ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
Practice 446 original ATI TEAS 7 Science recall and mini-scenario cards across A&P, biology, chemistry, and scientific reasoning.
เกี่ยวกับเด็คนี้
Build the core Science knowledge and reasoning used for ATI TEAS 7 with 446 independently authored flashcards.
What this deck practices
- Structure or concept → function: body systems, cells, molecules, atoms, solutions, and experimental parts.
- Function, outcome, or evidence → concept: selective reverse recall when recognizing the name matters in practice.
- Cause or condition → effect: physiology, chemical changes, reaction conditions, inheritance, and experimental predictions.
- Process and order: circulation, ventilation, digestion, urine formation, gene expression, cell division, and scientific investigations.
- Application: short calculations, comparisons, data interpretations, and original mini-scenarios.
The deck does not mechanically reverse every fact. It excludes multiple-choice distractors, exhaustive anatomy lists, obscure chemical nomenclature, advanced pathophysiology, pharmacology, and nursing-school procedures because those mappings do not improve entry-level TEAS Science recall.
The sequence introduces prerequisites before dependent ideas: anatomical language before body systems, cells before genetics, atoms before reactions, and measurement before experimental design. Related forward and reverse variants are separated so one card does not immediately reveal another.
Coverage follows the four Science areas and relative emphasis in ATI's public ATI TEAS 7 content outline: Human Anatomy and Physiology, Biology, Chemistry, and Scientific Reasoning. The public outline defines scope only. Questions, answers, explanations, examples, and ordering were independently authored from common scientific knowledge checked against open educational and official public sources.
No exam question, mark scheme, paid ATI flashcard, test-bank item, or curriculum text was copied. This is an independent, unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. ATI and TEAS are marks of Assessment Technologies Institute, L.L.C.; this deck is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or produced by ATI. See ATI's official exam details for current requirements.
การ์ดในเด็คนี้
การ์ด 1
คำถาม
What posture defines the standard anatomical position?
คำตอบ
Standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms forward. The feet point forward, giving anatomy a consistent reference position.
การ์ด 2
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In anatomical language, what does superior mean?
คำตอบ
Toward the head or above another structure. Inferior means toward the feet or below.
การ์ด 3
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Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right portions?
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The sagittal plane. A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.
การ์ด 4
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Why does the body use feedback mechanisms?
คำตอบ
To regulate internal conditions. Feedback compares a condition with a set range and triggers responses that adjust it.
การ์ด 5
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What is the order of structural organization from simplest to most complex?
คำตอบ
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. Each level builds on interactions at the preceding level.
การ์ด 6
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What does anterior mean in human anatomy?
คำตอบ
Toward the front of the body. Posterior means toward the back.
การ์ด 7
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Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions?
คำตอบ
The transverse plane. It is also called the horizontal plane.
การ์ด 8
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What is homeostasis?
คำตอบ
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. It is dynamic rather than perfectly unchanging.
การ์ด 9
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Which major body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?
คำตอบ
The dorsal body cavity. Its cranial cavity holds the brain, and its vertebral cavity holds the spinal cord.
การ์ด 10
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What does medial mean in anatomical language?
คำตอบ
Toward the body's midline. Lateral means farther from the midline.
การ์ด 11
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A rise in body temperature triggers sweating. What control pattern is this?
คำตอบ
Negative feedback. The response opposes the original temperature change and moves the body toward its normal range.
การ์ด 12
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Which anatomical plane divides the body into front and back portions?
คำตอบ
The frontal, or coronal, plane. It separates anterior from posterior portions.
การ์ด 13
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Which major body cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
คำตอบ
The ventral body cavity. The diaphragm separates its thoracic and abdominopelvic portions.
การ์ด 14
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What does proximal mean when describing a limb?
คำตอบ
Closer to the limb's point of attachment. Distal means farther from that point.
การ์ด 15
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How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
คำตอบ
Positive feedback amplifies the initial change. Negative feedback opposes a change; positive feedback continues until a stopping event occurs.
การ์ด 16
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Which tissue type covers surfaces and lines body cavities?
คำตอบ
Epithelial tissue. It also forms many glands and often serves protective, absorptive, or secretory roles.
การ์ด 17
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Which tissue type mainly supports, binds, and protects other tissues?
คำตอบ
Connective tissue. Its cells are typically separated by an extracellular matrix.
การ์ด 18
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What shared property lets muscle tissue produce movement?
คำตอบ
Contractility. Muscle cells shorten or develop tension in response to stimulation.
การ์ด 19
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Which tissue type rapidly communicates by electrical signals?
คำตอบ
Nervous tissue. Neurons transmit signals, while supporting cells help maintain their environment.
การ์ด 20
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Why are tightly packed epithelial cells well suited for barriers?
คำตอบ
They leave little space between cells. This continuous arrangement limits passage across a surface.
การ์ด 21
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What distinguishes connective tissue from epithelial tissue?
คำตอบ
Connective tissue usually has abundant extracellular matrix. Epithelial cells are more tightly packed.
การ์ด 22
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What are the four basic human tissue types?
คำตอบ
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Organs contain two or more tissue types working together.
การ์ด 23
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What makes a structure an organ rather than a tissue?
คำตอบ
An organ combines multiple tissue types for a specific function. A tissue is a group of similar cells and matrix performing related work.
การ์ด 24
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What are the skeletal system's main functions?
คำตอบ
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood-cell production, and fat storage. Bones also provide levers for muscles.
การ์ด 25
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What belongs to the axial skeleton?
คำตอบ
The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. These structures form the body's central axis.
การ์ด 26
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How do compact and spongy bone differ?
คำตอบ
Compact bone is dense; spongy bone has a lattice of trabeculae. Both are organized living bone tissue.
การ์ด 27
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What is a joint?
คำตอบ
A place where two or more bones meet. Joint structure determines how much movement is possible.
การ์ด 28
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Which bone cell builds new bone matrix?
คำตอบ
An osteoblast. Osteoclasts break down bone, while osteocytes maintain mature bone tissue.
การ์ด 29
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What belongs to the appendicular skeleton?
คำตอบ
The limbs plus the shoulder and pelvic girdles. It attaches the limbs to the axial skeleton.
การ์ด 30
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What is the main role of red bone marrow?
คำตอบ
Blood-cell production. This process is called hematopoiesis.
การ์ด 31
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Which joint class allows the greatest range of motion?
คำตอบ
A synovial joint. A fluid-filled joint cavity reduces friction between articulating surfaces.
การ์ด 32
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Which bone cell breaks down bone matrix?
คำตอบ
An osteoclast. Bone resorption helps remodeling and mineral balance.
การ์ด 33
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What does a ligament connect?
คำตอบ
Bone to bone. A tendon connects muscle to bone.
การ์ด 34
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What is the shaft of a long bone called?
คำตอบ
The diaphysis. The enlarged ends are the epiphyses.
การ์ด 35
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Why is bone important to blood-calcium balance?
คำตอบ
Bone stores calcium and can release or absorb it during remodeling. Hormones regulate this exchange.
การ์ด 36
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What is stored mainly in yellow bone marrow?
คำตอบ
Fat. It serves as an energy reserve.
การ์ด 37
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What does articular cartilage do at a synovial joint?
คำตอบ
It reduces friction and absorbs shock. It covers the ends of articulating bones.
การ์ด 38
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Why must a broken bone receive a blood supply during healing?
คำตอบ
Repairing cells need oxygen and nutrients. Restored blood vessels support fracture healing.
การ์ด 39
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What is bone remodeling?
คำตอบ
Continuous removal and replacement of bone tissue. It repairs microdamage and helps bones adapt to stress.
การ์ด 40
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Which muscle tissue is usually under voluntary control?
คำตอบ
Skeletal muscle. Most skeletal muscles move the skeleton, while some, such as facial muscles, insert into skin or other soft tissue.
การ์ด 41
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What is a sarcomere?
คำตอบ
The basic contractile unit of striated muscle. It lies between two Z discs.
การ์ด 42
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What does a tendon connect?
คำตอบ
Muscle to bone. It transmits muscle force to the skeleton.
การ์ด 43
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Which proteins slide past one another during muscle contraction?
