 content outline: Human Anatomy and Physiology, Biology, Chemistry, and Scientific Reasoning. The public outline defines scope only. Questions, answers, explanations, examples, and ordering were independently authored from common scientific knowledge checked against open educational and official public sources.

No exam question, mark scheme, paid ATI flashcard, test-bank item, or curriculum text was copied. This is an independent, unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. ATI and TEAS are marks of Assessment Technologies Institute, L.L.C.; this deck is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or produced by ATI. See ATI's official exam details for current requirements.

Kartu dalam dek ini

Kartu 1
Pertanyaan
What posture defines the standard anatomical position?
Jawaban
Standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms forward. The feet point forward, giving anatomy a consistent reference position.
Kartu 2
Pertanyaan
In anatomical language, what does superior mean?
Jawaban
Toward the head or above another structure. Inferior means toward the feet or below.
Kartu 3
Pertanyaan
Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right portions?
Jawaban
The sagittal plane. A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.
Kartu 4
Pertanyaan
Why does the body use feedback mechanisms?
Jawaban
To regulate internal conditions. Feedback compares a condition with a set range and triggers responses that adjust it.
Kartu 5
Pertanyaan
What is the order of structural organization from simplest to most complex?
Jawaban
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. Each level builds on interactions at the preceding level.
Kartu 6
Pertanyaan
What does anterior mean in human anatomy?
Jawaban
Toward the front of the body. Posterior means toward the back.
Kartu 7
Pertanyaan
Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions?
Jawaban
The transverse plane. It is also called the horizontal plane.
Kartu 8
Pertanyaan
What is homeostasis?
Jawaban
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. It is dynamic rather than perfectly unchanging.
Kartu 9
Pertanyaan
Which major body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?
Jawaban
The dorsal body cavity. Its cranial cavity holds the brain, and its vertebral cavity holds the spinal cord.
Kartu 10
Pertanyaan
What does medial mean in anatomical language?
Jawaban
Toward the body's midline. Lateral means farther from the midline.
Kartu 11
Pertanyaan
A rise in body temperature triggers sweating. What control pattern is this?
Jawaban
Negative feedback. The response opposes the original temperature change and moves the body toward its normal range.
Kartu 12
Pertanyaan
Which anatomical plane divides the body into front and back portions?
Jawaban
The frontal, or coronal, plane. It separates anterior from posterior portions.
Kartu 13
Pertanyaan
Which major body cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Jawaban
The ventral body cavity. The diaphragm separates its thoracic and abdominopelvic portions.
Kartu 14
Pertanyaan
What does proximal mean when describing a limb?
Jawaban
Closer to the limb's point of attachment. Distal means farther from that point.
Kartu 15
Pertanyaan
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
Jawaban
Positive feedback amplifies the initial change. Negative feedback opposes a change; positive feedback continues until a stopping event occurs.
Kartu 16
Pertanyaan
Which tissue type covers surfaces and lines body cavities?
Jawaban
Epithelial tissue. It also forms many glands and often serves protective, absorptive, or secretory roles.
Kartu 17
Pertanyaan
Which tissue type mainly supports, binds, and protects other tissues?
Jawaban
Connective tissue. Its cells are typically separated by an extracellular matrix.
Kartu 18
Pertanyaan
What shared property lets muscle tissue produce movement?
Jawaban
Contractility. Muscle cells shorten or develop tension in response to stimulation.
Kartu 19
Pertanyaan
Which tissue type rapidly communicates by electrical signals?
Jawaban
Nervous tissue. Neurons transmit signals, while supporting cells help maintain their environment.
Kartu 20
Pertanyaan
Why are tightly packed epithelial cells well suited for barriers?
Jawaban
They leave little space between cells. This continuous arrangement limits passage across a surface.
Kartu 21
Pertanyaan
What distinguishes connective tissue from epithelial tissue?
Jawaban
Connective tissue usually has abundant extracellular matrix. Epithelial cells are more tightly packed.
Kartu 22
Pertanyaan
What are the four basic human tissue types?
Jawaban
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Organs contain two or more tissue types working together.
Kartu 23
Pertanyaan
What makes a structure an organ rather than a tissue?
Jawaban
An organ combines multiple tissue types for a specific function. A tissue is a group of similar cells and matrix performing related work.
Kartu 24
Pertanyaan
What are the skeletal system's main functions?
Jawaban
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood-cell production, and fat storage. Bones also provide levers for muscles.
Kartu 25
Pertanyaan
What belongs to the axial skeleton?
Jawaban
The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. These structures form the body's central axis.
Kartu 26
Pertanyaan
How do compact and spongy bone differ?
Jawaban
Compact bone is dense; spongy bone has a lattice of trabeculae. Both are organized living bone tissue.
Kartu 27
Pertanyaan
What is a joint?
Jawaban
A place where two or more bones meet. Joint structure determines how much movement is possible.
Kartu 28
Pertanyaan
Which bone cell builds new bone matrix?
Jawaban
An osteoblast. Osteoclasts break down bone, while osteocytes maintain mature bone tissue.
Kartu 29
Pertanyaan
What belongs to the appendicular skeleton?
Jawaban
The limbs plus the shoulder and pelvic girdles. It attaches the limbs to the axial skeleton.
Kartu 30
Pertanyaan
What is the main role of red bone marrow?
Jawaban
Blood-cell production. This process is called hematopoiesis.
Kartu 31
Pertanyaan
Which joint class allows the greatest range of motion?
Jawaban
A synovial joint. A fluid-filled joint cavity reduces friction between articulating surfaces.
Kartu 32
Pertanyaan
Which bone cell breaks down bone matrix?
Jawaban
An osteoclast. Bone resorption helps remodeling and mineral balance.
Kartu 33
Pertanyaan
What does a ligament connect?
Jawaban
Bone to bone. A tendon connects muscle to bone.
Kartu 34
Pertanyaan
What is the shaft of a long bone called?
Jawaban
The diaphysis. The enlarged ends are the epiphyses.
Kartu 35
Pertanyaan
Why is bone important to blood-calcium balance?
Jawaban
Bone stores calcium and can release or absorb it during remodeling. Hormones regulate this exchange.
Kartu 36
Pertanyaan
What is stored mainly in yellow bone marrow?
Jawaban
Fat. It serves as an energy reserve.
Kartu 37
Pertanyaan
What does articular cartilage do at a synovial joint?
Jawaban
It reduces friction and absorbs shock. It covers the ends of articulating bones.
Kartu 38
Pertanyaan
Why must a broken bone receive a blood supply during healing?
Jawaban
Repairing cells need oxygen and nutrients. Restored blood vessels support fracture healing.
Kartu 39
Pertanyaan
What is bone remodeling?
Jawaban
Continuous removal and replacement of bone tissue. It repairs microdamage and helps bones adapt to stress.
Kartu 40
Pertanyaan
Which muscle tissue is usually under voluntary control?
Jawaban
Skeletal muscle. Most skeletal muscles move the skeleton, while some, such as facial muscles, insert into skin or other soft tissue.
Kartu 41
Pertanyaan
What is a sarcomere?
Jawaban
The basic contractile unit of striated muscle. It lies between two Z discs.
Kartu 42
Pertanyaan
What does a tendon connect?
Jawaban
Muscle to bone. It transmits muscle force to the skeleton.
Kartu 43
Pertanyaan
Which proteins slide past one another during muscle contraction?
Jawaban
Actin and myosin. Their interaction shortens sarcomeres without shortening the filaments themselves.
Kartu 44
Pertanyaan
Where is smooth muscle commonly found?
Jawaban
In the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels. Its contractions are generally involuntary.
Kartu 45
Pertanyaan
What ion exposes binding sites needed for skeletal muscle contraction?
Jawaban
Calcium. Its release inside the muscle fiber allows actin and myosin interaction.
Kartu 46
Pertanyaan
How do antagonistic muscle pairs move a joint?
Jawaban
One muscle contracts while the opposing muscle relaxes. Reversing their roles moves the joint in the opposite direction.
Kartu 47
Pertanyaan
Why does muscle contraction require ATP?
Jawaban
ATP powers cross-bridge cycling and ion pumps. It is also needed for myosin to detach from actin.
Kartu 48
Pertanyaan
Which muscle tissue makes up the heart wall?
Jawaban
Cardiac muscle. It is striated, involuntary, and connected for coordinated pumping.
Kartu 49
Pertanyaan
During a typical muscle contraction, which attachment moves more: origin or insertion?
Jawaban
The insertion. The origin is generally the more fixed attachment.
Kartu 50
Pertanyaan
Which type of neuron sends the signal that initiates skeletal-muscle contraction?
Jawaban
A somatic motor neuron. It releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, triggering an action potential in the muscle fiber.
Kartu 51
Pertanyaan
What is muscle tone?
Jawaban
Continuous low-level muscle tension. It helps maintain posture and readiness without producing a large movement.
Kartu 52
Pertanyaan
How does skeletal muscle help regulate body temperature?
Jawaban
Contraction releases heat. Shivering increases rapid contractions when the body is cold.
Kartu 53
Pertanyaan
What are the three muscle tissue types?
Jawaban
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. They differ in location, structure, and control.
Kartu 54
Pertanyaan
What is a neuron's main function?
Jawaban
To receive, process, and transmit information. Neurons use electrical signals and chemical messengers.
Kartu 55
Pertanyaan
What structures make up the central nervous system?
Jawaban
The brain and spinal cord. They integrate information and coordinate responses.
