ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
Practice 446 original ATI TEAS 7 Science recall and mini-scenario cards across A&P, biology, chemistry, and scientific reasoning.
ਇਸ ਡੈੱਕ ਬਾਰੇ
Build the core Science knowledge and reasoning used for ATI TEAS 7 with 446 independently authored flashcards.
What this deck practices
- Structure or concept → function: body systems, cells, molecules, atoms, solutions, and experimental parts.
- Function, outcome, or evidence → concept: selective reverse recall when recognizing the name matters in practice.
- Cause or condition → effect: physiology, chemical changes, reaction conditions, inheritance, and experimental predictions.
- Process and order: circulation, ventilation, digestion, urine formation, gene expression, cell division, and scientific investigations.
- Application: short calculations, comparisons, data interpretations, and original mini-scenarios.
The deck does not mechanically reverse every fact. It excludes multiple-choice distractors, exhaustive anatomy lists, obscure chemical nomenclature, advanced pathophysiology, pharmacology, and nursing-school procedures because those mappings do not improve entry-level TEAS Science recall.
The sequence introduces prerequisites before dependent ideas: anatomical language before body systems, cells before genetics, atoms before reactions, and measurement before experimental design. Related forward and reverse variants are separated so one card does not immediately reveal another.
Coverage follows the four Science areas and relative emphasis in ATI's public ATI TEAS 7 content outline: Human Anatomy and Physiology, Biology, Chemistry, and Scientific Reasoning. The public outline defines scope only. Questions, answers, explanations, examples, and ordering were independently authored from common scientific knowledge checked against open educational and official public sources.
No exam question, mark scheme, paid ATI flashcard, test-bank item, or curriculum text was copied. This is an independent, unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. ATI and TEAS are marks of Assessment Technologies Institute, L.L.C.; this deck is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or produced by ATI. See ATI's official exam details for current requirements.
ਇਸ ਡੈੱਕ ਦੇ ਕਾਰਡ
ਕਾਰਡ 1
ਸਵਾਲ
What posture defines the standard anatomical position?
ਜਵਾਬ
Standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms forward. The feet point forward, giving anatomy a consistent reference position.
ਕਾਰਡ 2
ਸਵਾਲ
In anatomical language, what does superior mean?
ਜਵਾਬ
Toward the head or above another structure. Inferior means toward the feet or below.
ਕਾਰਡ 3
ਸਵਾਲ
Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right portions?
ਜਵਾਬ
The sagittal plane. A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.
ਕਾਰਡ 4
ਸਵਾਲ
Why does the body use feedback mechanisms?
ਜਵਾਬ
To regulate internal conditions. Feedback compares a condition with a set range and triggers responses that adjust it.
ਕਾਰਡ 5
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the order of structural organization from simplest to most complex?
ਜਵਾਬ
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. Each level builds on interactions at the preceding level.
ਕਾਰਡ 6
ਸਵਾਲ
What does anterior mean in human anatomy?
ਜਵਾਬ
Toward the front of the body. Posterior means toward the back.
ਕਾਰਡ 7
ਸਵਾਲ
Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions?
ਜਵਾਬ
The transverse plane. It is also called the horizontal plane.
ਕਾਰਡ 8
ਸਵਾਲ
What is homeostasis?
ਜਵਾਬ
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. It is dynamic rather than perfectly unchanging.
ਕਾਰਡ 9
ਸਵਾਲ
Which major body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?
ਜਵਾਬ
The dorsal body cavity. Its cranial cavity holds the brain, and its vertebral cavity holds the spinal cord.
ਕਾਰਡ 10
ਸਵਾਲ
What does medial mean in anatomical language?
ਜਵਾਬ
Toward the body's midline. Lateral means farther from the midline.
ਕਾਰਡ 11
ਸਵਾਲ
A rise in body temperature triggers sweating. What control pattern is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
Negative feedback. The response opposes the original temperature change and moves the body toward its normal range.
ਕਾਰਡ 12
ਸਵਾਲ
Which anatomical plane divides the body into front and back portions?
ਜਵਾਬ
The frontal, or coronal, plane. It separates anterior from posterior portions.
ਕਾਰਡ 13
ਸਵਾਲ
Which major body cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
ਜਵਾਬ
The ventral body cavity. The diaphragm separates its thoracic and abdominopelvic portions.
ਕਾਰਡ 14
ਸਵਾਲ
What does proximal mean when describing a limb?
ਜਵਾਬ
Closer to the limb's point of attachment. Distal means farther from that point.
ਕਾਰਡ 15
ਸਵਾਲ
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
ਜਵਾਬ
Positive feedback amplifies the initial change. Negative feedback opposes a change; positive feedback continues until a stopping event occurs.
ਕਾਰਡ 16
ਸਵਾਲ
Which tissue type covers surfaces and lines body cavities?
ਜਵਾਬ
Epithelial tissue. It also forms many glands and often serves protective, absorptive, or secretory roles.
ਕਾਰਡ 17
ਸਵਾਲ
Which tissue type mainly supports, binds, and protects other tissues?
ਜਵਾਬ
Connective tissue. Its cells are typically separated by an extracellular matrix.
ਕਾਰਡ 18
ਸਵਾਲ
What shared property lets muscle tissue produce movement?
ਜਵਾਬ
Contractility. Muscle cells shorten or develop tension in response to stimulation.
ਕਾਰਡ 19
ਸਵਾਲ
Which tissue type rapidly communicates by electrical signals?
ਜਵਾਬ
Nervous tissue. Neurons transmit signals, while supporting cells help maintain their environment.
ਕਾਰਡ 20
ਸਵਾਲ
Why are tightly packed epithelial cells well suited for barriers?
ਜਵਾਬ
They leave little space between cells. This continuous arrangement limits passage across a surface.
ਕਾਰਡ 21
ਸਵਾਲ
What distinguishes connective tissue from epithelial tissue?
ਜਵਾਬ
Connective tissue usually has abundant extracellular matrix. Epithelial cells are more tightly packed.
ਕਾਰਡ 22
ਸਵਾਲ
What are the four basic human tissue types?
ਜਵਾਬ
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Organs contain two or more tissue types working together.
ਕਾਰਡ 23
ਸਵਾਲ
What makes a structure an organ rather than a tissue?
ਜਵਾਬ
An organ combines multiple tissue types for a specific function. A tissue is a group of similar cells and matrix performing related work.
ਕਾਰਡ 24
ਸਵਾਲ
What are the skeletal system's main functions?
ਜਵਾਬ
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood-cell production, and fat storage. Bones also provide levers for muscles.
ਕਾਰਡ 25
ਸਵਾਲ
What belongs to the axial skeleton?
ਜਵਾਬ
The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. These structures form the body's central axis.
ਕਾਰਡ 26
ਸਵਾਲ
How do compact and spongy bone differ?
ਜਵਾਬ
Compact bone is dense; spongy bone has a lattice of trabeculae. Both are organized living bone tissue.
ਕਾਰਡ 27
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a joint?
ਜਵਾਬ
A place where two or more bones meet. Joint structure determines how much movement is possible.
ਕਾਰਡ 28
ਸਵਾਲ
Which bone cell builds new bone matrix?
ਜਵਾਬ
An osteoblast. Osteoclasts break down bone, while osteocytes maintain mature bone tissue.
ਕਾਰਡ 29
ਸਵਾਲ
What belongs to the appendicular skeleton?
ਜਵਾਬ
The limbs plus the shoulder and pelvic girdles. It attaches the limbs to the axial skeleton.
ਕਾਰਡ 30
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the main role of red bone marrow?
ਜਵਾਬ
Blood-cell production. This process is called hematopoiesis.
ਕਾਰਡ 31
ਸਵਾਲ
Which joint class allows the greatest range of motion?
ਜਵਾਬ
A synovial joint. A fluid-filled joint cavity reduces friction between articulating surfaces.
ਕਾਰਡ 32
ਸਵਾਲ
Which bone cell breaks down bone matrix?
ਜਵਾਬ
An osteoclast. Bone resorption helps remodeling and mineral balance.
ਕਾਰਡ 33
ਸਵਾਲ
What does a ligament connect?
ਜਵਾਬ
Bone to bone. A tendon connects muscle to bone.
ਕਾਰਡ 34
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the shaft of a long bone called?
ਜਵਾਬ
The diaphysis. The enlarged ends are the epiphyses.
ਕਾਰਡ 35
ਸਵਾਲ
Why is bone important to blood-calcium balance?
ਜਵਾਬ
Bone stores calcium and can release or absorb it during remodeling. Hormones regulate this exchange.
ਕਾਰਡ 36
ਸਵਾਲ
What is stored mainly in yellow bone marrow?
ਜਵਾਬ
Fat. It serves as an energy reserve.
ਕਾਰਡ 37
ਸਵਾਲ
What does articular cartilage do at a synovial joint?
ਜਵਾਬ
It reduces friction and absorbs shock. It covers the ends of articulating bones.
ਕਾਰਡ 38
ਸਵਾਲ
Why must a broken bone receive a blood supply during healing?
ਜਵਾਬ
Repairing cells need oxygen and nutrients. Restored blood vessels support fracture healing.
ਕਾਰਡ 39
ਸਵਾਲ
What is bone remodeling?
ਜਵਾਬ
Continuous removal and replacement of bone tissue. It repairs microdamage and helps bones adapt to stress.
ਕਾਰਡ 40
ਸਵਾਲ
Which muscle tissue is usually under voluntary control?
ਜਵਾਬ
Skeletal muscle. Most skeletal muscles move the skeleton, while some, such as facial muscles, insert into skin or other soft tissue.
ਕਾਰਡ 41
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a sarcomere?
ਜਵਾਬ
The basic contractile unit of striated muscle. It lies between two Z discs.
ਕਾਰਡ 42
ਸਵਾਲ
What does a tendon connect?
ਜਵਾਬ
Muscle to bone. It transmits muscle force to the skeleton.
ਕਾਰਡ 43
ਸਵਾਲ
Which proteins slide past one another during muscle contraction?
ਜਵਾਬ
Actin and myosin. Their interaction shortens sarcomeres without shortening the filaments themselves.
ਕਾਰਡ 44
ਸਵਾਲ
Where is smooth muscle commonly found?
ਜਵਾਬ
In the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels. Its contractions are generally involuntary.
ਕਾਰਡ 45
ਸਵਾਲ
What ion exposes binding sites needed for skeletal muscle contraction?
ਜਵਾਬ
Calcium. Its release inside the muscle fiber allows actin and myosin interaction.
ਕਾਰਡ 46
ਸਵਾਲ
How do antagonistic muscle pairs move a joint?
ਜਵਾਬ
One muscle contracts while the opposing muscle relaxes. Reversing their roles moves the joint in the opposite direction.
ਕਾਰਡ 47
ਸਵਾਲ
Why does muscle contraction require ATP?
ਜਵਾਬ
ATP powers cross-bridge cycling and ion pumps. It is also needed for myosin to detach from actin.
ਕਾਰਡ 48
ਸਵਾਲ
Which muscle tissue makes up the heart wall?
ਜਵਾਬ
Cardiac muscle. It is striated, involuntary, and connected for coordinated pumping.
ਕਾਰਡ 49
ਸਵਾਲ
During a typical muscle contraction, which attachment moves more: origin or insertion?