คำตอบ
Actin and myosin. Their interaction shortens sarcomeres without shortening the filaments themselves.
การ์ด 44
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Where is smooth muscle commonly found?
คำตอบ
In the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels. Its contractions are generally involuntary.
การ์ด 45
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What ion exposes binding sites needed for skeletal muscle contraction?
คำตอบ
Calcium. Its release inside the muscle fiber allows actin and myosin interaction.
การ์ด 46
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How do antagonistic muscle pairs move a joint?
คำตอบ
One muscle contracts while the opposing muscle relaxes. Reversing their roles moves the joint in the opposite direction.
การ์ด 47
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Why does muscle contraction require ATP?
คำตอบ
ATP powers cross-bridge cycling and ion pumps. It is also needed for myosin to detach from actin.
การ์ด 48
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Which muscle tissue makes up the heart wall?
คำตอบ
Cardiac muscle. It is striated, involuntary, and connected for coordinated pumping.
การ์ด 49
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During a typical muscle contraction, which attachment moves more: origin or insertion?
คำตอบ
The insertion. The origin is generally the more fixed attachment.
การ์ด 50
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Which type of neuron sends the signal that initiates skeletal-muscle contraction?
คำตอบ
A somatic motor neuron. It releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, triggering an action potential in the muscle fiber.
การ์ด 51
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What is muscle tone?
คำตอบ
Continuous low-level muscle tension. It helps maintain posture and readiness without producing a large movement.
การ์ด 52
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How does skeletal muscle help regulate body temperature?
คำตอบ
Contraction releases heat. Shivering increases rapid contractions when the body is cold.
การ์ด 53
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What are the three muscle tissue types?
คำตอบ
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. They differ in location, structure, and control.
การ์ด 54
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What is a neuron's main function?
คำตอบ
To receive, process, and transmit information. Neurons use electrical signals and chemical messengers.
การ์ด 55
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What structures make up the central nervous system?
คำตอบ
The brain and spinal cord. They integrate information and coordinate responses.
การ์ด 56
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Which part of a neuron usually receives incoming signals?
คำตอบ
The dendrites. The cell body integrates much of that input.
การ์ด 57
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What does the peripheral nervous system include?
คำตอบ
Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. It links the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
การ์ด 58
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Which neuron structure carries an impulse away from the cell body?
คำตอบ
The axon. Its terminals communicate with another cell.
การ์ด 59
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Which nervous-system division controls skeletal muscles voluntarily?
คำตอบ
The somatic nervous system. It also carries sensory information from skin, muscles, and joints.
การ์ด 60
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What is a synapse?
คำตอบ
A junction where one neuron communicates with another cell. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters across a small gap.
การ์ด 61
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Which nervous-system division regulates organs and glands without conscious control?
คำตอบ
The autonomic nervous system. It includes sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
การ์ด 62
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How does myelin affect nerve signaling?
คำตอบ
It speeds impulse conduction along an axon. Myelin insulates segments of the axon.
การ์ด 63
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Which autonomic division prepares the body for acute activity?
คำตอบ
The sympathetic division. It generally increases alertness and supports a fight-or-flight response.
การ์ด 64
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What is a reflex?
คำตอบ
A rapid, predictable response to a stimulus. A reflex pathway can act before conscious awareness.
การ์ด 65
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Which autonomic division supports rest, digestion, and energy conservation?
คำตอบ
The parasympathetic division. It generally promotes routine maintenance functions.
การ์ด 66
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Which brain region is most associated with conscious thought and voluntary movement?
คำตอบ
The cerebrum. Its cortex also processes much sensory information.
การ์ด 67
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Which brain region fine-tunes balance and coordinated movement?
คำตอบ
The cerebellum. It compares intended movement with sensory feedback.
การ์ด 68
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Which brain region controls vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate?
คำตอบ
The brainstem. It also connects higher brain regions with the spinal cord.
การ์ด 69
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How do sensory and motor neurons differ?
คำตอบ
Sensory neurons carry information toward the CNS; motor neurons carry commands away. Interneurons connect and process signals within the CNS.
การ์ด 70
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What does a sensory receptor do?
คำตอบ
It converts a stimulus into a neural signal. Different receptors respond best to particular forms of energy or chemicals.
การ์ด 71
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What is a hormone?
คำตอบ
A chemical messenger released into body fluids to affect target cells. A target responds only if it has the appropriate receptor.
การ์ด 72
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Why is the pituitary gland often called a master gland?
คำตอบ
Several pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands. The hypothalamus controls much of pituitary activity.
การ์ด 73
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Why can one hormone affect some cells but not others?
คำตอบ
Only target cells have the matching receptor. Receptor binding starts the cell's response.
การ์ด 74
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Which gland produces hormones that broadly increase metabolic activity?
คำตอบ
The thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones influence energy use and development.
การ์ด 75
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What is insulin's main effect on blood glucose?
คำตอบ
It lowers blood glucose. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage after a meal.
การ์ด 76
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Which glands release a hormone that raises blood calcium?
คำตอบ
The parathyroid glands. Parathyroid hormone acts on bone, kidneys, and vitamin D pathways.
การ์ด 77
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Which adrenal region releases epinephrine during acute stress?
คำตอบ
The adrenal medulla. Its hormones reinforce sympathetic nervous-system effects.
การ์ด 78
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Which organ has both endocrine and digestive functions?
คำตอบ
The pancreas. Its islets release hormones, while other cells release digestive enzymes.
การ์ด 79
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What is glucagon's main effect on blood glucose?
คำตอบ
It raises blood glucose. It promotes release of stored glucose during fasting.
การ์ด 80
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Rising thyroid hormone reduces its own upstream stimulation. What pattern is this?
คำตอบ
Negative feedback. The final hormone limits further release along the control pathway.
การ์ด 81
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Which adrenal region produces steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone?
คำตอบ
The adrenal cortex. It surrounds the adrenal medulla.
การ์ด 82
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Which gland releases melatonin and helps regulate daily sleep timing?
คำตอบ
The pineal gland. Light information influences its secretion pattern.
การ์ด 83
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Which hormone directly increases collecting-duct water permeability?
คำตอบ
Antidiuretic hormone, or ADH. It makes collecting ducts more permeable to water, increasing water reabsorption and usually producing less, more concentrated urine.
การ์ด 84
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Which hormone strengthens uterine contractions during labor?
คำตอบ
Oxytocin. This is a classic positive-feedback pathway that ends after delivery.
การ์ด 85
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How does endocrine signaling generally differ from nervous signaling?
คำตอบ
It is usually slower to start and longer lasting. Hormones travel through body fluids, while neurons signal specific targets rapidly.
การ์ด 86
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What is plasma?
คำตอบ
The liquid portion of blood. It carries cells, nutrients, hormones, proteins, wastes, and dissolved gases.
การ์ด 87
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Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
คำตอบ
The right side. The right ventricle sends deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary trunk and arteries.
การ์ด 88
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What is the main function of red blood cells?
คำตอบ
Transporting oxygen. Their hemoglobin also carries a smaller share of carbon dioxide.
การ์ด 89
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What defines an artery?
คำตอบ
It carries blood away from the heart. Oxygen content does not define it; pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood.
การ์ด 90
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What is the main function of white blood cells?
คำตอบ
Body defense. Different white blood cells recognize, attack, or coordinate responses to threats.
การ์ด 91
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Which side of the heart pumps blood into systemic circulation?
คำตอบ
The left side. The left ventricle sends oxygenated blood into the aorta.
การ์ด 92
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What is the main purpose of heart valves?
คำตอบ
To keep blood moving in one direction. Pressure differences open and close them.
การ์ด 93
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What defines a vein?
คำตอบ
It carries blood toward the heart. Many veins contain valves that limit backflow.
การ์ด 94
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What is the main role of platelets?
คำตอบ
Helping stop bleeding. They form a platelet plug and support clotting reactions at a damaged vessel.
การ์ด 95
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Why are capillaries well suited for exchange?
คำตอบ
Their walls are only one cell layer thick. Their small diameter and large total surface area support diffusion and filtration.
การ์ด 96
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After blood enters the right atrium, what chamber receives it next?
คำตอบ
The right ventricle. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve before entering that chamber.
