ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
Practice 446 original ATI TEAS 7 Science recall and mini-scenario cards across A&P, biology, chemistry, and scientific reasoning.
Про цю колоду
Build the core Science knowledge and reasoning used for ATI TEAS 7 with 446 independently authored flashcards.
What this deck practices
- Structure or concept → function: body systems, cells, molecules, atoms, solutions, and experimental parts.
- Function, outcome, or evidence → concept: selective reverse recall when recognizing the name matters in practice.
- Cause or condition → effect: physiology, chemical changes, reaction conditions, inheritance, and experimental predictions.
- Process and order: circulation, ventilation, digestion, urine formation, gene expression, cell division, and scientific investigations.
- Application: short calculations, comparisons, data interpretations, and original mini-scenarios.
The deck does not mechanically reverse every fact. It excludes multiple-choice distractors, exhaustive anatomy lists, obscure chemical nomenclature, advanced pathophysiology, pharmacology, and nursing-school procedures because those mappings do not improve entry-level TEAS Science recall.
The sequence introduces prerequisites before dependent ideas: anatomical language before body systems, cells before genetics, atoms before reactions, and measurement before experimental design. Related forward and reverse variants are separated so one card does not immediately reveal another.
Coverage follows the four Science areas and relative emphasis in ATI's public ATI TEAS 7 content outline: Human Anatomy and Physiology, Biology, Chemistry, and Scientific Reasoning. The public outline defines scope only. Questions, answers, explanations, examples, and ordering were independently authored from common scientific knowledge checked against open educational and official public sources.
No exam question, mark scheme, paid ATI flashcard, test-bank item, or curriculum text was copied. This is an independent, unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. ATI and TEAS are marks of Assessment Technologies Institute, L.L.C.; this deck is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or produced by ATI. See ATI's official exam details for current requirements.
Картки в цій колоді
Картка 1
Питання
What posture defines the standard anatomical position?
Відповідь
Standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms forward. The feet point forward, giving anatomy a consistent reference position.
Картка 2
Питання
In anatomical language, what does superior mean?
Відповідь
Toward the head or above another structure. Inferior means toward the feet or below.
Картка 3
Питання
Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right portions?
Відповідь
The sagittal plane. A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.
Картка 4
Питання
Why does the body use feedback mechanisms?
Відповідь
To regulate internal conditions. Feedback compares a condition with a set range and triggers responses that adjust it.
Картка 5
Питання
What is the order of structural organization from simplest to most complex?
Відповідь
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. Each level builds on interactions at the preceding level.
Картка 6
Питання
What does anterior mean in human anatomy?
Відповідь
Toward the front of the body. Posterior means toward the back.
Картка 7
Питання
Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions?
Відповідь
The transverse plane. It is also called the horizontal plane.
Картка 8
Питання
What is homeostasis?
Відповідь
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. It is dynamic rather than perfectly unchanging.
Картка 9
Питання
Which major body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?
Відповідь
The dorsal body cavity. Its cranial cavity holds the brain, and its vertebral cavity holds the spinal cord.
Картка 10
Питання
What does medial mean in anatomical language?
Відповідь
Toward the body's midline. Lateral means farther from the midline.
Картка 11
Питання
A rise in body temperature triggers sweating. What control pattern is this?
Відповідь
Negative feedback. The response opposes the original temperature change and moves the body toward its normal range.
Картка 12
Питання
Which anatomical plane divides the body into front and back portions?
Відповідь
The frontal, or coronal, plane. It separates anterior from posterior portions.
Картка 13
Питання
Which major body cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Відповідь
The ventral body cavity. The diaphragm separates its thoracic and abdominopelvic portions.
Картка 14
Питання
What does proximal mean when describing a limb?
Відповідь
Closer to the limb's point of attachment. Distal means farther from that point.
Картка 15
Питання
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
Відповідь
Positive feedback amplifies the initial change. Negative feedback opposes a change; positive feedback continues until a stopping event occurs.
Картка 16
Питання
Which tissue type covers surfaces and lines body cavities?
Відповідь
Epithelial tissue. It also forms many glands and often serves protective, absorptive, or secretory roles.
Картка 17
Питання
Which tissue type mainly supports, binds, and protects other tissues?
Відповідь
Connective tissue. Its cells are typically separated by an extracellular matrix.
Картка 18
Питання
What shared property lets muscle tissue produce movement?
Відповідь
Contractility. Muscle cells shorten or develop tension in response to stimulation.
Картка 19
Питання
Which tissue type rapidly communicates by electrical signals?
Відповідь
Nervous tissue. Neurons transmit signals, while supporting cells help maintain their environment.
Картка 20
Питання
Why are tightly packed epithelial cells well suited for barriers?
Відповідь
They leave little space between cells. This continuous arrangement limits passage across a surface.
Картка 21
Питання
What distinguishes connective tissue from epithelial tissue?
Відповідь
Connective tissue usually has abundant extracellular matrix. Epithelial cells are more tightly packed.
Картка 22
Питання
What are the four basic human tissue types?
Відповідь
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Organs contain two or more tissue types working together.
Картка 23
Питання
What makes a structure an organ rather than a tissue?
Відповідь
An organ combines multiple tissue types for a specific function. A tissue is a group of similar cells and matrix performing related work.
Картка 24
Питання
What are the skeletal system's main functions?
Відповідь
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood-cell production, and fat storage. Bones also provide levers for muscles.
Картка 25
Питання
What belongs to the axial skeleton?
Відповідь
The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. These structures form the body's central axis.
Картка 26
Питання
How do compact and spongy bone differ?
Відповідь
Compact bone is dense; spongy bone has a lattice of trabeculae. Both are organized living bone tissue.
Картка 27
Питання
What is a joint?
Відповідь
A place where two or more bones meet. Joint structure determines how much movement is possible.
Картка 28
Питання
Which bone cell builds new bone matrix?
Відповідь
An osteoblast. Osteoclasts break down bone, while osteocytes maintain mature bone tissue.
Картка 29
Питання
What belongs to the appendicular skeleton?
Відповідь
The limbs plus the shoulder and pelvic girdles. It attaches the limbs to the axial skeleton.
Картка 30
Питання
What is the main role of red bone marrow?
Відповідь
Blood-cell production. This process is called hematopoiesis.
Картка 31
Питання
Which joint class allows the greatest range of motion?
Відповідь
A synovial joint. A fluid-filled joint cavity reduces friction between articulating surfaces.
Картка 32
Питання
Which bone cell breaks down bone matrix?
Відповідь
An osteoclast. Bone resorption helps remodeling and mineral balance.
Картка 33
Питання
What does a ligament connect?
Відповідь
Bone to bone. A tendon connects muscle to bone.
Картка 34
Питання
What is the shaft of a long bone called?
Відповідь
The diaphysis. The enlarged ends are the epiphyses.
Картка 35
Питання
Why is bone important to blood-calcium balance?
Відповідь
Bone stores calcium and can release or absorb it during remodeling. Hormones regulate this exchange.
Картка 36
Питання
What is stored mainly in yellow bone marrow?
Відповідь
Fat. It serves as an energy reserve.
Картка 37
Питання
What does articular cartilage do at a synovial joint?
Відповідь
It reduces friction and absorbs shock. It covers the ends of articulating bones.
Картка 38
Питання
Why must a broken bone receive a blood supply during healing?
Відповідь
Repairing cells need oxygen and nutrients. Restored blood vessels support fracture healing.
Картка 39
Питання
What is bone remodeling?
Відповідь
Continuous removal and replacement of bone tissue. It repairs microdamage and helps bones adapt to stress.
Картка 40
Питання
Which muscle tissue is usually under voluntary control?
Відповідь
Skeletal muscle. Most skeletal muscles move the skeleton, while some, such as facial muscles, insert into skin or other soft tissue.
Картка 41
Питання
What is a sarcomere?
Відповідь
The basic contractile unit of striated muscle. It lies between two Z discs.
Картка 42
Питання
What does a tendon connect?
Відповідь
Muscle to bone. It transmits muscle force to the skeleton.
Картка 43
Питання
Which proteins slide past one another during muscle contraction?
Відповідь
Actin and myosin. Their interaction shortens sarcomeres without shortening the filaments themselves.
Картка 44
Питання
Where is smooth muscle commonly found?
Відповідь
In the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels. Its contractions are generally involuntary.
Картка 45
Питання
What ion exposes binding sites needed for skeletal muscle contraction?
Відповідь
Calcium. Its release inside the muscle fiber allows actin and myosin interaction.
Картка 46
Питання
How do antagonistic muscle pairs move a joint?
