ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
Practice 446 original ATI TEAS 7 Science recall and mini-scenario cards across A&P, biology, chemistry, and scientific reasoning.
Over dit deck
Build the core Science knowledge and reasoning used for ATI TEAS 7 with 446 independently authored flashcards.
What this deck practices
- Structure or concept → function: body systems, cells, molecules, atoms, solutions, and experimental parts.
- Function, outcome, or evidence → concept: selective reverse recall when recognizing the name matters in practice.
- Cause or condition → effect: physiology, chemical changes, reaction conditions, inheritance, and experimental predictions.
- Process and order: circulation, ventilation, digestion, urine formation, gene expression, cell division, and scientific investigations.
- Application: short calculations, comparisons, data interpretations, and original mini-scenarios.
The deck does not mechanically reverse every fact. It excludes multiple-choice distractors, exhaustive anatomy lists, obscure chemical nomenclature, advanced pathophysiology, pharmacology, and nursing-school procedures because those mappings do not improve entry-level TEAS Science recall.
The sequence introduces prerequisites before dependent ideas: anatomical language before body systems, cells before genetics, atoms before reactions, and measurement before experimental design. Related forward and reverse variants are separated so one card does not immediately reveal another.
Coverage follows the four Science areas and relative emphasis in ATI's public ATI TEAS 7 content outline: Human Anatomy and Physiology, Biology, Chemistry, and Scientific Reasoning. The public outline defines scope only. Questions, answers, explanations, examples, and ordering were independently authored from common scientific knowledge checked against open educational and official public sources.
No exam question, mark scheme, paid ATI flashcard, test-bank item, or curriculum text was copied. This is an independent, unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. ATI and TEAS are marks of Assessment Technologies Institute, L.L.C.; this deck is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or produced by ATI. See ATI's official exam details for current requirements.
Kaarten in dit deck
Kaart 1
Vraag
What posture defines the standard anatomical position?
Antwoord
Standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms forward. The feet point forward, giving anatomy a consistent reference position.
Kaart 2
Vraag
In anatomical language, what does superior mean?
Antwoord
Toward the head or above another structure. Inferior means toward the feet or below.
Kaart 3
Vraag
Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right portions?
Antwoord
The sagittal plane. A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.
Kaart 4
Vraag
Why does the body use feedback mechanisms?
Antwoord
To regulate internal conditions. Feedback compares a condition with a set range and triggers responses that adjust it.
Kaart 5
Vraag
What is the order of structural organization from simplest to most complex?
Antwoord
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. Each level builds on interactions at the preceding level.
Kaart 6
Vraag
What does anterior mean in human anatomy?
Antwoord
Toward the front of the body. Posterior means toward the back.
Kaart 7
Vraag
Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions?
Antwoord
The transverse plane. It is also called the horizontal plane.
Kaart 8
Vraag
What is homeostasis?
Antwoord
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. It is dynamic rather than perfectly unchanging.
Kaart 9
Vraag
Which major body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?
Antwoord
The dorsal body cavity. Its cranial cavity holds the brain, and its vertebral cavity holds the spinal cord.
Kaart 10
Vraag
What does medial mean in anatomical language?
Antwoord
Toward the body's midline. Lateral means farther from the midline.
Kaart 11
Vraag
A rise in body temperature triggers sweating. What control pattern is this?
Antwoord
Negative feedback. The response opposes the original temperature change and moves the body toward its normal range.
Kaart 12
Vraag
Which anatomical plane divides the body into front and back portions?
Antwoord
The frontal, or coronal, plane. It separates anterior from posterior portions.
Kaart 13
Vraag
Which major body cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Antwoord
The ventral body cavity. The diaphragm separates its thoracic and abdominopelvic portions.
Kaart 14
Vraag
What does proximal mean when describing a limb?
Antwoord
Closer to the limb's point of attachment. Distal means farther from that point.
Kaart 15
Vraag
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
Antwoord
Positive feedback amplifies the initial change. Negative feedback opposes a change; positive feedback continues until a stopping event occurs.
Kaart 16
Vraag
Which tissue type covers surfaces and lines body cavities?
Antwoord
Epithelial tissue. It also forms many glands and often serves protective, absorptive, or secretory roles.
Kaart 17
Vraag
Which tissue type mainly supports, binds, and protects other tissues?
Antwoord
Connective tissue. Its cells are typically separated by an extracellular matrix.