การ์ด 97
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What happens during ventricular systole?
คำตอบ
The ventricles contract and eject blood. The right ventricle pumps to the lungs, and the left pumps to the body.
การ์ด 98
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What is pulmonary circulation?
คำตอบ
Blood flow between the heart and lungs. It allows gas exchange and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
การ์ด 99
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What normally sets the heart's rhythm?
คำตอบ
The sinoatrial, or SA, node. Its spontaneous electrical activity initiates each heartbeat.
การ์ด 100
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What molecule in red blood cells binds oxygen?
คำตอบ
Hemoglobin. Its iron-containing heme groups bind oxygen reversibly.
การ์ด 101
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What happens during ventricular diastole?
คำตอบ
The ventricles relax and fill. Atrioventricular valves are open during most ventricular filling.
การ์ด 102
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What is systemic circulation?
คำตอบ
Blood flow between the heart and the body's tissues. It delivers oxygen and nutrients and returns wastes.
การ์ด 103
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What does arterial blood pressure measure?
คำตอบ
The force of blood against artery walls. It is commonly reported as systolic over diastolic pressure.
การ์ด 104
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What do coronary arteries supply?
คำตอบ
The heart muscle itself. Blocked coronary blood flow can deprive myocardium of oxygen.
การ์ด 105
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Which major vessels return systemic blood to the right atrium?
คำตอบ
The superior and inferior venae cavae. The superior vessel drains the upper body; the inferior drains the lower body.
การ์ด 106
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What is the respiratory system's primary gas-exchange function?
คำตอบ
Bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide. Ventilation moves air, while diffusion exchanges gases.
การ์ด 107
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What is the airflow sequence from the pharynx to the gas-exchange surfaces?
คำตอบ
Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. Each branch conducts air deeper into the lungs.
การ์ด 108
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Where does most gas exchange occur in the lungs?
คำตอบ
Across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Thin walls and a large surface area shorten diffusion distance.
การ์ด 109
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What does the diaphragm do during quiet inhalation?
คำตอบ
It contracts and moves downward. Thoracic volume rises, lung pressure falls, and air flows inward.
การ์ด 110
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Why does oxygen move from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries?
คำตอบ
Its partial pressure is higher in alveolar air than in incoming blood. Oxygen diffuses down that gradient.
การ์ด 111
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What drives quiet exhalation?
คำตอบ
Elastic recoil after inspiratory muscles relax. Thoracic volume falls and pressure pushes air outward.
การ์ด 112
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What is the pleura?
คำตอบ
A double membrane surrounding each lung. A thin fluid layer reduces friction during breathing.
การ์ด 113
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How is most oxygen transported in blood?
คำตอบ
Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Only a small amount dissolves directly in plasma.
การ์ด 114
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Why does carbon dioxide move from pulmonary blood into alveoli?
คำตอบ
Its partial pressure is higher in incoming blood than in alveolar air. It diffuses down that gradient for exhalation.
การ์ด 115
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What helps keep swallowed material out of the airway?
คำตอบ
The epiglottis and coordinated swallowing reflexes. The laryngeal opening is protected as food passes.
การ์ด 116
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How does the conducting airway remove trapped particles?
คำตอบ
Mucus traps them, and cilia move the mucus toward the throat. This is the mucociliary escalator.
การ์ด 117
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In what form is most carbon dioxide transported in blood?
คำตอบ
As bicarbonate ions. Red blood cells help convert carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate.
การ์ด 118
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Which blood change is a strong normal stimulus to increase breathing?
คำตอบ
A rise in carbon dioxide and the associated fall in pH. Brainstem centers adjust ventilation in response.
การ์ด 119
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Why must alveoli receive both air and blood?
คำตอบ
Gas exchange needs ventilation and perfusion. Air without blood flow, or blood without airflow, cannot exchange gases effectively.
การ์ด 120
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Why does ventilation increase during exercise?
คำตอบ
Active tissues use more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide. Faster, deeper breathing helps meet that demand.
การ์ด 121
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What are the digestive system's core functions?
คำตอบ
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Movement and secretion support those processes.
การ์ด 122
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What is the alimentary-canal sequence after the mouth?
คำตอบ
Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. Food passes through this continuous tube.
การ์ด 123
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What is mechanical digestion?
คำตอบ
Physical breakdown and mixing of food without changing its molecules. Chewing and stomach churning are examples.
การ์ด 124
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What are two major functions of the stomach?
คำตอบ
It stores and mixes food and begins substantial protein digestion. Acid denatures proteins, converts pepsinogen to pepsin, and provides the low pH pepsin needs.
การ์ด 125
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Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
คำตอบ
The small intestine. Folds, villi, and microvilli create a large absorptive surface.
การ์ด 126
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Which nutrient does salivary amylase begin digesting in the mouth?
คำตอบ
Carbohydrates, especially starch. Salivary amylase breaks starch into smaller carbohydrates.
การ์ด 127
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What is chemical digestion?
คำตอบ
Enzymatic breakdown of large food molecules into absorbable units. Chemical bonds are changed during the process.
การ์ด 128
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What is peristalsis?
คำตอบ
Wave-like smooth-muscle contractions that move material forward. It occurs throughout much of the digestive tract.
การ์ด 129
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What is a main function of the large intestine?
คำตอบ
Absorbing water and electrolytes and forming feces. Resident microbes also process some undigested material.
การ์ด 130
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What digestive product does the liver make?
คำตอบ
Bile. Bile salts help disperse dietary fat into smaller droplets.
การ์ด 131
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What does a digestive sphincter do?
คำตอบ
It regulates movement between regions of the digestive tract. Circular muscle contracts to close a passage.
การ์ด 132
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What does the pancreas release into the small intestine?
คำตอบ
Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid. Bicarbonate helps neutralize acidic material from the stomach.
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How do intestinal villi improve absorption?
คำตอบ
They increase surface area. Each villus contains blood capillaries and a lymphatic lacteal for transported nutrients.
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What is the gallbladder's role?
คำตอบ
It stores and concentrates bile. It releases bile into the small intestine when fatty food arrives.
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Which macronutrient's absorbed products usually enter intestinal lacteals before reaching the blood?
คำตอบ
Most dietary lipids. Their absorbed products travel through lymph before entering the bloodstream.
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Which accessory organs help digestion without food passing through them?
คำตอบ
The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Teeth and the tongue act mechanically; the other accessory organs add or store digestive secretions.
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What organs make up the urinary system?
คำตอบ
The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Kidneys make urine; the remaining organs transport, store, and release it.
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What is a nephron?
คำตอบ
The kidney's functional unit. It filters blood and adjusts the filtrate to form urine.
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Where does blood filtration begin in a nephron?
คำตอบ
At the renal corpuscle. Pressure pushes water and small solutes from glomerular capillaries into the capsule.
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What moves urine from a kidney to the bladder?
คำตอบ
A ureter. Smooth-muscle contractions propel urine along the tube.
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What is the urinary bladder's main role?
คำตอบ
Temporary urine storage. Stretch receptors help trigger the urge to urinate as it fills.
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Which structure carries urine from the bladder out of the body?
คำตอบ
The urethra. It is distinct from the ureters that enter the bladder.
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What is tubular reabsorption?
คำตอบ
Movement of useful substances from nephron fluid back into blood. Water, glucose, and ions are common examples.
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What is the glomerulus?
คำตอบ
A capillary tuft that filters blood in the renal corpuscle. Cells and most large proteins normally remain in circulation.
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How does more ADH change urine?
คำตอบ
It makes urine more concentrated and lowers its volume. More water is reabsorbed from the collecting ducts.
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What path does filtrate follow after entering the glomerular capsule?
คำตอบ
Proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct. The collecting duct receives forming urine from multiple nephrons.
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What is tubular secretion?
คำตอบ
Movement of selected substances from blood into nephron fluid. It helps eliminate wastes and regulate ions and pH.
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Besides removing waste, what does the urinary system regulate?
คำตอบ
Water, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and blood volume. Kidney hormones also affect blood pressure and red-cell production.
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Why does dehydration usually reduce urine volume?
คำตอบ
The body conserves water by increasing renal reabsorption. ADH is an important signal in this response.
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Why do the kidneys receive a large blood flow?