ਜਵਾਬ
The insertion. The origin is generally the more fixed attachment.
ਕਾਰਡ 50
ਸਵਾਲ
Which type of neuron sends the signal that initiates skeletal-muscle contraction?
ਜਵਾਬ
A somatic motor neuron. It releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, triggering an action potential in the muscle fiber.
ਕਾਰਡ 51
ਸਵਾਲ
What is muscle tone?
ਜਵਾਬ
Continuous low-level muscle tension. It helps maintain posture and readiness without producing a large movement.
ਕਾਰਡ 52
ਸਵਾਲ
How does skeletal muscle help regulate body temperature?
ਜਵਾਬ
Contraction releases heat. Shivering increases rapid contractions when the body is cold.
ਕਾਰਡ 53
ਸਵਾਲ
What are the three muscle tissue types?
ਜਵਾਬ
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. They differ in location, structure, and control.
ਕਾਰਡ 54
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a neuron's main function?
ਜਵਾਬ
To receive, process, and transmit information. Neurons use electrical signals and chemical messengers.
ਕਾਰਡ 55
ਸਵਾਲ
What structures make up the central nervous system?
ਜਵਾਬ
The brain and spinal cord. They integrate information and coordinate responses.
ਕਾਰਡ 56
ਸਵਾਲ
Which part of a neuron usually receives incoming signals?
ਜਵਾਬ
The dendrites. The cell body integrates much of that input.
ਕਾਰਡ 57
ਸਵਾਲ
What does the peripheral nervous system include?
ਜਵਾਬ
Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. It links the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
ਕਾਰਡ 58
ਸਵਾਲ
Which neuron structure carries an impulse away from the cell body?
ਜਵਾਬ
The axon. Its terminals communicate with another cell.
ਕਾਰਡ 59
ਸਵਾਲ
Which nervous-system division controls skeletal muscles voluntarily?
ਜਵਾਬ
The somatic nervous system. It also carries sensory information from skin, muscles, and joints.
ਕਾਰਡ 60
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a synapse?
ਜਵਾਬ
A junction where one neuron communicates with another cell. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters across a small gap.
ਕਾਰਡ 61
ਸਵਾਲ
Which nervous-system division regulates organs and glands without conscious control?
ਜਵਾਬ
The autonomic nervous system. It includes sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
ਕਾਰਡ 62
ਸਵਾਲ
How does myelin affect nerve signaling?
ਜਵਾਬ
It speeds impulse conduction along an axon. Myelin insulates segments of the axon.
ਕਾਰਡ 63
ਸਵਾਲ
Which autonomic division prepares the body for acute activity?
ਜਵਾਬ
The sympathetic division. It generally increases alertness and supports a fight-or-flight response.
ਕਾਰਡ 64
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a reflex?
ਜਵਾਬ
A rapid, predictable response to a stimulus. A reflex pathway can act before conscious awareness.
ਕਾਰਡ 65
ਸਵਾਲ
Which autonomic division supports rest, digestion, and energy conservation?
ਜਵਾਬ
The parasympathetic division. It generally promotes routine maintenance functions.
ਕਾਰਡ 66
ਸਵਾਲ
Which brain region is most associated with conscious thought and voluntary movement?
ਜਵਾਬ
The cerebrum. Its cortex also processes much sensory information.
ਕਾਰਡ 67
ਸਵਾਲ
Which brain region fine-tunes balance and coordinated movement?
ਜਵਾਬ
The cerebellum. It compares intended movement with sensory feedback.
ਕਾਰਡ 68
ਸਵਾਲ
Which brain region controls vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate?
ਜਵਾਬ
The brainstem. It also connects higher brain regions with the spinal cord.
ਕਾਰਡ 69
ਸਵਾਲ
How do sensory and motor neurons differ?
ਜਵਾਬ
Sensory neurons carry information toward the CNS; motor neurons carry commands away. Interneurons connect and process signals within the CNS.
ਕਾਰਡ 70
ਸਵਾਲ
What does a sensory receptor do?
ਜਵਾਬ
It converts a stimulus into a neural signal. Different receptors respond best to particular forms of energy or chemicals.
ਕਾਰਡ 71
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a hormone?
ਜਵਾਬ
A chemical messenger released into body fluids to affect target cells. A target responds only if it has the appropriate receptor.
ਕਾਰਡ 72
ਸਵਾਲ
Why is the pituitary gland often called a master gland?
ਜਵਾਬ
Several pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands. The hypothalamus controls much of pituitary activity.
ਕਾਰਡ 73
ਸਵਾਲ
Why can one hormone affect some cells but not others?
ਜਵਾਬ
Only target cells have the matching receptor. Receptor binding starts the cell's response.
ਕਾਰਡ 74
ਸਵਾਲ
Which gland produces hormones that broadly increase metabolic activity?
ਜਵਾਬ
The thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones influence energy use and development.
ਕਾਰਡ 75
ਸਵਾਲ
What is insulin's main effect on blood glucose?
ਜਵਾਬ
It lowers blood glucose. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage after a meal.
ਕਾਰਡ 76
ਸਵਾਲ
Which glands release a hormone that raises blood calcium?
ਜਵਾਬ
The parathyroid glands. Parathyroid hormone acts on bone, kidneys, and vitamin D pathways.
ਕਾਰਡ 77
ਸਵਾਲ
Which adrenal region releases epinephrine during acute stress?
ਜਵਾਬ
The adrenal medulla. Its hormones reinforce sympathetic nervous-system effects.
ਕਾਰਡ 78
ਸਵਾਲ
Which organ has both endocrine and digestive functions?
ਜਵਾਬ
The pancreas. Its islets release hormones, while other cells release digestive enzymes.
ਕਾਰਡ 79
ਸਵਾਲ
What is glucagon's main effect on blood glucose?
ਜਵਾਬ
It raises blood glucose. It promotes release of stored glucose during fasting.
ਕਾਰਡ 80
ਸਵਾਲ
Rising thyroid hormone reduces its own upstream stimulation. What pattern is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
Negative feedback. The final hormone limits further release along the control pathway.
ਕਾਰਡ 81
ਸਵਾਲ
Which adrenal region produces steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone?
ਜਵਾਬ
The adrenal cortex. It surrounds the adrenal medulla.
ਕਾਰਡ 82
ਸਵਾਲ
Which gland releases melatonin and helps regulate daily sleep timing?
ਜਵਾਬ
The pineal gland. Light information influences its secretion pattern.
ਕਾਰਡ 83
ਸਵਾਲ
Which hormone directly increases collecting-duct water permeability?
ਜਵਾਬ
Antidiuretic hormone, or ADH. It makes collecting ducts more permeable to water, increasing water reabsorption and usually producing less, more concentrated urine.
ਕਾਰਡ 84
ਸਵਾਲ
Which hormone strengthens uterine contractions during labor?
ਜਵਾਬ
Oxytocin. This is a classic positive-feedback pathway that ends after delivery.
ਕਾਰਡ 85
ਸਵਾਲ
How does endocrine signaling generally differ from nervous signaling?
ਜਵਾਬ
It is usually slower to start and longer lasting. Hormones travel through body fluids, while neurons signal specific targets rapidly.
ਕਾਰਡ 86
ਸਵਾਲ
What is plasma?
ਜਵਾਬ
The liquid portion of blood. It carries cells, nutrients, hormones, proteins, wastes, and dissolved gases.
ਕਾਰਡ 87
ਸਵਾਲ
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
ਜਵਾਬ
The right side. The right ventricle sends deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary trunk and arteries.
ਕਾਰਡ 88
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the main function of red blood cells?
ਜਵਾਬ
Transporting oxygen. Their hemoglobin also carries a smaller share of carbon dioxide.
ਕਾਰਡ 89
ਸਵਾਲ
What defines an artery?
ਜਵਾਬ
It carries blood away from the heart. Oxygen content does not define it; pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood.
ਕਾਰਡ 90
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the main function of white blood cells?
ਜਵਾਬ
Body defense. Different white blood cells recognize, attack, or coordinate responses to threats.
ਕਾਰਡ 91
ਸਵਾਲ
Which side of the heart pumps blood into systemic circulation?
ਜਵਾਬ
The left side. The left ventricle sends oxygenated blood into the aorta.
ਕਾਰਡ 92
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the main purpose of heart valves?
ਜਵਾਬ
To keep blood moving in one direction. Pressure differences open and close them.
ਕਾਰਡ 93
ਸਵਾਲ
What defines a vein?
ਜਵਾਬ
It carries blood toward the heart. Many veins contain valves that limit backflow.
ਕਾਰਡ 94
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the main role of platelets?
ਜਵਾਬ
Helping stop bleeding. They form a platelet plug and support clotting reactions at a damaged vessel.
ਕਾਰਡ 95
ਸਵਾਲ
Why are capillaries well suited for exchange?
ਜਵਾਬ
Their walls are only one cell layer thick. Their small diameter and large total surface area support diffusion and filtration.
ਕਾਰਡ 96
ਸਵਾਲ
After blood enters the right atrium, what chamber receives it next?
ਜਵਾਬ
The right ventricle. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve before entering that chamber.
ਕਾਰਡ 97
ਸਵਾਲ
What happens during ventricular systole?
ਜਵਾਬ
The ventricles contract and eject blood. The right ventricle pumps to the lungs, and the left pumps to the body.
ਕਾਰਡ 98
ਸਵਾਲ
What is pulmonary circulation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Blood flow between the heart and lungs. It allows gas exchange and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
ਕਾਰਡ 99
ਸਵਾਲ
What normally sets the heart's rhythm?
ਜਵਾਬ
The sinoatrial, or SA, node. Its spontaneous electrical activity initiates each heartbeat.
ਕਾਰਡ 100
ਸਵਾਲ
What molecule in red blood cells binds oxygen?
ਜਵਾਬ
Hemoglobin. Its iron-containing heme groups bind oxygen reversibly.
ਕਾਰਡ 101
ਸਵਾਲ
What happens during ventricular diastole?
ਜਵਾਬ
The ventricles relax and fill. Atrioventricular valves are open during most ventricular filling.
ਕਾਰਡ 102
ਸਵਾਲ
What is systemic circulation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Blood flow between the heart and the body's tissues. It delivers oxygen and nutrients and returns wastes.
ਕਾਰਡ 103
ਸਵਾਲ
What does arterial blood pressure measure?
ਜਵਾਬ
The force of blood against artery walls. It is commonly reported as systolic over diastolic pressure.
ਕਾਰਡ 104
ਸਵਾਲ
What do coronary arteries supply?
ਜਵਾਬ
The heart muscle itself. Blocked coronary blood flow can deprive myocardium of oxygen.
ਕਾਰਡ 105
ਸਵਾਲ
Which major vessels return systemic blood to the right atrium?
ਜਵਾਬ
The superior and inferior venae cavae. The superior vessel drains the upper body; the inferior drains the lower body.
ਕਾਰਡ 106
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the respiratory system's primary gas-exchange function?
ਜਵਾਬ
Bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide. Ventilation moves air, while diffusion exchanges gases.
ਕਾਰਡ 107
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the airflow sequence from the pharynx to the gas-exchange surfaces?