Kaart 18
Vraag
What shared property lets muscle tissue produce movement?
Antwoord
Contractility. Muscle cells shorten or develop tension in response to stimulation.
Kaart 19
Vraag
Which tissue type rapidly communicates by electrical signals?
Antwoord
Nervous tissue. Neurons transmit signals, while supporting cells help maintain their environment.
Kaart 20
Vraag
Why are tightly packed epithelial cells well suited for barriers?
Antwoord
They leave little space between cells. This continuous arrangement limits passage across a surface.
Kaart 21
Vraag
What distinguishes connective tissue from epithelial tissue?
Antwoord
Connective tissue usually has abundant extracellular matrix. Epithelial cells are more tightly packed.
Kaart 22
Vraag
What are the four basic human tissue types?
Antwoord
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Organs contain two or more tissue types working together.
Kaart 23
Vraag
What makes a structure an organ rather than a tissue?
Antwoord
An organ combines multiple tissue types for a specific function. A tissue is a group of similar cells and matrix performing related work.
Kaart 24
Vraag
What are the skeletal system's main functions?
Antwoord
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood-cell production, and fat storage. Bones also provide levers for muscles.
Kaart 25
Vraag
What belongs to the axial skeleton?
Antwoord
The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. These structures form the body's central axis.
Kaart 26
Vraag
How do compact and spongy bone differ?
Antwoord
Compact bone is dense; spongy bone has a lattice of trabeculae. Both are organized living bone tissue.
Kaart 27
Vraag
What is a joint?
Antwoord
A place where two or more bones meet. Joint structure determines how much movement is possible.
Kaart 28
Vraag
Which bone cell builds new bone matrix?
Antwoord
An osteoblast. Osteoclasts break down bone, while osteocytes maintain mature bone tissue.
Kaart 29
Vraag
What belongs to the appendicular skeleton?
Antwoord
The limbs plus the shoulder and pelvic girdles. It attaches the limbs to the axial skeleton.
Kaart 30
Vraag
What is the main role of red bone marrow?
Antwoord
Blood-cell production. This process is called hematopoiesis.
Kaart 31
Vraag
Which joint class allows the greatest range of motion?
Antwoord
A synovial joint. A fluid-filled joint cavity reduces friction between articulating surfaces.
Kaart 32
Vraag
Which bone cell breaks down bone matrix?
Antwoord
An osteoclast. Bone resorption helps remodeling and mineral balance.
Kaart 33
Vraag
What does a ligament connect?
Antwoord
Bone to bone. A tendon connects muscle to bone.
Kaart 34
Vraag
What is the shaft of a long bone called?
Antwoord
The diaphysis. The enlarged ends are the epiphyses.
Kaart 35
Vraag
Why is bone important to blood-calcium balance?
Antwoord
Bone stores calcium and can release or absorb it during remodeling. Hormones regulate this exchange.
Kaart 36
Vraag
What is stored mainly in yellow bone marrow?
Antwoord
Fat. It serves as an energy reserve.
Kaart 37
Vraag
What does articular cartilage do at a synovial joint?
Antwoord
It reduces friction and absorbs shock. It covers the ends of articulating bones.
Kaart 38
Vraag
Why must a broken bone receive a blood supply during healing?
Antwoord
Repairing cells need oxygen and nutrients. Restored blood vessels support fracture healing.
Kaart 39
Vraag
What is bone remodeling?
Antwoord
Continuous removal and replacement of bone tissue. It repairs microdamage and helps bones adapt to stress.
Kaart 40
Vraag
Which muscle tissue is usually under voluntary control?
Antwoord
Skeletal muscle. Most skeletal muscles move the skeleton, while some, such as facial muscles, insert into skin or other soft tissue.
Kaart 41
Vraag
What is a sarcomere?
Antwoord
The basic contractile unit of striated muscle. It lies between two Z discs.
Kaart 42
Vraag
What does a tendon connect?
Antwoord
Muscle to bone. It transmits muscle force to the skeleton.
Kaart 43
Vraag
Which proteins slide past one another during muscle contraction?
Antwoord
Actin and myosin. Their interaction shortens sarcomeres without shortening the filaments themselves.
Kaart 44
Vraag
Where is smooth muscle commonly found?
Antwoord
In the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels. Its contractions are generally involuntary.
Kaart 45
Vraag
What ion exposes binding sites needed for skeletal muscle contraction?