คำตอบ
They must continuously filter plasma and regulate its composition. High flow supports waste removal and homeostasis.
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What is lymph?
คำตอบ
Interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels. It eventually returns to the bloodstream.
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What is innate immunity?
คำตอบ
Rapid, nonspecific defense present before a particular exposure. Barriers, inflammation, and several immune cells contribute.
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What is a major function of lymph nodes?
คำตอบ
Filtering lymph and providing sites for immune-cell activation. Swelling can reflect an active immune response.
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What does the spleen filter?
คำตอบ
Blood. It removes aged blood cells and supports immune responses to blood-borne antigens.
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What is a key function of B lymphocytes?
คำตอบ
Producing antibody-secreting cells and memory cells. Antibodies bind specific antigens.
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What distinguishes adaptive immunity?
คำตอบ
It targets specific antigens and develops memory. Later exposure can trigger a faster, stronger response.
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Which lymphatic organ is important for T-cell maturation?
คำตอบ
The thymus. It is most active early in life.
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What is the body's first physical barrier against many pathogens?
คำตอบ
Intact skin and mucous membranes. Their secretions and normal microbes add protection.
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What is a key function of T lymphocytes?
คำตอบ
Coordinating immune responses or killing infected cells. Different T-cell types perform different roles.
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What does an antibody bind?
คำตอบ
A specific antigen. Binding can neutralize a target or mark it for other immune defenses.
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What is the purpose of inflammation after tissue injury?
คำตอบ
To contain damage, recruit defenses, and begin repair. Redness, heat, swelling, and pain can accompany it.
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Why is a second adaptive response often faster than the first?
คำตอบ
Memory lymphocytes remain after the first exposure. They respond quickly when the same antigen appears again.
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What does a phagocyte do?
คำตอบ
It engulfs particles, microbes, or debris. Neutrophils and macrophages are important examples.
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How does vaccination support adaptive immunity?
คำตอบ
It safely exposes the immune system to antigen information. This promotes memory without requiring the full disease.
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Why is lymphatic fluid return important?
คำตอบ
It prevents excess interstitial fluid from accumulating. Lymphatic vessels return fluid and leaked proteins to blood.
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What structures belong to the integumentary system?
คำตอบ
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Together they form the body's outer covering.
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What is the epidermis?
คำตอบ
The outer epithelial layer of skin. It is avascular and contains protective keratinized cells.
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How does sweating cool the body?
คำตอบ
Evaporation removes heat from the skin. Skin blood-flow changes also help regulate heat loss.
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What is a major role of melanin in skin?
คำตอบ
Absorbing some ultraviolet radiation. It also contributes to skin and hair color.
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How does skin contribute to sensation?
คำตอบ
Sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. Nerves carry that information to the CNS.
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What is the dermis?
คำตอบ
The connective-tissue layer beneath the epidermis. It contains vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.
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How does skin support vitamin D production?
คำตอบ
Ultraviolet light starts conversion of a skin molecule into a vitamin D precursor. The liver and kidneys complete activation.
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Why does a deep skin wound bleed but a shallow epidermal scrape may not?
คำตอบ
Blood vessels are in the dermis, not the epidermis. A wound must reach vascular tissue to damage them.
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What is a gamete?
คำตอบ
A haploid reproductive cell. Human sperm and oocytes each carry 23 chromosomes.
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What are the testes' two main reproductive functions?
คำตอบ
Producing sperm and secreting testosterone. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules.
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What tube carries sperm from the epididymis toward the ejaculatory duct?
คำตอบ
The ductus, or vas, deferens. Smooth muscle propels sperm during ejaculation.
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What is ovulation?
คำตอบ
Release of a secondary oocyte from an ovary. A surge in luteinizing hormone helps trigger it.
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Where does fertilization usually occur?
คำตอบ
In a uterine tube. The early embryo then travels toward the uterus.
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What are the ovaries' two main reproductive functions?
คำตอบ
Producing oocytes and secreting sex hormones. Estrogen and progesterone help regulate the reproductive cycle.
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What is the uterus' main reproductive role?
คำตอบ
Supporting implantation and development of an embryo and fetus. Its muscular wall also contracts during birth.
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What causes menstruation when pregnancy does not occur?
คำตอบ
Falling ovarian hormones allow the uterine lining to shed. A new cycle then begins.
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How does a sperm cell's structure support its function?
คำตอบ
Its flagellum provides movement, and its head carries DNA plus enzymes used during fertilization. Mitochondria supply energy in the midpiece.
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What is the placenta's exchange role?
คำตอบ
It allows gases, nutrients, and wastes to move between maternal and fetal circulations. Their blood normally does not mix directly.
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Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction?
คำตอบ
It halves chromosome number in gametes. Fertilization then restores the diploid number.
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How do sex hormones regulate reproductive control pathways?
คำตอบ
They usually feed back on the hypothalamus and pituitary. This adjusts release of hormones that act on the gonads.
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What does cell theory state?
คำตอบ
Living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells come from existing cells. These ideas link organism structure with cell division.
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What is the defining structural feature of a prokaryotic cell?
คำตอบ
It lacks a membrane-bound nucleus. Its DNA occupies a nucleoid region.
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What is the cell membrane's main role?
คำตอบ
Regulating movement between the cell and its environment. Its phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable.
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What is the nucleus' main role?
คำตอบ
Storing most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA. Nuclear pores regulate exchange with the cytoplasm.
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Where are proteins assembled?
คำตอบ
At ribosomes. Ribosomes may float in cytosol or attach to rough endoplasmic reticulum.
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What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
คำตอบ
A eukaryotic cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.
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What is a mitochondrion's main function?
คำตอบ
Producing most cellular ATP through aerobic respiration. Its inner membrane provides a large reaction surface.
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What does rough endoplasmic reticulum mainly produce?
คำตอบ
Proteins for secretion, membranes, or organelles. Ribosomes on its surface make the proteins.
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Which organelle carries out photosynthesis in plants and algae?
คำตอบ
The chloroplast. It converts light energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules.
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What does the Golgi apparatus do?
คำตอบ
It modifies, sorts, and packages cell products. Vesicles carry those products to their destinations.
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What is a lysosome's role?
คำตอบ
Digesting worn cell parts and engulfed material. Its enzymes work best in an acidic interior.
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What are major functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
คำตอบ
Lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage. Its membrane lacks attached ribosomes.
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What does the cytoskeleton provide?
คำตอบ
Cell shape, internal organization, movement, and transport tracks. It is built from protein filaments.
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What is diffusion?
คำตอบ
Net movement from higher to lower concentration. It is passive and continues until dynamic equilibrium is reached.
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What happens to an animal cell in a strongly hypotonic solution?
คำตอบ
Water enters and the cell swells. Without a cell wall, it may burst.
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What happens during interphase?
คำตอบ
The cell grows, performs normal functions, and copies its DNA. Interphase precedes mitotic division.
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What is the result of mitosis followed by cytokinesis?
คำตอบ
Two genetically similar daughter cells. Chromosome number is normally preserved.
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What is osmosis?
คำตอบ
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves toward the side with more nonpenetrating solute.
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What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?
คำตอบ
Water leaves and the cell shrinks. The external solution has a higher effective solute concentration.
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Why are cells generally small?
คำตอบ
A high surface-area-to-volume ratio supports efficient exchange. Volume grows faster than surface area as a cell enlarges.
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What is cytokinesis?
คำตอบ
Division of the cytoplasm. It separates one cell into two after nuclear division.
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How does active transport differ from passive transport?
คำตอบ
It uses energy to move substances against a gradient. Passive transport moves down a gradient without direct energy input.
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What happens to an animal cell in an isotonic solution?
คำตอบ
There is no net water movement. Water still crosses in both directions at equal rates.
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Which structures are typical of plant cells but not animal cells?
คำตอบ
A cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. Both cell types have membranes, nuclei, and mitochondria.
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How do cells contribute to a multicellular organism's organization?
คำตอบ
Specialized cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form systems. Division of labor supports complex functions.
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What is DNA's primary biological role?
คำตอบ
Storing hereditary information. Its nucleotide sequence contains instructions used to build functional RNA and proteins.