Відповідь
One muscle contracts while the opposing muscle relaxes. Reversing their roles moves the joint in the opposite direction.
Картка 47
Питання
Why does muscle contraction require ATP?
Відповідь
ATP powers cross-bridge cycling and ion pumps. It is also needed for myosin to detach from actin.
Картка 48
Питання
Which muscle tissue makes up the heart wall?
Відповідь
Cardiac muscle. It is striated, involuntary, and connected for coordinated pumping.
Картка 49
Питання
During a typical muscle contraction, which attachment moves more: origin or insertion?
Відповідь
The insertion. The origin is generally the more fixed attachment.
Картка 50
Питання
Which type of neuron sends the signal that initiates skeletal-muscle contraction?
Відповідь
A somatic motor neuron. It releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, triggering an action potential in the muscle fiber.
Картка 51
Питання
What is muscle tone?
Відповідь
Continuous low-level muscle tension. It helps maintain posture and readiness without producing a large movement.
Картка 52
Питання
How does skeletal muscle help regulate body temperature?
Відповідь
Contraction releases heat. Shivering increases rapid contractions when the body is cold.
Картка 53
Питання
What are the three muscle tissue types?
Відповідь
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. They differ in location, structure, and control.
Картка 54
Питання
What is a neuron's main function?
Відповідь
To receive, process, and transmit information. Neurons use electrical signals and chemical messengers.
Картка 55
Питання
What structures make up the central nervous system?
Відповідь
The brain and spinal cord. They integrate information and coordinate responses.
Картка 56
Питання
Which part of a neuron usually receives incoming signals?
Відповідь
The dendrites. The cell body integrates much of that input.
Картка 57
Питання
What does the peripheral nervous system include?
Відповідь
Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. It links the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Картка 58
Питання
Which neuron structure carries an impulse away from the cell body?
Відповідь
The axon. Its terminals communicate with another cell.
Картка 59
Питання
Which nervous-system division controls skeletal muscles voluntarily?
Відповідь
The somatic nervous system. It also carries sensory information from skin, muscles, and joints.
Картка 60
Питання
What is a synapse?
Відповідь
A junction where one neuron communicates with another cell. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters across a small gap.
Картка 61
Питання
Which nervous-system division regulates organs and glands without conscious control?
Відповідь
The autonomic nervous system. It includes sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Картка 62
Питання
How does myelin affect nerve signaling?
Відповідь
It speeds impulse conduction along an axon. Myelin insulates segments of the axon.
Картка 63
Питання
Which autonomic division prepares the body for acute activity?
Відповідь
The sympathetic division. It generally increases alertness and supports a fight-or-flight response.
Картка 64
Питання
What is a reflex?
Відповідь
A rapid, predictable response to a stimulus. A reflex pathway can act before conscious awareness.
Картка 65
Питання
Which autonomic division supports rest, digestion, and energy conservation?
Відповідь
The parasympathetic division. It generally promotes routine maintenance functions.
Картка 66
Питання
Which brain region is most associated with conscious thought and voluntary movement?
Відповідь
The cerebrum. Its cortex also processes much sensory information.
Картка 67
Питання
Which brain region fine-tunes balance and coordinated movement?
Відповідь
The cerebellum. It compares intended movement with sensory feedback.
Картка 68
Питання
Which brain region controls vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate?
Відповідь
The brainstem. It also connects higher brain regions with the spinal cord.
Картка 69
Питання
How do sensory and motor neurons differ?
Відповідь
Sensory neurons carry information toward the CNS; motor neurons carry commands away. Interneurons connect and process signals within the CNS.
Картка 70
Питання
What does a sensory receptor do?
Відповідь
It converts a stimulus into a neural signal. Different receptors respond best to particular forms of energy or chemicals.
Картка 71
Питання
What is a hormone?
Відповідь
A chemical messenger released into body fluids to affect target cells. A target responds only if it has the appropriate receptor.
Картка 72
Питання
Why is the pituitary gland often called a master gland?
Відповідь
Several pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands. The hypothalamus controls much of pituitary activity.
Картка 73
Питання
Why can one hormone affect some cells but not others?
Відповідь
Only target cells have the matching receptor. Receptor binding starts the cell's response.
Картка 74
Питання
Which gland produces hormones that broadly increase metabolic activity?
Відповідь
The thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones influence energy use and development.
Картка 75
Питання
What is insulin's main effect on blood glucose?
Відповідь
It lowers blood glucose. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage after a meal.
Картка 76
Питання
Which glands release a hormone that raises blood calcium?
Відповідь
The parathyroid glands. Parathyroid hormone acts on bone, kidneys, and vitamin D pathways.
Картка 77
Питання
Which adrenal region releases epinephrine during acute stress?
Відповідь
The adrenal medulla. Its hormones reinforce sympathetic nervous-system effects.
Картка 78
Питання
Which organ has both endocrine and digestive functions?
Відповідь
The pancreas. Its islets release hormones, while other cells release digestive enzymes.
Картка 79
Питання
What is glucagon's main effect on blood glucose?
Відповідь
It raises blood glucose. It promotes release of stored glucose during fasting.
Картка 80
Питання
Rising thyroid hormone reduces its own upstream stimulation. What pattern is this?
Відповідь
Negative feedback. The final hormone limits further release along the control pathway.
Картка 81
Питання
Which adrenal region produces steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone?
Відповідь
The adrenal cortex. It surrounds the adrenal medulla.
Картка 82
Питання
Which gland releases melatonin and helps regulate daily sleep timing?
Відповідь
The pineal gland. Light information influences its secretion pattern.
Картка 83
Питання
Which hormone directly increases collecting-duct water permeability?
Відповідь
Antidiuretic hormone, or ADH. It makes collecting ducts more permeable to water, increasing water reabsorption and usually producing less, more concentrated urine.
Картка 84
Питання
Which hormone strengthens uterine contractions during labor?
Відповідь
Oxytocin. This is a classic positive-feedback pathway that ends after delivery.
Картка 85
Питання
How does endocrine signaling generally differ from nervous signaling?
Відповідь
It is usually slower to start and longer lasting. Hormones travel through body fluids, while neurons signal specific targets rapidly.
Картка 86
Питання
What is plasma?
Відповідь
The liquid portion of blood. It carries cells, nutrients, hormones, proteins, wastes, and dissolved gases.
Картка 87
Питання
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
Відповідь
The right side. The right ventricle sends deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary trunk and arteries.
Картка 88
Питання
What is the main function of red blood cells?
Відповідь
Transporting oxygen. Their hemoglobin also carries a smaller share of carbon dioxide.
Картка 89
Питання
What defines an artery?
Відповідь
It carries blood away from the heart. Oxygen content does not define it; pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood.
Картка 90
Питання
What is the main function of white blood cells?
Відповідь
Body defense. Different white blood cells recognize, attack, or coordinate responses to threats.
Картка 91
Питання
Which side of the heart pumps blood into systemic circulation?
Відповідь
The left side. The left ventricle sends oxygenated blood into the aorta.
Картка 92
Питання
What is the main purpose of heart valves?
Відповідь
To keep blood moving in one direction. Pressure differences open and close them.
Картка 93
Питання
What defines a vein?
Відповідь
It carries blood toward the heart. Many veins contain valves that limit backflow.
Картка 94
Питання
What is the main role of platelets?
Відповідь
Helping stop bleeding. They form a platelet plug and support clotting reactions at a damaged vessel.
Картка 95
Питання
Why are capillaries well suited for exchange?
Відповідь
Their walls are only one cell layer thick. Their small diameter and large total surface area support diffusion and filtration.
Картка 96
Питання
After blood enters the right atrium, what chamber receives it next?
Відповідь
The right ventricle. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve before entering that chamber.
Картка 97
Питання
What happens during ventricular systole?
Відповідь
The ventricles contract and eject blood. The right ventricle pumps to the lungs, and the left pumps to the body.
Картка 98
Питання
What is pulmonary circulation?
Відповідь
Blood flow between the heart and lungs. It allows gas exchange and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
Картка 99
Питання
What normally sets the heart's rhythm?
Відповідь
The sinoatrial, or SA, node. Its spontaneous electrical activity initiates each heartbeat.
Картка 100
Питання
What molecule in red blood cells binds oxygen?
Відповідь
Hemoglobin. Its iron-containing heme groups bind oxygen reversibly.
Картка 101
Питання
What happens during ventricular diastole?
Відповідь
The ventricles relax and fill. Atrioventricular valves are open during most ventricular filling.
