ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
Practice 446 original ATI TEAS 7 Science recall and mini-scenario cards across A&P, biology, chemistry, and scientific reasoning.
اس ڈیک کے بارے میں
Build the core Science knowledge and reasoning used for ATI TEAS 7 with 446 independently authored flashcards.
What this deck practices
- Structure or concept → function: body systems, cells, molecules, atoms, solutions, and experimental parts.
- Function, outcome, or evidence → concept: selective reverse recall when recognizing the name matters in practice.
- Cause or condition → effect: physiology, chemical changes, reaction conditions, inheritance, and experimental predictions.
- Process and order: circulation, ventilation, digestion, urine formation, gene expression, cell division, and scientific investigations.
- Application: short calculations, comparisons, data interpretations, and original mini-scenarios.
The deck does not mechanically reverse every fact. It excludes multiple-choice distractors, exhaustive anatomy lists, obscure chemical nomenclature, advanced pathophysiology, pharmacology, and nursing-school procedures because those mappings do not improve entry-level TEAS Science recall.
The sequence introduces prerequisites before dependent ideas: anatomical language before body systems, cells before genetics, atoms before reactions, and measurement before experimental design. Related forward and reverse variants are separated so one card does not immediately reveal another.
Coverage follows the four Science areas and relative emphasis in ATI's public ATI TEAS 7 content outline: Human Anatomy and Physiology, Biology, Chemistry, and Scientific Reasoning. The public outline defines scope only. Questions, answers, explanations, examples, and ordering were independently authored from common scientific knowledge checked against open educational and official public sources.
No exam question, mark scheme, paid ATI flashcard, test-bank item, or curriculum text was copied. This is an independent, unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. ATI and TEAS are marks of Assessment Technologies Institute, L.L.C.; this deck is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or produced by ATI. See ATI's official exam details for current requirements.
اس ڈیک کے کارڈز
کارڈ 1
سوال
What posture defines the standard anatomical position?
جواب
Standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms forward. The feet point forward, giving anatomy a consistent reference position.
کارڈ 2
سوال
In anatomical language, what does superior mean?
جواب
Toward the head or above another structure. Inferior means toward the feet or below.
کارڈ 3
سوال
Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right portions?
جواب
The sagittal plane. A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.
کارڈ 4
سوال
Why does the body use feedback mechanisms?
جواب
To regulate internal conditions. Feedback compares a condition with a set range and triggers responses that adjust it.
کارڈ 5
سوال
What is the order of structural organization from simplest to most complex?
جواب
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. Each level builds on interactions at the preceding level.
کارڈ 6
سوال
What does anterior mean in human anatomy?
جواب
Toward the front of the body. Posterior means toward the back.
کارڈ 7
سوال
Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions?
جواب
The transverse plane. It is also called the horizontal plane.
کارڈ 8
سوال
What is homeostasis?
جواب
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. It is dynamic rather than perfectly unchanging.
کارڈ 9
سوال
Which major body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?
جواب
The dorsal body cavity. Its cranial cavity holds the brain, and its vertebral cavity holds the spinal cord.
کارڈ 10
سوال
What does medial mean in anatomical language?
جواب
Toward the body's midline. Lateral means farther from the midline.
کارڈ 11
سوال
A rise in body temperature triggers sweating. What control pattern is this?
جواب
Negative feedback. The response opposes the original temperature change and moves the body toward its normal range.
کارڈ 12
سوال
Which anatomical plane divides the body into front and back portions?
جواب
The frontal, or coronal, plane. It separates anterior from posterior portions.
کارڈ 13
سوال
Which major body cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
جواب
The ventral body cavity. The diaphragm separates its thoracic and abdominopelvic portions.
کارڈ 14
سوال
What does proximal mean when describing a limb?
جواب
Closer to the limb's point of attachment. Distal means farther from that point.
کارڈ 15
سوال
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
جواب
Positive feedback amplifies the initial change. Negative feedback opposes a change; positive feedback continues until a stopping event occurs.
کارڈ 16
سوال
Which tissue type covers surfaces and lines body cavities?
جواب
Epithelial tissue. It also forms many glands and often serves protective, absorptive, or secretory roles.
کارڈ 17
سوال
Which tissue type mainly supports, binds, and protects other tissues?
جواب
Connective tissue. Its cells are typically separated by an extracellular matrix.
کارڈ 18
سوال
What shared property lets muscle tissue produce movement?
جواب
Contractility. Muscle cells shorten or develop tension in response to stimulation.
کارڈ 19
سوال
Which tissue type rapidly communicates by electrical signals?
جواب
Nervous tissue. Neurons transmit signals, while supporting cells help maintain their environment.
کارڈ 20
سوال
Why are tightly packed epithelial cells well suited for barriers?
جواب
They leave little space between cells. This continuous arrangement limits passage across a surface.
کارڈ 21
سوال
What distinguishes connective tissue from epithelial tissue?
جواب
Connective tissue usually has abundant extracellular matrix. Epithelial cells are more tightly packed.
کارڈ 22
سوال
What are the four basic human tissue types?
جواب
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Organs contain two or more tissue types working together.
کارڈ 23
سوال
What makes a structure an organ rather than a tissue?
جواب
An organ combines multiple tissue types for a specific function. A tissue is a group of similar cells and matrix performing related work.
کارڈ 24
سوال
What are the skeletal system's main functions?
جواب
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood-cell production, and fat storage. Bones also provide levers for muscles.
کارڈ 25
سوال
What belongs to the axial skeleton?
جواب
The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. These structures form the body's central axis.
کارڈ 26
سوال
How do compact and spongy bone differ?
جواب
Compact bone is dense; spongy bone has a lattice of trabeculae. Both are organized living bone tissue.
کارڈ 27
سوال
What is a joint?
جواب
A place where two or more bones meet. Joint structure determines how much movement is possible.
کارڈ 28
سوال
Which bone cell builds new bone matrix?
جواب
An osteoblast. Osteoclasts break down bone, while osteocytes maintain mature bone tissue.
کارڈ 29
سوال
What belongs to the appendicular skeleton?
جواب
The limbs plus the shoulder and pelvic girdles. It attaches the limbs to the axial skeleton.
کارڈ 30
سوال
What is the main role of red bone marrow?
جواب
Blood-cell production. This process is called hematopoiesis.
کارڈ 31
سوال
Which joint class allows the greatest range of motion?
جواب
A synovial joint. A fluid-filled joint cavity reduces friction between articulating surfaces.
کارڈ 32
سوال
Which bone cell breaks down bone matrix?
جواب
An osteoclast. Bone resorption helps remodeling and mineral balance.
کارڈ 33
سوال
What does a ligament connect?
جواب
Bone to bone. A tendon connects muscle to bone.
کارڈ 34
سوال
What is the shaft of a long bone called?
جواب
The diaphysis. The enlarged ends are the epiphyses.
کارڈ 35
سوال
Why is bone important to blood-calcium balance?
جواب
Bone stores calcium and can release or absorb it during remodeling. Hormones regulate this exchange.
کارڈ 36
سوال
What is stored mainly in yellow bone marrow?
جواب
Fat. It serves as an energy reserve.
کارڈ 37
سوال
What does articular cartilage do at a synovial joint?
جواب
It reduces friction and absorbs shock. It covers the ends of articulating bones.
کارڈ 38
سوال
Why must a broken bone receive a blood supply during healing?
جواب
Repairing cells need oxygen and nutrients. Restored blood vessels support fracture healing.
کارڈ 39
سوال
What is bone remodeling?
جواب
Continuous removal and replacement of bone tissue. It repairs microdamage and helps bones adapt to stress.
کارڈ 40
سوال
Which muscle tissue is usually under voluntary control?
جواب
Skeletal muscle. Most skeletal muscles move the skeleton, while some, such as facial muscles, insert into skin or other soft tissue.
کارڈ 41
سوال
What is a sarcomere?
جواب
The basic contractile unit of striated muscle. It lies between two Z discs.
کارڈ 42
سوال
What does a tendon connect?
جواب
Muscle to bone. It transmits muscle force to the skeleton.
کارڈ 43
سوال
Which proteins slide past one another during muscle contraction?
جواب
Actin and myosin. Their interaction shortens sarcomeres without shortening the filaments themselves.
کارڈ 44
سوال
Where is smooth muscle commonly found?
جواب
In the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels. Its contractions are generally involuntary.
کارڈ 45
سوال
What ion exposes binding sites needed for skeletal muscle contraction?