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What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
คำตอบ
A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides link to form each strand.
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Which bases pair in double-stranded DNA?
คำตอบ
Adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine. Hydrogen bonds hold complementary strands together.
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How does RNA differ from DNA?
คำตอบ
RNA usually has ribose, uses uracil instead of thymine, and is usually single-stranded. Several RNA types help express genes.
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What is a gene?
คำตอบ
A DNA sequence that contributes to a functional product. The product may be a protein or a functional RNA.
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What is a chromosome?
คำตอบ
A long DNA molecule packaged with proteins. It contains many genes and other sequences.
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What is DNA replication?
คำตอบ
Copying DNA before cell division. Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one newly made strand.
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What is the usual flow of information from a protein-coding gene?
คำตอบ
DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription makes RNA; translation builds the polypeptide.
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What happens during transcription?
คำตอบ
RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. For a protein-coding gene, that RNA functions as or is processed into messenger RNA.
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What does messenger RNA carry?
คำตอบ
A copy of coding information from DNA to a ribosome. Its codons specify the amino-acid sequence.
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What is a codon?
คำตอบ
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA. Most codons specify an amino acid; some signal start or stop.
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What is the usual role of the AUG codon?
คำตอบ
It starts translation and specifies methionine. The ribosome uses it to establish the reading frame.
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What happens during translation?
คำตอบ
A ribosome reads mRNA and joins amino acids into a polypeptide. Transfer RNAs match codons with amino acids.
446 การ์ด
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
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What is transfer RNA's role in protein synthesis?
คำตอบ
It carries an amino acid and matches its anticodon to an mRNA codon. This places the correct amino acid in sequence.
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What is an anticodon?
คำตอบ
A three-base sequence on tRNA complementary to an mRNA codon. Pairing helps decode the message.
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What is a mutation?
คำตอบ
A change in a DNA sequence. Its effect may be harmful, neutral, or beneficial depending on location and context.
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Why can a one-base insertion in a coding sequence have a large effect?
คำตอบ
It can shift the reading frame. Every downstream codon may change until a stop signal appears.
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Why can changing one amino acid alter a protein's function?
คำตอบ
Amino-acid sequence helps determine folding and shape. Shape controls many protein interactions.
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What is ribosomal RNA's role in protein synthesis?
คำตอบ
It forms the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA helps align translation components and catalyzes peptide-bond formation.
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Why can different cell types contain the same DNA but perform different jobs?
คำตอบ
They express different sets of genes. Different proteins give cells different structures and functions.
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Which mutation can be passed to offspring?
คำตอบ
A mutation present in a gamete-forming lineage. A mutation limited to ordinary body cells is not inherited through reproduction.
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What is an allele?
คำตอบ
An alternative version of a gene. Diploid individuals usually carry two alleles for each autosomal gene.
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What is genotype?
คำตอบ
An organism's allele combination for a gene or set of genes. Genotype contributes to phenotype.
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What does homozygous mean?
คำตอบ
Having two identical alleles for a gene. Examples include AA and aa.
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What makes an allele dominant in a simple Mendelian trait?
คำตอบ
One copy is enough for its phenotype to appear in a heterozygote. Dominant does not mean common or beneficial.
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What does Mendel's law of segregation describe?
คำตอบ
The two alleles for a gene separate during gamete formation. Each gamete receives one allele.
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What is phenotype?
คำตอบ
An observable trait or characteristic. It can reflect genotype, environment, and their interaction.
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What does heterozygous mean?
คำตอบ
Having two different alleles for a gene. An example is Aa.
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When does a recessive phenotype usually appear in a simple autosomal trait?
คำตอบ
When both alleles are recessive. A heterozygote carries the allele without showing that phenotype.
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When does independent assortment apply most clearly?
คำตอบ
When genes are on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome. Their allele pairs enter gametes independently.
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What does a Punnett square predict?
คำตอบ
Expected offspring genotype probabilities from specified parental gametes. It does not guarantee outcomes in a small family.
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For Aa × Aa, what is the chance of an aa offspring?
คำตอบ
One fourth, or 25%. The genotype ratio is expected to be 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa.
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For Aa × Aa with complete dominance, what phenotypic ratio is expected?
คำตอบ
Three dominant-phenotype offspring to one recessive-phenotype offspring. This is a probability across many offspring.
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How can a test cross reveal the genotype behind a dominant phenotype?
คำตอบ
Cross the individual with a homozygous recessive partner. Recessive offspring show that the unknown parent carried a recessive allele.
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What happens in incomplete dominance?
คำตอบ
A heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype. Neither allele fully masks the other.
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How is the probability of two independent genetic events both occurring found?
คำตอบ
Multiply their individual probabilities. This is the product rule.
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What does a pedigree show?
คำตอบ
How a trait appears across generations of a family. Its pattern can suggest a mode of inheritance.
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Why can two parents have offspring ratios that differ from a Punnett-square expectation?
คำตอบ
Each fertilization is a chance event. Expected ratios become more apparent with larger numbers of offspring.
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What happens in codominance?
คำตอบ
Both alleles are distinctly expressed in a heterozygote. The AB blood type is a common example.
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What are major roles of carbohydrates?
คำตอบ
Providing quick energy, storing energy, and forming some structures. Monosaccharides are their basic building blocks.
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What is a monomer?
คำตอบ
A small building block that can join with others to form a larger molecule. Glucose, amino acids, and nucleotides are examples in different classes.
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What happens in a dehydration-synthesis reaction?
คำตอบ
Monomers join while water is removed. The reaction builds a larger biological molecule.
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What does an enzyme do?
คำตอบ
It lowers activation energy and speeds a reaction without being consumed. Its shape helps it bind specific substrates.
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What are major roles of lipids?
คำตอบ
Long-term energy storage, membranes, insulation, and signaling. Lipids are mostly nonpolar and do not mix well with water.
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What does it mean for a protein to denature?
คำตอบ
Its normal shape is disrupted. Heat, extreme pH, or chemicals can reduce its function.
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What happens during hydrolysis?
คำตอบ
Water is used to split a larger molecule into smaller units. Digestion often uses hydrolysis reactions.
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Why do phospholipids form bilayers in water?
คำตอบ
Their hydrophilic heads interact with water while hydrophobic tails turn inward. This arrangement forms cell-membrane structure.
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What are proteins built from?
คำตอบ
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Their folded shapes support enzymes, transport, signaling, structure, and movement.
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How do starch and glycogen compare?
คำตอบ
Both store glucose; plants use starch and animals use glycogen. Their branching patterns differ.
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How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?
คำตอบ
Saturated fatty acids lack carbon-carbon double bonds; unsaturated ones have one or more. Double bonds often introduce bends.
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What immediate energy-carrying molecule powers many cell processes?
คำตอบ
ATP. Energy released from nutrients can be transferred into ATP's phosphate bonds.
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What are nucleic acids built from?
คำตอบ
Nucleotides. DNA stores hereditary information, while RNA performs several roles in gene expression.
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Which elements are common in all four major biological macromolecule classes?
คำตอบ
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Nitrogen and phosphorus occur prominently in some classes.
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Why is three-dimensional shape important for macromolecules?
คำตอบ
Shape determines many interactions and functions. A changed shape can prevent a molecule from binding its target.
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What are triglycerides built from?
คำตอบ
One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. They join through ester bonds to form a common energy-storage lipid.
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What is a pathogen?
คำตอบ
An agent capable of causing disease. Not every microorganism is pathogenic.
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What type of cell is a bacterium?
คำตอบ
A prokaryotic cell. Bacteria usually reproduce by binary fission.
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What cell type do fungi have?
คำตอบ
Eukaryotic cells. Some fungi are unicellular yeasts, while others form multicellular filaments.
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What does disease transmission describe?
คำตอบ
How an infectious agent moves to a susceptible host. Routes include contact, droplets, airborne spread, food, water, and vectors.
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What is a biological vector?
คำตอบ
An organism that becomes infected with a pathogen and transmits it between hosts. The pathogen survives or reproduces inside the vector, unlike transport by a mechanical carrier.
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Why are viruses dependent on host cells?
คำตอบ
They lack the complete machinery for reproduction and metabolism. They use host components to make new virus particles.