ਜਵਾਬ
Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. Each branch conducts air deeper into the lungs.
ਕਾਰਡ 108
ਸਵਾਲ
Where does most gas exchange occur in the lungs?
ਜਵਾਬ
Across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Thin walls and a large surface area shorten diffusion distance.
ਕਾਰਡ 109
ਸਵਾਲ
What does the diaphragm do during quiet inhalation?
ਜਵਾਬ
It contracts and moves downward. Thoracic volume rises, lung pressure falls, and air flows inward.
ਕਾਰਡ 110
ਸਵਾਲ
Why does oxygen move from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries?
ਜਵਾਬ
Its partial pressure is higher in alveolar air than in incoming blood. Oxygen diffuses down that gradient.
ਕਾਰਡ 111
ਸਵਾਲ
What drives quiet exhalation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Elastic recoil after inspiratory muscles relax. Thoracic volume falls and pressure pushes air outward.
ਕਾਰਡ 112
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the pleura?
ਜਵਾਬ
A double membrane surrounding each lung. A thin fluid layer reduces friction during breathing.
ਕਾਰਡ 113
ਸਵਾਲ
How is most oxygen transported in blood?
ਜਵਾਬ
Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Only a small amount dissolves directly in plasma.
ਕਾਰਡ 114
ਸਵਾਲ
Why does carbon dioxide move from pulmonary blood into alveoli?
ਜਵਾਬ
Its partial pressure is higher in incoming blood than in alveolar air. It diffuses down that gradient for exhalation.
ਕਾਰਡ 115
ਸਵਾਲ
What helps keep swallowed material out of the airway?
ਜਵਾਬ
The epiglottis and coordinated swallowing reflexes. The laryngeal opening is protected as food passes.
ਕਾਰਡ 116
ਸਵਾਲ
How does the conducting airway remove trapped particles?
ਜਵਾਬ
Mucus traps them, and cilia move the mucus toward the throat. This is the mucociliary escalator.
ਕਾਰਡ 117
ਸਵਾਲ
In what form is most carbon dioxide transported in blood?
ਜਵਾਬ
As bicarbonate ions. Red blood cells help convert carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate.
ਕਾਰਡ 118
ਸਵਾਲ
Which blood change is a strong normal stimulus to increase breathing?
ਜਵਾਬ
A rise in carbon dioxide and the associated fall in pH. Brainstem centers adjust ventilation in response.
ਕਾਰਡ 119
ਸਵਾਲ
Why must alveoli receive both air and blood?
ਜਵਾਬ
Gas exchange needs ventilation and perfusion. Air without blood flow, or blood without airflow, cannot exchange gases effectively.
ਕਾਰਡ 120
ਸਵਾਲ
Why does ventilation increase during exercise?
ਜਵਾਬ
Active tissues use more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide. Faster, deeper breathing helps meet that demand.
ਕਾਰਡ 121
ਸਵਾਲ
What are the digestive system's core functions?
ਜਵਾਬ
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Movement and secretion support those processes.
ਕਾਰਡ 122
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the alimentary-canal sequence after the mouth?
ਜਵਾਬ
Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. Food passes through this continuous tube.
ਕਾਰਡ 123
ਸਵਾਲ
What is mechanical digestion?
ਜਵਾਬ
Physical breakdown and mixing of food without changing its molecules. Chewing and stomach churning are examples.
ਕਾਰਡ 124
ਸਵਾਲ
What are two major functions of the stomach?
ਜਵਾਬ
It stores and mixes food and begins substantial protein digestion. Acid denatures proteins, converts pepsinogen to pepsin, and provides the low pH pepsin needs.
ਕਾਰਡ 125
ਸਵਾਲ
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
ਜਵਾਬ
The small intestine. Folds, villi, and microvilli create a large absorptive surface.
ਕਾਰਡ 126
ਸਵਾਲ
Which nutrient does salivary amylase begin digesting in the mouth?
ਜਵਾਬ
Carbohydrates, especially starch. Salivary amylase breaks starch into smaller carbohydrates.
ਕਾਰਡ 127
ਸਵਾਲ
What is chemical digestion?
ਜਵਾਬ
Enzymatic breakdown of large food molecules into absorbable units. Chemical bonds are changed during the process.
ਕਾਰਡ 128
ਸਵਾਲ
What is peristalsis?
ਜਵਾਬ
Wave-like smooth-muscle contractions that move material forward. It occurs throughout much of the digestive tract.
ਕਾਰਡ 129
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a main function of the large intestine?
ਜਵਾਬ
Absorbing water and electrolytes and forming feces. Resident microbes also process some undigested material.
ਕਾਰਡ 130
ਸਵਾਲ
What digestive product does the liver make?
ਜਵਾਬ
Bile. Bile salts help disperse dietary fat into smaller droplets.
ਕਾਰਡ 131
ਸਵਾਲ
What does a digestive sphincter do?
ਜਵਾਬ
It regulates movement between regions of the digestive tract. Circular muscle contracts to close a passage.
ਕਾਰਡ 132
ਸਵਾਲ
What does the pancreas release into the small intestine?
ਜਵਾਬ
Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid. Bicarbonate helps neutralize acidic material from the stomach.
ਕਾਰਡ 133
ਸਵਾਲ
How do intestinal villi improve absorption?
ਜਵਾਬ
They increase surface area. Each villus contains blood capillaries and a lymphatic lacteal for transported nutrients.
ਕਾਰਡ 134
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the gallbladder's role?
ਜਵਾਬ
It stores and concentrates bile. It releases bile into the small intestine when fatty food arrives.
ਕਾਰਡ 135
ਸਵਾਲ
Which macronutrient's absorbed products usually enter intestinal lacteals before reaching the blood?
ਜਵਾਬ
Most dietary lipids. Their absorbed products travel through lymph before entering the bloodstream.
ਕਾਰਡ 136
ਸਵਾਲ
Which accessory organs help digestion without food passing through them?
ਜਵਾਬ
The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Teeth and the tongue act mechanically; the other accessory organs add or store digestive secretions.
ਕਾਰਡ 137
ਸਵਾਲ
What organs make up the urinary system?
ਜਵਾਬ
The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Kidneys make urine; the remaining organs transport, store, and release it.
ਕਾਰਡ 138
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a nephron?
ਜਵਾਬ
The kidney's functional unit. It filters blood and adjusts the filtrate to form urine.
ਕਾਰਡ 139
ਸਵਾਲ
Where does blood filtration begin in a nephron?
ਜਵਾਬ
At the renal corpuscle. Pressure pushes water and small solutes from glomerular capillaries into the capsule.
ਕਾਰਡ 140
ਸਵਾਲ
What moves urine from a kidney to the bladder?
ਜਵਾਬ
A ureter. Smooth-muscle contractions propel urine along the tube.
ਕਾਰਡ 141
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the urinary bladder's main role?
ਜਵਾਬ
Temporary urine storage. Stretch receptors help trigger the urge to urinate as it fills.
ਕਾਰਡ 142
ਸਵਾਲ
Which structure carries urine from the bladder out of the body?
ਜਵਾਬ
The urethra. It is distinct from the ureters that enter the bladder.
ਕਾਰਡ 143
ਸਵਾਲ
What is tubular reabsorption?
ਜਵਾਬ
Movement of useful substances from nephron fluid back into blood. Water, glucose, and ions are common examples.
ਕਾਰਡ 144
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the glomerulus?
ਜਵਾਬ
A capillary tuft that filters blood in the renal corpuscle. Cells and most large proteins normally remain in circulation.
ਕਾਰਡ 145
ਸਵਾਲ
How does more ADH change urine?
ਜਵਾਬ
It makes urine more concentrated and lowers its volume. More water is reabsorbed from the collecting ducts.
ਕਾਰਡ 146
ਸਵਾਲ
What path does filtrate follow after entering the glomerular capsule?
ਜਵਾਬ
Proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct. The collecting duct receives forming urine from multiple nephrons.
ਕਾਰਡ 147
ਸਵਾਲ
What is tubular secretion?
ਜਵਾਬ
Movement of selected substances from blood into nephron fluid. It helps eliminate wastes and regulate ions and pH.
ਕਾਰਡ 148
ਸਵਾਲ
Besides removing waste, what does the urinary system regulate?
ਜਵਾਬ
Water, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and blood volume. Kidney hormones also affect blood pressure and red-cell production.
ਕਾਰਡ 149
ਸਵਾਲ
Why does dehydration usually reduce urine volume?
ਜਵਾਬ
The body conserves water by increasing renal reabsorption. ADH is an important signal in this response.
ਕਾਰਡ 150
ਸਵਾਲ
Why do the kidneys receive a large blood flow?
ਜਵਾਬ
They must continuously filter plasma and regulate its composition. High flow supports waste removal and homeostasis.
ਕਾਰਡ 151
ਸਵਾਲ
What is lymph?
ਜਵਾਬ
Interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels. It eventually returns to the bloodstream.
ਕਾਰਡ 152
ਸਵਾਲ
What is innate immunity?
ਜਵਾਬ
Rapid, nonspecific defense present before a particular exposure. Barriers, inflammation, and several immune cells contribute.
ਕਾਰਡ 153
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a major function of lymph nodes?
ਜਵਾਬ
Filtering lymph and providing sites for immune-cell activation. Swelling can reflect an active immune response.
ਕਾਰਡ 154
ਸਵਾਲ
What does the spleen filter?
ਜਵਾਬ
Blood. It removes aged blood cells and supports immune responses to blood-borne antigens.
ਕਾਰਡ 155
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a key function of B lymphocytes?
ਜਵਾਬ
Producing antibody-secreting cells and memory cells. Antibodies bind specific antigens.
ਕਾਰਡ 156
ਸਵਾਲ
What distinguishes adaptive immunity?
ਜਵਾਬ
It targets specific antigens and develops memory. Later exposure can trigger a faster, stronger response.
ਕਾਰਡ 157
ਸਵਾਲ
Which lymphatic organ is important for T-cell maturation?
ਜਵਾਬ
The thymus. It is most active early in life.
ਕਾਰਡ 158
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the body's first physical barrier against many pathogens?
ਜਵਾਬ
Intact skin and mucous membranes. Their secretions and normal microbes add protection.
ਕਾਰਡ 159
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a key function of T lymphocytes?
ਜਵਾਬ
Coordinating immune responses or killing infected cells. Different T-cell types perform different roles.
ਕਾਰਡ 160
ਸਵਾਲ
What does an antibody bind?
ਜਵਾਬ
A specific antigen. Binding can neutralize a target or mark it for other immune defenses.
ਕਾਰਡ 161
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the purpose of inflammation after tissue injury?
ਜਵਾਬ
To contain damage, recruit defenses, and begin repair. Redness, heat, swelling, and pain can accompany it.
ਕਾਰਡ 162
ਸਵਾਲ
Why is a second adaptive response often faster than the first?
ਜਵਾਬ
Memory lymphocytes remain after the first exposure. They respond quickly when the same antigen appears again.
ਕਾਰਡ 163
ਸਵਾਲ
What does a phagocyte do?
ਜਵਾਬ
It engulfs particles, microbes, or debris. Neutrophils and macrophages are important examples.
ਕਾਰਡ 164
ਸਵਾਲ
How does vaccination support adaptive immunity?