Kartu 56
Pertanyaan
Which part of a neuron usually receives incoming signals?
Jawaban
The dendrites. The cell body integrates much of that input.
Kartu 57
Pertanyaan
What does the peripheral nervous system include?
Jawaban
Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. It links the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Kartu 58
Pertanyaan
Which neuron structure carries an impulse away from the cell body?
Jawaban
The axon. Its terminals communicate with another cell.
Kartu 59
Pertanyaan
Which nervous-system division controls skeletal muscles voluntarily?
Jawaban
The somatic nervous system. It also carries sensory information from skin, muscles, and joints.
Kartu 60
Pertanyaan
What is a synapse?
Jawaban
A junction where one neuron communicates with another cell. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters across a small gap.
Kartu 61
Pertanyaan
Which nervous-system division regulates organs and glands without conscious control?
Jawaban
The autonomic nervous system. It includes sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Kartu 62
Pertanyaan
How does myelin affect nerve signaling?
Jawaban
It speeds impulse conduction along an axon. Myelin insulates segments of the axon.
Kartu 63
Pertanyaan
Which autonomic division prepares the body for acute activity?
Jawaban
The sympathetic division. It generally increases alertness and supports a fight-or-flight response.
Kartu 64
Pertanyaan
What is a reflex?
Jawaban
A rapid, predictable response to a stimulus. A reflex pathway can act before conscious awareness.
Kartu 65
Pertanyaan
Which autonomic division supports rest, digestion, and energy conservation?
Jawaban
The parasympathetic division. It generally promotes routine maintenance functions.
Kartu 66
Pertanyaan
Which brain region is most associated with conscious thought and voluntary movement?
Jawaban
The cerebrum. Its cortex also processes much sensory information.
Kartu 67
Pertanyaan
Which brain region fine-tunes balance and coordinated movement?
Jawaban
The cerebellum. It compares intended movement with sensory feedback.
Kartu 68
Pertanyaan
Which brain region controls vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate?
Jawaban
The brainstem. It also connects higher brain regions with the spinal cord.
Kartu 69
Pertanyaan
How do sensory and motor neurons differ?
Jawaban
Sensory neurons carry information toward the CNS; motor neurons carry commands away. Interneurons connect and process signals within the CNS.
Kartu 70
Pertanyaan
What does a sensory receptor do?
Jawaban
It converts a stimulus into a neural signal. Different receptors respond best to particular forms of energy or chemicals.
Kartu 71
Pertanyaan
What is a hormone?
Jawaban
A chemical messenger released into body fluids to affect target cells. A target responds only if it has the appropriate receptor.
Kartu 72
Pertanyaan
Why is the pituitary gland often called a master gland?
Jawaban
Several pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands. The hypothalamus controls much of pituitary activity.
Kartu 73
Pertanyaan
Why can one hormone affect some cells but not others?
Jawaban
Only target cells have the matching receptor. Receptor binding starts the cell's response.
Kartu 74
Pertanyaan
Which gland produces hormones that broadly increase metabolic activity?
Jawaban
The thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones influence energy use and development.
Kartu 75
Pertanyaan
What is insulin's main effect on blood glucose?
Jawaban
It lowers blood glucose. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage after a meal.
Kartu 76
Pertanyaan
Which glands release a hormone that raises blood calcium?
Jawaban
The parathyroid glands. Parathyroid hormone acts on bone, kidneys, and vitamin D pathways.
Kartu 77
Pertanyaan
Which adrenal region releases epinephrine during acute stress?
Jawaban
The adrenal medulla. Its hormones reinforce sympathetic nervous-system effects.
Kartu 78
Pertanyaan
Which organ has both endocrine and digestive functions?
Jawaban
The pancreas. Its islets release hormones, while other cells release digestive enzymes.
Kartu 79
Pertanyaan
What is glucagon's main effect on blood glucose?
Jawaban
It raises blood glucose. It promotes release of stored glucose during fasting.
Kartu 80
Pertanyaan
Rising thyroid hormone reduces its own upstream stimulation. What pattern is this?
Jawaban
Negative feedback. The final hormone limits further release along the control pathway.
Kartu 81
Pertanyaan
Which adrenal region produces steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone?
Jawaban
The adrenal cortex. It surrounds the adrenal medulla.
Kartu 82
Pertanyaan
Which gland releases melatonin and helps regulate daily sleep timing?
Jawaban
The pineal gland. Light information influences its secretion pattern.
Kartu 83
Pertanyaan
Which hormone directly increases collecting-duct water permeability?
Jawaban
Antidiuretic hormone, or ADH. It makes collecting ducts more permeable to water, increasing water reabsorption and usually producing less, more concentrated urine.
Kartu 84
Pertanyaan
Which hormone strengthens uterine contractions during labor?
Jawaban
Oxytocin. This is a classic positive-feedback pathway that ends after delivery.
Kartu 85
Pertanyaan
How does endocrine signaling generally differ from nervous signaling?
Jawaban
It is usually slower to start and longer lasting. Hormones travel through body fluids, while neurons signal specific targets rapidly.
Kartu 86
Pertanyaan
What is plasma?
Jawaban
The liquid portion of blood. It carries cells, nutrients, hormones, proteins, wastes, and dissolved gases.
Kartu 87
Pertanyaan
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
Jawaban
The right side. The right ventricle sends deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary trunk and arteries.
Kartu 88
Pertanyaan
What is the main function of red blood cells?
Jawaban
Transporting oxygen. Their hemoglobin also carries a smaller share of carbon dioxide.
Kartu 89
Pertanyaan
What defines an artery?
Jawaban
It carries blood away from the heart. Oxygen content does not define it; pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood.
Kartu 90
Pertanyaan
What is the main function of white blood cells?
Jawaban
Body defense. Different white blood cells recognize, attack, or coordinate responses to threats.
Kartu 91
Pertanyaan
Which side of the heart pumps blood into systemic circulation?
Jawaban
The left side. The left ventricle sends oxygenated blood into the aorta.
Kartu 92
Pertanyaan
What is the main purpose of heart valves?
Jawaban
To keep blood moving in one direction. Pressure differences open and close them.
Kartu 93
Pertanyaan
What defines a vein?
Jawaban
It carries blood toward the heart. Many veins contain valves that limit backflow.
Kartu 94
Pertanyaan
What is the main role of platelets?
Jawaban
Helping stop bleeding. They form a platelet plug and support clotting reactions at a damaged vessel.
Kartu 95
Pertanyaan
Why are capillaries well suited for exchange?
Jawaban
Their walls are only one cell layer thick. Their small diameter and large total surface area support diffusion and filtration.
Kartu 96
Pertanyaan
After blood enters the right atrium, what chamber receives it next?
Jawaban
The right ventricle. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve before entering that chamber.
Kartu 97
Pertanyaan
What happens during ventricular systole?
Jawaban
The ventricles contract and eject blood. The right ventricle pumps to the lungs, and the left pumps to the body.
Kartu 98
Pertanyaan
What is pulmonary circulation?
Jawaban
Blood flow between the heart and lungs. It allows gas exchange and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
Kartu 99
Pertanyaan
What normally sets the heart's rhythm?
Jawaban
The sinoatrial, or SA, node. Its spontaneous electrical activity initiates each heartbeat.
Kartu 100
Pertanyaan
What molecule in red blood cells binds oxygen?
Jawaban
Hemoglobin. Its iron-containing heme groups bind oxygen reversibly.
Kartu 101
Pertanyaan
What happens during ventricular diastole?
Jawaban
The ventricles relax and fill. Atrioventricular valves are open during most ventricular filling.
Kartu 102
Pertanyaan
What is systemic circulation?
Jawaban
Blood flow between the heart and the body's tissues. It delivers oxygen and nutrients and returns wastes.
Kartu 103
Pertanyaan
What does arterial blood pressure measure?
Jawaban
The force of blood against artery walls. It is commonly reported as systolic over diastolic pressure.
Kartu 104
Pertanyaan
What do coronary arteries supply?
Jawaban
The heart muscle itself. Blocked coronary blood flow can deprive myocardium of oxygen.
Kartu 105
Pertanyaan
Which major vessels return systemic blood to the right atrium?
Jawaban
The superior and inferior venae cavae. The superior vessel drains the upper body; the inferior drains the lower body.
Kartu 106
Pertanyaan
What is the respiratory system's primary gas-exchange function?
Jawaban
Bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide. Ventilation moves air, while diffusion exchanges gases.
Kartu 107
Pertanyaan
What is the airflow sequence from the pharynx to the gas-exchange surfaces?
Jawaban
Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. Each branch conducts air deeper into the lungs.
Kartu 108
Pertanyaan
Where does most gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Jawaban
Across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Thin walls and a large surface area shorten diffusion distance.
Kartu 109
Pertanyaan
What does the diaphragm do during quiet inhalation?
Jawaban
It contracts and moves downward. Thoracic volume rises, lung pressure falls, and air flows inward.
Kartu 110
Pertanyaan
Why does oxygen move from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries?
Jawaban
Its partial pressure is higher in alveolar air than in incoming blood. Oxygen diffuses down that gradient.
Kartu 111
Pertanyaan
What drives quiet exhalation?
Jawaban
Elastic recoil after inspiratory muscles relax. Thoracic volume falls and pressure pushes air outward.
Kartu 112
Pertanyaan
What is the pleura?
Jawaban
A double membrane surrounding each lung. A thin fluid layer reduces friction during breathing.
Kartu 113
Pertanyaan
How is most oxygen transported in blood?