Antwoord
Calcium. Its release inside the muscle fiber allows actin and myosin interaction.
Kaart 46
Vraag
How do antagonistic muscle pairs move a joint?
Antwoord
One muscle contracts while the opposing muscle relaxes. Reversing their roles moves the joint in the opposite direction.
Kaart 47
Vraag
Why does muscle contraction require ATP?
Antwoord
ATP powers cross-bridge cycling and ion pumps. It is also needed for myosin to detach from actin.
Kaart 48
Vraag
Which muscle tissue makes up the heart wall?
Antwoord
Cardiac muscle. It is striated, involuntary, and connected for coordinated pumping.
Kaart 49
Vraag
During a typical muscle contraction, which attachment moves more: origin or insertion?
Antwoord
The insertion. The origin is generally the more fixed attachment.
Kaart 50
Vraag
Which type of neuron sends the signal that initiates skeletal-muscle contraction?
Antwoord
A somatic motor neuron. It releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, triggering an action potential in the muscle fiber.
Kaart 51
Vraag
What is muscle tone?
Antwoord
Continuous low-level muscle tension. It helps maintain posture and readiness without producing a large movement.
Kaart 52
Vraag
How does skeletal muscle help regulate body temperature?
Antwoord
Contraction releases heat. Shivering increases rapid contractions when the body is cold.
Kaart 53
Vraag
What are the three muscle tissue types?
Antwoord
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. They differ in location, structure, and control.
Kaart 54
Vraag
What is a neuron's main function?
Antwoord
To receive, process, and transmit information. Neurons use electrical signals and chemical messengers.
Kaart 55
Vraag
What structures make up the central nervous system?
Antwoord
The brain and spinal cord. They integrate information and coordinate responses.
Kaart 56
Vraag
Which part of a neuron usually receives incoming signals?
Antwoord
The dendrites. The cell body integrates much of that input.
Kaart 57
Vraag
What does the peripheral nervous system include?
Antwoord
Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. It links the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Kaart 58
Vraag
Which neuron structure carries an impulse away from the cell body?
Antwoord
The axon. Its terminals communicate with another cell.
Kaart 59
Vraag
Which nervous-system division controls skeletal muscles voluntarily?
Antwoord
The somatic nervous system. It also carries sensory information from skin, muscles, and joints.
Kaart 60
Vraag
What is a synapse?
Antwoord
A junction where one neuron communicates with another cell. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters across a small gap.
Kaart 61
Vraag
Which nervous-system division regulates organs and glands without conscious control?
Antwoord
The autonomic nervous system. It includes sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Kaart 62
Vraag
How does myelin affect nerve signaling?
Antwoord
It speeds impulse conduction along an axon. Myelin insulates segments of the axon.
Kaart 63
Vraag
Which autonomic division prepares the body for acute activity?
Antwoord
The sympathetic division. It generally increases alertness and supports a fight-or-flight response.
Kaart 64
Vraag
What is a reflex?
Antwoord
A rapid, predictable response to a stimulus. A reflex pathway can act before conscious awareness.
Kaart 65
Vraag
Which autonomic division supports rest, digestion, and energy conservation?
Antwoord
The parasympathetic division. It generally promotes routine maintenance functions.
Kaart 66
Vraag
Which brain region is most associated with conscious thought and voluntary movement?
Antwoord
The cerebrum. Its cortex also processes much sensory information.
Kaart 67
Vraag
Which brain region fine-tunes balance and coordinated movement?
Antwoord
The cerebellum. It compares intended movement with sensory feedback.
Kaart 68
Vraag
Which brain region controls vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate?
Antwoord
The brainstem. It also connects higher brain regions with the spinal cord.
Kaart 69
Vraag
How do sensory and motor neurons differ?
Antwoord
Sensory neurons carry information toward the CNS; motor neurons carry commands away. Interneurons connect and process signals within the CNS.
Kaart 70
Vraag
What does a sensory receptor do?
Antwoord
It converts a stimulus into a neural signal. Different receptors respond best to particular forms of energy or chemicals.
Kaart 71
Vraag
What is a hormone?
Antwoord
A chemical messenger released into body fluids to affect target cells. A target responds only if it has the appropriate receptor.
Kaart 72
Vraag
Why is the pituitary gland often called a master gland?
Antwoord
Several pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands. The hypothalamus controls much of pituitary activity.