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What is a protist?
คำตอบ
A diverse eukaryote that is not classified as an animal, plant, or fungus. Some protists cause disease, while many do not.
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Why do antibiotics not treat viral infections?
คำตอบ
They target bacterial structures or processes that viruses lack. Antiviral drugs use different targets.
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How can normal microbiota protect a host?
คำตอบ
They occupy space and use resources that pathogens might otherwise exploit. Some also support digestion or immune development.
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How does sterilization differ from disinfection?
คำตอบ
Sterilization destroys or removes all microbial life, including resistant forms; disinfection reduces pathogens on objects. The required method depends on use.
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How do infection and disease differ?
คำตอบ
Infection means an agent is established in a host; disease means normal function is impaired and signs or symptoms occur. Infection may be asymptomatic.
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How can breaking a transmission route reduce infectious disease?
คำตอบ
It interrupts the chain connecting a source with a susceptible host. Hand hygiene, clean water, ventilation, and vector control target different links.
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What is an atom?
คำตอบ
The smallest unit of an element that retains that element's chemical identity. Atoms contain a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
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What charge and location does an electron have?
คำตอบ
Negative charge in the electron cloud around the nucleus. Electrons drive most chemical bonding.
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Why are valence electrons important?
คำตอบ
They participate most directly in bonding and reactions. Their arrangement helps predict chemical behavior.
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What do elements in the same periodic-table group often share?
คำตอบ
Similar valence-electron patterns and chemical properties. A group is a vertical column.
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What is an ion?
คำตอบ
An atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. Its total numbers of protons and electrons are unequal.
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What charge and location does a proton have?
คำตอบ
Positive charge in the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element.
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What does an element's atomic number equal?
คำตอบ
Its number of protons. A neutral atom has the same number of electrons.
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How does a neutral atom form a cation?
คำตอบ
By losing one or more electrons. It has more protons than electrons and a positive charge.
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An atom has 8 protons. How many electrons does it have if it is neutral?
คำตอบ
Eight electrons. Neutral atoms have equal positive and negative charges.
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What charge and location does a neutron have?
คำตอบ
No electric charge, in the nucleus. Neutron number can vary among isotopes of an element.
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What does mass number equal?
คำตอบ
Protons plus neutrons in one atom. It is a whole number for a specific isotope.
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How does a neutral atom form an anion?
คำตอบ
By gaining one or more electrons. It has more electrons than protons and a negative charge.
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What does a period represent on the periodic table?
คำตอบ
A horizontal row. Moving across a period changes proton number one element at a time.
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What are isotopes?
คำตอบ
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
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What is matter?
คำตอบ
Anything that has mass and occupies space. Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are forms of matter.
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What distinguishes a solid from a liquid or gas?
คำตอบ
A solid has a definite shape and volume. Its particles vibrate around relatively fixed positions.
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What is a physical change?
คำตอบ
A change in form or state without changing chemical identity. Melting and cutting are examples.
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What is a physical property?
คำตอบ
A characteristic observed without changing a substance's identity. Density, color, and melting point are examples.
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How does an element differ from a compound?
คำตอบ
An element contains one kind of atom; a compound contains elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. Chemical methods can separate a compound into simpler substances.
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What distinguishes a liquid?
คำตอบ
It has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container. Its particles remain close while moving past one another.
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What is a chemical change?
คำตอบ
A process that forms one or more substances with new chemical identities. Bond rearrangement occurs.
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What is a chemical property?
คำตอบ
A substance's ability to undergo a particular chemical change. Flammability and reactivity with acid are examples.
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Which phase changes connect solids and liquids?
คำตอบ
Melting changes a solid to a liquid; freezing changes a liquid to a solid. These are opposite physical changes.
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How does a pure substance differ from a mixture?
คำตอบ
A pure substance has a fixed composition and is an element or compound; a mixture has variable composition and physically combined components. Mixture components retain their identities.
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What distinguishes a gas?
คำตอบ
It has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. It expands to fill its container.
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What is the formula for density?
คำตอบ
Density = mass ÷ volume. Density is an intensive property.
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Which phase changes connect liquids and gases?
คำตอบ
Vaporization changes a liquid to a gas; condensation changes a gas to a liquid. Evaporation is vaporization at a liquid's surface.
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What is a mixture?
คำตอบ
Two or more substances physically combined in variable proportions. Its components retain their chemical identities.
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How do intensive and extensive properties differ?
คำตอบ
Intensive properties do not depend on sample amount; extensive properties do. Density and temperature are intensive, while mass and volume are extensive.
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A 20 g sample occupies 5 mL. What is its density?
คำตอบ
4 g/mL. Divide 20 g by 5 mL.
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Which phase changes connect solids and gases directly?
คำตอบ
Sublimation changes a solid to a gas; deposition changes a gas to a solid. Neither transition passes through the liquid state.
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How do homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures differ?
คำตอบ
A homogeneous mixture is uniform throughout; a heterogeneous mixture is not. A solution is homogeneous.
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Where are reactants and products written in a chemical equation?
คำตอบ
Reactants are on the left; products are on the right. The arrow shows the direction represented.
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Why must a chemical equation be balanced?
คำตอบ
Atoms are conserved in ordinary chemical reactions. Each element must have the same atom count on both sides.
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What does a coefficient in a chemical equation change?
คำตอบ
The number of whole particles or moles represented. It multiplies every atom in the following formula.
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Why should subscripts not be changed when balancing an equation?
คำตอบ
Changing a subscript changes the substance's identity. Balancing changes coefficients only.
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What coefficients balance H₂ + O₂ → H₂O?
คำตอบ
2, 1, 2: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O. Both sides then contain four hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms.
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What pattern defines a synthesis reaction?
คำตอบ
Two or more reactants form a more complex product. A general pattern is A + B → AB.
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What are typical products when a hydrocarbon burns completely in oxygen?
คำตอบ
Carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide or carbon.
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What is the net ionic equation for a typical strong acid–strong base neutralization?
คำตอบ
H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l). The remaining ions are spectators and do not appear in the net ionic equation.
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What is a precipitate?
คำตอบ
An insoluble solid that forms from substances in solution. Its appearance can signal a chemical reaction.
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What pattern defines a decomposition reaction?
คำตอบ
One compound breaks into simpler products. A general pattern is AB → A + B.
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What is an exothermic reaction?
คำตอบ
A reaction that releases heat to the surroundings. The surroundings often warm.
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What occurs in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
คำตอบ
Electrons transfer or atoms change oxidation state. Oxidation is electron loss; reduction is electron gain.
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What is activation energy?
คำตอบ
The minimum energy barrier reactants must overcome to react. Catalysts lower this barrier.
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Which observations can provide evidence of a chemical reaction?
คำตอบ
Gas formation, a precipitate, sustained color change, light, or temperature change. No single sign proves a reaction without context.
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What is an endothermic reaction?
คำตอบ
A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings. The surroundings may cool.
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Why does raising temperature usually speed a reaction?
คำตอบ
Particles collide more often and with greater energy. More collisions overcome activation energy.
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Why can higher reactant concentration increase reaction rate?
คำตอบ
More reactant particles occupy a given volume. This raises collision frequency.
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Why does powdered solid often react faster than one large piece?
คำตอบ
Powder exposes more surface area. More particles are available for collisions.
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How does a catalyst speed a reaction?
คำตอบ
It provides a pathway with lower activation energy. The catalyst is regenerated rather than consumed overall.
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How can increasing pressure affect a reaction between gases?
คำตอบ
It can increase rate by bringing gas particles closer together. Collision frequency rises when volume falls.
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What does a reaction inhibitor do?
คำตอบ
It slows a reaction. It may block a pathway, interfere with a catalyst, or remove reactive intermediates.
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Why can very high temperature slow an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
คำตอบ
The enzyme can denature and lose its active shape. Moderate warming helps only within the enzyme's stable range.
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What is dynamic equilibrium?
คำตอบ
Forward and reverse reactions continue at equal rates. Concentrations remain constant even though particles still react.
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Does a catalyst change the final equilibrium amounts?
คำตอบ
No. It speeds forward and reverse reactions, so equilibrium is reached sooner without changing its position.