Jawaban
Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Only a small amount dissolves directly in plasma.
Kartu 114
Pertanyaan
Why does carbon dioxide move from pulmonary blood into alveoli?
Jawaban
Its partial pressure is higher in incoming blood than in alveolar air. It diffuses down that gradient for exhalation.
Kartu 115
Pertanyaan
What helps keep swallowed material out of the airway?
Jawaban
The epiglottis and coordinated swallowing reflexes. The laryngeal opening is protected as food passes.
Kartu 116
Pertanyaan
How does the conducting airway remove trapped particles?
Jawaban
Mucus traps them, and cilia move the mucus toward the throat. This is the mucociliary escalator.
Kartu 117
Pertanyaan
In what form is most carbon dioxide transported in blood?
Jawaban
As bicarbonate ions. Red blood cells help convert carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate.
Kartu 118
Pertanyaan
Which blood change is a strong normal stimulus to increase breathing?
Jawaban
A rise in carbon dioxide and the associated fall in pH. Brainstem centers adjust ventilation in response.
Kartu 119
Pertanyaan
Why must alveoli receive both air and blood?
Jawaban
Gas exchange needs ventilation and perfusion. Air without blood flow, or blood without airflow, cannot exchange gases effectively.
Kartu 120
Pertanyaan
Why does ventilation increase during exercise?
Jawaban
Active tissues use more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide. Faster, deeper breathing helps meet that demand.
Kartu 121
Pertanyaan
What are the digestive system's core functions?
Jawaban
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Movement and secretion support those processes.
Kartu 122
Pertanyaan
What is the alimentary-canal sequence after the mouth?
Jawaban
Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. Food passes through this continuous tube.
Kartu 123
Pertanyaan
What is mechanical digestion?
Jawaban
Physical breakdown and mixing of food without changing its molecules. Chewing and stomach churning are examples.
Kartu 124
Pertanyaan
What are two major functions of the stomach?
Jawaban
It stores and mixes food and begins substantial protein digestion. Acid denatures proteins, converts pepsinogen to pepsin, and provides the low pH pepsin needs.
Kartu 125
Pertanyaan
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
Jawaban
The small intestine. Folds, villi, and microvilli create a large absorptive surface.
Kartu 126
Pertanyaan
Which nutrient does salivary amylase begin digesting in the mouth?
Jawaban
Carbohydrates, especially starch. Salivary amylase breaks starch into smaller carbohydrates.
Kartu 127
Pertanyaan
What is chemical digestion?
Jawaban
Enzymatic breakdown of large food molecules into absorbable units. Chemical bonds are changed during the process.
Kartu 128
Pertanyaan
What is peristalsis?
Jawaban
Wave-like smooth-muscle contractions that move material forward. It occurs throughout much of the digestive tract.
Kartu 129
Pertanyaan
What is a main function of the large intestine?
Jawaban
Absorbing water and electrolytes and forming feces. Resident microbes also process some undigested material.
Kartu 130
Pertanyaan
What digestive product does the liver make?
Jawaban
Bile. Bile salts help disperse dietary fat into smaller droplets.
Kartu 131
Pertanyaan
What does a digestive sphincter do?
Jawaban
It regulates movement between regions of the digestive tract. Circular muscle contracts to close a passage.
Kartu 132
Pertanyaan
What does the pancreas release into the small intestine?
Jawaban
Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid. Bicarbonate helps neutralize acidic material from the stomach.
Kartu 133
Pertanyaan
How do intestinal villi improve absorption?
Jawaban
They increase surface area. Each villus contains blood capillaries and a lymphatic lacteal for transported nutrients.
Kartu 134
Pertanyaan
What is the gallbladder's role?
Jawaban
It stores and concentrates bile. It releases bile into the small intestine when fatty food arrives.
Kartu 135
Pertanyaan
Which macronutrient's absorbed products usually enter intestinal lacteals before reaching the blood?
Jawaban
Most dietary lipids. Their absorbed products travel through lymph before entering the bloodstream.
Kartu 136
Pertanyaan
Which accessory organs help digestion without food passing through them?
Jawaban
The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Teeth and the tongue act mechanically; the other accessory organs add or store digestive secretions.
Kartu 137
Pertanyaan
What organs make up the urinary system?
Jawaban
The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Kidneys make urine; the remaining organs transport, store, and release it.
Kartu 138
Pertanyaan
What is a nephron?
Jawaban
The kidney's functional unit. It filters blood and adjusts the filtrate to form urine.
Kartu 139
Pertanyaan
Where does blood filtration begin in a nephron?
Jawaban
At the renal corpuscle. Pressure pushes water and small solutes from glomerular capillaries into the capsule.
Kartu 140
Pertanyaan
What moves urine from a kidney to the bladder?
Jawaban
A ureter. Smooth-muscle contractions propel urine along the tube.
Kartu 141
Pertanyaan
What is the urinary bladder's main role?
Jawaban
Temporary urine storage. Stretch receptors help trigger the urge to urinate as it fills.
Kartu 142
Pertanyaan
Which structure carries urine from the bladder out of the body?
Jawaban
The urethra. It is distinct from the ureters that enter the bladder.
Kartu 143
Pertanyaan
What is tubular reabsorption?
Jawaban
Movement of useful substances from nephron fluid back into blood. Water, glucose, and ions are common examples.
Kartu 144
Pertanyaan
What is the glomerulus?
Jawaban
A capillary tuft that filters blood in the renal corpuscle. Cells and most large proteins normally remain in circulation.
Kartu 145
Pertanyaan
How does more ADH change urine?
Jawaban
It makes urine more concentrated and lowers its volume. More water is reabsorbed from the collecting ducts.
Kartu 146
Pertanyaan
What path does filtrate follow after entering the glomerular capsule?
Jawaban
Proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct. The collecting duct receives forming urine from multiple nephrons.
Kartu 147
Pertanyaan
What is tubular secretion?
Jawaban
Movement of selected substances from blood into nephron fluid. It helps eliminate wastes and regulate ions and pH.
Kartu 148
Pertanyaan
Besides removing waste, what does the urinary system regulate?
Jawaban
Water, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and blood volume. Kidney hormones also affect blood pressure and red-cell production.
Kartu 149
Pertanyaan
Why does dehydration usually reduce urine volume?
Jawaban
The body conserves water by increasing renal reabsorption. ADH is an important signal in this response.
Kartu 150
Pertanyaan
Why do the kidneys receive a large blood flow?
Jawaban
They must continuously filter plasma and regulate its composition. High flow supports waste removal and homeostasis.
Kartu 151
Pertanyaan
What is lymph?
Jawaban
Interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels. It eventually returns to the bloodstream.
Kartu 152
Pertanyaan
What is innate immunity?
Jawaban
Rapid, nonspecific defense present before a particular exposure. Barriers, inflammation, and several immune cells contribute.
Kartu 153
Pertanyaan
What is a major function of lymph nodes?
Jawaban
Filtering lymph and providing sites for immune-cell activation. Swelling can reflect an active immune response.
Kartu 154
Pertanyaan
What does the spleen filter?
Jawaban
Blood. It removes aged blood cells and supports immune responses to blood-borne antigens.
Kartu 155
Pertanyaan
What is a key function of B lymphocytes?
Jawaban
Producing antibody-secreting cells and memory cells. Antibodies bind specific antigens.
Kartu 156
Pertanyaan
What distinguishes adaptive immunity?
Jawaban
It targets specific antigens and develops memory. Later exposure can trigger a faster, stronger response.
Kartu 157
Pertanyaan
Which lymphatic organ is important for T-cell maturation?
Jawaban
The thymus. It is most active early in life.
Kartu 158
Pertanyaan
What is the body's first physical barrier against many pathogens?
Jawaban
Intact skin and mucous membranes. Their secretions and normal microbes add protection.
Kartu 159
Pertanyaan
What is a key function of T lymphocytes?
Jawaban
Coordinating immune responses or killing infected cells. Different T-cell types perform different roles.
Kartu 160
Pertanyaan
What does an antibody bind?
Jawaban
A specific antigen. Binding can neutralize a target or mark it for other immune defenses.
Kartu 161
Pertanyaan
What is the purpose of inflammation after tissue injury?
Jawaban
To contain damage, recruit defenses, and begin repair. Redness, heat, swelling, and pain can accompany it.
Kartu 162
Pertanyaan
Why is a second adaptive response often faster than the first?
Jawaban
Memory lymphocytes remain after the first exposure. They respond quickly when the same antigen appears again.
Kartu 163
Pertanyaan
What does a phagocyte do?
Jawaban
It engulfs particles, microbes, or debris. Neutrophils and macrophages are important examples.
Kartu 164
Pertanyaan
How does vaccination support adaptive immunity?
Jawaban
It safely exposes the immune system to antigen information. This promotes memory without requiring the full disease.
Kartu 165
Pertanyaan
Why is lymphatic fluid return important?
Jawaban
It prevents excess interstitial fluid from accumulating. Lymphatic vessels return fluid and leaked proteins to blood.
Kartu 166
Pertanyaan
What structures belong to the integumentary system?
Jawaban
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Together they form the body's outer covering.
Kartu 167
Pertanyaan
What is the epidermis?
Jawaban
The outer epithelial layer of skin. It is avascular and contains protective keratinized cells.
Kartu 168
Pertanyaan
How does sweating cool the body?
Jawaban
Evaporation removes heat from the skin. Skin blood-flow changes also help regulate heat loss.