جواب
Calcium. Its release inside the muscle fiber allows actin and myosin interaction.
کارڈ 46
سوال
How do antagonistic muscle pairs move a joint?
جواب
One muscle contracts while the opposing muscle relaxes. Reversing their roles moves the joint in the opposite direction.
کارڈ 47
سوال
Why does muscle contraction require ATP?
جواب
ATP powers cross-bridge cycling and ion pumps. It is also needed for myosin to detach from actin.
کارڈ 48
سوال
Which muscle tissue makes up the heart wall?
جواب
Cardiac muscle. It is striated, involuntary, and connected for coordinated pumping.
کارڈ 49
سوال
During a typical muscle contraction, which attachment moves more: origin or insertion?
جواب
The insertion. The origin is generally the more fixed attachment.
کارڈ 50
سوال
Which type of neuron sends the signal that initiates skeletal-muscle contraction?
جواب
A somatic motor neuron. It releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, triggering an action potential in the muscle fiber.
کارڈ 51
سوال
What is muscle tone?
جواب
Continuous low-level muscle tension. It helps maintain posture and readiness without producing a large movement.
کارڈ 52
سوال
How does skeletal muscle help regulate body temperature?
جواب
Contraction releases heat. Shivering increases rapid contractions when the body is cold.
کارڈ 53
سوال
What are the three muscle tissue types?
جواب
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. They differ in location, structure, and control.
کارڈ 54
سوال
What is a neuron's main function?
جواب
To receive, process, and transmit information. Neurons use electrical signals and chemical messengers.
کارڈ 55
سوال
What structures make up the central nervous system?
جواب
The brain and spinal cord. They integrate information and coordinate responses.
کارڈ 56
سوال
Which part of a neuron usually receives incoming signals?
جواب
The dendrites. The cell body integrates much of that input.
کارڈ 57
سوال
What does the peripheral nervous system include?
جواب
Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. It links the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
کارڈ 58
سوال
Which neuron structure carries an impulse away from the cell body?
جواب
The axon. Its terminals communicate with another cell.
کارڈ 59
سوال
Which nervous-system division controls skeletal muscles voluntarily?
جواب
The somatic nervous system. It also carries sensory information from skin, muscles, and joints.
کارڈ 60
سوال
What is a synapse?
جواب
A junction where one neuron communicates with another cell. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters across a small gap.
کارڈ 61
سوال
Which nervous-system division regulates organs and glands without conscious control?
جواب
The autonomic nervous system. It includes sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
کارڈ 62
سوال
How does myelin affect nerve signaling?
جواب
It speeds impulse conduction along an axon. Myelin insulates segments of the axon.
کارڈ 63
سوال
Which autonomic division prepares the body for acute activity?
جواب
The sympathetic division. It generally increases alertness and supports a fight-or-flight response.
کارڈ 64
سوال
What is a reflex?
جواب
A rapid, predictable response to a stimulus. A reflex pathway can act before conscious awareness.
کارڈ 65
سوال
Which autonomic division supports rest, digestion, and energy conservation?
جواب
The parasympathetic division. It generally promotes routine maintenance functions.
کارڈ 66
سوال
Which brain region is most associated with conscious thought and voluntary movement?
جواب
The cerebrum. Its cortex also processes much sensory information.
کارڈ 67
سوال
Which brain region fine-tunes balance and coordinated movement?
جواب
The cerebellum. It compares intended movement with sensory feedback.
کارڈ 68
سوال
Which brain region controls vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate?
جواب
The brainstem. It also connects higher brain regions with the spinal cord.
کارڈ 69
سوال
How do sensory and motor neurons differ?
جواب
Sensory neurons carry information toward the CNS; motor neurons carry commands away. Interneurons connect and process signals within the CNS.
کارڈ 70
سوال
What does a sensory receptor do?
جواب
It converts a stimulus into a neural signal. Different receptors respond best to particular forms of energy or chemicals.
کارڈ 71
سوال
What is a hormone?
جواب
A chemical messenger released into body fluids to affect target cells. A target responds only if it has the appropriate receptor.
کارڈ 72
سوال
Why is the pituitary gland often called a master gland?
جواب
Several pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands. The hypothalamus controls much of pituitary activity.
کارڈ 73
سوال
Why can one hormone affect some cells but not others?
جواب
Only target cells have the matching receptor. Receptor binding starts the cell's response.
کارڈ 74
سوال
Which gland produces hormones that broadly increase metabolic activity?
جواب
The thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones influence energy use and development.
کارڈ 75
سوال
What is insulin's main effect on blood glucose?
جواب
It lowers blood glucose. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage after a meal.
کارڈ 76
سوال
Which glands release a hormone that raises blood calcium?
جواب
The parathyroid glands. Parathyroid hormone acts on bone, kidneys, and vitamin D pathways.
کارڈ 77
سوال
Which adrenal region releases epinephrine during acute stress?
جواب
The adrenal medulla. Its hormones reinforce sympathetic nervous-system effects.
کارڈ 78
سوال
Which organ has both endocrine and digestive functions?
جواب
The pancreas. Its islets release hormones, while other cells release digestive enzymes.
کارڈ 79
سوال
What is glucagon's main effect on blood glucose?
جواب
It raises blood glucose. It promotes release of stored glucose during fasting.
کارڈ 80
سوال
Rising thyroid hormone reduces its own upstream stimulation. What pattern is this?
جواب
Negative feedback. The final hormone limits further release along the control pathway.
کارڈ 81
سوال
Which adrenal region produces steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone?
جواب
The adrenal cortex. It surrounds the adrenal medulla.
کارڈ 82
سوال
Which gland releases melatonin and helps regulate daily sleep timing?
جواب
The pineal gland. Light information influences its secretion pattern.
کارڈ 83
سوال
Which hormone directly increases collecting-duct water permeability?
جواب
Antidiuretic hormone, or ADH. It makes collecting ducts more permeable to water, increasing water reabsorption and usually producing less, more concentrated urine.
کارڈ 84
سوال
Which hormone strengthens uterine contractions during labor?
جواب
Oxytocin. This is a classic positive-feedback pathway that ends after delivery.
کارڈ 85
سوال
How does endocrine signaling generally differ from nervous signaling?
جواب
It is usually slower to start and longer lasting. Hormones travel through body fluids, while neurons signal specific targets rapidly.
کارڈ 86
سوال
What is plasma?
جواب
The liquid portion of blood. It carries cells, nutrients, hormones, proteins, wastes, and dissolved gases.
کارڈ 87
سوال
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
جواب
The right side. The right ventricle sends deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary trunk and arteries.
کارڈ 88
سوال
What is the main function of red blood cells?
جواب
Transporting oxygen. Their hemoglobin also carries a smaller share of carbon dioxide.
کارڈ 89
سوال
What defines an artery?
جواب
It carries blood away from the heart. Oxygen content does not define it; pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood.
کارڈ 90
سوال
What is the main function of white blood cells?
جواب
Body defense. Different white blood cells recognize, attack, or coordinate responses to threats.
کارڈ 91
سوال
Which side of the heart pumps blood into systemic circulation?
جواب
The left side. The left ventricle sends oxygenated blood into the aorta.
کارڈ 92
سوال
What is the main purpose of heart valves?
جواب
To keep blood moving in one direction. Pressure differences open and close them.
کارڈ 93
سوال
What defines a vein?
جواب
It carries blood toward the heart. Many veins contain valves that limit backflow.
کارڈ 94
سوال
What is the main role of platelets?
جواب
Helping stop bleeding. They form a platelet plug and support clotting reactions at a damaged vessel.
کارڈ 95
سوال
Why are capillaries well suited for exchange?
جواب
Their walls are only one cell layer thick. Their small diameter and large total surface area support diffusion and filtration.
کارڈ 96
سوال
After blood enters the right atrium, what chamber receives it next?
جواب
The right ventricle. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve before entering that chamber.
کارڈ 97
سوال
What happens during ventricular systole?
جواب
The ventricles contract and eject blood. The right ventricle pumps to the lungs, and the left pumps to the body.
کارڈ 98
سوال
What is pulmonary circulation?
جواب
Blood flow between the heart and lungs. It allows gas exchange and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
کارڈ 99
سوال
What normally sets the heart's rhythm?
جواب
The sinoatrial, or SA, node. Its spontaneous electrical activity initiates each heartbeat.