Kaart 73
Vraag
Why can one hormone affect some cells but not others?
Antwoord
Only target cells have the matching receptor. Receptor binding starts the cell's response.
Kaart 74
Vraag
Which gland produces hormones that broadly increase metabolic activity?
Antwoord
The thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones influence energy use and development.
Kaart 75
Vraag
What is insulin's main effect on blood glucose?
Antwoord
It lowers blood glucose. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage after a meal.
Kaart 76
Vraag
Which glands release a hormone that raises blood calcium?
Antwoord
The parathyroid glands. Parathyroid hormone acts on bone, kidneys, and vitamin D pathways.
Kaart 77
Vraag
Which adrenal region releases epinephrine during acute stress?
Antwoord
The adrenal medulla. Its hormones reinforce sympathetic nervous-system effects.
Kaart 78
Vraag
Which organ has both endocrine and digestive functions?
Antwoord
The pancreas. Its islets release hormones, while other cells release digestive enzymes.
Kaart 79
Vraag
What is glucagon's main effect on blood glucose?
Antwoord
It raises blood glucose. It promotes release of stored glucose during fasting.
Kaart 80
Vraag
Rising thyroid hormone reduces its own upstream stimulation. What pattern is this?
Antwoord
Negative feedback. The final hormone limits further release along the control pathway.
Kaart 81
Vraag
Which adrenal region produces steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone?
Antwoord
The adrenal cortex. It surrounds the adrenal medulla.
Kaart 82
Vraag
Which gland releases melatonin and helps regulate daily sleep timing?
Antwoord
The pineal gland. Light information influences its secretion pattern.
Kaart 83
Vraag
Which hormone directly increases collecting-duct water permeability?
Antwoord
Antidiuretic hormone, or ADH. It makes collecting ducts more permeable to water, increasing water reabsorption and usually producing less, more concentrated urine.
Kaart 84
Vraag
Which hormone strengthens uterine contractions during labor?
Antwoord
Oxytocin. This is a classic positive-feedback pathway that ends after delivery.
Kaart 85
Vraag
How does endocrine signaling generally differ from nervous signaling?
Antwoord
It is usually slower to start and longer lasting. Hormones travel through body fluids, while neurons signal specific targets rapidly.
Kaart 86
Vraag
What is plasma?
Antwoord
The liquid portion of blood. It carries cells, nutrients, hormones, proteins, wastes, and dissolved gases.
Kaart 87
Vraag
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
Antwoord
The right side. The right ventricle sends deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary trunk and arteries.
Kaart 88
Vraag
What is the main function of red blood cells?
Antwoord
Transporting oxygen. Their hemoglobin also carries a smaller share of carbon dioxide.
Kaart 89
Vraag
What defines an artery?
Antwoord
It carries blood away from the heart. Oxygen content does not define it; pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood.
Kaart 90
Vraag
What is the main function of white blood cells?
Antwoord
Body defense. Different white blood cells recognize, attack, or coordinate responses to threats.
Kaart 91
Vraag
Which side of the heart pumps blood into systemic circulation?
Antwoord
The left side. The left ventricle sends oxygenated blood into the aorta.
Kaart 92
Vraag
What is the main purpose of heart valves?
Antwoord
To keep blood moving in one direction. Pressure differences open and close them.
Kaart 93
Vraag
What defines a vein?
Antwoord
It carries blood toward the heart. Many veins contain valves that limit backflow.
Kaart 94
Vraag
What is the main role of platelets?
Antwoord
Helping stop bleeding. They form a platelet plug and support clotting reactions at a damaged vessel.
Kaart 95
Vraag
Why are capillaries well suited for exchange?
Antwoord
Their walls are only one cell layer thick. Their small diameter and large total surface area support diffusion and filtration.
Kaart 96
Vraag
After blood enters the right atrium, what chamber receives it next?
Antwoord
The right ventricle. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve before entering that chamber.
Kaart 97
Vraag
What happens during ventricular systole?
Antwoord
The ventricles contract and eject blood. The right ventricle pumps to the lungs, and the left pumps to the body.
Kaart 98
Vraag
What is pulmonary circulation?
Antwoord
Blood flow between the heart and lungs. It allows gas exchange and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
Kaart 99
Vraag
What normally sets the heart's rhythm?
Antwoord
The sinoatrial, or SA, node. Its spontaneous electrical activity initiates each heartbeat.