Картка 102
Питання
What is systemic circulation?
Відповідь
Blood flow between the heart and the body's tissues. It delivers oxygen and nutrients and returns wastes.
Картка 103
Питання
What does arterial blood pressure measure?
Відповідь
The force of blood against artery walls. It is commonly reported as systolic over diastolic pressure.
Картка 104
Питання
What do coronary arteries supply?
Відповідь
The heart muscle itself. Blocked coronary blood flow can deprive myocardium of oxygen.
Картка 105
Питання
Which major vessels return systemic blood to the right atrium?
Відповідь
The superior and inferior venae cavae. The superior vessel drains the upper body; the inferior drains the lower body.
Картка 106
Питання
What is the respiratory system's primary gas-exchange function?
Відповідь
Bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide. Ventilation moves air, while diffusion exchanges gases.
Картка 107
Питання
What is the airflow sequence from the pharynx to the gas-exchange surfaces?
Відповідь
Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. Each branch conducts air deeper into the lungs.
Картка 108
Питання
Where does most gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Відповідь
Across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Thin walls and a large surface area shorten diffusion distance.
Картка 109
Питання
What does the diaphragm do during quiet inhalation?
Відповідь
It contracts and moves downward. Thoracic volume rises, lung pressure falls, and air flows inward.
Картка 110
Питання
Why does oxygen move from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries?
Відповідь
Its partial pressure is higher in alveolar air than in incoming blood. Oxygen diffuses down that gradient.
Картка 111
Питання
What drives quiet exhalation?
Відповідь
Elastic recoil after inspiratory muscles relax. Thoracic volume falls and pressure pushes air outward.
Картка 112
Питання
What is the pleura?
Відповідь
A double membrane surrounding each lung. A thin fluid layer reduces friction during breathing.
Картка 113
Питання
How is most oxygen transported in blood?
Відповідь
Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Only a small amount dissolves directly in plasma.
Картка 114
Питання
Why does carbon dioxide move from pulmonary blood into alveoli?
Відповідь
Its partial pressure is higher in incoming blood than in alveolar air. It diffuses down that gradient for exhalation.
Картка 115
Питання
What helps keep swallowed material out of the airway?
Відповідь
The epiglottis and coordinated swallowing reflexes. The laryngeal opening is protected as food passes.
Картка 116
Питання
How does the conducting airway remove trapped particles?
Відповідь
Mucus traps them, and cilia move the mucus toward the throat. This is the mucociliary escalator.
Картка 117
Питання
In what form is most carbon dioxide transported in blood?
Відповідь
As bicarbonate ions. Red blood cells help convert carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate.
Картка 118
Питання
Which blood change is a strong normal stimulus to increase breathing?
Відповідь
A rise in carbon dioxide and the associated fall in pH. Brainstem centers adjust ventilation in response.
Картка 119
Питання
Why must alveoli receive both air and blood?
Відповідь
Gas exchange needs ventilation and perfusion. Air without blood flow, or blood without airflow, cannot exchange gases effectively.
Картка 120
Питання
Why does ventilation increase during exercise?
Відповідь
Active tissues use more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide. Faster, deeper breathing helps meet that demand.
Картка 121
Питання
What are the digestive system's core functions?
Відповідь
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Movement and secretion support those processes.
Картка 122
Питання
What is the alimentary-canal sequence after the mouth?
Відповідь
Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. Food passes through this continuous tube.
Картка 123
Питання
What is mechanical digestion?
Відповідь
Physical breakdown and mixing of food without changing its molecules. Chewing and stomach churning are examples.
Картка 124
Питання
What are two major functions of the stomach?
Відповідь
It stores and mixes food and begins substantial protein digestion. Acid denatures proteins, converts pepsinogen to pepsin, and provides the low pH pepsin needs.
Картка 125
Питання
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
Відповідь
The small intestine. Folds, villi, and microvilli create a large absorptive surface.
Картка 126
Питання
Which nutrient does salivary amylase begin digesting in the mouth?
Відповідь
Carbohydrates, especially starch. Salivary amylase breaks starch into smaller carbohydrates.
Картка 127
Питання
What is chemical digestion?
Відповідь
Enzymatic breakdown of large food molecules into absorbable units. Chemical bonds are changed during the process.
Картка 128
Питання
What is peristalsis?
Відповідь
Wave-like smooth-muscle contractions that move material forward. It occurs throughout much of the digestive tract.
Картка 129
Питання
What is a main function of the large intestine?
Відповідь
Absorbing water and electrolytes and forming feces. Resident microbes also process some undigested material.
Картка 130
Питання
What digestive product does the liver make?
Відповідь
Bile. Bile salts help disperse dietary fat into smaller droplets.
Картка 131
Питання
What does a digestive sphincter do?
Відповідь
It regulates movement between regions of the digestive tract. Circular muscle contracts to close a passage.
Картка 132
Питання
What does the pancreas release into the small intestine?
Відповідь
Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid. Bicarbonate helps neutralize acidic material from the stomach.
Картка 133
Питання
How do intestinal villi improve absorption?
Відповідь
They increase surface area. Each villus contains blood capillaries and a lymphatic lacteal for transported nutrients.
Картка 134
Питання
What is the gallbladder's role?
Відповідь
It stores and concentrates bile. It releases bile into the small intestine when fatty food arrives.
Картка 135
Питання
Which macronutrient's absorbed products usually enter intestinal lacteals before reaching the blood?
Відповідь
Most dietary lipids. Their absorbed products travel through lymph before entering the bloodstream.
Картка 136
Питання
Which accessory organs help digestion without food passing through them?
Відповідь
The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Teeth and the tongue act mechanically; the other accessory organs add or store digestive secretions.
Картка 137
Питання
What organs make up the urinary system?
Відповідь
The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Kidneys make urine; the remaining organs transport, store, and release it.
Картка 138
Питання
What is a nephron?
Відповідь
The kidney's functional unit. It filters blood and adjusts the filtrate to form urine.
Картка 139
Питання
Where does blood filtration begin in a nephron?
Відповідь
At the renal corpuscle. Pressure pushes water and small solutes from glomerular capillaries into the capsule.
Картка 140
Питання
What moves urine from a kidney to the bladder?
Відповідь
A ureter. Smooth-muscle contractions propel urine along the tube.
Картка 141
Питання
What is the urinary bladder's main role?
Відповідь
Temporary urine storage. Stretch receptors help trigger the urge to urinate as it fills.
Картка 142
Питання
Which structure carries urine from the bladder out of the body?
Відповідь
The urethra. It is distinct from the ureters that enter the bladder.
Картка 143
Питання
What is tubular reabsorption?
Відповідь
Movement of useful substances from nephron fluid back into blood. Water, glucose, and ions are common examples.
Картка 144
Питання
What is the glomerulus?
Відповідь
A capillary tuft that filters blood in the renal corpuscle. Cells and most large proteins normally remain in circulation.
Картка 145
Питання
How does more ADH change urine?
Відповідь
It makes urine more concentrated and lowers its volume. More water is reabsorbed from the collecting ducts.
Картка 146
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What path does filtrate follow after entering the glomerular capsule?
Відповідь
Proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct. The collecting duct receives forming urine from multiple nephrons.
Картка 147
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What is tubular secretion?
Відповідь
Movement of selected substances from blood into nephron fluid. It helps eliminate wastes and regulate ions and pH.
Картка 148
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Besides removing waste, what does the urinary system regulate?
Відповідь
Water, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and blood volume. Kidney hormones also affect blood pressure and red-cell production.
Картка 149
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Why does dehydration usually reduce urine volume?
Відповідь
The body conserves water by increasing renal reabsorption. ADH is an important signal in this response.
Картка 150
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Why do the kidneys receive a large blood flow?
Відповідь
They must continuously filter plasma and regulate its composition. High flow supports waste removal and homeostasis.
Картка 151
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What is lymph?
Відповідь
Interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels. It eventually returns to the bloodstream.
Картка 152
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What is innate immunity?
Відповідь
Rapid, nonspecific defense present before a particular exposure. Barriers, inflammation, and several immune cells contribute.
Картка 153
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What is a major function of lymph nodes?
Відповідь
Filtering lymph and providing sites for immune-cell activation. Swelling can reflect an active immune response.
Картка 154
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What does the spleen filter?
Відповідь
Blood. It removes aged blood cells and supports immune responses to blood-borne antigens.
Картка 155
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What is a key function of B lymphocytes?
Відповідь
Producing antibody-secreting cells and memory cells. Antibodies bind specific antigens.
Картка 156
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What distinguishes adaptive immunity?