کارڈ 100
سوال
What molecule in red blood cells binds oxygen?
جواب
Hemoglobin. Its iron-containing heme groups bind oxygen reversibly.
کارڈ 101
سوال
What happens during ventricular diastole?
جواب
The ventricles relax and fill. Atrioventricular valves are open during most ventricular filling.
کارڈ 102
سوال
What is systemic circulation?
جواب
Blood flow between the heart and the body's tissues. It delivers oxygen and nutrients and returns wastes.
کارڈ 103
سوال
What does arterial blood pressure measure?
جواب
The force of blood against artery walls. It is commonly reported as systolic over diastolic pressure.
کارڈ 104
سوال
What do coronary arteries supply?
جواب
The heart muscle itself. Blocked coronary blood flow can deprive myocardium of oxygen.
کارڈ 105
سوال
Which major vessels return systemic blood to the right atrium?
جواب
The superior and inferior venae cavae. The superior vessel drains the upper body; the inferior drains the lower body.
کارڈ 106
سوال
What is the respiratory system's primary gas-exchange function?
جواب
Bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide. Ventilation moves air, while diffusion exchanges gases.
کارڈ 107
سوال
What is the airflow sequence from the pharynx to the gas-exchange surfaces?
جواب
Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. Each branch conducts air deeper into the lungs.
کارڈ 108
سوال
Where does most gas exchange occur in the lungs?
جواب
Across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Thin walls and a large surface area shorten diffusion distance.
کارڈ 109
سوال
What does the diaphragm do during quiet inhalation?
جواب
It contracts and moves downward. Thoracic volume rises, lung pressure falls, and air flows inward.
کارڈ 110
سوال
Why does oxygen move from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries?
جواب
Its partial pressure is higher in alveolar air than in incoming blood. Oxygen diffuses down that gradient.
کارڈ 111
سوال
What drives quiet exhalation?
جواب
Elastic recoil after inspiratory muscles relax. Thoracic volume falls and pressure pushes air outward.
کارڈ 112
سوال
What is the pleura?
جواب
A double membrane surrounding each lung. A thin fluid layer reduces friction during breathing.
کارڈ 113
سوال
How is most oxygen transported in blood?
جواب
Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Only a small amount dissolves directly in plasma.
کارڈ 114
سوال
Why does carbon dioxide move from pulmonary blood into alveoli?
جواب
Its partial pressure is higher in incoming blood than in alveolar air. It diffuses down that gradient for exhalation.
کارڈ 115
سوال
What helps keep swallowed material out of the airway?
جواب
The epiglottis and coordinated swallowing reflexes. The laryngeal opening is protected as food passes.
کارڈ 116
سوال
How does the conducting airway remove trapped particles?
جواب
Mucus traps them, and cilia move the mucus toward the throat. This is the mucociliary escalator.
کارڈ 117
سوال
In what form is most carbon dioxide transported in blood?
جواب
As bicarbonate ions. Red blood cells help convert carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate.
کارڈ 118
سوال
Which blood change is a strong normal stimulus to increase breathing?
جواب
A rise in carbon dioxide and the associated fall in pH. Brainstem centers adjust ventilation in response.
کارڈ 119
سوال
Why must alveoli receive both air and blood?
جواب
Gas exchange needs ventilation and perfusion. Air without blood flow, or blood without airflow, cannot exchange gases effectively.
کارڈ 120
سوال
Why does ventilation increase during exercise?
جواب
Active tissues use more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide. Faster, deeper breathing helps meet that demand.
کارڈ 121
سوال
What are the digestive system's core functions?
جواب
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Movement and secretion support those processes.
کارڈ 122
سوال
What is the alimentary-canal sequence after the mouth?
جواب
Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. Food passes through this continuous tube.
کارڈ 123
سوال
What is mechanical digestion?
جواب
Physical breakdown and mixing of food without changing its molecules. Chewing and stomach churning are examples.
کارڈ 124
سوال
What are two major functions of the stomach?
جواب
It stores and mixes food and begins substantial protein digestion. Acid denatures proteins, converts pepsinogen to pepsin, and provides the low pH pepsin needs.
کارڈ 125
سوال
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
جواب
The small intestine. Folds, villi, and microvilli create a large absorptive surface.
کارڈ 126
سوال
Which nutrient does salivary amylase begin digesting in the mouth?
جواب
Carbohydrates, especially starch. Salivary amylase breaks starch into smaller carbohydrates.
کارڈ 127
سوال
What is chemical digestion?
جواب
Enzymatic breakdown of large food molecules into absorbable units. Chemical bonds are changed during the process.
کارڈ 128
سوال
What is peristalsis?
جواب
Wave-like smooth-muscle contractions that move material forward. It occurs throughout much of the digestive tract.
کارڈ 129
سوال
What is a main function of the large intestine?
جواب
Absorbing water and electrolytes and forming feces. Resident microbes also process some undigested material.
کارڈ 130
سوال
What digestive product does the liver make?
جواب
Bile. Bile salts help disperse dietary fat into smaller droplets.
کارڈ 131
سوال
What does a digestive sphincter do?
جواب
It regulates movement between regions of the digestive tract. Circular muscle contracts to close a passage.
کارڈ 132
سوال
What does the pancreas release into the small intestine?
جواب
Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid. Bicarbonate helps neutralize acidic material from the stomach.
کارڈ 133
سوال
How do intestinal villi improve absorption?
جواب
They increase surface area. Each villus contains blood capillaries and a lymphatic lacteal for transported nutrients.
کارڈ 134
سوال
What is the gallbladder's role?
جواب
It stores and concentrates bile. It releases bile into the small intestine when fatty food arrives.
کارڈ 135
سوال
Which macronutrient's absorbed products usually enter intestinal lacteals before reaching the blood?
جواب
Most dietary lipids. Their absorbed products travel through lymph before entering the bloodstream.
کارڈ 136
سوال
Which accessory organs help digestion without food passing through them?
جواب
The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Teeth and the tongue act mechanically; the other accessory organs add or store digestive secretions.
کارڈ 137
سوال
What organs make up the urinary system?
جواب
The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Kidneys make urine; the remaining organs transport, store, and release it.
کارڈ 138
سوال
What is a nephron?
جواب
The kidney's functional unit. It filters blood and adjusts the filtrate to form urine.
کارڈ 139
سوال
Where does blood filtration begin in a nephron?
جواب
At the renal corpuscle. Pressure pushes water and small solutes from glomerular capillaries into the capsule.
کارڈ 140
سوال
What moves urine from a kidney to the bladder?
جواب
A ureter. Smooth-muscle contractions propel urine along the tube.
کارڈ 141
سوال
What is the urinary bladder's main role?
جواب
Temporary urine storage. Stretch receptors help trigger the urge to urinate as it fills.
کارڈ 142
سوال
Which structure carries urine from the bladder out of the body?
جواب
The urethra. It is distinct from the ureters that enter the bladder.
کارڈ 143
سوال
What is tubular reabsorption?
جواب
Movement of useful substances from nephron fluid back into blood. Water, glucose, and ions are common examples.
کارڈ 144
سوال
What is the glomerulus?
جواب
A capillary tuft that filters blood in the renal corpuscle. Cells and most large proteins normally remain in circulation.
کارڈ 145
سوال
How does more ADH change urine?
جواب
It makes urine more concentrated and lowers its volume. More water is reabsorbed from the collecting ducts.
کارڈ 146
سوال
What path does filtrate follow after entering the glomerular capsule?
جواب
Proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct. The collecting duct receives forming urine from multiple nephrons.
کارڈ 147
سوال
What is tubular secretion?
جواب
Movement of selected substances from blood into nephron fluid. It helps eliminate wastes and regulate ions and pH.
کارڈ 148
سوال
Besides removing waste, what does the urinary system regulate?
جواب
Water, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and blood volume. Kidney hormones also affect blood pressure and red-cell production.
کارڈ 149
سوال
Why does dehydration usually reduce urine volume?
جواب
The body conserves water by increasing renal reabsorption. ADH is an important signal in this response.
کارڈ 150
سوال
Why do the kidneys receive a large blood flow?
جواب
They must continuously filter plasma and regulate its composition. High flow supports waste removal and homeostasis.
کارڈ 151
سوال
What is lymph?
جواب
Interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels. It eventually returns to the bloodstream.
کارڈ 152
سوال
What is innate immunity?
جواب
Rapid, nonspecific defense present before a particular exposure. Barriers, inflammation, and several immune cells contribute.