ਜਵਾਬ
It safely exposes the immune system to antigen information. This promotes memory without requiring the full disease.
ਕਾਰਡ 165
ਸਵਾਲ
Why is lymphatic fluid return important?
ਜਵਾਬ
It prevents excess interstitial fluid from accumulating. Lymphatic vessels return fluid and leaked proteins to blood.
ਕਾਰਡ 166
ਸਵਾਲ
What structures belong to the integumentary system?
ਜਵਾਬ
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Together they form the body's outer covering.
ਕਾਰਡ 167
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the epidermis?
ਜਵਾਬ
The outer epithelial layer of skin. It is avascular and contains protective keratinized cells.
ਕਾਰਡ 168
ਸਵਾਲ
How does sweating cool the body?
ਜਵਾਬ
Evaporation removes heat from the skin. Skin blood-flow changes also help regulate heat loss.
ਕਾਰਡ 169
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a major role of melanin in skin?
ਜਵਾਬ
Absorbing some ultraviolet radiation. It also contributes to skin and hair color.
ਕਾਰਡ 170
ਸਵਾਲ
How does skin contribute to sensation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. Nerves carry that information to the CNS.
ਕਾਰਡ 171
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the dermis?
ਜਵਾਬ
The connective-tissue layer beneath the epidermis. It contains vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.
ਕਾਰਡ 172
ਸਵਾਲ
How does skin support vitamin D production?
ਜਵਾਬ
Ultraviolet light starts conversion of a skin molecule into a vitamin D precursor. The liver and kidneys complete activation.
ਕਾਰਡ 173
ਸਵਾਲ
Why does a deep skin wound bleed but a shallow epidermal scrape may not?
ਜਵਾਬ
Blood vessels are in the dermis, not the epidermis. A wound must reach vascular tissue to damage them.
ਕਾਰਡ 174
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a gamete?
ਜਵਾਬ
A haploid reproductive cell. Human sperm and oocytes each carry 23 chromosomes.
ਕਾਰਡ 175
ਸਵਾਲ
What are the testes' two main reproductive functions?
ਜਵਾਬ
Producing sperm and secreting testosterone. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules.
ਕਾਰਡ 176
ਸਵਾਲ
What tube carries sperm from the epididymis toward the ejaculatory duct?
ਜਵਾਬ
The ductus, or vas, deferens. Smooth muscle propels sperm during ejaculation.
ਕਾਰਡ 177
ਸਵਾਲ
What is ovulation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Release of a secondary oocyte from an ovary. A surge in luteinizing hormone helps trigger it.
ਕਾਰਡ 178
ਸਵਾਲ
Where does fertilization usually occur?
ਜਵਾਬ
In a uterine tube. The early embryo then travels toward the uterus.
ਕਾਰਡ 179
ਸਵਾਲ
What are the ovaries' two main reproductive functions?
ਜਵਾਬ
Producing oocytes and secreting sex hormones. Estrogen and progesterone help regulate the reproductive cycle.
ਕਾਰਡ 180
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the uterus' main reproductive role?
ਜਵਾਬ
Supporting implantation and development of an embryo and fetus. Its muscular wall also contracts during birth.
ਕਾਰਡ 181
ਸਵਾਲ
What causes menstruation when pregnancy does not occur?
ਜਵਾਬ
Falling ovarian hormones allow the uterine lining to shed. A new cycle then begins.
ਕਾਰਡ 182
ਸਵਾਲ
How does a sperm cell's structure support its function?
ਜਵਾਬ
Its flagellum provides movement, and its head carries DNA plus enzymes used during fertilization. Mitochondria supply energy in the midpiece.
ਕਾਰਡ 183
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the placenta's exchange role?
ਜਵਾਬ
It allows gases, nutrients, and wastes to move between maternal and fetal circulations. Their blood normally does not mix directly.
ਕਾਰਡ 184
ਸਵਾਲ
Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction?
ਜਵਾਬ
It halves chromosome number in gametes. Fertilization then restores the diploid number.
ਕਾਰਡ 185
ਸਵਾਲ
How do sex hormones regulate reproductive control pathways?
ਜਵਾਬ
They usually feed back on the hypothalamus and pituitary. This adjusts release of hormones that act on the gonads.
ਕਾਰਡ 186
ਸਵਾਲ
What does cell theory state?
ਜਵਾਬ
Living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells come from existing cells. These ideas link organism structure with cell division.
ਕਾਰਡ 187
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the defining structural feature of a prokaryotic cell?
ਜਵਾਬ
It lacks a membrane-bound nucleus. Its DNA occupies a nucleoid region.
ਕਾਰਡ 188
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the cell membrane's main role?
ਜਵਾਬ
Regulating movement between the cell and its environment. Its phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable.
ਕਾਰਡ 189
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the nucleus' main role?
ਜਵਾਬ
Storing most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA. Nuclear pores regulate exchange with the cytoplasm.
ਕਾਰਡ 190
ਸਵਾਲ
Where are proteins assembled?
ਜਵਾਬ
At ribosomes. Ribosomes may float in cytosol or attach to rough endoplasmic reticulum.
ਕਾਰਡ 191
ਸਵਾਲ
What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
ਜਵਾਬ
A eukaryotic cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.
ਕਾਰਡ 192
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a mitochondrion's main function?
ਜਵਾਬ
Producing most cellular ATP through aerobic respiration. Its inner membrane provides a large reaction surface.
ਕਾਰਡ 193
ਸਵਾਲ
What does rough endoplasmic reticulum mainly produce?
ਜਵਾਬ
Proteins for secretion, membranes, or organelles. Ribosomes on its surface make the proteins.
ਕਾਰਡ 194
ਸਵਾਲ
Which organelle carries out photosynthesis in plants and algae?
ਜਵਾਬ
The chloroplast. It converts light energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules.
ਕਾਰਡ 195
ਸਵਾਲ
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
ਜਵਾਬ
It modifies, sorts, and packages cell products. Vesicles carry those products to their destinations.
ਕਾਰਡ 196
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a lysosome's role?
ਜਵਾਬ
Digesting worn cell parts and engulfed material. Its enzymes work best in an acidic interior.
ਕਾਰਡ 197
ਸਵਾਲ
What are major functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
ਜਵਾਬ
Lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage. Its membrane lacks attached ribosomes.
ਕਾਰਡ 198
ਸਵਾਲ
What does the cytoskeleton provide?
ਜਵਾਬ
Cell shape, internal organization, movement, and transport tracks. It is built from protein filaments.
ਕਾਰਡ 199
ਸਵਾਲ
What is diffusion?
ਜਵਾਬ
Net movement from higher to lower concentration. It is passive and continues until dynamic equilibrium is reached.
ਕਾਰਡ 200
ਸਵਾਲ
What happens to an animal cell in a strongly hypotonic solution?
ਜਵਾਬ
Water enters and the cell swells. Without a cell wall, it may burst.
ਕਾਰਡ 201
ਸਵਾਲ
What happens during interphase?
ਜਵਾਬ
The cell grows, performs normal functions, and copies its DNA. Interphase precedes mitotic division.
ਕਾਰਡ 202
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the result of mitosis followed by cytokinesis?
ਜਵਾਬ
Two genetically similar daughter cells. Chromosome number is normally preserved.
ਕਾਰਡ 203
ਸਵਾਲ
What is osmosis?
ਜਵਾਬ
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves toward the side with more nonpenetrating solute.
ਕਾਰਡ 204
ਸਵਾਲ
What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?
ਜਵਾਬ
Water leaves and the cell shrinks. The external solution has a higher effective solute concentration.
ਕਾਰਡ 205
ਸਵਾਲ
Why are cells generally small?
ਜਵਾਬ
A high surface-area-to-volume ratio supports efficient exchange. Volume grows faster than surface area as a cell enlarges.
ਕਾਰਡ 206
ਸਵਾਲ
What is cytokinesis?
ਜਵਾਬ
Division of the cytoplasm. It separates one cell into two after nuclear division.
ਕਾਰਡ 207
ਸਵਾਲ
How does active transport differ from passive transport?
ਜਵਾਬ
It uses energy to move substances against a gradient. Passive transport moves down a gradient without direct energy input.
ਕਾਰਡ 208
ਸਵਾਲ
What happens to an animal cell in an isotonic solution?
ਜਵਾਬ
There is no net water movement. Water still crosses in both directions at equal rates.
ਕਾਰਡ 209
ਸਵਾਲ
Which structures are typical of plant cells but not animal cells?
ਜਵਾਬ
A cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. Both cell types have membranes, nuclei, and mitochondria.
ਕਾਰਡ 210
ਸਵਾਲ
How do cells contribute to a multicellular organism's organization?
ਜਵਾਬ
Specialized cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form systems. Division of labor supports complex functions.
ਕਾਰਡ 211
ਸਵਾਲ
What is DNA's primary biological role?
ਜਵਾਬ
Storing hereditary information. Its nucleotide sequence contains instructions used to build functional RNA and proteins.
ਕਾਰਡ 212
ਸਵਾਲ
What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
ਜਵਾਬ
A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides link to form each strand.
ਕਾਰਡ 213
ਸਵਾਲ
Which bases pair in double-stranded DNA?
ਜਵਾਬ
Adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine. Hydrogen bonds hold complementary strands together.
ਕਾਰਡ 214
ਸਵਾਲ
How does RNA differ from DNA?
ਜਵਾਬ
RNA usually has ribose, uses uracil instead of thymine, and is usually single-stranded. Several RNA types help express genes.
ਕਾਰਡ 215
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a gene?
ਜਵਾਬ
A DNA sequence that contributes to a functional product. The product may be a protein or a functional RNA.
ਕਾਰਡ 216
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a chromosome?
ਜਵਾਬ
A long DNA molecule packaged with proteins. It contains many genes and other sequences.
ਕਾਰਡ 217
ਸਵਾਲ
What is DNA replication?
ਜਵਾਬ
Copying DNA before cell division. Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one newly made strand.
ਕਾਰਡ 218
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the usual flow of information from a protein-coding gene?
ਜਵਾਬ
DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription makes RNA; translation builds the polypeptide.
ਕਾਰਡ 219
ਸਵਾਲ
What happens during transcription?
ਜਵਾਬ
RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. For a protein-coding gene, that RNA functions as or is processed into messenger RNA.
ਕਾਰਡ 220
ਸਵਾਲ
What does messenger RNA carry?
ਜਵਾਬ
A copy of coding information from DNA to a ribosome. Its codons specify the amino-acid sequence.
ਕਾਰਡ 221
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a codon?
ਜਵਾਬ
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA. Most codons specify an amino acid; some signal start or stop.
ਕਾਰਡ 222
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the usual role of the AUG codon?
ਜਵਾਬ
It starts translation and specifies methionine. The ribosome uses it to establish the reading frame.
ਕਾਰਡ 223
ਸਵਾਲ
What happens during translation?
ਜਵਾਬ
A ribosome reads mRNA and joins amino acids into a polypeptide. Transfer RNAs match codons with amino acids.
446 ਕਾਰਡ
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
ਇਸ ਡੈੱਕ ਨਾਲ ਮੁਫ਼ਤ ਪੜ੍ਹੋਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ Nibomo ਖੁੱਲ੍ਹੇਗਾ।
ਕਾਰਡ 224
ਸਵਾਲ
What is transfer RNA's role in protein synthesis?