Відповідь
It targets specific antigens and develops memory. Later exposure can trigger a faster, stronger response.
Картка 157
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Which lymphatic organ is important for T-cell maturation?
Відповідь
The thymus. It is most active early in life.
Картка 158
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What is the body's first physical barrier against many pathogens?
Відповідь
Intact skin and mucous membranes. Their secretions and normal microbes add protection.
Картка 159
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What is a key function of T lymphocytes?
Відповідь
Coordinating immune responses or killing infected cells. Different T-cell types perform different roles.
Картка 160
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What does an antibody bind?
Відповідь
A specific antigen. Binding can neutralize a target or mark it for other immune defenses.
Картка 161
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What is the purpose of inflammation after tissue injury?
Відповідь
To contain damage, recruit defenses, and begin repair. Redness, heat, swelling, and pain can accompany it.
Картка 162
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Why is a second adaptive response often faster than the first?
Відповідь
Memory lymphocytes remain after the first exposure. They respond quickly when the same antigen appears again.
Картка 163
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What does a phagocyte do?
Відповідь
It engulfs particles, microbes, or debris. Neutrophils and macrophages are important examples.
Картка 164
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How does vaccination support adaptive immunity?
Відповідь
It safely exposes the immune system to antigen information. This promotes memory without requiring the full disease.
Картка 165
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Why is lymphatic fluid return important?
Відповідь
It prevents excess interstitial fluid from accumulating. Lymphatic vessels return fluid and leaked proteins to blood.
Картка 166
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What structures belong to the integumentary system?
Відповідь
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Together they form the body's outer covering.
Картка 167
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What is the epidermis?
Відповідь
The outer epithelial layer of skin. It is avascular and contains protective keratinized cells.
Картка 168
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How does sweating cool the body?
Відповідь
Evaporation removes heat from the skin. Skin blood-flow changes also help regulate heat loss.
Картка 169
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What is a major role of melanin in skin?
Відповідь
Absorbing some ultraviolet radiation. It also contributes to skin and hair color.
Картка 170
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How does skin contribute to sensation?
Відповідь
Sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. Nerves carry that information to the CNS.
Картка 171
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What is the dermis?
Відповідь
The connective-tissue layer beneath the epidermis. It contains vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.
Картка 172
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How does skin support vitamin D production?
Відповідь
Ultraviolet light starts conversion of a skin molecule into a vitamin D precursor. The liver and kidneys complete activation.
Картка 173
Питання
Why does a deep skin wound bleed but a shallow epidermal scrape may not?
Відповідь
Blood vessels are in the dermis, not the epidermis. A wound must reach vascular tissue to damage them.
Картка 174
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What is a gamete?
Відповідь
A haploid reproductive cell. Human sperm and oocytes each carry 23 chromosomes.
Картка 175
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What are the testes' two main reproductive functions?
Відповідь
Producing sperm and secreting testosterone. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules.
Картка 176
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What tube carries sperm from the epididymis toward the ejaculatory duct?
Відповідь
The ductus, or vas, deferens. Smooth muscle propels sperm during ejaculation.
Картка 177
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What is ovulation?
Відповідь
Release of a secondary oocyte from an ovary. A surge in luteinizing hormone helps trigger it.
Картка 178
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Where does fertilization usually occur?
Відповідь
In a uterine tube. The early embryo then travels toward the uterus.
Картка 179
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What are the ovaries' two main reproductive functions?
Відповідь
Producing oocytes and secreting sex hormones. Estrogen and progesterone help regulate the reproductive cycle.
Картка 180
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What is the uterus' main reproductive role?
Відповідь
Supporting implantation and development of an embryo and fetus. Its muscular wall also contracts during birth.
Картка 181
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What causes menstruation when pregnancy does not occur?
Відповідь
Falling ovarian hormones allow the uterine lining to shed. A new cycle then begins.
Картка 182
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How does a sperm cell's structure support its function?
Відповідь
Its flagellum provides movement, and its head carries DNA plus enzymes used during fertilization. Mitochondria supply energy in the midpiece.
Картка 183
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What is the placenta's exchange role?
Відповідь
It allows gases, nutrients, and wastes to move between maternal and fetal circulations. Their blood normally does not mix directly.
Картка 184
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Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction?
Відповідь
It halves chromosome number in gametes. Fertilization then restores the diploid number.
Картка 185
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How do sex hormones regulate reproductive control pathways?
Відповідь
They usually feed back on the hypothalamus and pituitary. This adjusts release of hormones that act on the gonads.
Картка 186
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What does cell theory state?
Відповідь
Living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells come from existing cells. These ideas link organism structure with cell division.
Картка 187
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What is the defining structural feature of a prokaryotic cell?
Відповідь
It lacks a membrane-bound nucleus. Its DNA occupies a nucleoid region.
Картка 188
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What is the cell membrane's main role?
Відповідь
Regulating movement between the cell and its environment. Its phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable.
Картка 189
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What is the nucleus' main role?
Відповідь
Storing most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA. Nuclear pores regulate exchange with the cytoplasm.
Картка 190
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Where are proteins assembled?
Відповідь
At ribosomes. Ribosomes may float in cytosol or attach to rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Картка 191
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What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
Відповідь
A eukaryotic cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.
Картка 192
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What is a mitochondrion's main function?
Відповідь
Producing most cellular ATP through aerobic respiration. Its inner membrane provides a large reaction surface.
Картка 193
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What does rough endoplasmic reticulum mainly produce?
Відповідь
Proteins for secretion, membranes, or organelles. Ribosomes on its surface make the proteins.
Картка 194
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Which organelle carries out photosynthesis in plants and algae?
Відповідь
The chloroplast. It converts light energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules.
Картка 195
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What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Відповідь
It modifies, sorts, and packages cell products. Vesicles carry those products to their destinations.
Картка 196
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What is a lysosome's role?
Відповідь
Digesting worn cell parts and engulfed material. Its enzymes work best in an acidic interior.
Картка 197
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What are major functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Відповідь
Lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage. Its membrane lacks attached ribosomes.
Картка 198
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What does the cytoskeleton provide?
Відповідь
Cell shape, internal organization, movement, and transport tracks. It is built from protein filaments.
Картка 199
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What is diffusion?
Відповідь
Net movement from higher to lower concentration. It is passive and continues until dynamic equilibrium is reached.
Картка 200
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What happens to an animal cell in a strongly hypotonic solution?
Відповідь
Water enters and the cell swells. Without a cell wall, it may burst.
Картка 201
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What happens during interphase?
Відповідь
The cell grows, performs normal functions, and copies its DNA. Interphase precedes mitotic division.
Картка 202
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What is the result of mitosis followed by cytokinesis?
Відповідь
Two genetically similar daughter cells. Chromosome number is normally preserved.
Картка 203
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What is osmosis?
Відповідь
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves toward the side with more nonpenetrating solute.
Картка 204
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What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?
Відповідь
Water leaves and the cell shrinks. The external solution has a higher effective solute concentration.
Картка 205
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Why are cells generally small?
Відповідь
A high surface-area-to-volume ratio supports efficient exchange. Volume grows faster than surface area as a cell enlarges.
Картка 206
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What is cytokinesis?
Відповідь
Division of the cytoplasm. It separates one cell into two after nuclear division.
Картка 207
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How does active transport differ from passive transport?
Відповідь
It uses energy to move substances against a gradient. Passive transport moves down a gradient without direct energy input.
Картка 208
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What happens to an animal cell in an isotonic solution?
Відповідь
There is no net water movement. Water still crosses in both directions at equal rates.
Картка 209
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Which structures are typical of plant cells but not animal cells?
Відповідь
A cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. Both cell types have membranes, nuclei, and mitochondria.
Картка 210
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How do cells contribute to a multicellular organism's organization?
Відповідь
Specialized cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form systems. Division of labor supports complex functions.
Картка 211
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What is DNA's primary biological role?
Відповідь
Storing hereditary information. Its nucleotide sequence contains instructions used to build functional RNA and proteins.
Картка 212
Питання
What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
Відповідь
A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides link to form each strand.
Картка 213
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Which bases pair in double-stranded DNA?
Відповідь
Adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine. Hydrogen bonds hold complementary strands together.
Картка 214
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How does RNA differ from DNA?
Відповідь
RNA usually has ribose, uses uracil instead of thymine, and is usually single-stranded. Several RNA types help express genes.
Картка 215
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What is a gene?
Відповідь
A DNA sequence that contributes to a functional product. The product may be a protein or a functional RNA.
Картка 216
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What is a chromosome?