کارڈ 153
سوال
What is a major function of lymph nodes?
جواب
Filtering lymph and providing sites for immune-cell activation. Swelling can reflect an active immune response.
کارڈ 154
سوال
What does the spleen filter?
جواب
Blood. It removes aged blood cells and supports immune responses to blood-borne antigens.
کارڈ 155
سوال
What is a key function of B lymphocytes?
جواب
Producing antibody-secreting cells and memory cells. Antibodies bind specific antigens.
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What distinguishes adaptive immunity?
جواب
It targets specific antigens and develops memory. Later exposure can trigger a faster, stronger response.
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Which lymphatic organ is important for T-cell maturation?
جواب
The thymus. It is most active early in life.
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What is the body's first physical barrier against many pathogens?
جواب
Intact skin and mucous membranes. Their secretions and normal microbes add protection.
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What is a key function of T lymphocytes?
جواب
Coordinating immune responses or killing infected cells. Different T-cell types perform different roles.
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What does an antibody bind?
جواب
A specific antigen. Binding can neutralize a target or mark it for other immune defenses.
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What is the purpose of inflammation after tissue injury?
جواب
To contain damage, recruit defenses, and begin repair. Redness, heat, swelling, and pain can accompany it.
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Why is a second adaptive response often faster than the first?
جواب
Memory lymphocytes remain after the first exposure. They respond quickly when the same antigen appears again.
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What does a phagocyte do?
جواب
It engulfs particles, microbes, or debris. Neutrophils and macrophages are important examples.
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How does vaccination support adaptive immunity?
جواب
It safely exposes the immune system to antigen information. This promotes memory without requiring the full disease.
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Why is lymphatic fluid return important?
جواب
It prevents excess interstitial fluid from accumulating. Lymphatic vessels return fluid and leaked proteins to blood.
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What structures belong to the integumentary system?
جواب
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Together they form the body's outer covering.
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What is the epidermis?
جواب
The outer epithelial layer of skin. It is avascular and contains protective keratinized cells.
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How does sweating cool the body?
جواب
Evaporation removes heat from the skin. Skin blood-flow changes also help regulate heat loss.
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What is a major role of melanin in skin?
جواب
Absorbing some ultraviolet radiation. It also contributes to skin and hair color.
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How does skin contribute to sensation?
جواب
Sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. Nerves carry that information to the CNS.
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What is the dermis?
جواب
The connective-tissue layer beneath the epidermis. It contains vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.
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How does skin support vitamin D production?
جواب
Ultraviolet light starts conversion of a skin molecule into a vitamin D precursor. The liver and kidneys complete activation.
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Why does a deep skin wound bleed but a shallow epidermal scrape may not?
جواب
Blood vessels are in the dermis, not the epidermis. A wound must reach vascular tissue to damage them.
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What is a gamete?
جواب
A haploid reproductive cell. Human sperm and oocytes each carry 23 chromosomes.
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What are the testes' two main reproductive functions?
جواب
Producing sperm and secreting testosterone. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules.
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What tube carries sperm from the epididymis toward the ejaculatory duct?
جواب
The ductus, or vas, deferens. Smooth muscle propels sperm during ejaculation.
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What is ovulation?
جواب
Release of a secondary oocyte from an ovary. A surge in luteinizing hormone helps trigger it.
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Where does fertilization usually occur?
جواب
In a uterine tube. The early embryo then travels toward the uterus.
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What are the ovaries' two main reproductive functions?
جواب
Producing oocytes and secreting sex hormones. Estrogen and progesterone help regulate the reproductive cycle.
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What is the uterus' main reproductive role?
جواب
Supporting implantation and development of an embryo and fetus. Its muscular wall also contracts during birth.
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What causes menstruation when pregnancy does not occur?
جواب
Falling ovarian hormones allow the uterine lining to shed. A new cycle then begins.
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How does a sperm cell's structure support its function?
جواب
Its flagellum provides movement, and its head carries DNA plus enzymes used during fertilization. Mitochondria supply energy in the midpiece.
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What is the placenta's exchange role?
جواب
It allows gases, nutrients, and wastes to move between maternal and fetal circulations. Their blood normally does not mix directly.
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Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction?
جواب
It halves chromosome number in gametes. Fertilization then restores the diploid number.
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How do sex hormones regulate reproductive control pathways?
جواب
They usually feed back on the hypothalamus and pituitary. This adjusts release of hormones that act on the gonads.
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What does cell theory state?
جواب
Living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells come from existing cells. These ideas link organism structure with cell division.
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What is the defining structural feature of a prokaryotic cell?
جواب
It lacks a membrane-bound nucleus. Its DNA occupies a nucleoid region.
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What is the cell membrane's main role?
جواب
Regulating movement between the cell and its environment. Its phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable.
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What is the nucleus' main role?
جواب
Storing most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA. Nuclear pores regulate exchange with the cytoplasm.
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Where are proteins assembled?
جواب
At ribosomes. Ribosomes may float in cytosol or attach to rough endoplasmic reticulum.
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What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
جواب
A eukaryotic cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.
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What is a mitochondrion's main function?
جواب
Producing most cellular ATP through aerobic respiration. Its inner membrane provides a large reaction surface.
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What does rough endoplasmic reticulum mainly produce?
جواب
Proteins for secretion, membranes, or organelles. Ribosomes on its surface make the proteins.
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Which organelle carries out photosynthesis in plants and algae?
جواب
The chloroplast. It converts light energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules.
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What does the Golgi apparatus do?
جواب
It modifies, sorts, and packages cell products. Vesicles carry those products to their destinations.
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What is a lysosome's role?
جواب
Digesting worn cell parts and engulfed material. Its enzymes work best in an acidic interior.
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What are major functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
جواب
Lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage. Its membrane lacks attached ribosomes.
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What does the cytoskeleton provide?
جواب
Cell shape, internal organization, movement, and transport tracks. It is built from protein filaments.
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What is diffusion?
جواب
Net movement from higher to lower concentration. It is passive and continues until dynamic equilibrium is reached.
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What happens to an animal cell in a strongly hypotonic solution?
جواب
Water enters and the cell swells. Without a cell wall, it may burst.
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What happens during interphase?
جواب
The cell grows, performs normal functions, and copies its DNA. Interphase precedes mitotic division.
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What is the result of mitosis followed by cytokinesis?
جواب
Two genetically similar daughter cells. Chromosome number is normally preserved.
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What is osmosis?
جواب
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves toward the side with more nonpenetrating solute.
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What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?
جواب
Water leaves and the cell shrinks. The external solution has a higher effective solute concentration.
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Why are cells generally small?
جواب
A high surface-area-to-volume ratio supports efficient exchange. Volume grows faster than surface area as a cell enlarges.
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What is cytokinesis?
جواب
Division of the cytoplasm. It separates one cell into two after nuclear division.
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How does active transport differ from passive transport?
جواب
It uses energy to move substances against a gradient. Passive transport moves down a gradient without direct energy input.
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What happens to an animal cell in an isotonic solution?
جواب
There is no net water movement. Water still crosses in both directions at equal rates.
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Which structures are typical of plant cells but not animal cells?
جواب
A cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. Both cell types have membranes, nuclei, and mitochondria.
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How do cells contribute to a multicellular organism's organization?
جواب
Specialized cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form systems. Division of labor supports complex functions.
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What is DNA's primary biological role?
جواب
Storing hereditary information. Its nucleotide sequence contains instructions used to build functional RNA and proteins.
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What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
جواب
A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides link to form each strand.
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Which bases pair in double-stranded DNA?
جواب
Adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine. Hydrogen bonds hold complementary strands together.
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How does RNA differ from DNA?
جواب
RNA usually has ribose, uses uracil instead of thymine, and is usually single-stranded. Several RNA types help express genes.
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What is a gene?
جواب
A DNA sequence that contributes to a functional product. The product may be a protein or a functional RNA.
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What is a chromosome?
جواب
A long DNA molecule packaged with proteins. It contains many genes and other sequences.
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What is DNA replication?
جواب
Copying DNA before cell division. Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one newly made strand.
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What is the usual flow of information from a protein-coding gene?
جواب
DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription makes RNA; translation builds the polypeptide.
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What happens during transcription?
جواب
RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. For a protein-coding gene, that RNA functions as or is processed into messenger RNA.
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What does messenger RNA carry?
جواب
A copy of coding information from DNA to a ribosome. Its codons specify the amino-acid sequence.