ਜਵਾਬ
It carries an amino acid and matches its anticodon to an mRNA codon. This places the correct amino acid in sequence.
ਕਾਰਡ 225
ਸਵਾਲ
What is an anticodon?
ਜਵਾਬ
A three-base sequence on tRNA complementary to an mRNA codon. Pairing helps decode the message.
ਕਾਰਡ 226
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a mutation?
ਜਵਾਬ
A change in a DNA sequence. Its effect may be harmful, neutral, or beneficial depending on location and context.
ਕਾਰਡ 227
ਸਵਾਲ
Why can a one-base insertion in a coding sequence have a large effect?
ਜਵਾਬ
It can shift the reading frame. Every downstream codon may change until a stop signal appears.
ਕਾਰਡ 228
ਸਵਾਲ
Why can changing one amino acid alter a protein's function?
ਜਵਾਬ
Amino-acid sequence helps determine folding and shape. Shape controls many protein interactions.
ਕਾਰਡ 229
ਸਵਾਲ
What is ribosomal RNA's role in protein synthesis?
ਜਵਾਬ
It forms the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA helps align translation components and catalyzes peptide-bond formation.
ਕਾਰਡ 230
ਸਵਾਲ
Why can different cell types contain the same DNA but perform different jobs?
ਜਵਾਬ
They express different sets of genes. Different proteins give cells different structures and functions.
ਕਾਰਡ 231
ਸਵਾਲ
Which mutation can be passed to offspring?
ਜਵਾਬ
A mutation present in a gamete-forming lineage. A mutation limited to ordinary body cells is not inherited through reproduction.
ਕਾਰਡ 232
ਸਵਾਲ
What is an allele?
ਜਵਾਬ
An alternative version of a gene. Diploid individuals usually carry two alleles for each autosomal gene.
ਕਾਰਡ 233
ਸਵਾਲ
What is genotype?
ਜਵਾਬ
An organism's allele combination for a gene or set of genes. Genotype contributes to phenotype.
ਕਾਰਡ 234
ਸਵਾਲ
What does homozygous mean?
ਜਵਾਬ
Having two identical alleles for a gene. Examples include AA and aa.
ਕਾਰਡ 235
ਸਵਾਲ
What makes an allele dominant in a simple Mendelian trait?
ਜਵਾਬ
One copy is enough for its phenotype to appear in a heterozygote. Dominant does not mean common or beneficial.
ਕਾਰਡ 236
ਸਵਾਲ
What does Mendel's law of segregation describe?
ਜਵਾਬ
The two alleles for a gene separate during gamete formation. Each gamete receives one allele.
ਕਾਰਡ 237
ਸਵਾਲ
What is phenotype?
ਜਵਾਬ
An observable trait or characteristic. It can reflect genotype, environment, and their interaction.
ਕਾਰਡ 238
ਸਵਾਲ
What does heterozygous mean?
ਜਵਾਬ
Having two different alleles for a gene. An example is Aa.
ਕਾਰਡ 239
ਸਵਾਲ
When does a recessive phenotype usually appear in a simple autosomal trait?
ਜਵਾਬ
When both alleles are recessive. A heterozygote carries the allele without showing that phenotype.
ਕਾਰਡ 240
ਸਵਾਲ
When does independent assortment apply most clearly?
ਜਵਾਬ
When genes are on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome. Their allele pairs enter gametes independently.
ਕਾਰਡ 241
ਸਵਾਲ
What does a Punnett square predict?
ਜਵਾਬ
Expected offspring genotype probabilities from specified parental gametes. It does not guarantee outcomes in a small family.
ਕਾਰਡ 242
ਸਵਾਲ
For Aa × Aa, what is the chance of an aa offspring?
ਜਵਾਬ
One fourth, or 25%. The genotype ratio is expected to be 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa.
ਕਾਰਡ 243
ਸਵਾਲ
For Aa × Aa with complete dominance, what phenotypic ratio is expected?
ਜਵਾਬ
Three dominant-phenotype offspring to one recessive-phenotype offspring. This is a probability across many offspring.
ਕਾਰਡ 244
ਸਵਾਲ
How can a test cross reveal the genotype behind a dominant phenotype?
ਜਵਾਬ
Cross the individual with a homozygous recessive partner. Recessive offspring show that the unknown parent carried a recessive allele.
ਕਾਰਡ 245
ਸਵਾਲ
What happens in incomplete dominance?
ਜਵਾਬ
A heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype. Neither allele fully masks the other.
ਕਾਰਡ 246
ਸਵਾਲ
How is the probability of two independent genetic events both occurring found?
ਜਵਾਬ
Multiply their individual probabilities. This is the product rule.
ਕਾਰਡ 247
ਸਵਾਲ
What does a pedigree show?
ਜਵਾਬ
How a trait appears across generations of a family. Its pattern can suggest a mode of inheritance.
ਕਾਰਡ 248
ਸਵਾਲ
Why can two parents have offspring ratios that differ from a Punnett-square expectation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Each fertilization is a chance event. Expected ratios become more apparent with larger numbers of offspring.
ਕਾਰਡ 249
ਸਵਾਲ
What happens in codominance?
ਜਵਾਬ
Both alleles are distinctly expressed in a heterozygote. The AB blood type is a common example.
ਕਾਰਡ 250
ਸਵਾਲ
What are major roles of carbohydrates?
ਜਵਾਬ
Providing quick energy, storing energy, and forming some structures. Monosaccharides are their basic building blocks.
ਕਾਰਡ 251
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a monomer?
ਜਵਾਬ
A small building block that can join with others to form a larger molecule. Glucose, amino acids, and nucleotides are examples in different classes.
ਕਾਰਡ 252
ਸਵਾਲ
What happens in a dehydration-synthesis reaction?
ਜਵਾਬ
Monomers join while water is removed. The reaction builds a larger biological molecule.
ਕਾਰਡ 253
ਸਵਾਲ
What does an enzyme do?
ਜਵਾਬ
It lowers activation energy and speeds a reaction without being consumed. Its shape helps it bind specific substrates.
ਕਾਰਡ 254
ਸਵਾਲ
What are major roles of lipids?
ਜਵਾਬ
Long-term energy storage, membranes, insulation, and signaling. Lipids are mostly nonpolar and do not mix well with water.
ਕਾਰਡ 255
ਸਵਾਲ
What does it mean for a protein to denature?
ਜਵਾਬ
Its normal shape is disrupted. Heat, extreme pH, or chemicals can reduce its function.
ਕਾਰਡ 256
ਸਵਾਲ
What happens during hydrolysis?
ਜਵਾਬ
Water is used to split a larger molecule into smaller units. Digestion often uses hydrolysis reactions.
ਕਾਰਡ 257
ਸਵਾਲ
Why do phospholipids form bilayers in water?
ਜਵਾਬ
Their hydrophilic heads interact with water while hydrophobic tails turn inward. This arrangement forms cell-membrane structure.
ਕਾਰਡ 258
ਸਵਾਲ
What are proteins built from?
ਜਵਾਬ
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Their folded shapes support enzymes, transport, signaling, structure, and movement.
ਕਾਰਡ 259
ਸਵਾਲ
How do starch and glycogen compare?
ਜਵਾਬ
Both store glucose; plants use starch and animals use glycogen. Their branching patterns differ.
ਕਾਰਡ 260
ਸਵਾਲ
How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?
ਜਵਾਬ
Saturated fatty acids lack carbon-carbon double bonds; unsaturated ones have one or more. Double bonds often introduce bends.
ਕਾਰਡ 261
ਸਵਾਲ
What immediate energy-carrying molecule powers many cell processes?
ਜਵਾਬ
ATP. Energy released from nutrients can be transferred into ATP's phosphate bonds.
ਕਾਰਡ 262
ਸਵਾਲ
What are nucleic acids built from?
ਜਵਾਬ
Nucleotides. DNA stores hereditary information, while RNA performs several roles in gene expression.
ਕਾਰਡ 263
ਸਵਾਲ
Which elements are common in all four major biological macromolecule classes?
ਜਵਾਬ
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Nitrogen and phosphorus occur prominently in some classes.
ਕਾਰਡ 264
ਸਵਾਲ
Why is three-dimensional shape important for macromolecules?
ਜਵਾਬ
Shape determines many interactions and functions. A changed shape can prevent a molecule from binding its target.
ਕਾਰਡ 265
ਸਵਾਲ
What are triglycerides built from?
ਜਵਾਬ
One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. They join through ester bonds to form a common energy-storage lipid.
ਕਾਰਡ 266
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a pathogen?
ਜਵਾਬ
An agent capable of causing disease. Not every microorganism is pathogenic.
ਕਾਰਡ 267
ਸਵਾਲ
What type of cell is a bacterium?
ਜਵਾਬ
A prokaryotic cell. Bacteria usually reproduce by binary fission.
ਕਾਰਡ 268
ਸਵਾਲ
What cell type do fungi have?
ਜਵਾਬ
Eukaryotic cells. Some fungi are unicellular yeasts, while others form multicellular filaments.
ਕਾਰਡ 269
ਸਵਾਲ
What does disease transmission describe?
ਜਵਾਬ
How an infectious agent moves to a susceptible host. Routes include contact, droplets, airborne spread, food, water, and vectors.
ਕਾਰਡ 270
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a biological vector?
ਜਵਾਬ
An organism that becomes infected with a pathogen and transmits it between hosts. The pathogen survives or reproduces inside the vector, unlike transport by a mechanical carrier.
ਕਾਰਡ 271
ਸਵਾਲ
Why are viruses dependent on host cells?
ਜਵਾਬ
They lack the complete machinery for reproduction and metabolism. They use host components to make new virus particles.
ਕਾਰਡ 272
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a protist?
ਜਵਾਬ
A diverse eukaryote that is not classified as an animal, plant, or fungus. Some protists cause disease, while many do not.
ਕਾਰਡ 273
ਸਵਾਲ
Why do antibiotics not treat viral infections?
ਜਵਾਬ
They target bacterial structures or processes that viruses lack. Antiviral drugs use different targets.
ਕਾਰਡ 274
ਸਵਾਲ
How can normal microbiota protect a host?
ਜਵਾਬ
They occupy space and use resources that pathogens might otherwise exploit. Some also support digestion or immune development.
ਕਾਰਡ 275
ਸਵਾਲ
How does sterilization differ from disinfection?
ਜਵਾਬ
Sterilization destroys or removes all microbial life, including resistant forms; disinfection reduces pathogens on objects. The required method depends on use.
ਕਾਰਡ 276
ਸਵਾਲ
How do infection and disease differ?
ਜਵਾਬ
Infection means an agent is established in a host; disease means normal function is impaired and signs or symptoms occur. Infection may be asymptomatic.
ਕਾਰਡ 277
ਸਵਾਲ
How can breaking a transmission route reduce infectious disease?
ਜਵਾਬ
It interrupts the chain connecting a source with a susceptible host. Hand hygiene, clean water, ventilation, and vector control target different links.
ਕਾਰਡ 278
ਸਵਾਲ
What is an atom?