Відповідь
A long DNA molecule packaged with proteins. It contains many genes and other sequences.
Картка 217
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What is DNA replication?
Відповідь
Copying DNA before cell division. Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one newly made strand.
Картка 218
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What is the usual flow of information from a protein-coding gene?
Відповідь
DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription makes RNA; translation builds the polypeptide.
Картка 219
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What happens during transcription?
Відповідь
RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. For a protein-coding gene, that RNA functions as or is processed into messenger RNA.
Картка 220
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What does messenger RNA carry?
Відповідь
A copy of coding information from DNA to a ribosome. Its codons specify the amino-acid sequence.
Картка 221
Питання
What is a codon?
Відповідь
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA. Most codons specify an amino acid; some signal start or stop.
Картка 222
Питання
What is the usual role of the AUG codon?
Відповідь
It starts translation and specifies methionine. The ribosome uses it to establish the reading frame.
Картка 223
Питання
What happens during translation?
Відповідь
A ribosome reads mRNA and joins amino acids into a polypeptide. Transfer RNAs match codons with amino acids.
446 карток
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
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Картка 224
Питання
What is transfer RNA's role in protein synthesis?
Відповідь
It carries an amino acid and matches its anticodon to an mRNA codon. This places the correct amino acid in sequence.
Картка 225
Питання
What is an anticodon?
Відповідь
A three-base sequence on tRNA complementary to an mRNA codon. Pairing helps decode the message.
Картка 226
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What is a mutation?
Відповідь
A change in a DNA sequence. Its effect may be harmful, neutral, or beneficial depending on location and context.
Картка 227
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Why can a one-base insertion in a coding sequence have a large effect?
Відповідь
It can shift the reading frame. Every downstream codon may change until a stop signal appears.
Картка 228
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Why can changing one amino acid alter a protein's function?
Відповідь
Amino-acid sequence helps determine folding and shape. Shape controls many protein interactions.
Картка 229
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What is ribosomal RNA's role in protein synthesis?
Відповідь
It forms the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA helps align translation components and catalyzes peptide-bond formation.
Картка 230
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Why can different cell types contain the same DNA but perform different jobs?
Відповідь
They express different sets of genes. Different proteins give cells different structures and functions.
Картка 231
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Which mutation can be passed to offspring?
Відповідь
A mutation present in a gamete-forming lineage. A mutation limited to ordinary body cells is not inherited through reproduction.
Картка 232
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What is an allele?
Відповідь
An alternative version of a gene. Diploid individuals usually carry two alleles for each autosomal gene.
Картка 233
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What is genotype?
Відповідь
An organism's allele combination for a gene or set of genes. Genotype contributes to phenotype.
Картка 234
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What does homozygous mean?
Відповідь
Having two identical alleles for a gene. Examples include AA and aa.
Картка 235
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What makes an allele dominant in a simple Mendelian trait?
Відповідь
One copy is enough for its phenotype to appear in a heterozygote. Dominant does not mean common or beneficial.
Картка 236
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What does Mendel's law of segregation describe?
Відповідь
The two alleles for a gene separate during gamete formation. Each gamete receives one allele.
Картка 237
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What is phenotype?
Відповідь
An observable trait or characteristic. It can reflect genotype, environment, and their interaction.
Картка 238
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What does heterozygous mean?
Відповідь
Having two different alleles for a gene. An example is Aa.
Картка 239
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When does a recessive phenotype usually appear in a simple autosomal trait?
Відповідь
When both alleles are recessive. A heterozygote carries the allele without showing that phenotype.
Картка 240
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When does independent assortment apply most clearly?
Відповідь
When genes are on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome. Their allele pairs enter gametes independently.
Картка 241
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What does a Punnett square predict?
Відповідь
Expected offspring genotype probabilities from specified parental gametes. It does not guarantee outcomes in a small family.
Картка 242
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For Aa × Aa, what is the chance of an aa offspring?
Відповідь
One fourth, or 25%. The genotype ratio is expected to be 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa.
Картка 243
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For Aa × Aa with complete dominance, what phenotypic ratio is expected?
Відповідь
Three dominant-phenotype offspring to one recessive-phenotype offspring. This is a probability across many offspring.
Картка 244
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How can a test cross reveal the genotype behind a dominant phenotype?
Відповідь
Cross the individual with a homozygous recessive partner. Recessive offspring show that the unknown parent carried a recessive allele.
Картка 245
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What happens in incomplete dominance?
Відповідь
A heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype. Neither allele fully masks the other.
Картка 246
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How is the probability of two independent genetic events both occurring found?
Відповідь
Multiply their individual probabilities. This is the product rule.
Картка 247
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What does a pedigree show?
Відповідь
How a trait appears across generations of a family. Its pattern can suggest a mode of inheritance.
Картка 248
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Why can two parents have offspring ratios that differ from a Punnett-square expectation?
Відповідь
Each fertilization is a chance event. Expected ratios become more apparent with larger numbers of offspring.
Картка 249
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What happens in codominance?
Відповідь
Both alleles are distinctly expressed in a heterozygote. The AB blood type is a common example.
Картка 250
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What are major roles of carbohydrates?
Відповідь
Providing quick energy, storing energy, and forming some structures. Monosaccharides are their basic building blocks.
Картка 251
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What is a monomer?
Відповідь
A small building block that can join with others to form a larger molecule. Glucose, amino acids, and nucleotides are examples in different classes.
Картка 252
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What happens in a dehydration-synthesis reaction?
Відповідь
Monomers join while water is removed. The reaction builds a larger biological molecule.
Картка 253
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What does an enzyme do?
Відповідь
It lowers activation energy and speeds a reaction without being consumed. Its shape helps it bind specific substrates.
Картка 254
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What are major roles of lipids?
Відповідь
Long-term energy storage, membranes, insulation, and signaling. Lipids are mostly nonpolar and do not mix well with water.
Картка 255
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What does it mean for a protein to denature?
Відповідь
Its normal shape is disrupted. Heat, extreme pH, or chemicals can reduce its function.
Картка 256
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What happens during hydrolysis?
Відповідь
Water is used to split a larger molecule into smaller units. Digestion often uses hydrolysis reactions.
Картка 257
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Why do phospholipids form bilayers in water?
Відповідь
Their hydrophilic heads interact with water while hydrophobic tails turn inward. This arrangement forms cell-membrane structure.
Картка 258
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What are proteins built from?
Відповідь
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Their folded shapes support enzymes, transport, signaling, structure, and movement.
Картка 259
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How do starch and glycogen compare?
Відповідь
Both store glucose; plants use starch and animals use glycogen. Their branching patterns differ.
Картка 260
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How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?
Відповідь
Saturated fatty acids lack carbon-carbon double bonds; unsaturated ones have one or more. Double bonds often introduce bends.
Картка 261
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What immediate energy-carrying molecule powers many cell processes?
Відповідь
ATP. Energy released from nutrients can be transferred into ATP's phosphate bonds.
Картка 262
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What are nucleic acids built from?
Відповідь
Nucleotides. DNA stores hereditary information, while RNA performs several roles in gene expression.
Картка 263
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Which elements are common in all four major biological macromolecule classes?
Відповідь
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Nitrogen and phosphorus occur prominently in some classes.
Картка 264
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Why is three-dimensional shape important for macromolecules?
Відповідь
Shape determines many interactions and functions. A changed shape can prevent a molecule from binding its target.
Картка 265
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What are triglycerides built from?
Відповідь
One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. They join through ester bonds to form a common energy-storage lipid.
Картка 266
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What is a pathogen?
Відповідь
An agent capable of causing disease. Not every microorganism is pathogenic.
Картка 267
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What type of cell is a bacterium?
Відповідь
A prokaryotic cell. Bacteria usually reproduce by binary fission.
Картка 268
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What cell type do fungi have?
Відповідь
Eukaryotic cells. Some fungi are unicellular yeasts, while others form multicellular filaments.
Картка 269
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What does disease transmission describe?
Відповідь
How an infectious agent moves to a susceptible host. Routes include contact, droplets, airborne spread, food, water, and vectors.
Картка 270
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What is a biological vector?
Відповідь
An organism that becomes infected with a pathogen and transmits it between hosts. The pathogen survives or reproduces inside the vector, unlike transport by a mechanical carrier.
Картка 271
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Why are viruses dependent on host cells?
Відповідь
They lack the complete machinery for reproduction and metabolism. They use host components to make new virus particles.
Картка 272
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What is a protist?
Відповідь
A diverse eukaryote that is not classified as an animal, plant, or fungus. Some protists cause disease, while many do not.