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What is a codon?
جواب
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA. Most codons specify an amino acid; some signal start or stop.
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What is the usual role of the AUG codon?
جواب
It starts translation and specifies methionine. The ribosome uses it to establish the reading frame.
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What happens during translation?
جواب
A ribosome reads mRNA and joins amino acids into a polypeptide. Transfer RNAs match codons with amino acids.
446 کارڈز
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
یہ ڈیک مفت پڑھیںمطالعہ شروع کرنے کے لیے Nibomo کھلے گا۔
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What is transfer RNA's role in protein synthesis?
جواب
It carries an amino acid and matches its anticodon to an mRNA codon. This places the correct amino acid in sequence.
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What is an anticodon?
جواب
A three-base sequence on tRNA complementary to an mRNA codon. Pairing helps decode the message.
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What is a mutation?
جواب
A change in a DNA sequence. Its effect may be harmful, neutral, or beneficial depending on location and context.
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Why can a one-base insertion in a coding sequence have a large effect?
جواب
It can shift the reading frame. Every downstream codon may change until a stop signal appears.
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Why can changing one amino acid alter a protein's function?
جواب
Amino-acid sequence helps determine folding and shape. Shape controls many protein interactions.
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What is ribosomal RNA's role in protein synthesis?
جواب
It forms the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA helps align translation components and catalyzes peptide-bond formation.
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Why can different cell types contain the same DNA but perform different jobs?
جواب
They express different sets of genes. Different proteins give cells different structures and functions.
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Which mutation can be passed to offspring?
جواب
A mutation present in a gamete-forming lineage. A mutation limited to ordinary body cells is not inherited through reproduction.
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What is an allele?
جواب
An alternative version of a gene. Diploid individuals usually carry two alleles for each autosomal gene.
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What is genotype?
جواب
An organism's allele combination for a gene or set of genes. Genotype contributes to phenotype.
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What does homozygous mean?
جواب
Having two identical alleles for a gene. Examples include AA and aa.
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What makes an allele dominant in a simple Mendelian trait?
جواب
One copy is enough for its phenotype to appear in a heterozygote. Dominant does not mean common or beneficial.
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What does Mendel's law of segregation describe?
جواب
The two alleles for a gene separate during gamete formation. Each gamete receives one allele.
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What is phenotype?
جواب
An observable trait or characteristic. It can reflect genotype, environment, and their interaction.
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What does heterozygous mean?
جواب
Having two different alleles for a gene. An example is Aa.
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When does a recessive phenotype usually appear in a simple autosomal trait?
جواب
When both alleles are recessive. A heterozygote carries the allele without showing that phenotype.
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When does independent assortment apply most clearly?
جواب
When genes are on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome. Their allele pairs enter gametes independently.
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What does a Punnett square predict?
جواب
Expected offspring genotype probabilities from specified parental gametes. It does not guarantee outcomes in a small family.
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For Aa × Aa, what is the chance of an aa offspring?
جواب
One fourth, or 25%. The genotype ratio is expected to be 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa.
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For Aa × Aa with complete dominance, what phenotypic ratio is expected?
جواب
Three dominant-phenotype offspring to one recessive-phenotype offspring. This is a probability across many offspring.
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How can a test cross reveal the genotype behind a dominant phenotype?
جواب
Cross the individual with a homozygous recessive partner. Recessive offspring show that the unknown parent carried a recessive allele.
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What happens in incomplete dominance?
جواب
A heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype. Neither allele fully masks the other.
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How is the probability of two independent genetic events both occurring found?
جواب
Multiply their individual probabilities. This is the product rule.
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What does a pedigree show?
جواب
How a trait appears across generations of a family. Its pattern can suggest a mode of inheritance.
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Why can two parents have offspring ratios that differ from a Punnett-square expectation?
جواب
Each fertilization is a chance event. Expected ratios become more apparent with larger numbers of offspring.
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What happens in codominance?
جواب
Both alleles are distinctly expressed in a heterozygote. The AB blood type is a common example.
کارڈ 250
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What are major roles of carbohydrates?
جواب
Providing quick energy, storing energy, and forming some structures. Monosaccharides are their basic building blocks.
کارڈ 251
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What is a monomer?
جواب
A small building block that can join with others to form a larger molecule. Glucose, amino acids, and nucleotides are examples in different classes.
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What happens in a dehydration-synthesis reaction?
جواب
Monomers join while water is removed. The reaction builds a larger biological molecule.
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What does an enzyme do?
جواب
It lowers activation energy and speeds a reaction without being consumed. Its shape helps it bind specific substrates.
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What are major roles of lipids?
جواب
Long-term energy storage, membranes, insulation, and signaling. Lipids are mostly nonpolar and do not mix well with water.
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What does it mean for a protein to denature?
جواب
Its normal shape is disrupted. Heat, extreme pH, or chemicals can reduce its function.
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What happens during hydrolysis?
جواب
Water is used to split a larger molecule into smaller units. Digestion often uses hydrolysis reactions.
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Why do phospholipids form bilayers in water?
جواب
Their hydrophilic heads interact with water while hydrophobic tails turn inward. This arrangement forms cell-membrane structure.
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What are proteins built from?
جواب
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Their folded shapes support enzymes, transport, signaling, structure, and movement.
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How do starch and glycogen compare?
جواب
Both store glucose; plants use starch and animals use glycogen. Their branching patterns differ.
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How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?
جواب
Saturated fatty acids lack carbon-carbon double bonds; unsaturated ones have one or more. Double bonds often introduce bends.
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What immediate energy-carrying molecule powers many cell processes?
جواب
ATP. Energy released from nutrients can be transferred into ATP's phosphate bonds.
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What are nucleic acids built from?
جواب
Nucleotides. DNA stores hereditary information, while RNA performs several roles in gene expression.
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Which elements are common in all four major biological macromolecule classes?
جواب
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Nitrogen and phosphorus occur prominently in some classes.
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Why is three-dimensional shape important for macromolecules?
جواب
Shape determines many interactions and functions. A changed shape can prevent a molecule from binding its target.
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What are triglycerides built from?
جواب
One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. They join through ester bonds to form a common energy-storage lipid.
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What is a pathogen?
جواب
An agent capable of causing disease. Not every microorganism is pathogenic.
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What type of cell is a bacterium?
جواب
A prokaryotic cell. Bacteria usually reproduce by binary fission.
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What cell type do fungi have?
جواب
Eukaryotic cells. Some fungi are unicellular yeasts, while others form multicellular filaments.
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What does disease transmission describe?
جواب
How an infectious agent moves to a susceptible host. Routes include contact, droplets, airborne spread, food, water, and vectors.
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What is a biological vector?
جواب
An organism that becomes infected with a pathogen and transmits it between hosts. The pathogen survives or reproduces inside the vector, unlike transport by a mechanical carrier.
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Why are viruses dependent on host cells?
جواب
They lack the complete machinery for reproduction and metabolism. They use host components to make new virus particles.
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What is a protist?
جواب
A diverse eukaryote that is not classified as an animal, plant, or fungus. Some protists cause disease, while many do not.
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Why do antibiotics not treat viral infections?
جواب
They target bacterial structures or processes that viruses lack. Antiviral drugs use different targets.
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How can normal microbiota protect a host?
جواب
They occupy space and use resources that pathogens might otherwise exploit. Some also support digestion or immune development.
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How does sterilization differ from disinfection?
جواب
Sterilization destroys or removes all microbial life, including resistant forms; disinfection reduces pathogens on objects. The required method depends on use.
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How do infection and disease differ?
جواب
Infection means an agent is established in a host; disease means normal function is impaired and signs or symptoms occur. Infection may be asymptomatic.
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How can breaking a transmission route reduce infectious disease?
جواب
It interrupts the chain connecting a source with a susceptible host. Hand hygiene, clean water, ventilation, and vector control target different links.
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What is an atom?
جواب
The smallest unit of an element that retains that element's chemical identity. Atoms contain a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
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What charge and location does an electron have?
جواب
Negative charge in the electron cloud around the nucleus. Electrons drive most chemical bonding.
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Why are valence electrons important?
جواب
They participate most directly in bonding and reactions. Their arrangement helps predict chemical behavior.
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What do elements in the same periodic-table group often share?
جواب
Similar valence-electron patterns and chemical properties. A group is a vertical column.
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What is an ion?
جواب
An atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. Its total numbers of protons and electrons are unequal.