ਜਵਾਬ
The smallest unit of an element that retains that element's chemical identity. Atoms contain a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
ਕਾਰਡ 279
ਸਵਾਲ
What charge and location does an electron have?
ਜਵਾਬ
Negative charge in the electron cloud around the nucleus. Electrons drive most chemical bonding.
ਕਾਰਡ 280
ਸਵਾਲ
Why are valence electrons important?
ਜਵਾਬ
They participate most directly in bonding and reactions. Their arrangement helps predict chemical behavior.
ਕਾਰਡ 281
ਸਵਾਲ
What do elements in the same periodic-table group often share?
ਜਵਾਬ
Similar valence-electron patterns and chemical properties. A group is a vertical column.
ਕਾਰਡ 282
ਸਵਾਲ
What is an ion?
ਜਵਾਬ
An atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. Its total numbers of protons and electrons are unequal.
ਕਾਰਡ 283
ਸਵਾਲ
What charge and location does a proton have?
ਜਵਾਬ
Positive charge in the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element.
ਕਾਰਡ 284
ਸਵਾਲ
What does an element's atomic number equal?
ਜਵਾਬ
Its number of protons. A neutral atom has the same number of electrons.
ਕਾਰਡ 285
ਸਵਾਲ
How does a neutral atom form a cation?
ਜਵਾਬ
By losing one or more electrons. It has more protons than electrons and a positive charge.
ਕਾਰਡ 286
ਸਵਾਲ
An atom has 8 protons. How many electrons does it have if it is neutral?
ਜਵਾਬ
Eight electrons. Neutral atoms have equal positive and negative charges.
ਕਾਰਡ 287
ਸਵਾਲ
What charge and location does a neutron have?
ਜਵਾਬ
No electric charge, in the nucleus. Neutron number can vary among isotopes of an element.
ਕਾਰਡ 288
ਸਵਾਲ
What does mass number equal?
ਜਵਾਬ
Protons plus neutrons in one atom. It is a whole number for a specific isotope.
ਕਾਰਡ 289
ਸਵਾਲ
How does a neutral atom form an anion?
ਜਵਾਬ
By gaining one or more electrons. It has more electrons than protons and a negative charge.
ਕਾਰਡ 290
ਸਵਾਲ
What does a period represent on the periodic table?
ਜਵਾਬ
A horizontal row. Moving across a period changes proton number one element at a time.
ਕਾਰਡ 291
ਸਵਾਲ
What are isotopes?
ਜਵਾਬ
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
ਕਾਰਡ 292
ਸਵਾਲ
What is matter?
ਜਵਾਬ
Anything that has mass and occupies space. Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are forms of matter.
ਕਾਰਡ 293
ਸਵਾਲ
What distinguishes a solid from a liquid or gas?
ਜਵਾਬ
A solid has a definite shape and volume. Its particles vibrate around relatively fixed positions.
ਕਾਰਡ 294
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a physical change?
ਜਵਾਬ
A change in form or state without changing chemical identity. Melting and cutting are examples.
ਕਾਰਡ 295
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a physical property?
ਜਵਾਬ
A characteristic observed without changing a substance's identity. Density, color, and melting point are examples.
ਕਾਰਡ 296
ਸਵਾਲ
How does an element differ from a compound?
ਜਵਾਬ
An element contains one kind of atom; a compound contains elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. Chemical methods can separate a compound into simpler substances.
ਕਾਰਡ 297
ਸਵਾਲ
What distinguishes a liquid?
ਜਵਾਬ
It has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container. Its particles remain close while moving past one another.
ਕਾਰਡ 298
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a chemical change?
ਜਵਾਬ
A process that forms one or more substances with new chemical identities. Bond rearrangement occurs.
ਕਾਰਡ 299
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a chemical property?
ਜਵਾਬ
A substance's ability to undergo a particular chemical change. Flammability and reactivity with acid are examples.
ਕਾਰਡ 300
ਸਵਾਲ
Which phase changes connect solids and liquids?
ਜਵਾਬ
Melting changes a solid to a liquid; freezing changes a liquid to a solid. These are opposite physical changes.
ਕਾਰਡ 301
ਸਵਾਲ
How does a pure substance differ from a mixture?
ਜਵਾਬ
A pure substance has a fixed composition and is an element or compound; a mixture has variable composition and physically combined components. Mixture components retain their identities.
ਕਾਰਡ 302
ਸਵਾਲ
What distinguishes a gas?
ਜਵਾਬ
It has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. It expands to fill its container.
ਕਾਰਡ 303
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the formula for density?
ਜਵਾਬ
Density = mass ÷ volume. Density is an intensive property.
ਕਾਰਡ 304
ਸਵਾਲ
Which phase changes connect liquids and gases?
ਜਵਾਬ
Vaporization changes a liquid to a gas; condensation changes a gas to a liquid. Evaporation is vaporization at a liquid's surface.
ਕਾਰਡ 305
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a mixture?
ਜਵਾਬ
Two or more substances physically combined in variable proportions. Its components retain their chemical identities.
ਕਾਰਡ 306
ਸਵਾਲ
How do intensive and extensive properties differ?
ਜਵਾਬ
Intensive properties do not depend on sample amount; extensive properties do. Density and temperature are intensive, while mass and volume are extensive.
ਕਾਰਡ 307
ਸਵਾਲ
A 20 g sample occupies 5 mL. What is its density?
ਜਵਾਬ
4 g/mL. Divide 20 g by 5 mL.
ਕਾਰਡ 308
ਸਵਾਲ
Which phase changes connect solids and gases directly?
ਜਵਾਬ
Sublimation changes a solid to a gas; deposition changes a gas to a solid. Neither transition passes through the liquid state.
ਕਾਰਡ 309
ਸਵਾਲ
How do homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures differ?
ਜਵਾਬ
A homogeneous mixture is uniform throughout; a heterogeneous mixture is not. A solution is homogeneous.
ਕਾਰਡ 310
ਸਵਾਲ
Where are reactants and products written in a chemical equation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Reactants are on the left; products are on the right. The arrow shows the direction represented.
ਕਾਰਡ 311
ਸਵਾਲ
Why must a chemical equation be balanced?
ਜਵਾਬ
Atoms are conserved in ordinary chemical reactions. Each element must have the same atom count on both sides.
ਕਾਰਡ 312
ਸਵਾਲ
What does a coefficient in a chemical equation change?
ਜਵਾਬ
The number of whole particles or moles represented. It multiplies every atom in the following formula.
ਕਾਰਡ 313
ਸਵਾਲ
Why should subscripts not be changed when balancing an equation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Changing a subscript changes the substance's identity. Balancing changes coefficients only.
ਕਾਰਡ 314
ਸਵਾਲ
What coefficients balance H₂ + O₂ → H₂O?
ਜਵਾਬ
2, 1, 2: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O. Both sides then contain four hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms.
ਕਾਰਡ 315
ਸਵਾਲ
What pattern defines a synthesis reaction?
ਜਵਾਬ
Two or more reactants form a more complex product. A general pattern is A + B → AB.
ਕਾਰਡ 316
ਸਵਾਲ
What are typical products when a hydrocarbon burns completely in oxygen?
ਜਵਾਬ
Carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide or carbon.
ਕਾਰਡ 317
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the net ionic equation for a typical strong acid–strong base neutralization?
ਜਵਾਬ
H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l). The remaining ions are spectators and do not appear in the net ionic equation.
ਕਾਰਡ 318
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a precipitate?
ਜਵਾਬ
An insoluble solid that forms from substances in solution. Its appearance can signal a chemical reaction.
ਕਾਰਡ 319
ਸਵਾਲ
What pattern defines a decomposition reaction?
ਜਵਾਬ
One compound breaks into simpler products. A general pattern is AB → A + B.
ਕਾਰਡ 320
ਸਵਾਲ
What is an exothermic reaction?
ਜਵਾਬ
A reaction that releases heat to the surroundings. The surroundings often warm.
ਕਾਰਡ 321
ਸਵਾਲ
What occurs in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
ਜਵਾਬ
Electrons transfer or atoms change oxidation state. Oxidation is electron loss; reduction is electron gain.
ਕਾਰਡ 322
ਸਵਾਲ
What is activation energy?
ਜਵਾਬ
The minimum energy barrier reactants must overcome to react. Catalysts lower this barrier.
ਕਾਰਡ 323
ਸਵਾਲ
Which observations can provide evidence of a chemical reaction?
ਜਵਾਬ
Gas formation, a precipitate, sustained color change, light, or temperature change. No single sign proves a reaction without context.
ਕਾਰਡ 324
ਸਵਾਲ
What is an endothermic reaction?
ਜਵਾਬ
A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings. The surroundings may cool.
ਕਾਰਡ 325
ਸਵਾਲ
Why does raising temperature usually speed a reaction?
ਜਵਾਬ
Particles collide more often and with greater energy. More collisions overcome activation energy.
ਕਾਰਡ 326
ਸਵਾਲ
Why can higher reactant concentration increase reaction rate?
ਜਵਾਬ
More reactant particles occupy a given volume. This raises collision frequency.
ਕਾਰਡ 327
ਸਵਾਲ
Why does powdered solid often react faster than one large piece?
ਜਵਾਬ
Powder exposes more surface area. More particles are available for collisions.
ਕਾਰਡ 328
ਸਵਾਲ
How does a catalyst speed a reaction?
ਜਵਾਬ
It provides a pathway with lower activation energy. The catalyst is regenerated rather than consumed overall.
ਕਾਰਡ 329
ਸਵਾਲ
How can increasing pressure affect a reaction between gases?
ਜਵਾਬ
It can increase rate by bringing gas particles closer together. Collision frequency rises when volume falls.
ਕਾਰਡ 330
ਸਵਾਲ
What does a reaction inhibitor do?
ਜਵਾਬ
It slows a reaction. It may block a pathway, interfere with a catalyst, or remove reactive intermediates.
ਕਾਰਡ 331
ਸਵਾਲ
Why can very high temperature slow an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
ਜਵਾਬ
The enzyme can denature and lose its active shape. Moderate warming helps only within the enzyme's stable range.
ਕਾਰਡ 332
ਸਵਾਲ
What is dynamic equilibrium?
ਜਵਾਬ
Forward and reverse reactions continue at equal rates. Concentrations remain constant even though particles still react.
ਕਾਰਡ 333
ਸਵਾਲ
Does a catalyst change the final equilibrium amounts?
ਜਵਾਬ
No. It speeds forward and reverse reactions, so equilibrium is reached sooner without changing its position.
ਕਾਰਡ 334
ਸਵਾਲ
At equilibrium, what usually happens when the concentration of a dissolved or gaseous reactant increases?
ਜਵਾਬ
The system shifts toward consuming some added reactant. It forms more product until a new equilibrium is reached.
ਕਾਰਡ 335
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a solution?
ਜਵਾਬ
A homogeneous mixture. Its components are uniformly distributed at the molecular or ionic level.
ਕਾਰਡ 336
ਸਵਾਲ
How do solute and solvent differ?
ਜਵਾਬ
The solute is dissolved; the solvent is the dissolving medium. The solvent is often present in greater amount.
ਕਾਰਡ 337
ਸਵਾਲ
What does aqueous mean in chemistry?