Kartu 169
Pertanyaan
What is a major role of melanin in skin?
Jawaban
Absorbing some ultraviolet radiation. It also contributes to skin and hair color.
Kartu 170
Pertanyaan
How does skin contribute to sensation?
Jawaban
Sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. Nerves carry that information to the CNS.
Kartu 171
Pertanyaan
What is the dermis?
Jawaban
The connective-tissue layer beneath the epidermis. It contains vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.
Kartu 172
Pertanyaan
How does skin support vitamin D production?
Jawaban
Ultraviolet light starts conversion of a skin molecule into a vitamin D precursor. The liver and kidneys complete activation.
Kartu 173
Pertanyaan
Why does a deep skin wound bleed but a shallow epidermal scrape may not?
Jawaban
Blood vessels are in the dermis, not the epidermis. A wound must reach vascular tissue to damage them.
Kartu 174
Pertanyaan
What is a gamete?
Jawaban
A haploid reproductive cell. Human sperm and oocytes each carry 23 chromosomes.
Kartu 175
Pertanyaan
What are the testes' two main reproductive functions?
Jawaban
Producing sperm and secreting testosterone. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules.
Kartu 176
Pertanyaan
What tube carries sperm from the epididymis toward the ejaculatory duct?
Jawaban
The ductus, or vas, deferens. Smooth muscle propels sperm during ejaculation.
Kartu 177
Pertanyaan
What is ovulation?
Jawaban
Release of a secondary oocyte from an ovary. A surge in luteinizing hormone helps trigger it.
Kartu 178
Pertanyaan
Where does fertilization usually occur?
Jawaban
In a uterine tube. The early embryo then travels toward the uterus.
Kartu 179
Pertanyaan
What are the ovaries' two main reproductive functions?
Jawaban
Producing oocytes and secreting sex hormones. Estrogen and progesterone help regulate the reproductive cycle.
Kartu 180
Pertanyaan
What is the uterus' main reproductive role?
Jawaban
Supporting implantation and development of an embryo and fetus. Its muscular wall also contracts during birth.
Kartu 181
Pertanyaan
What causes menstruation when pregnancy does not occur?
Jawaban
Falling ovarian hormones allow the uterine lining to shed. A new cycle then begins.
Kartu 182
Pertanyaan
How does a sperm cell's structure support its function?
Jawaban
Its flagellum provides movement, and its head carries DNA plus enzymes used during fertilization. Mitochondria supply energy in the midpiece.
Kartu 183
Pertanyaan
What is the placenta's exchange role?
Jawaban
It allows gases, nutrients, and wastes to move between maternal and fetal circulations. Their blood normally does not mix directly.
Kartu 184
Pertanyaan
Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction?
Jawaban
It halves chromosome number in gametes. Fertilization then restores the diploid number.
Kartu 185
Pertanyaan
How do sex hormones regulate reproductive control pathways?
Jawaban
They usually feed back on the hypothalamus and pituitary. This adjusts release of hormones that act on the gonads.
Kartu 186
Pertanyaan
What does cell theory state?
Jawaban
Living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells come from existing cells. These ideas link organism structure with cell division.
Kartu 187
Pertanyaan
What is the defining structural feature of a prokaryotic cell?
Jawaban
It lacks a membrane-bound nucleus. Its DNA occupies a nucleoid region.
Kartu 188
Pertanyaan
What is the cell membrane's main role?
Jawaban
Regulating movement between the cell and its environment. Its phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable.
Kartu 189
Pertanyaan
What is the nucleus' main role?
Jawaban
Storing most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA. Nuclear pores regulate exchange with the cytoplasm.
Kartu 190
Pertanyaan
Where are proteins assembled?
Jawaban
At ribosomes. Ribosomes may float in cytosol or attach to rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Kartu 191
Pertanyaan
What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
Jawaban
A eukaryotic cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.
Kartu 192
Pertanyaan
What is a mitochondrion's main function?
Jawaban
Producing most cellular ATP through aerobic respiration. Its inner membrane provides a large reaction surface.
Kartu 193
Pertanyaan
What does rough endoplasmic reticulum mainly produce?
Jawaban
Proteins for secretion, membranes, or organelles. Ribosomes on its surface make the proteins.
Kartu 194
Pertanyaan
Which organelle carries out photosynthesis in plants and algae?
Jawaban
The chloroplast. It converts light energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules.
Kartu 195
Pertanyaan
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Jawaban
It modifies, sorts, and packages cell products. Vesicles carry those products to their destinations.
Kartu 196
Pertanyaan
What is a lysosome's role?
Jawaban
Digesting worn cell parts and engulfed material. Its enzymes work best in an acidic interior.
Kartu 197
Pertanyaan
What are major functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Jawaban
Lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage. Its membrane lacks attached ribosomes.
Kartu 198
Pertanyaan
What does the cytoskeleton provide?
Jawaban
Cell shape, internal organization, movement, and transport tracks. It is built from protein filaments.
Kartu 199
Pertanyaan
What is diffusion?
Jawaban
Net movement from higher to lower concentration. It is passive and continues until dynamic equilibrium is reached.
Kartu 200
Pertanyaan
What happens to an animal cell in a strongly hypotonic solution?
Jawaban
Water enters and the cell swells. Without a cell wall, it may burst.
Kartu 201
Pertanyaan
What happens during interphase?
Jawaban
The cell grows, performs normal functions, and copies its DNA. Interphase precedes mitotic division.
Kartu 202
Pertanyaan
What is the result of mitosis followed by cytokinesis?
Jawaban
Two genetically similar daughter cells. Chromosome number is normally preserved.
Kartu 203
Pertanyaan
What is osmosis?
Jawaban
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves toward the side with more nonpenetrating solute.
Kartu 204
Pertanyaan
What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?
Jawaban
Water leaves and the cell shrinks. The external solution has a higher effective solute concentration.
Kartu 205
Pertanyaan
Why are cells generally small?
Jawaban
A high surface-area-to-volume ratio supports efficient exchange. Volume grows faster than surface area as a cell enlarges.
Kartu 206
Pertanyaan
What is cytokinesis?
Jawaban
Division of the cytoplasm. It separates one cell into two after nuclear division.
Kartu 207
Pertanyaan
How does active transport differ from passive transport?
Jawaban
It uses energy to move substances against a gradient. Passive transport moves down a gradient without direct energy input.
Kartu 208
Pertanyaan
What happens to an animal cell in an isotonic solution?
Jawaban
There is no net water movement. Water still crosses in both directions at equal rates.
Kartu 209
Pertanyaan
Which structures are typical of plant cells but not animal cells?
Jawaban
A cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. Both cell types have membranes, nuclei, and mitochondria.
Kartu 210
Pertanyaan
How do cells contribute to a multicellular organism's organization?
Jawaban
Specialized cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form systems. Division of labor supports complex functions.
Kartu 211
Pertanyaan
What is DNA's primary biological role?
Jawaban
Storing hereditary information. Its nucleotide sequence contains instructions used to build functional RNA and proteins.
Kartu 212
Pertanyaan
What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
Jawaban
A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides link to form each strand.
Kartu 213
Pertanyaan
Which bases pair in double-stranded DNA?
Jawaban
Adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine. Hydrogen bonds hold complementary strands together.
Kartu 214
Pertanyaan
How does RNA differ from DNA?
Jawaban
RNA usually has ribose, uses uracil instead of thymine, and is usually single-stranded. Several RNA types help express genes.
Kartu 215
Pertanyaan
What is a gene?
Jawaban
A DNA sequence that contributes to a functional product. The product may be a protein or a functional RNA.
Kartu 216
Pertanyaan
What is a chromosome?
Jawaban
A long DNA molecule packaged with proteins. It contains many genes and other sequences.
Kartu 217
Pertanyaan
What is DNA replication?
Jawaban
Copying DNA before cell division. Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one newly made strand.
Kartu 218
Pertanyaan
What is the usual flow of information from a protein-coding gene?
Jawaban
DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription makes RNA; translation builds the polypeptide.
Kartu 219
Pertanyaan
What happens during transcription?
Jawaban
RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. For a protein-coding gene, that RNA functions as or is processed into messenger RNA.
Kartu 220
Pertanyaan
What does messenger RNA carry?
Jawaban
A copy of coding information from DNA to a ribosome. Its codons specify the amino-acid sequence.
Kartu 221
Pertanyaan
What is a codon?
Jawaban
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA. Most codons specify an amino acid; some signal start or stop.
Kartu 222
Pertanyaan
What is the usual role of the AUG codon?
Jawaban
It starts translation and specifies methionine. The ribosome uses it to establish the reading frame.
Kartu 223
Pertanyaan
What happens during translation?
Jawaban
A ribosome reads mRNA and joins amino acids into a polypeptide. Transfer RNAs match codons with amino acids.
446 kartu
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
Pelajari dek ini gratis
Nibomo akan terbuka agar Anda bisa mulai belajar.
Kartu 224
Pertanyaan
What is transfer RNA's role in protein synthesis?
Jawaban
It carries an amino acid and matches its anticodon to an mRNA codon. This places the correct amino acid in sequence.
Kartu 225
Pertanyaan
What is an anticodon?
Jawaban
A three-base sequence on tRNA complementary to an mRNA codon. Pairing helps decode the message.
Kartu 226
Pertanyaan
What is a mutation?
Jawaban
A change in a DNA sequence. Its effect may be harmful, neutral, or beneficial depending on location and context.