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What charge and location does a proton have?
جواب
Positive charge in the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element.
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What does an element's atomic number equal?
جواب
Its number of protons. A neutral atom has the same number of electrons.
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How does a neutral atom form a cation?
جواب
By losing one or more electrons. It has more protons than electrons and a positive charge.
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An atom has 8 protons. How many electrons does it have if it is neutral?
جواب
Eight electrons. Neutral atoms have equal positive and negative charges.
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What charge and location does a neutron have?
جواب
No electric charge, in the nucleus. Neutron number can vary among isotopes of an element.
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What does mass number equal?
جواب
Protons plus neutrons in one atom. It is a whole number for a specific isotope.
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How does a neutral atom form an anion?
جواب
By gaining one or more electrons. It has more electrons than protons and a negative charge.
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What does a period represent on the periodic table?
جواب
A horizontal row. Moving across a period changes proton number one element at a time.
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What are isotopes?
جواب
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
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What is matter?
جواب
Anything that has mass and occupies space. Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are forms of matter.
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What distinguishes a solid from a liquid or gas?
جواب
A solid has a definite shape and volume. Its particles vibrate around relatively fixed positions.
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What is a physical change?
جواب
A change in form or state without changing chemical identity. Melting and cutting are examples.
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What is a physical property?
جواب
A characteristic observed without changing a substance's identity. Density, color, and melting point are examples.
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How does an element differ from a compound?
جواب
An element contains one kind of atom; a compound contains elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. Chemical methods can separate a compound into simpler substances.
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What distinguishes a liquid?
جواب
It has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container. Its particles remain close while moving past one another.
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What is a chemical change?
جواب
A process that forms one or more substances with new chemical identities. Bond rearrangement occurs.
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What is a chemical property?
جواب
A substance's ability to undergo a particular chemical change. Flammability and reactivity with acid are examples.
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Which phase changes connect solids and liquids?
جواب
Melting changes a solid to a liquid; freezing changes a liquid to a solid. These are opposite physical changes.
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How does a pure substance differ from a mixture?
جواب
A pure substance has a fixed composition and is an element or compound; a mixture has variable composition and physically combined components. Mixture components retain their identities.
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What distinguishes a gas?
جواب
It has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. It expands to fill its container.
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What is the formula for density?
جواب
Density = mass ÷ volume. Density is an intensive property.
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Which phase changes connect liquids and gases?
جواب
Vaporization changes a liquid to a gas; condensation changes a gas to a liquid. Evaporation is vaporization at a liquid's surface.
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What is a mixture?
جواب
Two or more substances physically combined in variable proportions. Its components retain their chemical identities.
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How do intensive and extensive properties differ?
جواب
Intensive properties do not depend on sample amount; extensive properties do. Density and temperature are intensive, while mass and volume are extensive.
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A 20 g sample occupies 5 mL. What is its density?
جواب
4 g/mL. Divide 20 g by 5 mL.
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Which phase changes connect solids and gases directly?
جواب
Sublimation changes a solid to a gas; deposition changes a gas to a solid. Neither transition passes through the liquid state.
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How do homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures differ?
جواب
A homogeneous mixture is uniform throughout; a heterogeneous mixture is not. A solution is homogeneous.
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Where are reactants and products written in a chemical equation?
جواب
Reactants are on the left; products are on the right. The arrow shows the direction represented.
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Why must a chemical equation be balanced?
جواب
Atoms are conserved in ordinary chemical reactions. Each element must have the same atom count on both sides.
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What does a coefficient in a chemical equation change?
جواب
The number of whole particles or moles represented. It multiplies every atom in the following formula.
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Why should subscripts not be changed when balancing an equation?
جواب
Changing a subscript changes the substance's identity. Balancing changes coefficients only.
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What coefficients balance H₂ + O₂ → H₂O?
جواب
2, 1, 2: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O. Both sides then contain four hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms.
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What pattern defines a synthesis reaction?
جواب
Two or more reactants form a more complex product. A general pattern is A + B → AB.
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What are typical products when a hydrocarbon burns completely in oxygen?
جواب
Carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide or carbon.
کارڈ 317
سوال
What is the net ionic equation for a typical strong acid–strong base neutralization?
جواب
H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l). The remaining ions are spectators and do not appear in the net ionic equation.
کارڈ 318
سوال
What is a precipitate?
جواب
An insoluble solid that forms from substances in solution. Its appearance can signal a chemical reaction.
کارڈ 319
سوال
What pattern defines a decomposition reaction?
جواب
One compound breaks into simpler products. A general pattern is AB → A + B.
کارڈ 320
سوال
What is an exothermic reaction?
جواب
A reaction that releases heat to the surroundings. The surroundings often warm.
کارڈ 321
سوال
What occurs in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
جواب
Electrons transfer or atoms change oxidation state. Oxidation is electron loss; reduction is electron gain.
کارڈ 322
سوال
What is activation energy?
جواب
The minimum energy barrier reactants must overcome to react. Catalysts lower this barrier.
کارڈ 323
سوال
Which observations can provide evidence of a chemical reaction?
جواب
Gas formation, a precipitate, sustained color change, light, or temperature change. No single sign proves a reaction without context.
کارڈ 324
سوال
What is an endothermic reaction?
جواب
A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings. The surroundings may cool.
کارڈ 325
سوال
Why does raising temperature usually speed a reaction?
جواب
Particles collide more often and with greater energy. More collisions overcome activation energy.
کارڈ 326
سوال
Why can higher reactant concentration increase reaction rate?
جواب
More reactant particles occupy a given volume. This raises collision frequency.
کارڈ 327
سوال
Why does powdered solid often react faster than one large piece?
جواب
Powder exposes more surface area. More particles are available for collisions.
کارڈ 328
سوال
How does a catalyst speed a reaction?
جواب
It provides a pathway with lower activation energy. The catalyst is regenerated rather than consumed overall.
کارڈ 329
سوال
How can increasing pressure affect a reaction between gases?
جواب
It can increase rate by bringing gas particles closer together. Collision frequency rises when volume falls.
کارڈ 330
سوال
What does a reaction inhibitor do?
جواب
It slows a reaction. It may block a pathway, interfere with a catalyst, or remove reactive intermediates.
کارڈ 331
سوال
Why can very high temperature slow an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
جواب
The enzyme can denature and lose its active shape. Moderate warming helps only within the enzyme's stable range.
کارڈ 332
سوال
What is dynamic equilibrium?
جواب
Forward and reverse reactions continue at equal rates. Concentrations remain constant even though particles still react.
کارڈ 333
سوال
Does a catalyst change the final equilibrium amounts?
جواب
No. It speeds forward and reverse reactions, so equilibrium is reached sooner without changing its position.
کارڈ 334
سوال
At equilibrium, what usually happens when the concentration of a dissolved or gaseous reactant increases?
جواب
The system shifts toward consuming some added reactant. It forms more product until a new equilibrium is reached.
کارڈ 335
سوال
What is a solution?
جواب
A homogeneous mixture. Its components are uniformly distributed at the molecular or ionic level.
کارڈ 336
سوال
How do solute and solvent differ?
جواب
The solute is dissolved; the solvent is the dissolving medium. The solvent is often present in greater amount.
کارڈ 337
سوال
What does aqueous mean in chemistry?
جواب
Dissolved in water. The symbol
(aq)marks an aqueous species in an equation.کارڈ 338
سوال
What does concentration describe?
جواب
The amount of solute in a given amount of solution or solvent. Different units express it in different ways.
کارڈ 339
سوال
What is molarity?
جواب
Moles of solute per liter of solution. Its unit is mol/L, written M.
کارڈ 340
سوال
What is the molarity of 0.50 mol solute in 2.0 L of solution?
جواب
0.25 M. Divide 0.50 mol by 2.0 L.
کارڈ 341
سوال
What stays constant when water is added to dilute a solution without reaction?
جواب
The moles of solute. Volume increases and concentration decreases.
کارڈ 342
سوال
Which equation relates concentration and volume before and after a dilution?
جواب
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂. It follows from conserving the amount of solute.
کارڈ 343
سوال
What is solubility?
جواب
The maximum concentration of a solute that can be achieved in a solution at equilibrium under specified conditions. Temperature and the substances involved matter.
کارڈ 344
سوال
What is a saturated solution?
جواب
A solution holding the maximum dissolved solute at those conditions. Extra solute remains undissolved at equilibrium.