ਜਵਾਬ
Dissolved in water. The symbol
(aq)marks an aqueous species in an equation.ਕਾਰਡ 338
ਸਵਾਲ
What does concentration describe?
ਜਵਾਬ
The amount of solute in a given amount of solution or solvent. Different units express it in different ways.
ਕਾਰਡ 339
ਸਵਾਲ
What is molarity?
ਜਵਾਬ
Moles of solute per liter of solution. Its unit is mol/L, written M.
ਕਾਰਡ 340
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the molarity of 0.50 mol solute in 2.0 L of solution?
ਜਵਾਬ
0.25 M. Divide 0.50 mol by 2.0 L.
ਕਾਰਡ 341
ਸਵਾਲ
What stays constant when water is added to dilute a solution without reaction?
ਜਵਾਬ
The moles of solute. Volume increases and concentration decreases.
ਕਾਰਡ 342
ਸਵਾਲ
Which equation relates concentration and volume before and after a dilution?
ਜਵਾਬ
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂. It follows from conserving the amount of solute.
ਕਾਰਡ 343
ਸਵਾਲ
What is solubility?
ਜਵਾਬ
The maximum concentration of a solute that can be achieved in a solution at equilibrium under specified conditions. Temperature and the substances involved matter.
ਕਾਰਡ 344
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a saturated solution?
ਜਵਾਬ
A solution holding the maximum dissolved solute at those conditions. Extra solute remains undissolved at equilibrium.
ਕਾਰਡ 345
ਸਵਾਲ
What is an electrolyte?
ਜਵਾਬ
A substance that produces mobile ions in solution and conducts electricity. Soluble ionic compounds are common examples.
ਕਾਰਡ 346
ਸਵਾਲ
What does 'like dissolves like' predict?
ਜਵਾਬ
Substances with similar polarity tend to mix well. Polar solvents favor polar or ionic solutes; nonpolar solvents favor nonpolar solutes.
ਕਾਰਡ 347
ਸਵਾਲ
Does heating always increase solubility?
ਜਵਾਬ
No. Many solids become more soluble in water, but gases usually become less soluble as temperature rises.
ਕਾਰਡ 348
ਸਵਾਲ
What is an unsaturated solution?
ਜਵਾਬ
A solution that can dissolve more solute at the stated conditions. It is below the solubility limit.
ਕਾਰਡ 349
ਸਵਾਲ
What does a Brønsted-Lowry acid donate?
ਜਵਾਬ
A proton, H⁺. In water, acid behavior increases hydronium-ion concentration.
ਕਾਰਡ 350
ਸਵਾਲ
What does pH describe?
ਜਵਾਬ
The hydronium-ion concentration on a logarithmic scale. Lower pH means higher hydronium concentration.
ਕਾਰਡ 351
ਸਵਾਲ
At 25 °C, what pH range is acidic?
ਜਵਾਬ
Below 7. A neutral aqueous solution is pH 7 at this temperature.
ਕਾਰਡ 352
ਸਵਾਲ
How does hydronium concentration change when pH drops by 1 unit?
ਜਵਾਬ
It increases tenfold. The pH scale is logarithmic.
ਕਾਰਡ 353
ਸਵਾਲ
What does a Brønsted-Lowry base accept?
ਜਵਾਬ
A proton, H⁺. Many bases in water also increase hydroxide-ion concentration.
ਕਾਰਡ 354
ਸਵਾਲ
At 25 °C, what is the relationship between pH and pOH?
ਜਵਾਬ
pH + pOH = 14. pOH is the negative base-10 logarithm of hydroxide-ion concentration; this relation applies to aqueous solutions at 25 °C.
ਕਾਰਡ 355
ਸਵਾਲ
At 25 °C, what pH range is basic?
ਜਵਾਬ
Above 7. Basic solutions have less hydronium and more hydroxide than neutral water.
ਕਾਰਡ 356
ਸਵਾਲ
What are typical products of a strong acid reacting with a strong base?
ਜਵਾਬ
Water and an ionic salt. Hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions combine to form water.
ਕਾਰਡ 357
ਸਵਾਲ
What does strong mean for an acid or base?
ਜਵਾਬ
It produces its characteristic ions essentially completely in water. Strong acids ionize; soluble ionic strong bases dissociate. Strength is separate from concentration.
ਕਾਰਡ 358
ਸਵਾਲ
What does a buffer do?
ਜਵਾਬ
It resists large pH changes when small amounts of acid or base are added. A weak conjugate acid-base pair neutralizes much of the added H₃O⁺ or OH⁻.
ਕਾਰਡ 359
ਸਵਾਲ
How does an acid-base indicator work?
ਜਵਾਬ
Its color depends on pH. The change occurs over a characteristic pH range.
ਕਾਰਡ 360
ਸਵਾਲ
A solution has pH 9 at 25 °C. What is its pOH?
ਜਵਾਬ
5. Subtract the pH from 14.
ਕਾਰਡ 361
ਸਵਾਲ
How does a concentrated weak acid differ from a dilute strong acid?
ਜਵਾਬ
Concentration tells how much acid is present; strength tells how completely it ionizes. A concentrated weak acid contains more partially ionizing acid, while a dilute strong acid contains less acid that ionizes essentially completely. Either can have the lower pH.
ਕਾਰਡ 362
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the SI base unit of length?
ਜਵਾਬ
The meter (m). Centimeters and millimeters are decimal subdivisions of a meter.
ਕਾਰਡ 363
ਸਵਾਲ
Which tool directly measures mass in a laboratory?
ਜਵਾਬ
A balance. A spring scale measures force, often reported as weight.
ਕਾਰਡ 364
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the SI base unit of mass?
ਜਵਾਬ
The kilogram (kg). Laboratory mass is also commonly reported in grams.
ਕਾਰਡ 365
ਸਵਾਲ
A student needs to measure about 35 mL of liquid and can choose a beaker or graduated cylinder. Which should they use?
ਜਵਾਬ
A graduated cylinder. Read the scale at eye level.
ਕਾਰਡ 366
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the SI base unit of time?
ਜਵਾਬ
The second (s). Minutes and hours are accepted for many everyday uses.
ਕਾਰਡ 367
ਸਵਾਲ
Where should the volume of a clear water-based liquid be read in a graduated cylinder?
ਜਵਾਬ
At the bottom of the meniscus. Keep your eye level with the liquid surface.
ਕਾਰਡ 368
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature?
ਜਵਾਬ
The kelvin (K). Degrees Celsius are widely used for laboratory and body temperatures.
ਕਾਰਡ 369
ਸਵਾਲ
Which tool measures temperature?
ਜਵਾਬ
A thermometer. Its range and resolution should match the task.
ਕਾਰਡ 370
ਸਵਾਲ
What factor does the metric prefix kilo- represent?
ਜਵਾਬ
One thousand, or 10³. One kilometer equals 1,000 meters.
ਕਾਰਡ 371
ਸਵਾਲ
A ruler's smallest marking is 1 mm. To what place should a careful analog reading usually be estimated?
ਜਵਾਬ
One place beyond the smallest marking, when the scale allows it. The final digit is uncertain.
ਕਾਰਡ 372
ਸਵਾਲ
What is measurement accuracy?
ਜਵਾਬ
Closeness to an accepted or true value. A systematic error can make precise measurements inaccurate.
ਕਾਰਡ 373
ਸਵਾਲ
How do mass and weight differ?
ਜਵਾਬ
Mass is the amount of matter; weight is gravitational force on that mass. Mass stays constant when gravity changes, but weight does not.
ਕਾਰਡ 374
ਸਵਾਲ
What factor does the metric prefix milli- represent?
ਜਵਾਬ
One thousandth, or 10⁻³. One milliliter is 0.001 liter.
ਕਾਰਡ 375
ਸਵਾਲ
How can the volume of an irregular solid be measured with water?
ਜਵਾਬ
Use water displacement. Subtract the initial water volume from the final volume after submerging the object.
ਕਾਰਡ 376
ਸਵਾਲ
What is measurement precision?
ਜਵਾਬ
Closeness of repeated measurements to one another. Precise results can still be consistently wrong.
ਕਾਰਡ 377
ਸਵਾਲ
What is an instrument's resolution?
ਜਵਾਬ
The smallest change it can meaningfully display or distinguish. Higher resolution does not automatically guarantee accuracy.
ਕਾਰਡ 378
ਸਵਾਲ
How many centimeters are in 2.5 meters?
ਜਵਾਬ
2.5 × 10² cm (250 cm). Multiply meters by the exact conversion factor 100 cm/m.
ਕਾਰਡ 379
ਸਵਾਲ
Why must a numerical measurement include a unit?
ਜਵਾਬ
The unit identifies the quantity's scale. A bare number is ambiguous and cannot be compared reliably.
ਕਾਰਡ 380
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a scientific observation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Information recorded with senses or instruments. It should be distinguished from an explanation of what was observed.
ਕਾਰਡ 381
ਸਵਾਲ
What makes a hypothesis scientifically useful?
ਜਵਾਬ
It is testable and falsifiable. Evidence must be able to count against it.
ਕਾਰਡ 382
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a scientific theory?
ਜਵਾਬ
A broad, well-supported explanation of natural phenomena. It is not a casual guess and can be revised with new evidence.
ਕਾਰਡ 383
ਸਵਾਲ
Which claim is falsifiable: 'No possible observation could count against this treatment's effectiveness' or 'This treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour'?
ਜਵਾਬ
The claim that the treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour. An observation could count against it, so evidence can test it.
ਕਾਰਡ 384
ਸਵਾਲ
What is an inference?
ਜਵਾਬ
A logical interpretation based on observations and prior knowledge. It goes beyond the raw measurement.
ਕਾਰਡ 385
ਸਵਾਲ
How does a prediction relate to a hypothesis?
ਜਵਾਬ
It states an expected result if the hypothesis is correct. Experiments compare observed results with that expectation.
ਕਾਰਡ 386
ਸਵਾਲ
How does a scientific law differ from a scientific theory?
ਜਵਾਬ
A law describes a consistent pattern; a theory explains how or why patterns occur. One does not mature into the other.
ਕਾਰਡ 387
ਸਵਾਲ
What does reliability mean for a measurement or procedure?
ਜਵਾਬ
It produces consistent results under the same conditions. Repetition helps assess reliability.
ਕਾਰਡ 388
ਸਵਾਲ
What does a correlation show?
ਜਵਾਬ
Two variables change together in a patterned way. Correlation alone does not establish that one causes the other.
ਕਾਰਡ 389
ਸਵਾਲ
What is bias in scientific work?
ਜਵਾਬ
A systematic influence that pushes observations, selection, or interpretation in one direction. Good design tries to prevent or measure it.
ਕਾਰਡ 390
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the purpose of scientific peer review?
ਜਵਾਬ
Independent experts evaluate methods, reasoning, and reporting before publication. It improves scrutiny but does not guarantee truth.
ਕਾਰਡ 391
ਸਵਾਲ
What does validity ask about a study or measurement?
ਜਵਾਬ
Whether it measures or tests what it claims to measure or test. Consistency alone does not ensure validity.
ਕਾਰਡ 392
ਸਵਾਲ
What evidence most strengthens a causal claim?
ਜਵਾਬ
A well-controlled experiment that manipulates the suspected cause. Random assignment reduces confounding, while independent replication tests whether the result holds with new data.