Kartu 227
Pertanyaan
Why can a one-base insertion in a coding sequence have a large effect?
Jawaban
It can shift the reading frame. Every downstream codon may change until a stop signal appears.
Kartu 228
Pertanyaan
Why can changing one amino acid alter a protein's function?
Jawaban
Amino-acid sequence helps determine folding and shape. Shape controls many protein interactions.
Kartu 229
Pertanyaan
What is ribosomal RNA's role in protein synthesis?
Jawaban
It forms the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA helps align translation components and catalyzes peptide-bond formation.
Kartu 230
Pertanyaan
Why can different cell types contain the same DNA but perform different jobs?
Jawaban
They express different sets of genes. Different proteins give cells different structures and functions.
Kartu 231
Pertanyaan
Which mutation can be passed to offspring?
Jawaban
A mutation present in a gamete-forming lineage. A mutation limited to ordinary body cells is not inherited through reproduction.
Kartu 232
Pertanyaan
What is an allele?
Jawaban
An alternative version of a gene. Diploid individuals usually carry two alleles for each autosomal gene.
Kartu 233
Pertanyaan
What is genotype?
Jawaban
An organism's allele combination for a gene or set of genes. Genotype contributes to phenotype.
Kartu 234
Pertanyaan
What does homozygous mean?
Jawaban
Having two identical alleles for a gene. Examples include AA and aa.
Kartu 235
Pertanyaan
What makes an allele dominant in a simple Mendelian trait?
Jawaban
One copy is enough for its phenotype to appear in a heterozygote. Dominant does not mean common or beneficial.
Kartu 236
Pertanyaan
What does Mendel's law of segregation describe?
Jawaban
The two alleles for a gene separate during gamete formation. Each gamete receives one allele.
Kartu 237
Pertanyaan
What is phenotype?
Jawaban
An observable trait or characteristic. It can reflect genotype, environment, and their interaction.
Kartu 238
Pertanyaan
What does heterozygous mean?
Jawaban
Having two different alleles for a gene. An example is Aa.
Kartu 239
Pertanyaan
When does a recessive phenotype usually appear in a simple autosomal trait?
Jawaban
When both alleles are recessive. A heterozygote carries the allele without showing that phenotype.
Kartu 240
Pertanyaan
When does independent assortment apply most clearly?
Jawaban
When genes are on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome. Their allele pairs enter gametes independently.
Kartu 241
Pertanyaan
What does a Punnett square predict?
Jawaban
Expected offspring genotype probabilities from specified parental gametes. It does not guarantee outcomes in a small family.
Kartu 242
Pertanyaan
For Aa × Aa, what is the chance of an aa offspring?
Jawaban
One fourth, or 25%. The genotype ratio is expected to be 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa.
Kartu 243
Pertanyaan
For Aa × Aa with complete dominance, what phenotypic ratio is expected?
Jawaban
Three dominant-phenotype offspring to one recessive-phenotype offspring. This is a probability across many offspring.
Kartu 244
Pertanyaan
How can a test cross reveal the genotype behind a dominant phenotype?
Jawaban
Cross the individual with a homozygous recessive partner. Recessive offspring show that the unknown parent carried a recessive allele.
Kartu 245
Pertanyaan
What happens in incomplete dominance?
Jawaban
A heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype. Neither allele fully masks the other.
Kartu 246
Pertanyaan
How is the probability of two independent genetic events both occurring found?
Jawaban
Multiply their individual probabilities. This is the product rule.
Kartu 247
Pertanyaan
What does a pedigree show?
Jawaban
How a trait appears across generations of a family. Its pattern can suggest a mode of inheritance.
Kartu 248
Pertanyaan
Why can two parents have offspring ratios that differ from a Punnett-square expectation?
Jawaban
Each fertilization is a chance event. Expected ratios become more apparent with larger numbers of offspring.
Kartu 249
Pertanyaan
What happens in codominance?
Jawaban
Both alleles are distinctly expressed in a heterozygote. The AB blood type is a common example.
Kartu 250
Pertanyaan
What are major roles of carbohydrates?
Jawaban
Providing quick energy, storing energy, and forming some structures. Monosaccharides are their basic building blocks.
Kartu 251
Pertanyaan
What is a monomer?
Jawaban
A small building block that can join with others to form a larger molecule. Glucose, amino acids, and nucleotides are examples in different classes.
Kartu 252
Pertanyaan
What happens in a dehydration-synthesis reaction?
Jawaban
Monomers join while water is removed. The reaction builds a larger biological molecule.
Kartu 253
Pertanyaan
What does an enzyme do?
Jawaban
It lowers activation energy and speeds a reaction without being consumed. Its shape helps it bind specific substrates.
Kartu 254
Pertanyaan
What are major roles of lipids?
Jawaban
Long-term energy storage, membranes, insulation, and signaling. Lipids are mostly nonpolar and do not mix well with water.
Kartu 255
Pertanyaan
What does it mean for a protein to denature?
Jawaban
Its normal shape is disrupted. Heat, extreme pH, or chemicals can reduce its function.
Kartu 256
Pertanyaan
What happens during hydrolysis?
Jawaban
Water is used to split a larger molecule into smaller units. Digestion often uses hydrolysis reactions.
Kartu 257
Pertanyaan
Why do phospholipids form bilayers in water?
Jawaban
Their hydrophilic heads interact with water while hydrophobic tails turn inward. This arrangement forms cell-membrane structure.
Kartu 258
Pertanyaan
What are proteins built from?
Jawaban
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Their folded shapes support enzymes, transport, signaling, structure, and movement.
Kartu 259
Pertanyaan
How do starch and glycogen compare?
Jawaban
Both store glucose; plants use starch and animals use glycogen. Their branching patterns differ.
Kartu 260
Pertanyaan
How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?
Jawaban
Saturated fatty acids lack carbon-carbon double bonds; unsaturated ones have one or more. Double bonds often introduce bends.
Kartu 261
Pertanyaan
What immediate energy-carrying molecule powers many cell processes?
Jawaban
ATP. Energy released from nutrients can be transferred into ATP's phosphate bonds.
Kartu 262
Pertanyaan
What are nucleic acids built from?
Jawaban
Nucleotides. DNA stores hereditary information, while RNA performs several roles in gene expression.
Kartu 263
Pertanyaan
Which elements are common in all four major biological macromolecule classes?
Jawaban
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Nitrogen and phosphorus occur prominently in some classes.
Kartu 264
Pertanyaan
Why is three-dimensional shape important for macromolecules?
Jawaban
Shape determines many interactions and functions. A changed shape can prevent a molecule from binding its target.
Kartu 265
Pertanyaan
What are triglycerides built from?
Jawaban
One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. They join through ester bonds to form a common energy-storage lipid.
Kartu 266
Pertanyaan
What is a pathogen?
Jawaban
An agent capable of causing disease. Not every microorganism is pathogenic.
Kartu 267
Pertanyaan
What type of cell is a bacterium?
Jawaban
A prokaryotic cell. Bacteria usually reproduce by binary fission.
Kartu 268
Pertanyaan
What cell type do fungi have?
Jawaban
Eukaryotic cells. Some fungi are unicellular yeasts, while others form multicellular filaments.
Kartu 269
Pertanyaan
What does disease transmission describe?
Jawaban
How an infectious agent moves to a susceptible host. Routes include contact, droplets, airborne spread, food, water, and vectors.
Kartu 270
Pertanyaan
What is a biological vector?
Jawaban
An organism that becomes infected with a pathogen and transmits it between hosts. The pathogen survives or reproduces inside the vector, unlike transport by a mechanical carrier.
Kartu 271
Pertanyaan
Why are viruses dependent on host cells?
Jawaban
They lack the complete machinery for reproduction and metabolism. They use host components to make new virus particles.
Kartu 272
Pertanyaan
What is a protist?
Jawaban
A diverse eukaryote that is not classified as an animal, plant, or fungus. Some protists cause disease, while many do not.
Kartu 273
Pertanyaan
Why do antibiotics not treat viral infections?
Jawaban
They target bacterial structures or processes that viruses lack. Antiviral drugs use different targets.
Kartu 274
Pertanyaan
How can normal microbiota protect a host?
Jawaban
They occupy space and use resources that pathogens might otherwise exploit. Some also support digestion or immune development.
Kartu 275
Pertanyaan
How does sterilization differ from disinfection?
Jawaban
Sterilization destroys or removes all microbial life, including resistant forms; disinfection reduces pathogens on objects. The required method depends on use.
Kartu 276
Pertanyaan
How do infection and disease differ?
Jawaban
Infection means an agent is established in a host; disease means normal function is impaired and signs or symptoms occur. Infection may be asymptomatic.
Kartu 277
Pertanyaan
How can breaking a transmission route reduce infectious disease?
Jawaban
It interrupts the chain connecting a source with a susceptible host. Hand hygiene, clean water, ventilation, and vector control target different links.
Kartu 278
Pertanyaan
What is an atom?
Jawaban
The smallest unit of an element that retains that element's chemical identity. Atoms contain a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
Kartu 279
Pertanyaan
What charge and location does an electron have?
Jawaban
Negative charge in the electron cloud around the nucleus. Electrons drive most chemical bonding.
Kartu 280
Pertanyaan
Why are valence electrons important?
Jawaban
They participate most directly in bonding and reactions. Their arrangement helps predict chemical behavior.
Kartu 281
Pertanyaan
What do elements in the same periodic-table group often share?
Jawaban
Similar valence-electron patterns and chemical properties. A group is a vertical column.