کارڈ 345
سوال
What is an electrolyte?
جواب
A substance that produces mobile ions in solution and conducts electricity. Soluble ionic compounds are common examples.
کارڈ 346
سوال
What does 'like dissolves like' predict?
جواب
Substances with similar polarity tend to mix well. Polar solvents favor polar or ionic solutes; nonpolar solvents favor nonpolar solutes.
کارڈ 347
سوال
Does heating always increase solubility?
جواب
No. Many solids become more soluble in water, but gases usually become less soluble as temperature rises.
کارڈ 348
سوال
What is an unsaturated solution?
جواب
A solution that can dissolve more solute at the stated conditions. It is below the solubility limit.
کارڈ 349
سوال
What does a Brønsted-Lowry acid donate?
جواب
A proton, H⁺. In water, acid behavior increases hydronium-ion concentration.
کارڈ 350
سوال
What does pH describe?
جواب
The hydronium-ion concentration on a logarithmic scale. Lower pH means higher hydronium concentration.
کارڈ 351
سوال
At 25 °C, what pH range is acidic?
جواب
Below 7. A neutral aqueous solution is pH 7 at this temperature.
کارڈ 352
سوال
How does hydronium concentration change when pH drops by 1 unit?
جواب
It increases tenfold. The pH scale is logarithmic.
کارڈ 353
سوال
What does a Brønsted-Lowry base accept?
جواب
A proton, H⁺. Many bases in water also increase hydroxide-ion concentration.
کارڈ 354
سوال
At 25 °C, what is the relationship between pH and pOH?
جواب
pH + pOH = 14. pOH is the negative base-10 logarithm of hydroxide-ion concentration; this relation applies to aqueous solutions at 25 °C.
کارڈ 355
سوال
At 25 °C, what pH range is basic?
جواب
Above 7. Basic solutions have less hydronium and more hydroxide than neutral water.
کارڈ 356
سوال
What are typical products of a strong acid reacting with a strong base?
جواب
Water and an ionic salt. Hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions combine to form water.
کارڈ 357
سوال
What does strong mean for an acid or base?
جواب
It produces its characteristic ions essentially completely in water. Strong acids ionize; soluble ionic strong bases dissociate. Strength is separate from concentration.
کارڈ 358
سوال
What does a buffer do?
جواب
It resists large pH changes when small amounts of acid or base are added. A weak conjugate acid-base pair neutralizes much of the added H₃O⁺ or OH⁻.
کارڈ 359
سوال
How does an acid-base indicator work?
جواب
Its color depends on pH. The change occurs over a characteristic pH range.
کارڈ 360
سوال
A solution has pH 9 at 25 °C. What is its pOH?
جواب
5. Subtract the pH from 14.
کارڈ 361
سوال
How does a concentrated weak acid differ from a dilute strong acid?
جواب
Concentration tells how much acid is present; strength tells how completely it ionizes. A concentrated weak acid contains more partially ionizing acid, while a dilute strong acid contains less acid that ionizes essentially completely. Either can have the lower pH.
کارڈ 362
سوال
What is the SI base unit of length?
جواب
The meter (m). Centimeters and millimeters are decimal subdivisions of a meter.
کارڈ 363
سوال
Which tool directly measures mass in a laboratory?
جواب
A balance. A spring scale measures force, often reported as weight.
کارڈ 364
سوال
What is the SI base unit of mass?
جواب
The kilogram (kg). Laboratory mass is also commonly reported in grams.
کارڈ 365
سوال
A student needs to measure about 35 mL of liquid and can choose a beaker or graduated cylinder. Which should they use?
جواب
A graduated cylinder. Read the scale at eye level.
کارڈ 366
سوال
What is the SI base unit of time?
جواب
The second (s). Minutes and hours are accepted for many everyday uses.
کارڈ 367
سوال
Where should the volume of a clear water-based liquid be read in a graduated cylinder?
جواب
At the bottom of the meniscus. Keep your eye level with the liquid surface.
کارڈ 368
سوال
What is the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature?
جواب
The kelvin (K). Degrees Celsius are widely used for laboratory and body temperatures.
کارڈ 369
سوال
Which tool measures temperature?
جواب
A thermometer. Its range and resolution should match the task.
کارڈ 370
سوال
What factor does the metric prefix kilo- represent?
جواب
One thousand, or 10³. One kilometer equals 1,000 meters.
کارڈ 371
سوال
A ruler's smallest marking is 1 mm. To what place should a careful analog reading usually be estimated?
جواب
One place beyond the smallest marking, when the scale allows it. The final digit is uncertain.
کارڈ 372
سوال
What is measurement accuracy?
جواب
Closeness to an accepted or true value. A systematic error can make precise measurements inaccurate.
کارڈ 373
سوال
How do mass and weight differ?
جواب
Mass is the amount of matter; weight is gravitational force on that mass. Mass stays constant when gravity changes, but weight does not.
کارڈ 374
سوال
What factor does the metric prefix milli- represent?
جواب
One thousandth, or 10⁻³. One milliliter is 0.001 liter.
کارڈ 375
سوال
How can the volume of an irregular solid be measured with water?
جواب
Use water displacement. Subtract the initial water volume from the final volume after submerging the object.
کارڈ 376
سوال
What is measurement precision?
جواب
Closeness of repeated measurements to one another. Precise results can still be consistently wrong.
کارڈ 377
سوال
What is an instrument's resolution?
جواب
The smallest change it can meaningfully display or distinguish. Higher resolution does not automatically guarantee accuracy.
کارڈ 378
سوال
How many centimeters are in 2.5 meters?
جواب
2.5 × 10² cm (250 cm). Multiply meters by the exact conversion factor 100 cm/m.
کارڈ 379
سوال
Why must a numerical measurement include a unit?
جواب
The unit identifies the quantity's scale. A bare number is ambiguous and cannot be compared reliably.
کارڈ 380
سوال
What is a scientific observation?
جواب
Information recorded with senses or instruments. It should be distinguished from an explanation of what was observed.
کارڈ 381
سوال
What makes a hypothesis scientifically useful?
جواب
It is testable and falsifiable. Evidence must be able to count against it.
کارڈ 382
سوال
What is a scientific theory?
جواب
A broad, well-supported explanation of natural phenomena. It is not a casual guess and can be revised with new evidence.
کارڈ 383
سوال
Which claim is falsifiable: 'No possible observation could count against this treatment's effectiveness' or 'This treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour'?
جواب
The claim that the treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour. An observation could count against it, so evidence can test it.
کارڈ 384
سوال
What is an inference?
جواب
A logical interpretation based on observations and prior knowledge. It goes beyond the raw measurement.
کارڈ 385
سوال
How does a prediction relate to a hypothesis?
جواب
It states an expected result if the hypothesis is correct. Experiments compare observed results with that expectation.
کارڈ 386
سوال
How does a scientific law differ from a scientific theory?
جواب
A law describes a consistent pattern; a theory explains how or why patterns occur. One does not mature into the other.
کارڈ 387
سوال
What does reliability mean for a measurement or procedure?
جواب
It produces consistent results under the same conditions. Repetition helps assess reliability.
کارڈ 388
سوال
What does a correlation show?
جواب
Two variables change together in a patterned way. Correlation alone does not establish that one causes the other.
کارڈ 389
سوال
What is bias in scientific work?
جواب
A systematic influence that pushes observations, selection, or interpretation in one direction. Good design tries to prevent or measure it.
کارڈ 390
سوال
What is the purpose of scientific peer review?
جواب
Independent experts evaluate methods, reasoning, and reporting before publication. It improves scrutiny but does not guarantee truth.
کارڈ 391
سوال
What does validity ask about a study or measurement?
جواب
Whether it measures or tests what it claims to measure or test. Consistency alone does not ensure validity.
کارڈ 392
سوال
What evidence most strengthens a causal claim?
جواب
A well-controlled experiment that manipulates the suspected cause. Random assignment reduces confounding, while independent replication tests whether the result holds with new data.
کارڈ 393
سوال
What is a primary scientific source?
جواب
A report of original methods, data, and results. A review article synthesizes many primary studies.
کارڈ 394
سوال
How should an unexpected outlier be handled?
جواب
Investigate and report it rather than deleting it automatically. Exclusion needs a documented scientific reason.
کارڈ 395
سوال
What is a confounding variable?
جواب
An outside factor related to both the suspected cause and the outcome. It can create a misleading association.
کارڈ 396
سوال
Why should a sample represent the population of interest?