Картка 273
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Why do antibiotics not treat viral infections?
Відповідь
They target bacterial structures or processes that viruses lack. Antiviral drugs use different targets.
Картка 274
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How can normal microbiota protect a host?
Відповідь
They occupy space and use resources that pathogens might otherwise exploit. Some also support digestion or immune development.
Картка 275
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How does sterilization differ from disinfection?
Відповідь
Sterilization destroys or removes all microbial life, including resistant forms; disinfection reduces pathogens on objects. The required method depends on use.
Картка 276
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How do infection and disease differ?
Відповідь
Infection means an agent is established in a host; disease means normal function is impaired and signs or symptoms occur. Infection may be asymptomatic.
Картка 277
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How can breaking a transmission route reduce infectious disease?
Відповідь
It interrupts the chain connecting a source with a susceptible host. Hand hygiene, clean water, ventilation, and vector control target different links.
Картка 278
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What is an atom?
Відповідь
The smallest unit of an element that retains that element's chemical identity. Atoms contain a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
Картка 279
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What charge and location does an electron have?
Відповідь
Negative charge in the electron cloud around the nucleus. Electrons drive most chemical bonding.
Картка 280
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Why are valence electrons important?
Відповідь
They participate most directly in bonding and reactions. Their arrangement helps predict chemical behavior.
Картка 281
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What do elements in the same periodic-table group often share?
Відповідь
Similar valence-electron patterns and chemical properties. A group is a vertical column.
Картка 282
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What is an ion?
Відповідь
An atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. Its total numbers of protons and electrons are unequal.
Картка 283
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What charge and location does a proton have?
Відповідь
Positive charge in the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element.
Картка 284
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What does an element's atomic number equal?
Відповідь
Its number of protons. A neutral atom has the same number of electrons.
Картка 285
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How does a neutral atom form a cation?
Відповідь
By losing one or more electrons. It has more protons than electrons and a positive charge.
Картка 286
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An atom has 8 protons. How many electrons does it have if it is neutral?
Відповідь
Eight electrons. Neutral atoms have equal positive and negative charges.
Картка 287
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What charge and location does a neutron have?
Відповідь
No electric charge, in the nucleus. Neutron number can vary among isotopes of an element.
Картка 288
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What does mass number equal?
Відповідь
Protons plus neutrons in one atom. It is a whole number for a specific isotope.
Картка 289
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How does a neutral atom form an anion?
Відповідь
By gaining one or more electrons. It has more electrons than protons and a negative charge.
Картка 290
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What does a period represent on the periodic table?
Відповідь
A horizontal row. Moving across a period changes proton number one element at a time.
Картка 291
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What are isotopes?
Відповідь
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Картка 292
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What is matter?
Відповідь
Anything that has mass and occupies space. Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are forms of matter.
Картка 293
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What distinguishes a solid from a liquid or gas?
Відповідь
A solid has a definite shape and volume. Its particles vibrate around relatively fixed positions.
Картка 294
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What is a physical change?
Відповідь
A change in form or state without changing chemical identity. Melting and cutting are examples.
Картка 295
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What is a physical property?
Відповідь
A characteristic observed without changing a substance's identity. Density, color, and melting point are examples.
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How does an element differ from a compound?
Відповідь
An element contains one kind of atom; a compound contains elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. Chemical methods can separate a compound into simpler substances.
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What distinguishes a liquid?
Відповідь
It has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container. Its particles remain close while moving past one another.
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What is a chemical change?
Відповідь
A process that forms one or more substances with new chemical identities. Bond rearrangement occurs.
Картка 299
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What is a chemical property?
Відповідь
A substance's ability to undergo a particular chemical change. Flammability and reactivity with acid are examples.
Картка 300
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Which phase changes connect solids and liquids?
Відповідь
Melting changes a solid to a liquid; freezing changes a liquid to a solid. These are opposite physical changes.
Картка 301
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How does a pure substance differ from a mixture?
Відповідь
A pure substance has a fixed composition and is an element or compound; a mixture has variable composition and physically combined components. Mixture components retain their identities.
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What distinguishes a gas?
Відповідь
It has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. It expands to fill its container.
Картка 303
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What is the formula for density?
Відповідь
Density = mass ÷ volume. Density is an intensive property.
Картка 304
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Which phase changes connect liquids and gases?
Відповідь
Vaporization changes a liquid to a gas; condensation changes a gas to a liquid. Evaporation is vaporization at a liquid's surface.
Картка 305
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What is a mixture?
Відповідь
Two or more substances physically combined in variable proportions. Its components retain their chemical identities.
Картка 306
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How do intensive and extensive properties differ?
Відповідь
Intensive properties do not depend on sample amount; extensive properties do. Density and temperature are intensive, while mass and volume are extensive.
Картка 307
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A 20 g sample occupies 5 mL. What is its density?
Відповідь
4 g/mL. Divide 20 g by 5 mL.
Картка 308
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Which phase changes connect solids and gases directly?
Відповідь
Sublimation changes a solid to a gas; deposition changes a gas to a solid. Neither transition passes through the liquid state.
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How do homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures differ?
Відповідь
A homogeneous mixture is uniform throughout; a heterogeneous mixture is not. A solution is homogeneous.
Картка 310
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Where are reactants and products written in a chemical equation?
Відповідь
Reactants are on the left; products are on the right. The arrow shows the direction represented.
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Why must a chemical equation be balanced?
Відповідь
Atoms are conserved in ordinary chemical reactions. Each element must have the same atom count on both sides.
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What does a coefficient in a chemical equation change?
Відповідь
The number of whole particles or moles represented. It multiplies every atom in the following formula.
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Why should subscripts not be changed when balancing an equation?
Відповідь
Changing a subscript changes the substance's identity. Balancing changes coefficients only.
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What coefficients balance H₂ + O₂ → H₂O?
Відповідь
2, 1, 2: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O. Both sides then contain four hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms.
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What pattern defines a synthesis reaction?
Відповідь
Two or more reactants form a more complex product. A general pattern is A + B → AB.
Картка 316
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What are typical products when a hydrocarbon burns completely in oxygen?
Відповідь
Carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide or carbon.
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What is the net ionic equation for a typical strong acid–strong base neutralization?
Відповідь
H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l). The remaining ions are spectators and do not appear in the net ionic equation.
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What is a precipitate?
Відповідь
An insoluble solid that forms from substances in solution. Its appearance can signal a chemical reaction.
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What pattern defines a decomposition reaction?
Відповідь
One compound breaks into simpler products. A general pattern is AB → A + B.
Картка 320
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What is an exothermic reaction?
Відповідь
A reaction that releases heat to the surroundings. The surroundings often warm.
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What occurs in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
Відповідь
Electrons transfer or atoms change oxidation state. Oxidation is electron loss; reduction is electron gain.
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What is activation energy?
Відповідь
The minimum energy barrier reactants must overcome to react. Catalysts lower this barrier.
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Which observations can provide evidence of a chemical reaction?
Відповідь
Gas formation, a precipitate, sustained color change, light, or temperature change. No single sign proves a reaction without context.
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What is an endothermic reaction?
Відповідь
A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings. The surroundings may cool.
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Why does raising temperature usually speed a reaction?
Відповідь
Particles collide more often and with greater energy. More collisions overcome activation energy.
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Why can higher reactant concentration increase reaction rate?
Відповідь
More reactant particles occupy a given volume. This raises collision frequency.
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Why does powdered solid often react faster than one large piece?
Відповідь
Powder exposes more surface area. More particles are available for collisions.
Картка 328
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How does a catalyst speed a reaction?
Відповідь
It provides a pathway with lower activation energy. The catalyst is regenerated rather than consumed overall.
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How can increasing pressure affect a reaction between gases?
Відповідь
It can increase rate by bringing gas particles closer together. Collision frequency rises when volume falls.
Картка 330
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What does a reaction inhibitor do?
Відповідь
It slows a reaction. It may block a pathway, interfere with a catalyst, or remove reactive intermediates.
Картка 331
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Why can very high temperature slow an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
Відповідь
The enzyme can denature and lose its active shape. Moderate warming helps only within the enzyme's stable range.
Картка 332
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What is dynamic equilibrium?
Відповідь
Forward and reverse reactions continue at equal rates. Concentrations remain constant even though particles still react.
Картка 333
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Does a catalyst change the final equilibrium amounts?
Відповідь
No. It speeds forward and reverse reactions, so equilibrium is reached sooner without changing its position.
Картка 334
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At equilibrium, what usually happens when the concentration of a dissolved or gaseous reactant increases?