Kartu 282
Pertanyaan
What is an ion?
Jawaban
An atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. Its total numbers of protons and electrons are unequal.
Kartu 283
Pertanyaan
What charge and location does a proton have?
Jawaban
Positive charge in the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element.
Kartu 284
Pertanyaan
What does an element's atomic number equal?
Jawaban
Its number of protons. A neutral atom has the same number of electrons.
Kartu 285
Pertanyaan
How does a neutral atom form a cation?
Jawaban
By losing one or more electrons. It has more protons than electrons and a positive charge.
Kartu 286
Pertanyaan
An atom has 8 protons. How many electrons does it have if it is neutral?
Jawaban
Eight electrons. Neutral atoms have equal positive and negative charges.
Kartu 287
Pertanyaan
What charge and location does a neutron have?
Jawaban
No electric charge, in the nucleus. Neutron number can vary among isotopes of an element.
Kartu 288
Pertanyaan
What does mass number equal?
Jawaban
Protons plus neutrons in one atom. It is a whole number for a specific isotope.
Kartu 289
Pertanyaan
How does a neutral atom form an anion?
Jawaban
By gaining one or more electrons. It has more electrons than protons and a negative charge.
Kartu 290
Pertanyaan
What does a period represent on the periodic table?
Jawaban
A horizontal row. Moving across a period changes proton number one element at a time.
Kartu 291
Pertanyaan
What are isotopes?
Jawaban
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Kartu 292
Pertanyaan
What is matter?
Jawaban
Anything that has mass and occupies space. Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are forms of matter.
Kartu 293
Pertanyaan
What distinguishes a solid from a liquid or gas?
Jawaban
A solid has a definite shape and volume. Its particles vibrate around relatively fixed positions.
Kartu 294
Pertanyaan
What is a physical change?
Jawaban
A change in form or state without changing chemical identity. Melting and cutting are examples.
Kartu 295
Pertanyaan
What is a physical property?
Jawaban
A characteristic observed without changing a substance's identity. Density, color, and melting point are examples.
Kartu 296
Pertanyaan
How does an element differ from a compound?
Jawaban
An element contains one kind of atom; a compound contains elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. Chemical methods can separate a compound into simpler substances.
Kartu 297
Pertanyaan
What distinguishes a liquid?
Jawaban
It has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container. Its particles remain close while moving past one another.
Kartu 298
Pertanyaan
What is a chemical change?
Jawaban
A process that forms one or more substances with new chemical identities. Bond rearrangement occurs.
Kartu 299
Pertanyaan
What is a chemical property?
Jawaban
A substance's ability to undergo a particular chemical change. Flammability and reactivity with acid are examples.
Kartu 300
Pertanyaan
Which phase changes connect solids and liquids?
Jawaban
Melting changes a solid to a liquid; freezing changes a liquid to a solid. These are opposite physical changes.
Kartu 301
Pertanyaan
How does a pure substance differ from a mixture?
Jawaban
A pure substance has a fixed composition and is an element or compound; a mixture has variable composition and physically combined components. Mixture components retain their identities.
Kartu 302
Pertanyaan
What distinguishes a gas?
Jawaban
It has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. It expands to fill its container.
Kartu 303
Pertanyaan
What is the formula for density?
Jawaban
Density = mass ÷ volume. Density is an intensive property.
Kartu 304
Pertanyaan
Which phase changes connect liquids and gases?
Jawaban
Vaporization changes a liquid to a gas; condensation changes a gas to a liquid. Evaporation is vaporization at a liquid's surface.
Kartu 305
Pertanyaan
What is a mixture?
Jawaban
Two or more substances physically combined in variable proportions. Its components retain their chemical identities.
Kartu 306
Pertanyaan
How do intensive and extensive properties differ?
Jawaban
Intensive properties do not depend on sample amount; extensive properties do. Density and temperature are intensive, while mass and volume are extensive.
Kartu 307
Pertanyaan
A 20 g sample occupies 5 mL. What is its density?
Jawaban
4 g/mL. Divide 20 g by 5 mL.
Kartu 308
Pertanyaan
Which phase changes connect solids and gases directly?
Jawaban
Sublimation changes a solid to a gas; deposition changes a gas to a solid. Neither transition passes through the liquid state.
Kartu 309
Pertanyaan
How do homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures differ?
Jawaban
A homogeneous mixture is uniform throughout; a heterogeneous mixture is not. A solution is homogeneous.
Kartu 310
Pertanyaan
Where are reactants and products written in a chemical equation?
Jawaban
Reactants are on the left; products are on the right. The arrow shows the direction represented.
Kartu 311
Pertanyaan
Why must a chemical equation be balanced?
Jawaban
Atoms are conserved in ordinary chemical reactions. Each element must have the same atom count on both sides.
Kartu 312
Pertanyaan
What does a coefficient in a chemical equation change?
Jawaban
The number of whole particles or moles represented. It multiplies every atom in the following formula.
Kartu 313
Pertanyaan
Why should subscripts not be changed when balancing an equation?
Jawaban
Changing a subscript changes the substance's identity. Balancing changes coefficients only.
Kartu 314
Pertanyaan
What coefficients balance H₂ + O₂ → H₂O?
Jawaban
2, 1, 2: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O. Both sides then contain four hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms.
Kartu 315
Pertanyaan
What pattern defines a synthesis reaction?
Jawaban
Two or more reactants form a more complex product. A general pattern is A + B → AB.
Kartu 316
Pertanyaan
What are typical products when a hydrocarbon burns completely in oxygen?
Jawaban
Carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide or carbon.
Kartu 317
Pertanyaan
What is the net ionic equation for a typical strong acid–strong base neutralization?
Jawaban
H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l). The remaining ions are spectators and do not appear in the net ionic equation.
Kartu 318
Pertanyaan
What is a precipitate?
Jawaban
An insoluble solid that forms from substances in solution. Its appearance can signal a chemical reaction.
Kartu 319
Pertanyaan
What pattern defines a decomposition reaction?
Jawaban
One compound breaks into simpler products. A general pattern is AB → A + B.
Kartu 320
Pertanyaan
What is an exothermic reaction?
Jawaban
A reaction that releases heat to the surroundings. The surroundings often warm.
Kartu 321
Pertanyaan
What occurs in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
Jawaban
Electrons transfer or atoms change oxidation state. Oxidation is electron loss; reduction is electron gain.
Kartu 322
Pertanyaan
What is activation energy?
Jawaban
The minimum energy barrier reactants must overcome to react. Catalysts lower this barrier.
Kartu 323
Pertanyaan
Which observations can provide evidence of a chemical reaction?
Jawaban
Gas formation, a precipitate, sustained color change, light, or temperature change. No single sign proves a reaction without context.
Kartu 324
Pertanyaan
What is an endothermic reaction?
Jawaban
A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings. The surroundings may cool.
Kartu 325
Pertanyaan
Why does raising temperature usually speed a reaction?
Jawaban
Particles collide more often and with greater energy. More collisions overcome activation energy.
Kartu 326
Pertanyaan
Why can higher reactant concentration increase reaction rate?
Jawaban
More reactant particles occupy a given volume. This raises collision frequency.
Kartu 327
Pertanyaan
Why does powdered solid often react faster than one large piece?
Jawaban
Powder exposes more surface area. More particles are available for collisions.
Kartu 328
Pertanyaan
How does a catalyst speed a reaction?
Jawaban
It provides a pathway with lower activation energy. The catalyst is regenerated rather than consumed overall.
Kartu 329
Pertanyaan
How can increasing pressure affect a reaction between gases?
Jawaban
It can increase rate by bringing gas particles closer together. Collision frequency rises when volume falls.
Kartu 330
Pertanyaan
What does a reaction inhibitor do?
Jawaban
It slows a reaction. It may block a pathway, interfere with a catalyst, or remove reactive intermediates.
Kartu 331
Pertanyaan
Why can very high temperature slow an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
Jawaban
The enzyme can denature and lose its active shape. Moderate warming helps only within the enzyme's stable range.
Kartu 332
Pertanyaan
What is dynamic equilibrium?
Jawaban
Forward and reverse reactions continue at equal rates. Concentrations remain constant even though particles still react.
Kartu 333
Pertanyaan
Does a catalyst change the final equilibrium amounts?
Jawaban
No. It speeds forward and reverse reactions, so equilibrium is reached sooner without changing its position.
Kartu 334
Pertanyaan
At equilibrium, what usually happens when the concentration of a dissolved or gaseous reactant increases?
Jawaban
The system shifts toward consuming some added reactant. It forms more product until a new equilibrium is reached.
Kartu 335
Pertanyaan
What is a solution?
Jawaban
A homogeneous mixture. Its components are uniformly distributed at the molecular or ionic level.
Kartu 336
Pertanyaan
How do solute and solvent differ?
Jawaban
The solute is dissolved; the solvent is the dissolving medium. The solvent is often present in greater amount.
Kartu 337
Pertanyaan
What does aqueous mean in chemistry?
Jawaban
Dissolved in water. The symbol (aq) marks an aqueous species in an equation.
Kartu 338
Pertanyaan
What does concentration describe?
Jawaban
The amount of solute in a given amount of solution or solvent. Different units express it in different ways.
Kartu 339
Pertanyaan
What is molarity?
Jawaban
Moles of solute per liter of solution. Its unit is mol/L, written M.
Kartu 340
Pertanyaan
What is the molarity of 0.50 mol solute in 2.0 L of solution?