جواب
Results generalize poorly when important groups are missing or overrepresented. Sampling method matters as much as size.
کارڈ 397
سوال
What is a scientific model?
جواب
A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system. A model is useful within its assumptions and limits.
کارڈ 398
سوال
Why should measurements report uncertainty or reasonable precision?
جواب
Every measurement has limits. Reporting more digits than the method supports creates false precision.
کارڈ 399
سوال
If results match a prediction once, what is the safest conclusion?
جواب
The results support the hypothesis under those conditions. One result does not prove the hypothesis in every setting.
کارڈ 400
سوال
What is a direct relationship between two variables?
جواب
As one increases, the other tends to increase; as one decreases, the other tends to decrease. The relationship need not be perfectly linear.
کارڈ 401
سوال
Which variable is usually placed on the x-axis of an experimental graph?
جواب
The independent variable. It is the factor selected or changed by the investigator.
کارڈ 402
سوال
What does the slope of a straight-line graph represent?
جواب
Change in y divided by change in x. It is the response rate per unit change in the other variable.
کارڈ 403
سوال
A line rises 12 units in y while x rises 3 units. What is its slope?
جواب
4 units of y per unit of x. Divide 12 by 3.
کارڈ 404
سوال
What is an inverse relationship?
جواب
As one variable increases, the other tends to decrease. Their product is constant only in a strictly inverse proportion.
کارڈ 405
سوال
Which variable is usually placed on the y-axis of an experimental graph?
جواب
The dependent variable. It is the measured response.
کارڈ 406
سوال
What does a plateau on a response graph indicate?
جواب
The measured response has stopped changing much despite further x increases. A limiting factor may have been reached.
کارڈ 407
سوال
What is interpolation?
جواب
Estimating a value within the range of measured data. It is generally safer than extrapolating beyond that range.
کارڈ 408
سوال
What pattern suggests no relationship between two plotted variables?
جواب
The response shows no consistent change as the other variable changes. Points may scatter without a trend.
کارڈ 409
سوال
Before comparing values in a data table, what should you check?
جواب
Headings, units, and conditions. Numbers from different measures or scales cannot be compared directly.
کارڈ 410
سوال
If 3 samples require 12 mL total, how much is needed for 5 equal samples?
جواب
20 mL. The rate is 4 mL per sample, so multiply by 5.
کارڈ 411
سوال
How is the arithmetic mean calculated?
جواب
Add all values and divide by the number of values. A large outlier can shift the mean.
کارڈ 412
سوال
Why is extrapolation uncertain?
جواب
It assumes the observed trend continues outside measured conditions. The relationship may change beyond the data range.
کارڈ 413
سوال
A culture grows from 20 to 50 cells in 6 hours. What is the average growth rate?
جواب
5 cells per hour. The change is 30 cells divided by 6 hours.
کارڈ 414
سوال
A measurement rises from 40 to 50. What is the percent increase?
جواب
25%. The increase is 10, and 10 ÷ 40 × 100 = 25%.
کارڈ 415
سوال
When can the median describe a typical value better than the mean?
جواب
When data are skewed or contain strong outliers. In an ordered set, the median is the middle value for an odd count and the mean of the two middle values for an even count.
کارڈ 416
سوال
How do quantitative and qualitative data differ?
جواب
Quantitative data are numerical; qualitative data describe categories or qualities. Both can answer scientific questions.
کارڈ 417
سوال
A response is 2 at dose 1, 4 at dose 2, and 8 at dose 4. If the relationship is linear, what response is predicted at dose 3?
جواب
6. The observed rate is 2 response units per dose unit, so interpolation at dose 3 gives 6.
کارڈ 418
سوال
How can a graph reveal a nonlinear relationship?
جواب
The points follow a curve rather than a straight line. The rate of change varies across the x-range.
کارڈ 419
سوال
What is the range of a data set?
جواب
Maximum minus minimum. It describes total spread but ignores the distribution between the endpoints.
کارڈ 420
سوال
What makes a scientific research question testable?
جواب
It identifies measurable variables or observable outcomes. The needed data must be obtainable.
کارڈ 421
سوال
In an experiment, what is the independent variable?
جواب
The factor deliberately changed or assigned by the investigator. In a simple one-factor experiment, changing one independent variable helps isolate its effect.
کارڈ 422
سوال
What should a hypothesis connect?
جواب
A proposed explanation with a measurable outcome. It should lead to a prediction that evidence can challenge.
کارڈ 423
سوال
What is a controlled variable, or constant?
جواب
A condition kept the same across groups. Holding it constant prevents it from explaining outcome differences.
کارڈ 424
سوال
What is the purpose of a control group?
جواب
It provides a comparison without the experimental treatment. Differences can then be attributed more confidently to the treatment.
کارڈ 425
سوال
In an experiment, what is the dependent variable?
جواب
The measured response. It may change because of the independent variable.
کارڈ 426
سوال
What form can a useful experimental prediction take?
جواب
If the independent variable changes in a stated way, then the dependent variable should respond in a stated way. The reason links it to the hypothesis.
کارڈ 427
سوال
What does a positive control demonstrate?
جواب
That the setup can produce a known response. If it fails, the test system may be defective.
کارڈ 428
سوال
Why randomly assign subjects to experimental groups?
جواب
To distribute known and unknown differences more evenly. This reduces selection bias and confounding.
کارڈ 429
سوال
How can blinding reduce bias?
جواب
It keeps participants, observers, or both unaware of treatment assignments. Expectations are less likely to affect behavior or measurement.
کارڈ 430
سوال
What is a placebo?
جواب
An inactive treatment designed to resemble the experimental treatment. It helps separate treatment effects from expectation effects.
کارڈ 431
سوال
What does a negative control demonstrate?
جواب
What happens when the tested cause is absent. An unexpected response may reveal contamination or another source.
کارڈ 432
سوال
Why does a larger sample often improve a study?
جواب
It reduces the influence of chance variation and supports more stable estimates. It cannot repair a biased sampling method.
کارڈ 433
سوال
Why repeat trials within an experiment?
جواب
To estimate variability and check consistency. One unusual trial then has less influence.
کارڈ 434
سوال
Why must an experimental procedure be detailed and standardized?
جواب
So groups are treated consistently and others can reproduce the work. Uncontrolled procedural differences create alternative explanations.
کارڈ 435
سوال
Why calibrate a measuring instrument before collecting data?
جواب
To compare its readings with a known standard and reduce systematic error. Calibration improves confidence in accuracy.
کارڈ 436
سوال
What is an operational definition?
جواب
A precise statement of how a variable is measured or manipulated. It turns an abstract concept into a repeatable procedure.
کارڈ 437
سوال
How does independent replication differ from repeated trials?
جواب
Independent replication repeats a study with independently collected data, often by a different investigator; repeated trials rerun measurements within the original experiment. Replication tests consistency across separate studies.
کارڈ 438
سوال
Why should raw data be recorded before interpretation?
جواب
It preserves the observations separately from conclusions. Others can check calculations and reasoning.
کارڈ 439
سوال
What should a scientific conclusion do?
جواب
Answer the research question using the data and acknowledge limits. It should not claim more than the design supports.
کارڈ 440
سوال
What should happen when data do not support a hypothesis?
جواب
Revise or reject the hypothesis and consider new tests. Data should not be altered to preserve the original idea.
کارڈ 441
سوال
What is a study limitation?
جواب
A feature that restricts interpretation or generalization. Small samples, short duration, and imperfect measurements are examples.
کارڈ 442
سوال
Why are ethics part of experimental design?
جواب
Research must protect participants, organisms, and communities while balancing risks and benefits. Consent and humane treatment are key examples.
کارڈ 443
سوال
How does an observational study differ from an experiment?
جواب
It measures variables without assigning the exposure. It can find associations but usually supports weaker causal conclusions.
کارڈ 444
سوال
Plants receive 0, 2, or 4 hours of added light, and growth is measured. What is the independent variable?
جواب
Hours of added light. Plant growth is the dependent variable.
کارڈ 445
سوال
A fertilizer study gives every plant the same water, soil, and temperature. What are these conditions?
جواب
Controlled variables. Keeping them constant isolates the fertilizer's effect.
کارڈ 446
سوال
A drug group improves more than a control group, but the groups were not randomly assigned. What is the main caution?
جواب
Preexisting group differences could explain some improvement. The result is suggestive, but the design weakens a causal claim.
446 کارڈز
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
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