Kaart 100
Vraag
What molecule in red blood cells binds oxygen?
Antwoord
Hemoglobin. Its iron-containing heme groups bind oxygen reversibly.
Kaart 101
Vraag
What happens during ventricular diastole?
Antwoord
The ventricles relax and fill. Atrioventricular valves are open during most ventricular filling.
Kaart 102
Vraag
What is systemic circulation?
Antwoord
Blood flow between the heart and the body's tissues. It delivers oxygen and nutrients and returns wastes.
Kaart 103
Vraag
What does arterial blood pressure measure?
Antwoord
The force of blood against artery walls. It is commonly reported as systolic over diastolic pressure.
Kaart 104
Vraag
What do coronary arteries supply?
Antwoord
The heart muscle itself. Blocked coronary blood flow can deprive myocardium of oxygen.
Kaart 105
Vraag
Which major vessels return systemic blood to the right atrium?
Antwoord
The superior and inferior venae cavae. The superior vessel drains the upper body; the inferior drains the lower body.
Kaart 106
Vraag
What is the respiratory system's primary gas-exchange function?
Antwoord
Bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide. Ventilation moves air, while diffusion exchanges gases.
Kaart 107
Vraag
What is the airflow sequence from the pharynx to the gas-exchange surfaces?
Antwoord
Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. Each branch conducts air deeper into the lungs.
Kaart 108
Vraag
Where does most gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Antwoord
Across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Thin walls and a large surface area shorten diffusion distance.
Kaart 109
Vraag
What does the diaphragm do during quiet inhalation?
Antwoord
It contracts and moves downward. Thoracic volume rises, lung pressure falls, and air flows inward.
Kaart 110
Vraag
Why does oxygen move from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries?
Antwoord
Its partial pressure is higher in alveolar air than in incoming blood. Oxygen diffuses down that gradient.
Kaart 111
Vraag
What drives quiet exhalation?
Antwoord
Elastic recoil after inspiratory muscles relax. Thoracic volume falls and pressure pushes air outward.
Kaart 112
Vraag
What is the pleura?
Antwoord
A double membrane surrounding each lung. A thin fluid layer reduces friction during breathing.
Kaart 113
Vraag
How is most oxygen transported in blood?
Antwoord
Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Only a small amount dissolves directly in plasma.
Kaart 114
Vraag
Why does carbon dioxide move from pulmonary blood into alveoli?
Antwoord
Its partial pressure is higher in incoming blood than in alveolar air. It diffuses down that gradient for exhalation.
Kaart 115
Vraag
What helps keep swallowed material out of the airway?
Antwoord
The epiglottis and coordinated swallowing reflexes. The laryngeal opening is protected as food passes.
Kaart 116
Vraag
How does the conducting airway remove trapped particles?
Antwoord
Mucus traps them, and cilia move the mucus toward the throat. This is the mucociliary escalator.
Kaart 117
Vraag
In what form is most carbon dioxide transported in blood?
Antwoord
As bicarbonate ions. Red blood cells help convert carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate.
Kaart 118
Vraag
Which blood change is a strong normal stimulus to increase breathing?
Antwoord
A rise in carbon dioxide and the associated fall in pH. Brainstem centers adjust ventilation in response.
Kaart 119
Vraag
Why must alveoli receive both air and blood?
Antwoord
Gas exchange needs ventilation and perfusion. Air without blood flow, or blood without airflow, cannot exchange gases effectively.
Kaart 120
Vraag
Why does ventilation increase during exercise?
Antwoord
Active tissues use more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide. Faster, deeper breathing helps meet that demand.
Kaart 121
Vraag
What are the digestive system's core functions?
Antwoord
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Movement and secretion support those processes.
Kaart 122
Vraag
What is the alimentary-canal sequence after the mouth?
Antwoord
Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. Food passes through this continuous tube.
Kaart 123
Vraag
What is mechanical digestion?
Antwoord
Physical breakdown and mixing of food without changing its molecules. Chewing and stomach churning are examples.
Kaart 124
Vraag
What are two major functions of the stomach?
Antwoord
It stores and mixes food and begins substantial protein digestion. Acid denatures proteins, converts pepsinogen to pepsin, and provides the low pH pepsin needs.
Kaart 125
Vraag
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
Antwoord
The small intestine. Folds, villi, and microvilli create a large absorptive surface.