Jawaban
0.25 M. Divide 0.50 mol by 2.0 L.
Kartu 341
Pertanyaan
What stays constant when water is added to dilute a solution without reaction?
Jawaban
The moles of solute. Volume increases and concentration decreases.
Kartu 342
Pertanyaan
Which equation relates concentration and volume before and after a dilution?
Jawaban
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂. It follows from conserving the amount of solute.
Kartu 343
Pertanyaan
What is solubility?
Jawaban
The maximum concentration of a solute that can be achieved in a solution at equilibrium under specified conditions. Temperature and the substances involved matter.
Kartu 344
Pertanyaan
What is a saturated solution?
Jawaban
A solution holding the maximum dissolved solute at those conditions. Extra solute remains undissolved at equilibrium.
Kartu 345
Pertanyaan
What is an electrolyte?
Jawaban
A substance that produces mobile ions in solution and conducts electricity. Soluble ionic compounds are common examples.
Kartu 346
Pertanyaan
What does 'like dissolves like' predict?
Jawaban
Substances with similar polarity tend to mix well. Polar solvents favor polar or ionic solutes; nonpolar solvents favor nonpolar solutes.
Kartu 347
Pertanyaan
Does heating always increase solubility?
Jawaban
No. Many solids become more soluble in water, but gases usually become less soluble as temperature rises.
Kartu 348
Pertanyaan
What is an unsaturated solution?
Jawaban
A solution that can dissolve more solute at the stated conditions. It is below the solubility limit.
Kartu 349
Pertanyaan
What does a Brønsted-Lowry acid donate?
Jawaban
A proton, H⁺. In water, acid behavior increases hydronium-ion concentration.
Kartu 350
Pertanyaan
What does pH describe?
Jawaban
The hydronium-ion concentration on a logarithmic scale. Lower pH means higher hydronium concentration.
Kartu 351
Pertanyaan
At 25 °C, what pH range is acidic?
Jawaban
Below 7. A neutral aqueous solution is pH 7 at this temperature.
Kartu 352
Pertanyaan
How does hydronium concentration change when pH drops by 1 unit?
Jawaban
It increases tenfold. The pH scale is logarithmic.
Kartu 353
Pertanyaan
What does a Brønsted-Lowry base accept?
Jawaban
A proton, H⁺. Many bases in water also increase hydroxide-ion concentration.
Kartu 354
Pertanyaan
At 25 °C, what is the relationship between pH and pOH?
Jawaban
pH + pOH = 14. pOH is the negative base-10 logarithm of hydroxide-ion concentration; this relation applies to aqueous solutions at 25 °C.
Kartu 355
Pertanyaan
At 25 °C, what pH range is basic?
Jawaban
Above 7. Basic solutions have less hydronium and more hydroxide than neutral water.
Kartu 356
Pertanyaan
What are typical products of a strong acid reacting with a strong base?
Jawaban
Water and an ionic salt. Hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions combine to form water.
Kartu 357
Pertanyaan
What does strong mean for an acid or base?
Jawaban
It produces its characteristic ions essentially completely in water. Strong acids ionize; soluble ionic strong bases dissociate. Strength is separate from concentration.
Kartu 358
Pertanyaan
What does a buffer do?
Jawaban
It resists large pH changes when small amounts of acid or base are added. A weak conjugate acid-base pair neutralizes much of the added H₃O⁺ or OH⁻.
Kartu 359
Pertanyaan
How does an acid-base indicator work?
Jawaban
Its color depends on pH. The change occurs over a characteristic pH range.
Kartu 360
Pertanyaan
A solution has pH 9 at 25 °C. What is its pOH?
Jawaban
5. Subtract the pH from 14.
Kartu 361
Pertanyaan
How does a concentrated weak acid differ from a dilute strong acid?
Jawaban
Concentration tells how much acid is present; strength tells how completely it ionizes. A concentrated weak acid contains more partially ionizing acid, while a dilute strong acid contains less acid that ionizes essentially completely. Either can have the lower pH.
Kartu 362
Pertanyaan
What is the SI base unit of length?
Jawaban
The meter (m). Centimeters and millimeters are decimal subdivisions of a meter.
Kartu 363
Pertanyaan
Which tool directly measures mass in a laboratory?
Jawaban
A balance. A spring scale measures force, often reported as weight.
Kartu 364
Pertanyaan
What is the SI base unit of mass?
Jawaban
The kilogram (kg). Laboratory mass is also commonly reported in grams.
Kartu 365
Pertanyaan
A student needs to measure about 35 mL of liquid and can choose a beaker or graduated cylinder. Which should they use?
Jawaban
A graduated cylinder. Read the scale at eye level.
Kartu 366
Pertanyaan
What is the SI base unit of time?
Jawaban
The second (s). Minutes and hours are accepted for many everyday uses.
Kartu 367
Pertanyaan
Where should the volume of a clear water-based liquid be read in a graduated cylinder?
Jawaban
At the bottom of the meniscus. Keep your eye level with the liquid surface.
Kartu 368
Pertanyaan
What is the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature?
Jawaban
The kelvin (K). Degrees Celsius are widely used for laboratory and body temperatures.
Kartu 369
Pertanyaan
Which tool measures temperature?
Jawaban
A thermometer. Its range and resolution should match the task.
Kartu 370
Pertanyaan
What factor does the metric prefix kilo- represent?
Jawaban
One thousand, or 10³. One kilometer equals 1,000 meters.
Kartu 371
Pertanyaan
A ruler's smallest marking is 1 mm. To what place should a careful analog reading usually be estimated?
Jawaban
One place beyond the smallest marking, when the scale allows it. The final digit is uncertain.
Kartu 372
Pertanyaan
What is measurement accuracy?
Jawaban
Closeness to an accepted or true value. A systematic error can make precise measurements inaccurate.
Kartu 373
Pertanyaan
How do mass and weight differ?
Jawaban
Mass is the amount of matter; weight is gravitational force on that mass. Mass stays constant when gravity changes, but weight does not.
Kartu 374
Pertanyaan
What factor does the metric prefix milli- represent?
Jawaban
One thousandth, or 10⁻³. One milliliter is 0.001 liter.
Kartu 375
Pertanyaan
How can the volume of an irregular solid be measured with water?
Jawaban
Use water displacement. Subtract the initial water volume from the final volume after submerging the object.
Kartu 376
Pertanyaan
What is measurement precision?
Jawaban
Closeness of repeated measurements to one another. Precise results can still be consistently wrong.
Kartu 377
Pertanyaan
What is an instrument's resolution?
Jawaban
The smallest change it can meaningfully display or distinguish. Higher resolution does not automatically guarantee accuracy.
Kartu 378
Pertanyaan
How many centimeters are in 2.5 meters?
Jawaban
2.5 × 10² cm (250 cm). Multiply meters by the exact conversion factor 100 cm/m.
Kartu 379
Pertanyaan
Why must a numerical measurement include a unit?
Jawaban
The unit identifies the quantity's scale. A bare number is ambiguous and cannot be compared reliably.
Kartu 380
Pertanyaan
What is a scientific observation?
Jawaban
Information recorded with senses or instruments. It should be distinguished from an explanation of what was observed.
Kartu 381
Pertanyaan
What makes a hypothesis scientifically useful?
Jawaban
It is testable and falsifiable. Evidence must be able to count against it.
Kartu 382
Pertanyaan
What is a scientific theory?
Jawaban
A broad, well-supported explanation of natural phenomena. It is not a casual guess and can be revised with new evidence.
Kartu 383
Pertanyaan
Which claim is falsifiable: 'No possible observation could count against this treatment's effectiveness' or 'This treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour'?
Jawaban
The claim that the treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour. An observation could count against it, so evidence can test it.
Kartu 384
Pertanyaan
What is an inference?
Jawaban
A logical interpretation based on observations and prior knowledge. It goes beyond the raw measurement.
Kartu 385
Pertanyaan
How does a prediction relate to a hypothesis?
Jawaban
It states an expected result if the hypothesis is correct. Experiments compare observed results with that expectation.
Kartu 386
Pertanyaan
How does a scientific law differ from a scientific theory?
Jawaban
A law describes a consistent pattern; a theory explains how or why patterns occur. One does not mature into the other.
Kartu 387
Pertanyaan
What does reliability mean for a measurement or procedure?
Jawaban
It produces consistent results under the same conditions. Repetition helps assess reliability.
Kartu 388
Pertanyaan
What does a correlation show?
Jawaban
Two variables change together in a patterned way. Correlation alone does not establish that one causes the other.
Kartu 389
Pertanyaan
What is bias in scientific work?
Jawaban
A systematic influence that pushes observations, selection, or interpretation in one direction. Good design tries to prevent or measure it.
Kartu 390
Pertanyaan
What is the purpose of scientific peer review?
Jawaban
Independent experts evaluate methods, reasoning, and reporting before publication. It improves scrutiny but does not guarantee truth.
Kartu 391
Pertanyaan
What does validity ask about a study or measurement?
Jawaban
Whether it measures or tests what it claims to measure or test. Consistency alone does not ensure validity.
Kartu 392
Pertanyaan
What evidence most strengthens a causal claim?
Jawaban
A well-controlled experiment that manipulates the suspected cause. Random assignment reduces confounding, while independent replication tests whether the result holds with new data.
Kartu 393
Pertanyaan
What is a primary scientific source?
Jawaban
A report of original methods, data, and results. A review article synthesizes many primary studies.
Kartu 394
Pertanyaan
How should an unexpected outlier be handled?