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At equilibrium, what usually happens when the concentration of a dissolved or gaseous reactant increases?
คำตอบ
The system shifts toward consuming some added reactant. It forms more product until a new equilibrium is reached.
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What is a solution?
คำตอบ
A homogeneous mixture. Its components are uniformly distributed at the molecular or ionic level.
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How do solute and solvent differ?
คำตอบ
The solute is dissolved; the solvent is the dissolving medium. The solvent is often present in greater amount.
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What does aqueous mean in chemistry?
คำตอบ
Dissolved in water. The symbol
(aq)marks an aqueous species in an equation.การ์ด 338
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What does concentration describe?
คำตอบ
The amount of solute in a given amount of solution or solvent. Different units express it in different ways.
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What is molarity?
คำตอบ
Moles of solute per liter of solution. Its unit is mol/L, written M.
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What is the molarity of 0.50 mol solute in 2.0 L of solution?
คำตอบ
0.25 M. Divide 0.50 mol by 2.0 L.
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What stays constant when water is added to dilute a solution without reaction?
คำตอบ
The moles of solute. Volume increases and concentration decreases.
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Which equation relates concentration and volume before and after a dilution?
คำตอบ
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂. It follows from conserving the amount of solute.
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What is solubility?
คำตอบ
The maximum concentration of a solute that can be achieved in a solution at equilibrium under specified conditions. Temperature and the substances involved matter.
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What is a saturated solution?
คำตอบ
A solution holding the maximum dissolved solute at those conditions. Extra solute remains undissolved at equilibrium.
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What is an electrolyte?
คำตอบ
A substance that produces mobile ions in solution and conducts electricity. Soluble ionic compounds are common examples.
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What does 'like dissolves like' predict?
คำตอบ
Substances with similar polarity tend to mix well. Polar solvents favor polar or ionic solutes; nonpolar solvents favor nonpolar solutes.
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Does heating always increase solubility?
คำตอบ
No. Many solids become more soluble in water, but gases usually become less soluble as temperature rises.
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What is an unsaturated solution?
คำตอบ
A solution that can dissolve more solute at the stated conditions. It is below the solubility limit.
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What does a Brønsted-Lowry acid donate?
คำตอบ
A proton, H⁺. In water, acid behavior increases hydronium-ion concentration.
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What does pH describe?
คำตอบ
The hydronium-ion concentration on a logarithmic scale. Lower pH means higher hydronium concentration.
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At 25 °C, what pH range is acidic?
คำตอบ
Below 7. A neutral aqueous solution is pH 7 at this temperature.
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How does hydronium concentration change when pH drops by 1 unit?
คำตอบ
It increases tenfold. The pH scale is logarithmic.
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What does a Brønsted-Lowry base accept?
คำตอบ
A proton, H⁺. Many bases in water also increase hydroxide-ion concentration.
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At 25 °C, what is the relationship between pH and pOH?
คำตอบ
pH + pOH = 14. pOH is the negative base-10 logarithm of hydroxide-ion concentration; this relation applies to aqueous solutions at 25 °C.
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At 25 °C, what pH range is basic?
คำตอบ
Above 7. Basic solutions have less hydronium and more hydroxide than neutral water.
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What are typical products of a strong acid reacting with a strong base?
คำตอบ
Water and an ionic salt. Hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions combine to form water.
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What does strong mean for an acid or base?
คำตอบ
It produces its characteristic ions essentially completely in water. Strong acids ionize; soluble ionic strong bases dissociate. Strength is separate from concentration.
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What does a buffer do?
คำตอบ
It resists large pH changes when small amounts of acid or base are added. A weak conjugate acid-base pair neutralizes much of the added H₃O⁺ or OH⁻.
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How does an acid-base indicator work?
คำตอบ
Its color depends on pH. The change occurs over a characteristic pH range.
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A solution has pH 9 at 25 °C. What is its pOH?
คำตอบ
5. Subtract the pH from 14.
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How does a concentrated weak acid differ from a dilute strong acid?
คำตอบ
Concentration tells how much acid is present; strength tells how completely it ionizes. A concentrated weak acid contains more partially ionizing acid, while a dilute strong acid contains less acid that ionizes essentially completely. Either can have the lower pH.
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What is the SI base unit of length?
คำตอบ
The meter (m). Centimeters and millimeters are decimal subdivisions of a meter.
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Which tool directly measures mass in a laboratory?
คำตอบ
A balance. A spring scale measures force, often reported as weight.
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What is the SI base unit of mass?
คำตอบ
The kilogram (kg). Laboratory mass is also commonly reported in grams.
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A student needs to measure about 35 mL of liquid and can choose a beaker or graduated cylinder. Which should they use?
คำตอบ
A graduated cylinder. Read the scale at eye level.
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What is the SI base unit of time?
คำตอบ
The second (s). Minutes and hours are accepted for many everyday uses.
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Where should the volume of a clear water-based liquid be read in a graduated cylinder?
คำตอบ
At the bottom of the meniscus. Keep your eye level with the liquid surface.
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What is the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature?
คำตอบ
The kelvin (K). Degrees Celsius are widely used for laboratory and body temperatures.
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Which tool measures temperature?
คำตอบ
A thermometer. Its range and resolution should match the task.
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What factor does the metric prefix kilo- represent?
คำตอบ
One thousand, or 10³. One kilometer equals 1,000 meters.
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A ruler's smallest marking is 1 mm. To what place should a careful analog reading usually be estimated?
คำตอบ
One place beyond the smallest marking, when the scale allows it. The final digit is uncertain.
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What is measurement accuracy?
คำตอบ
Closeness to an accepted or true value. A systematic error can make precise measurements inaccurate.
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How do mass and weight differ?
คำตอบ
Mass is the amount of matter; weight is gravitational force on that mass. Mass stays constant when gravity changes, but weight does not.
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What factor does the metric prefix milli- represent?
คำตอบ
One thousandth, or 10⁻³. One milliliter is 0.001 liter.
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How can the volume of an irregular solid be measured with water?
คำตอบ
Use water displacement. Subtract the initial water volume from the final volume after submerging the object.
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What is measurement precision?
คำตอบ
Closeness of repeated measurements to one another. Precise results can still be consistently wrong.
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What is an instrument's resolution?
คำตอบ
The smallest change it can meaningfully display or distinguish. Higher resolution does not automatically guarantee accuracy.
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How many centimeters are in 2.5 meters?
คำตอบ
2.5 × 10² cm (250 cm). Multiply meters by the exact conversion factor 100 cm/m.
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Why must a numerical measurement include a unit?
คำตอบ
The unit identifies the quantity's scale. A bare number is ambiguous and cannot be compared reliably.
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What is a scientific observation?
คำตอบ
Information recorded with senses or instruments. It should be distinguished from an explanation of what was observed.
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What makes a hypothesis scientifically useful?
คำตอบ
It is testable and falsifiable. Evidence must be able to count against it.
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What is a scientific theory?
คำตอบ
A broad, well-supported explanation of natural phenomena. It is not a casual guess and can be revised with new evidence.
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Which claim is falsifiable: 'No possible observation could count against this treatment's effectiveness' or 'This treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour'?
คำตอบ
The claim that the treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour. An observation could count against it, so evidence can test it.
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What is an inference?
คำตอบ
A logical interpretation based on observations and prior knowledge. It goes beyond the raw measurement.
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How does a prediction relate to a hypothesis?
คำตอบ
It states an expected result if the hypothesis is correct. Experiments compare observed results with that expectation.
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How does a scientific law differ from a scientific theory?
คำตอบ
A law describes a consistent pattern; a theory explains how or why patterns occur. One does not mature into the other.
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What does reliability mean for a measurement or procedure?
คำตอบ
It produces consistent results under the same conditions. Repetition helps assess reliability.
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What does a correlation show?
คำตอบ
Two variables change together in a patterned way. Correlation alone does not establish that one causes the other.
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What is bias in scientific work?
คำตอบ
A systematic influence that pushes observations, selection, or interpretation in one direction. Good design tries to prevent or measure it.
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What is the purpose of scientific peer review?
คำตอบ
Independent experts evaluate methods, reasoning, and reporting before publication. It improves scrutiny but does not guarantee truth.