Відповідь
The system shifts toward consuming some added reactant. It forms more product until a new equilibrium is reached.
Картка 335
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What is a solution?
Відповідь
A homogeneous mixture. Its components are uniformly distributed at the molecular or ionic level.
Картка 336
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How do solute and solvent differ?
Відповідь
The solute is dissolved; the solvent is the dissolving medium. The solvent is often present in greater amount.
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What does aqueous mean in chemistry?
Відповідь
Dissolved in water. The symbol
(aq)marks an aqueous species in an equation.Картка 338
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What does concentration describe?
Відповідь
The amount of solute in a given amount of solution or solvent. Different units express it in different ways.
Картка 339
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What is molarity?
Відповідь
Moles of solute per liter of solution. Its unit is mol/L, written M.
Картка 340
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What is the molarity of 0.50 mol solute in 2.0 L of solution?
Відповідь
0.25 M. Divide 0.50 mol by 2.0 L.
Картка 341
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What stays constant when water is added to dilute a solution without reaction?
Відповідь
The moles of solute. Volume increases and concentration decreases.
Картка 342
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Which equation relates concentration and volume before and after a dilution?
Відповідь
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂. It follows from conserving the amount of solute.
Картка 343
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What is solubility?
Відповідь
The maximum concentration of a solute that can be achieved in a solution at equilibrium under specified conditions. Temperature and the substances involved matter.
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What is a saturated solution?
Відповідь
A solution holding the maximum dissolved solute at those conditions. Extra solute remains undissolved at equilibrium.
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What is an electrolyte?
Відповідь
A substance that produces mobile ions in solution and conducts electricity. Soluble ionic compounds are common examples.
Картка 346
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What does 'like dissolves like' predict?
Відповідь
Substances with similar polarity tend to mix well. Polar solvents favor polar or ionic solutes; nonpolar solvents favor nonpolar solutes.
Картка 347
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Does heating always increase solubility?
Відповідь
No. Many solids become more soluble in water, but gases usually become less soluble as temperature rises.
Картка 348
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What is an unsaturated solution?
Відповідь
A solution that can dissolve more solute at the stated conditions. It is below the solubility limit.
Картка 349
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What does a Brønsted-Lowry acid donate?
Відповідь
A proton, H⁺. In water, acid behavior increases hydronium-ion concentration.
Картка 350
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What does pH describe?
Відповідь
The hydronium-ion concentration on a logarithmic scale. Lower pH means higher hydronium concentration.
Картка 351
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At 25 °C, what pH range is acidic?
Відповідь
Below 7. A neutral aqueous solution is pH 7 at this temperature.
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How does hydronium concentration change when pH drops by 1 unit?
Відповідь
It increases tenfold. The pH scale is logarithmic.
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What does a Brønsted-Lowry base accept?
Відповідь
A proton, H⁺. Many bases in water also increase hydroxide-ion concentration.
Картка 354
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At 25 °C, what is the relationship between pH and pOH?
Відповідь
pH + pOH = 14. pOH is the negative base-10 logarithm of hydroxide-ion concentration; this relation applies to aqueous solutions at 25 °C.
Картка 355
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At 25 °C, what pH range is basic?
Відповідь
Above 7. Basic solutions have less hydronium and more hydroxide than neutral water.
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What are typical products of a strong acid reacting with a strong base?
Відповідь
Water and an ionic salt. Hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions combine to form water.
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What does strong mean for an acid or base?
Відповідь
It produces its characteristic ions essentially completely in water. Strong acids ionize; soluble ionic strong bases dissociate. Strength is separate from concentration.
Картка 358
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What does a buffer do?
Відповідь
It resists large pH changes when small amounts of acid or base are added. A weak conjugate acid-base pair neutralizes much of the added H₃O⁺ or OH⁻.
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How does an acid-base indicator work?
Відповідь
Its color depends on pH. The change occurs over a characteristic pH range.
Картка 360
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A solution has pH 9 at 25 °C. What is its pOH?
Відповідь
5. Subtract the pH from 14.
Картка 361
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How does a concentrated weak acid differ from a dilute strong acid?
Відповідь
Concentration tells how much acid is present; strength tells how completely it ionizes. A concentrated weak acid contains more partially ionizing acid, while a dilute strong acid contains less acid that ionizes essentially completely. Either can have the lower pH.
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What is the SI base unit of length?
Відповідь
The meter (m). Centimeters and millimeters are decimal subdivisions of a meter.
Картка 363
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Which tool directly measures mass in a laboratory?
Відповідь
A balance. A spring scale measures force, often reported as weight.
Картка 364
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What is the SI base unit of mass?
Відповідь
The kilogram (kg). Laboratory mass is also commonly reported in grams.
Картка 365
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A student needs to measure about 35 mL of liquid and can choose a beaker or graduated cylinder. Which should they use?
Відповідь
A graduated cylinder. Read the scale at eye level.
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What is the SI base unit of time?
Відповідь
The second (s). Minutes and hours are accepted for many everyday uses.
Картка 367
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Where should the volume of a clear water-based liquid be read in a graduated cylinder?
Відповідь
At the bottom of the meniscus. Keep your eye level with the liquid surface.
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What is the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature?
Відповідь
The kelvin (K). Degrees Celsius are widely used for laboratory and body temperatures.
Картка 369
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Which tool measures temperature?
Відповідь
A thermometer. Its range and resolution should match the task.
Картка 370
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What factor does the metric prefix kilo- represent?
Відповідь
One thousand, or 10³. One kilometer equals 1,000 meters.
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A ruler's smallest marking is 1 mm. To what place should a careful analog reading usually be estimated?
Відповідь
One place beyond the smallest marking, when the scale allows it. The final digit is uncertain.
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What is measurement accuracy?
Відповідь
Closeness to an accepted or true value. A systematic error can make precise measurements inaccurate.
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How do mass and weight differ?
Відповідь
Mass is the amount of matter; weight is gravitational force on that mass. Mass stays constant when gravity changes, but weight does not.
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What factor does the metric prefix milli- represent?
Відповідь
One thousandth, or 10⁻³. One milliliter is 0.001 liter.
Картка 375
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How can the volume of an irregular solid be measured with water?
Відповідь
Use water displacement. Subtract the initial water volume from the final volume after submerging the object.
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What is measurement precision?
Відповідь
Closeness of repeated measurements to one another. Precise results can still be consistently wrong.
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What is an instrument's resolution?
Відповідь
The smallest change it can meaningfully display or distinguish. Higher resolution does not automatically guarantee accuracy.
Картка 378
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How many centimeters are in 2.5 meters?
Відповідь
2.5 × 10² cm (250 cm). Multiply meters by the exact conversion factor 100 cm/m.
Картка 379
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Why must a numerical measurement include a unit?
Відповідь
The unit identifies the quantity's scale. A bare number is ambiguous and cannot be compared reliably.
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What is a scientific observation?
Відповідь
Information recorded with senses or instruments. It should be distinguished from an explanation of what was observed.
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What makes a hypothesis scientifically useful?
Відповідь
It is testable and falsifiable. Evidence must be able to count against it.
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What is a scientific theory?
Відповідь
A broad, well-supported explanation of natural phenomena. It is not a casual guess and can be revised with new evidence.
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Which claim is falsifiable: 'No possible observation could count against this treatment's effectiveness' or 'This treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour'?
Відповідь
The claim that the treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour. An observation could count against it, so evidence can test it.
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What is an inference?
Відповідь
A logical interpretation based on observations and prior knowledge. It goes beyond the raw measurement.
Картка 385
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How does a prediction relate to a hypothesis?
Відповідь
It states an expected result if the hypothesis is correct. Experiments compare observed results with that expectation.
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How does a scientific law differ from a scientific theory?
Відповідь
A law describes a consistent pattern; a theory explains how or why patterns occur. One does not mature into the other.
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What does reliability mean for a measurement or procedure?
Відповідь
It produces consistent results under the same conditions. Repetition helps assess reliability.
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What does a correlation show?
Відповідь
Two variables change together in a patterned way. Correlation alone does not establish that one causes the other.
Картка 389
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What is bias in scientific work?
Відповідь
A systematic influence that pushes observations, selection, or interpretation in one direction. Good design tries to prevent or measure it.
Картка 390
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What is the purpose of scientific peer review?
Відповідь
Independent experts evaluate methods, reasoning, and reporting before publication. It improves scrutiny but does not guarantee truth.
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What does validity ask about a study or measurement?
Відповідь
Whether it measures or tests what it claims to measure or test. Consistency alone does not ensure validity.