ਕਾਰਡ 393
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a primary scientific source?
ਜਵਾਬ
A report of original methods, data, and results. A review article synthesizes many primary studies.
ਕਾਰਡ 394
ਸਵਾਲ
How should an unexpected outlier be handled?
ਜਵਾਬ
Investigate and report it rather than deleting it automatically. Exclusion needs a documented scientific reason.
ਕਾਰਡ 395
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a confounding variable?
ਜਵਾਬ
An outside factor related to both the suspected cause and the outcome. It can create a misleading association.
ਕਾਰਡ 396
ਸਵਾਲ
Why should a sample represent the population of interest?
ਜਵਾਬ
Results generalize poorly when important groups are missing or overrepresented. Sampling method matters as much as size.
ਕਾਰਡ 397
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a scientific model?
ਜਵਾਬ
A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system. A model is useful within its assumptions and limits.
ਕਾਰਡ 398
ਸਵਾਲ
Why should measurements report uncertainty or reasonable precision?
ਜਵਾਬ
Every measurement has limits. Reporting more digits than the method supports creates false precision.
ਕਾਰਡ 399
ਸਵਾਲ
If results match a prediction once, what is the safest conclusion?
ਜਵਾਬ
The results support the hypothesis under those conditions. One result does not prove the hypothesis in every setting.
ਕਾਰਡ 400
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a direct relationship between two variables?
ਜਵਾਬ
As one increases, the other tends to increase; as one decreases, the other tends to decrease. The relationship need not be perfectly linear.
ਕਾਰਡ 401
ਸਵਾਲ
Which variable is usually placed on the x-axis of an experimental graph?
ਜਵਾਬ
The independent variable. It is the factor selected or changed by the investigator.
ਕਾਰਡ 402
ਸਵਾਲ
What does the slope of a straight-line graph represent?
ਜਵਾਬ
Change in y divided by change in x. It is the response rate per unit change in the other variable.
ਕਾਰਡ 403
ਸਵਾਲ
A line rises 12 units in y while x rises 3 units. What is its slope?
ਜਵਾਬ
4 units of y per unit of x. Divide 12 by 3.
ਕਾਰਡ 404
ਸਵਾਲ
What is an inverse relationship?
ਜਵਾਬ
As one variable increases, the other tends to decrease. Their product is constant only in a strictly inverse proportion.
ਕਾਰਡ 405
ਸਵਾਲ
Which variable is usually placed on the y-axis of an experimental graph?
ਜਵਾਬ
The dependent variable. It is the measured response.
ਕਾਰਡ 406
ਸਵਾਲ
What does a plateau on a response graph indicate?
ਜਵਾਬ
The measured response has stopped changing much despite further x increases. A limiting factor may have been reached.
ਕਾਰਡ 407
ਸਵਾਲ
What is interpolation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Estimating a value within the range of measured data. It is generally safer than extrapolating beyond that range.
ਕਾਰਡ 408
ਸਵਾਲ
What pattern suggests no relationship between two plotted variables?
ਜਵਾਬ
The response shows no consistent change as the other variable changes. Points may scatter without a trend.
ਕਾਰਡ 409
ਸਵਾਲ
Before comparing values in a data table, what should you check?
ਜਵਾਬ
Headings, units, and conditions. Numbers from different measures or scales cannot be compared directly.
ਕਾਰਡ 410
ਸਵਾਲ
If 3 samples require 12 mL total, how much is needed for 5 equal samples?
ਜਵਾਬ
20 mL. The rate is 4 mL per sample, so multiply by 5.
ਕਾਰਡ 411
ਸਵਾਲ
How is the arithmetic mean calculated?
ਜਵਾਬ
Add all values and divide by the number of values. A large outlier can shift the mean.
ਕਾਰਡ 412
ਸਵਾਲ
Why is extrapolation uncertain?
ਜਵਾਬ
It assumes the observed trend continues outside measured conditions. The relationship may change beyond the data range.
ਕਾਰਡ 413
ਸਵਾਲ
A culture grows from 20 to 50 cells in 6 hours. What is the average growth rate?
ਜਵਾਬ
5 cells per hour. The change is 30 cells divided by 6 hours.
ਕਾਰਡ 414
ਸਵਾਲ
A measurement rises from 40 to 50. What is the percent increase?
ਜਵਾਬ
25%. The increase is 10, and 10 ÷ 40 × 100 = 25%.
ਕਾਰਡ 415
ਸਵਾਲ
When can the median describe a typical value better than the mean?
ਜਵਾਬ
When data are skewed or contain strong outliers. In an ordered set, the median is the middle value for an odd count and the mean of the two middle values for an even count.
ਕਾਰਡ 416
ਸਵਾਲ
How do quantitative and qualitative data differ?
ਜਵਾਬ
Quantitative data are numerical; qualitative data describe categories or qualities. Both can answer scientific questions.
ਕਾਰਡ 417
ਸਵਾਲ
A response is 2 at dose 1, 4 at dose 2, and 8 at dose 4. If the relationship is linear, what response is predicted at dose 3?
ਜਵਾਬ
6. The observed rate is 2 response units per dose unit, so interpolation at dose 3 gives 6.
ਕਾਰਡ 418
ਸਵਾਲ
How can a graph reveal a nonlinear relationship?
ਜਵਾਬ
The points follow a curve rather than a straight line. The rate of change varies across the x-range.
ਕਾਰਡ 419
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the range of a data set?
ਜਵਾਬ
Maximum minus minimum. It describes total spread but ignores the distribution between the endpoints.
ਕਾਰਡ 420
ਸਵਾਲ
What makes a scientific research question testable?
ਜਵਾਬ
It identifies measurable variables or observable outcomes. The needed data must be obtainable.
ਕਾਰਡ 421
ਸਵਾਲ
In an experiment, what is the independent variable?
ਜਵਾਬ
The factor deliberately changed or assigned by the investigator. In a simple one-factor experiment, changing one independent variable helps isolate its effect.
ਕਾਰਡ 422
ਸਵਾਲ
What should a hypothesis connect?
ਜਵਾਬ
A proposed explanation with a measurable outcome. It should lead to a prediction that evidence can challenge.
ਕਾਰਡ 423
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a controlled variable, or constant?
ਜਵਾਬ
A condition kept the same across groups. Holding it constant prevents it from explaining outcome differences.
ਕਾਰਡ 424
ਸਵਾਲ
What is the purpose of a control group?
ਜਵਾਬ
It provides a comparison without the experimental treatment. Differences can then be attributed more confidently to the treatment.
ਕਾਰਡ 425
ਸਵਾਲ
In an experiment, what is the dependent variable?
ਜਵਾਬ
The measured response. It may change because of the independent variable.
ਕਾਰਡ 426
ਸਵਾਲ
What form can a useful experimental prediction take?
ਜਵਾਬ
If the independent variable changes in a stated way, then the dependent variable should respond in a stated way. The reason links it to the hypothesis.
ਕਾਰਡ 427
ਸਵਾਲ
What does a positive control demonstrate?
ਜਵਾਬ
That the setup can produce a known response. If it fails, the test system may be defective.
ਕਾਰਡ 428
ਸਵਾਲ
Why randomly assign subjects to experimental groups?
ਜਵਾਬ
To distribute known and unknown differences more evenly. This reduces selection bias and confounding.
ਕਾਰਡ 429
ਸਵਾਲ
How can blinding reduce bias?
ਜਵਾਬ
It keeps participants, observers, or both unaware of treatment assignments. Expectations are less likely to affect behavior or measurement.
ਕਾਰਡ 430
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a placebo?
ਜਵਾਬ
An inactive treatment designed to resemble the experimental treatment. It helps separate treatment effects from expectation effects.
ਕਾਰਡ 431
ਸਵਾਲ
What does a negative control demonstrate?
ਜਵਾਬ
What happens when the tested cause is absent. An unexpected response may reveal contamination or another source.
ਕਾਰਡ 432
ਸਵਾਲ
Why does a larger sample often improve a study?
ਜਵਾਬ
It reduces the influence of chance variation and supports more stable estimates. It cannot repair a biased sampling method.
ਕਾਰਡ 433
ਸਵਾਲ
Why repeat trials within an experiment?
ਜਵਾਬ
To estimate variability and check consistency. One unusual trial then has less influence.
ਕਾਰਡ 434
ਸਵਾਲ
Why must an experimental procedure be detailed and standardized?
ਜਵਾਬ
So groups are treated consistently and others can reproduce the work. Uncontrolled procedural differences create alternative explanations.
ਕਾਰਡ 435
ਸਵਾਲ
Why calibrate a measuring instrument before collecting data?
ਜਵਾਬ
To compare its readings with a known standard and reduce systematic error. Calibration improves confidence in accuracy.
ਕਾਰਡ 436
ਸਵਾਲ
What is an operational definition?
ਜਵਾਬ
A precise statement of how a variable is measured or manipulated. It turns an abstract concept into a repeatable procedure.
ਕਾਰਡ 437
ਸਵਾਲ
How does independent replication differ from repeated trials?
ਜਵਾਬ
Independent replication repeats a study with independently collected data, often by a different investigator; repeated trials rerun measurements within the original experiment. Replication tests consistency across separate studies.
ਕਾਰਡ 438
ਸਵਾਲ
Why should raw data be recorded before interpretation?
ਜਵਾਬ
It preserves the observations separately from conclusions. Others can check calculations and reasoning.
ਕਾਰਡ 439
ਸਵਾਲ
What should a scientific conclusion do?
ਜਵਾਬ
Answer the research question using the data and acknowledge limits. It should not claim more than the design supports.
ਕਾਰਡ 440
ਸਵਾਲ
What should happen when data do not support a hypothesis?
ਜਵਾਬ
Revise or reject the hypothesis and consider new tests. Data should not be altered to preserve the original idea.
ਕਾਰਡ 441
ਸਵਾਲ
What is a study limitation?
ਜਵਾਬ
A feature that restricts interpretation or generalization. Small samples, short duration, and imperfect measurements are examples.
ਕਾਰਡ 442
ਸਵਾਲ
Why are ethics part of experimental design?
ਜਵਾਬ
Research must protect participants, organisms, and communities while balancing risks and benefits. Consent and humane treatment are key examples.
ਕਾਰਡ 443
ਸਵਾਲ
How does an observational study differ from an experiment?
ਜਵਾਬ
It measures variables without assigning the exposure. It can find associations but usually supports weaker causal conclusions.
ਕਾਰਡ 444
ਸਵਾਲ
Plants receive 0, 2, or 4 hours of added light, and growth is measured. What is the independent variable?
ਜਵਾਬ
Hours of added light. Plant growth is the dependent variable.
ਕਾਰਡ 445
ਸਵਾਲ
A fertilizer study gives every plant the same water, soil, and temperature. What are these conditions?
ਜਵਾਬ
Controlled variables. Keeping them constant isolates the fertilizer's effect.
ਕਾਰਡ 446
ਸਵਾਲ
A drug group improves more than a control group, but the groups were not randomly assigned. What is the main caution?
ਜਵਾਬ
Preexisting group differences could explain some improvement. The result is suggestive, but the design weakens a causal claim.
446 ਕਾਰਡ
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
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