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What does validity ask about a study or measurement?
คำตอบ
Whether it measures or tests what it claims to measure or test. Consistency alone does not ensure validity.
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What evidence most strengthens a causal claim?
คำตอบ
A well-controlled experiment that manipulates the suspected cause. Random assignment reduces confounding, while independent replication tests whether the result holds with new data.
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What is a primary scientific source?
คำตอบ
A report of original methods, data, and results. A review article synthesizes many primary studies.
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How should an unexpected outlier be handled?
คำตอบ
Investigate and report it rather than deleting it automatically. Exclusion needs a documented scientific reason.
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What is a confounding variable?
คำตอบ
An outside factor related to both the suspected cause and the outcome. It can create a misleading association.
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Why should a sample represent the population of interest?
คำตอบ
Results generalize poorly when important groups are missing or overrepresented. Sampling method matters as much as size.
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What is a scientific model?
คำตอบ
A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system. A model is useful within its assumptions and limits.
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Why should measurements report uncertainty or reasonable precision?
คำตอบ
Every measurement has limits. Reporting more digits than the method supports creates false precision.
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If results match a prediction once, what is the safest conclusion?
คำตอบ
The results support the hypothesis under those conditions. One result does not prove the hypothesis in every setting.
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What is a direct relationship between two variables?
คำตอบ
As one increases, the other tends to increase; as one decreases, the other tends to decrease. The relationship need not be perfectly linear.
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Which variable is usually placed on the x-axis of an experimental graph?
คำตอบ
The independent variable. It is the factor selected or changed by the investigator.
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What does the slope of a straight-line graph represent?
คำตอบ
Change in y divided by change in x. It is the response rate per unit change in the other variable.
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A line rises 12 units in y while x rises 3 units. What is its slope?
คำตอบ
4 units of y per unit of x. Divide 12 by 3.
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What is an inverse relationship?
คำตอบ
As one variable increases, the other tends to decrease. Their product is constant only in a strictly inverse proportion.
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Which variable is usually placed on the y-axis of an experimental graph?
คำตอบ
The dependent variable. It is the measured response.
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What does a plateau on a response graph indicate?
คำตอบ
The measured response has stopped changing much despite further x increases. A limiting factor may have been reached.
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What is interpolation?
คำตอบ
Estimating a value within the range of measured data. It is generally safer than extrapolating beyond that range.
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What pattern suggests no relationship between two plotted variables?
คำตอบ
The response shows no consistent change as the other variable changes. Points may scatter without a trend.
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Before comparing values in a data table, what should you check?
คำตอบ
Headings, units, and conditions. Numbers from different measures or scales cannot be compared directly.
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If 3 samples require 12 mL total, how much is needed for 5 equal samples?
คำตอบ
20 mL. The rate is 4 mL per sample, so multiply by 5.
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How is the arithmetic mean calculated?
คำตอบ
Add all values and divide by the number of values. A large outlier can shift the mean.
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Why is extrapolation uncertain?
คำตอบ
It assumes the observed trend continues outside measured conditions. The relationship may change beyond the data range.
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A culture grows from 20 to 50 cells in 6 hours. What is the average growth rate?
คำตอบ
5 cells per hour. The change is 30 cells divided by 6 hours.
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A measurement rises from 40 to 50. What is the percent increase?
คำตอบ
25%. The increase is 10, and 10 ÷ 40 × 100 = 25%.
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When can the median describe a typical value better than the mean?
คำตอบ
When data are skewed or contain strong outliers. In an ordered set, the median is the middle value for an odd count and the mean of the two middle values for an even count.
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How do quantitative and qualitative data differ?
คำตอบ
Quantitative data are numerical; qualitative data describe categories or qualities. Both can answer scientific questions.
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A response is 2 at dose 1, 4 at dose 2, and 8 at dose 4. If the relationship is linear, what response is predicted at dose 3?
คำตอบ
6. The observed rate is 2 response units per dose unit, so interpolation at dose 3 gives 6.
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How can a graph reveal a nonlinear relationship?
คำตอบ
The points follow a curve rather than a straight line. The rate of change varies across the x-range.
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What is the range of a data set?
คำตอบ
Maximum minus minimum. It describes total spread but ignores the distribution between the endpoints.
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What makes a scientific research question testable?
คำตอบ
It identifies measurable variables or observable outcomes. The needed data must be obtainable.
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In an experiment, what is the independent variable?
คำตอบ
The factor deliberately changed or assigned by the investigator. In a simple one-factor experiment, changing one independent variable helps isolate its effect.
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What should a hypothesis connect?
คำตอบ
A proposed explanation with a measurable outcome. It should lead to a prediction that evidence can challenge.
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What is a controlled variable, or constant?
คำตอบ
A condition kept the same across groups. Holding it constant prevents it from explaining outcome differences.
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What is the purpose of a control group?
คำตอบ
It provides a comparison without the experimental treatment. Differences can then be attributed more confidently to the treatment.
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In an experiment, what is the dependent variable?
คำตอบ
The measured response. It may change because of the independent variable.
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What form can a useful experimental prediction take?
คำตอบ
If the independent variable changes in a stated way, then the dependent variable should respond in a stated way. The reason links it to the hypothesis.
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What does a positive control demonstrate?
คำตอบ
That the setup can produce a known response. If it fails, the test system may be defective.
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Why randomly assign subjects to experimental groups?
คำตอบ
To distribute known and unknown differences more evenly. This reduces selection bias and confounding.
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How can blinding reduce bias?
คำตอบ
It keeps participants, observers, or both unaware of treatment assignments. Expectations are less likely to affect behavior or measurement.
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What is a placebo?
คำตอบ
An inactive treatment designed to resemble the experimental treatment. It helps separate treatment effects from expectation effects.
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What does a negative control demonstrate?
คำตอบ
What happens when the tested cause is absent. An unexpected response may reveal contamination or another source.
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Why does a larger sample often improve a study?
คำตอบ
It reduces the influence of chance variation and supports more stable estimates. It cannot repair a biased sampling method.
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Why repeat trials within an experiment?
คำตอบ
To estimate variability and check consistency. One unusual trial then has less influence.
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Why must an experimental procedure be detailed and standardized?
คำตอบ
So groups are treated consistently and others can reproduce the work. Uncontrolled procedural differences create alternative explanations.
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Why calibrate a measuring instrument before collecting data?
คำตอบ
To compare its readings with a known standard and reduce systematic error. Calibration improves confidence in accuracy.
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What is an operational definition?
คำตอบ
A precise statement of how a variable is measured or manipulated. It turns an abstract concept into a repeatable procedure.
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How does independent replication differ from repeated trials?
คำตอบ
Independent replication repeats a study with independently collected data, often by a different investigator; repeated trials rerun measurements within the original experiment. Replication tests consistency across separate studies.
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Why should raw data be recorded before interpretation?
คำตอบ
It preserves the observations separately from conclusions. Others can check calculations and reasoning.
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What should a scientific conclusion do?
คำตอบ
Answer the research question using the data and acknowledge limits. It should not claim more than the design supports.
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What should happen when data do not support a hypothesis?
คำตอบ
Revise or reject the hypothesis and consider new tests. Data should not be altered to preserve the original idea.
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What is a study limitation?
คำตอบ
A feature that restricts interpretation or generalization. Small samples, short duration, and imperfect measurements are examples.
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Why are ethics part of experimental design?
คำตอบ
Research must protect participants, organisms, and communities while balancing risks and benefits. Consent and humane treatment are key examples.
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How does an observational study differ from an experiment?
คำตอบ
It measures variables without assigning the exposure. It can find associations but usually supports weaker causal conclusions.
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Plants receive 0, 2, or 4 hours of added light, and growth is measured. What is the independent variable?
คำตอบ
Hours of added light. Plant growth is the dependent variable.
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A fertilizer study gives every plant the same water, soil, and temperature. What are these conditions?
คำตอบ
Controlled variables. Keeping them constant isolates the fertilizer's effect.
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A drug group improves more than a control group, but the groups were not randomly assigned. What is the main caution?
คำตอบ
Preexisting group differences could explain some improvement. The result is suggestive, but the design weakens a causal claim.
446 การ์ด
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
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