Jawaban
Investigate and report it rather than deleting it automatically. Exclusion needs a documented scientific reason.
Kartu 395
Pertanyaan
What is a confounding variable?
Jawaban
An outside factor related to both the suspected cause and the outcome. It can create a misleading association.
Kartu 396
Pertanyaan
Why should a sample represent the population of interest?
Jawaban
Results generalize poorly when important groups are missing or overrepresented. Sampling method matters as much as size.
Kartu 397
Pertanyaan
What is a scientific model?
Jawaban
A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system. A model is useful within its assumptions and limits.
Kartu 398
Pertanyaan
Why should measurements report uncertainty or reasonable precision?
Jawaban
Every measurement has limits. Reporting more digits than the method supports creates false precision.
Kartu 399
Pertanyaan
If results match a prediction once, what is the safest conclusion?
Jawaban
The results support the hypothesis under those conditions. One result does not prove the hypothesis in every setting.
Kartu 400
Pertanyaan
What is a direct relationship between two variables?
Jawaban
As one increases, the other tends to increase; as one decreases, the other tends to decrease. The relationship need not be perfectly linear.
Kartu 401
Pertanyaan
Which variable is usually placed on the x-axis of an experimental graph?
Jawaban
The independent variable. It is the factor selected or changed by the investigator.
Kartu 402
Pertanyaan
What does the slope of a straight-line graph represent?
Jawaban
Change in y divided by change in x. It is the response rate per unit change in the other variable.
Kartu 403
Pertanyaan
A line rises 12 units in y while x rises 3 units. What is its slope?
Jawaban
4 units of y per unit of x. Divide 12 by 3.
Kartu 404
Pertanyaan
What is an inverse relationship?
Jawaban
As one variable increases, the other tends to decrease. Their product is constant only in a strictly inverse proportion.
Kartu 405
Pertanyaan
Which variable is usually placed on the y-axis of an experimental graph?
Jawaban
The dependent variable. It is the measured response.
Kartu 406
Pertanyaan
What does a plateau on a response graph indicate?
Jawaban
The measured response has stopped changing much despite further x increases. A limiting factor may have been reached.
Kartu 407
Pertanyaan
What is interpolation?
Jawaban
Estimating a value within the range of measured data. It is generally safer than extrapolating beyond that range.
Kartu 408
Pertanyaan
What pattern suggests no relationship between two plotted variables?
Jawaban
The response shows no consistent change as the other variable changes. Points may scatter without a trend.
Kartu 409
Pertanyaan
Before comparing values in a data table, what should you check?
Jawaban
Headings, units, and conditions. Numbers from different measures or scales cannot be compared directly.
Kartu 410
Pertanyaan
If 3 samples require 12 mL total, how much is needed for 5 equal samples?
Jawaban
20 mL. The rate is 4 mL per sample, so multiply by 5.
Kartu 411
Pertanyaan
How is the arithmetic mean calculated?
Jawaban
Add all values and divide by the number of values. A large outlier can shift the mean.
Kartu 412
Pertanyaan
Why is extrapolation uncertain?
Jawaban
It assumes the observed trend continues outside measured conditions. The relationship may change beyond the data range.
Kartu 413
Pertanyaan
A culture grows from 20 to 50 cells in 6 hours. What is the average growth rate?
Jawaban
5 cells per hour. The change is 30 cells divided by 6 hours.
Kartu 414
Pertanyaan
A measurement rises from 40 to 50. What is the percent increase?
Jawaban
25%. The increase is 10, and 10 ÷ 40 × 100 = 25%.
Kartu 415
Pertanyaan
When can the median describe a typical value better than the mean?
Jawaban
When data are skewed or contain strong outliers. In an ordered set, the median is the middle value for an odd count and the mean of the two middle values for an even count.
Kartu 416
Pertanyaan
How do quantitative and qualitative data differ?
Jawaban
Quantitative data are numerical; qualitative data describe categories or qualities. Both can answer scientific questions.
Kartu 417
Pertanyaan
A response is 2 at dose 1, 4 at dose 2, and 8 at dose 4. If the relationship is linear, what response is predicted at dose 3?
Jawaban
6. The observed rate is 2 response units per dose unit, so interpolation at dose 3 gives 6.
Kartu 418
Pertanyaan
How can a graph reveal a nonlinear relationship?
Jawaban
The points follow a curve rather than a straight line. The rate of change varies across the x-range.
Kartu 419
Pertanyaan
What is the range of a data set?
Jawaban
Maximum minus minimum. It describes total spread but ignores the distribution between the endpoints.
Kartu 420
Pertanyaan
What makes a scientific research question testable?
Jawaban
It identifies measurable variables or observable outcomes. The needed data must be obtainable.
Kartu 421
Pertanyaan
In an experiment, what is the independent variable?
Jawaban
The factor deliberately changed or assigned by the investigator. In a simple one-factor experiment, changing one independent variable helps isolate its effect.
Kartu 422
Pertanyaan
What should a hypothesis connect?
Jawaban
A proposed explanation with a measurable outcome. It should lead to a prediction that evidence can challenge.
Kartu 423
Pertanyaan
What is a controlled variable, or constant?
Jawaban
A condition kept the same across groups. Holding it constant prevents it from explaining outcome differences.
Kartu 424
Pertanyaan
What is the purpose of a control group?
Jawaban
It provides a comparison without the experimental treatment. Differences can then be attributed more confidently to the treatment.
Kartu 425
Pertanyaan
In an experiment, what is the dependent variable?
Jawaban
The measured response. It may change because of the independent variable.
Kartu 426
Pertanyaan
What form can a useful experimental prediction take?
Jawaban
If the independent variable changes in a stated way, then the dependent variable should respond in a stated way. The reason links it to the hypothesis.
Kartu 427
Pertanyaan
What does a positive control demonstrate?
Jawaban
That the setup can produce a known response. If it fails, the test system may be defective.
Kartu 428
Pertanyaan
Why randomly assign subjects to experimental groups?
Jawaban
To distribute known and unknown differences more evenly. This reduces selection bias and confounding.
Kartu 429
Pertanyaan
How can blinding reduce bias?
Jawaban
It keeps participants, observers, or both unaware of treatment assignments. Expectations are less likely to affect behavior or measurement.
Kartu 430
Pertanyaan
What is a placebo?
Jawaban
An inactive treatment designed to resemble the experimental treatment. It helps separate treatment effects from expectation effects.
Kartu 431
Pertanyaan
What does a negative control demonstrate?
Jawaban
What happens when the tested cause is absent. An unexpected response may reveal contamination or another source.
Kartu 432
Pertanyaan
Why does a larger sample often improve a study?
Jawaban
It reduces the influence of chance variation and supports more stable estimates. It cannot repair a biased sampling method.
Kartu 433
Pertanyaan
Why repeat trials within an experiment?
Jawaban
To estimate variability and check consistency. One unusual trial then has less influence.
Kartu 434
Pertanyaan
Why must an experimental procedure be detailed and standardized?
Jawaban
So groups are treated consistently and others can reproduce the work. Uncontrolled procedural differences create alternative explanations.
Kartu 435
Pertanyaan
Why calibrate a measuring instrument before collecting data?
Jawaban
To compare its readings with a known standard and reduce systematic error. Calibration improves confidence in accuracy.
Kartu 436
Pertanyaan
What is an operational definition?
Jawaban
A precise statement of how a variable is measured or manipulated. It turns an abstract concept into a repeatable procedure.
Kartu 437
Pertanyaan
How does independent replication differ from repeated trials?
Jawaban
Independent replication repeats a study with independently collected data, often by a different investigator; repeated trials rerun measurements within the original experiment. Replication tests consistency across separate studies.
Kartu 438
Pertanyaan
Why should raw data be recorded before interpretation?
Jawaban
It preserves the observations separately from conclusions. Others can check calculations and reasoning.
Kartu 439
Pertanyaan
What should a scientific conclusion do?
Jawaban
Answer the research question using the data and acknowledge limits. It should not claim more than the design supports.
Kartu 440
Pertanyaan
What should happen when data do not support a hypothesis?
Jawaban
Revise or reject the hypothesis and consider new tests. Data should not be altered to preserve the original idea.
Kartu 441
Pertanyaan
What is a study limitation?
Jawaban
A feature that restricts interpretation or generalization. Small samples, short duration, and imperfect measurements are examples.
Kartu 442
Pertanyaan
Why are ethics part of experimental design?
Jawaban
Research must protect participants, organisms, and communities while balancing risks and benefits. Consent and humane treatment are key examples.
Kartu 443
Pertanyaan
How does an observational study differ from an experiment?
Jawaban
It measures variables without assigning the exposure. It can find associations but usually supports weaker causal conclusions.
Kartu 444
Pertanyaan
Plants receive 0, 2, or 4 hours of added light, and growth is measured. What is the independent variable?
Jawaban
Hours of added light. Plant growth is the dependent variable.
Kartu 445
Pertanyaan
A fertilizer study gives every plant the same water, soil, and temperature. What are these conditions?
Jawaban
Controlled variables. Keeping them constant isolates the fertilizer's effect.
Kartu 446
Pertanyaan
A drug group improves more than a control group, but the groups were not randomly assigned. What is the main caution?
Jawaban
Preexisting group differences could explain some improvement. The result is suggestive, but the design weakens a causal claim.

Illustrated anatomy torso surrounded by a cell, DNA helix, molecule, flask, and data plot on a dark blue background.

446 kartu