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What evidence most strengthens a causal claim?
Відповідь
A well-controlled experiment that manipulates the suspected cause. Random assignment reduces confounding, while independent replication tests whether the result holds with new data.
Картка 393
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What is a primary scientific source?
Відповідь
A report of original methods, data, and results. A review article synthesizes many primary studies.
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How should an unexpected outlier be handled?
Відповідь
Investigate and report it rather than deleting it automatically. Exclusion needs a documented scientific reason.
Картка 395
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What is a confounding variable?
Відповідь
An outside factor related to both the suspected cause and the outcome. It can create a misleading association.
Картка 396
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Why should a sample represent the population of interest?
Відповідь
Results generalize poorly when important groups are missing or overrepresented. Sampling method matters as much as size.
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What is a scientific model?
Відповідь
A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system. A model is useful within its assumptions and limits.
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Why should measurements report uncertainty or reasonable precision?
Відповідь
Every measurement has limits. Reporting more digits than the method supports creates false precision.
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If results match a prediction once, what is the safest conclusion?
Відповідь
The results support the hypothesis under those conditions. One result does not prove the hypothesis in every setting.
Картка 400
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What is a direct relationship between two variables?
Відповідь
As one increases, the other tends to increase; as one decreases, the other tends to decrease. The relationship need not be perfectly linear.
Картка 401
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Which variable is usually placed on the x-axis of an experimental graph?
Відповідь
The independent variable. It is the factor selected or changed by the investigator.
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What does the slope of a straight-line graph represent?
Відповідь
Change in y divided by change in x. It is the response rate per unit change in the other variable.
Картка 403
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A line rises 12 units in y while x rises 3 units. What is its slope?
Відповідь
4 units of y per unit of x. Divide 12 by 3.
Картка 404
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What is an inverse relationship?
Відповідь
As one variable increases, the other tends to decrease. Their product is constant only in a strictly inverse proportion.
Картка 405
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Which variable is usually placed on the y-axis of an experimental graph?
Відповідь
The dependent variable. It is the measured response.
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What does a plateau on a response graph indicate?
Відповідь
The measured response has stopped changing much despite further x increases. A limiting factor may have been reached.
Картка 407
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What is interpolation?
Відповідь
Estimating a value within the range of measured data. It is generally safer than extrapolating beyond that range.
Картка 408
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What pattern suggests no relationship between two plotted variables?
Відповідь
The response shows no consistent change as the other variable changes. Points may scatter without a trend.
Картка 409
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Before comparing values in a data table, what should you check?
Відповідь
Headings, units, and conditions. Numbers from different measures or scales cannot be compared directly.
Картка 410
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If 3 samples require 12 mL total, how much is needed for 5 equal samples?
Відповідь
20 mL. The rate is 4 mL per sample, so multiply by 5.
Картка 411
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How is the arithmetic mean calculated?
Відповідь
Add all values and divide by the number of values. A large outlier can shift the mean.
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Why is extrapolation uncertain?
Відповідь
It assumes the observed trend continues outside measured conditions. The relationship may change beyond the data range.
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A culture grows from 20 to 50 cells in 6 hours. What is the average growth rate?
Відповідь
5 cells per hour. The change is 30 cells divided by 6 hours.
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A measurement rises from 40 to 50. What is the percent increase?
Відповідь
25%. The increase is 10, and 10 ÷ 40 × 100 = 25%.
Картка 415
Питання
When can the median describe a typical value better than the mean?
Відповідь
When data are skewed or contain strong outliers. In an ordered set, the median is the middle value for an odd count and the mean of the two middle values for an even count.
Картка 416
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How do quantitative and qualitative data differ?
Відповідь
Quantitative data are numerical; qualitative data describe categories or qualities. Both can answer scientific questions.
Картка 417
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A response is 2 at dose 1, 4 at dose 2, and 8 at dose 4. If the relationship is linear, what response is predicted at dose 3?
Відповідь
6. The observed rate is 2 response units per dose unit, so interpolation at dose 3 gives 6.
Картка 418
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How can a graph reveal a nonlinear relationship?
Відповідь
The points follow a curve rather than a straight line. The rate of change varies across the x-range.
Картка 419
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What is the range of a data set?
Відповідь
Maximum minus minimum. It describes total spread but ignores the distribution between the endpoints.
Картка 420
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What makes a scientific research question testable?
Відповідь
It identifies measurable variables or observable outcomes. The needed data must be obtainable.
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In an experiment, what is the independent variable?
Відповідь
The factor deliberately changed or assigned by the investigator. In a simple one-factor experiment, changing one independent variable helps isolate its effect.
Картка 422
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What should a hypothesis connect?
Відповідь
A proposed explanation with a measurable outcome. It should lead to a prediction that evidence can challenge.
Картка 423
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What is a controlled variable, or constant?
Відповідь
A condition kept the same across groups. Holding it constant prevents it from explaining outcome differences.
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What is the purpose of a control group?
Відповідь
It provides a comparison without the experimental treatment. Differences can then be attributed more confidently to the treatment.
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In an experiment, what is the dependent variable?
Відповідь
The measured response. It may change because of the independent variable.
Картка 426
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What form can a useful experimental prediction take?
Відповідь
If the independent variable changes in a stated way, then the dependent variable should respond in a stated way. The reason links it to the hypothesis.
Картка 427
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What does a positive control demonstrate?
Відповідь
That the setup can produce a known response. If it fails, the test system may be defective.
Картка 428
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Why randomly assign subjects to experimental groups?
Відповідь
To distribute known and unknown differences more evenly. This reduces selection bias and confounding.
Картка 429
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How can blinding reduce bias?
Відповідь
It keeps participants, observers, or both unaware of treatment assignments. Expectations are less likely to affect behavior or measurement.
Картка 430
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What is a placebo?
Відповідь
An inactive treatment designed to resemble the experimental treatment. It helps separate treatment effects from expectation effects.
Картка 431
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What does a negative control demonstrate?
Відповідь
What happens when the tested cause is absent. An unexpected response may reveal contamination or another source.
Картка 432
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Why does a larger sample often improve a study?
Відповідь
It reduces the influence of chance variation and supports more stable estimates. It cannot repair a biased sampling method.
Картка 433
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Why repeat trials within an experiment?
Відповідь
To estimate variability and check consistency. One unusual trial then has less influence.
Картка 434
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Why must an experimental procedure be detailed and standardized?
Відповідь
So groups are treated consistently and others can reproduce the work. Uncontrolled procedural differences create alternative explanations.
Картка 435
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Why calibrate a measuring instrument before collecting data?
Відповідь
To compare its readings with a known standard and reduce systematic error. Calibration improves confidence in accuracy.
Картка 436
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What is an operational definition?
Відповідь
A precise statement of how a variable is measured or manipulated. It turns an abstract concept into a repeatable procedure.
Картка 437
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How does independent replication differ from repeated trials?
Відповідь
Independent replication repeats a study with independently collected data, often by a different investigator; repeated trials rerun measurements within the original experiment. Replication tests consistency across separate studies.
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Why should raw data be recorded before interpretation?
Відповідь
It preserves the observations separately from conclusions. Others can check calculations and reasoning.
Картка 439
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What should a scientific conclusion do?
Відповідь
Answer the research question using the data and acknowledge limits. It should not claim more than the design supports.
Картка 440
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What should happen when data do not support a hypothesis?
Відповідь
Revise or reject the hypothesis and consider new tests. Data should not be altered to preserve the original idea.
Картка 441
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What is a study limitation?
Відповідь
A feature that restricts interpretation or generalization. Small samples, short duration, and imperfect measurements are examples.
Картка 442
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Why are ethics part of experimental design?
Відповідь
Research must protect participants, organisms, and communities while balancing risks and benefits. Consent and humane treatment are key examples.
Картка 443
Питання
How does an observational study differ from an experiment?
Відповідь
It measures variables without assigning the exposure. It can find associations but usually supports weaker causal conclusions.
Картка 444
Питання
Plants receive 0, 2, or 4 hours of added light, and growth is measured. What is the independent variable?
Відповідь
Hours of added light. Plant growth is the dependent variable.
Картка 445
Питання
A fertilizer study gives every plant the same water, soil, and temperature. What are these conditions?
Відповідь
Controlled variables. Keeping them constant isolates the fertilizer's effect.
Картка 446
Питання
A drug group improves more than a control group, but the groups were not randomly assigned. What is the main caution?
Відповідь
Preexisting group differences could explain some improvement. The result is suggestive, but the design weakens a causal claim.
446 карток
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
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