Kaart 126
Vraag
Which nutrient does salivary amylase begin digesting in the mouth?
Antwoord
Carbohydrates, especially starch. Salivary amylase breaks starch into smaller carbohydrates.
Kaart 127
Vraag
What is chemical digestion?
Antwoord
Enzymatic breakdown of large food molecules into absorbable units. Chemical bonds are changed during the process.
Kaart 128
Vraag
What is peristalsis?
Antwoord
Wave-like smooth-muscle contractions that move material forward. It occurs throughout much of the digestive tract.
Kaart 129
Vraag
What is a main function of the large intestine?
Antwoord
Absorbing water and electrolytes and forming feces. Resident microbes also process some undigested material.
Kaart 130
Vraag
What digestive product does the liver make?
Antwoord
Bile. Bile salts help disperse dietary fat into smaller droplets.
Kaart 131
Vraag
What does a digestive sphincter do?
Antwoord
It regulates movement between regions of the digestive tract. Circular muscle contracts to close a passage.
Kaart 132
Vraag
What does the pancreas release into the small intestine?
Antwoord
Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid. Bicarbonate helps neutralize acidic material from the stomach.
Kaart 133
Vraag
How do intestinal villi improve absorption?
Antwoord
They increase surface area. Each villus contains blood capillaries and a lymphatic lacteal for transported nutrients.
Kaart 134
Vraag
What is the gallbladder's role?
Antwoord
It stores and concentrates bile. It releases bile into the small intestine when fatty food arrives.
Kaart 135
Vraag
Which macronutrient's absorbed products usually enter intestinal lacteals before reaching the blood?
Antwoord
Most dietary lipids. Their absorbed products travel through lymph before entering the bloodstream.
Kaart 136
Vraag
Which accessory organs help digestion without food passing through them?
Antwoord
The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Teeth and the tongue act mechanically; the other accessory organs add or store digestive secretions.
Kaart 137
Vraag
What organs make up the urinary system?
Antwoord
The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Kidneys make urine; the remaining organs transport, store, and release it.
Kaart 138
Vraag
What is a nephron?
Antwoord
The kidney's functional unit. It filters blood and adjusts the filtrate to form urine.
Kaart 139
Vraag
Where does blood filtration begin in a nephron?
Antwoord
At the renal corpuscle. Pressure pushes water and small solutes from glomerular capillaries into the capsule.
Kaart 140
Vraag
What moves urine from a kidney to the bladder?
Antwoord
A ureter. Smooth-muscle contractions propel urine along the tube.
Kaart 141
Vraag
What is the urinary bladder's main role?
Antwoord
Temporary urine storage. Stretch receptors help trigger the urge to urinate as it fills.
Kaart 142
Vraag
Which structure carries urine from the bladder out of the body?
Antwoord
The urethra. It is distinct from the ureters that enter the bladder.
Kaart 143
Vraag
What is tubular reabsorption?
Antwoord
Movement of useful substances from nephron fluid back into blood. Water, glucose, and ions are common examples.
Kaart 144
Vraag
What is the glomerulus?
Antwoord
A capillary tuft that filters blood in the renal corpuscle. Cells and most large proteins normally remain in circulation.
Kaart 145
Vraag
How does more ADH change urine?
Antwoord
It makes urine more concentrated and lowers its volume. More water is reabsorbed from the collecting ducts.
Kaart 146
Vraag
What path does filtrate follow after entering the glomerular capsule?
Antwoord
Proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct. The collecting duct receives forming urine from multiple nephrons.
Kaart 147
Vraag
What is tubular secretion?
Antwoord
Movement of selected substances from blood into nephron fluid. It helps eliminate wastes and regulate ions and pH.
Kaart 148
Vraag
Besides removing waste, what does the urinary system regulate?
Antwoord
Water, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and blood volume. Kidney hormones also affect blood pressure and red-cell production.
Kaart 149
Vraag
Why does dehydration usually reduce urine volume?
Antwoord
The body conserves water by increasing renal reabsorption. ADH is an important signal in this response.
Kaart 150
Vraag
Why do the kidneys receive a large blood flow?
Antwoord
They must continuously filter plasma and regulate its composition. High flow supports waste removal and homeostasis.
Kaart 151
Vraag
What is lymph?
Antwoord
Interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels. It eventually returns to the bloodstream.
Kaart 152
Vraag
What is innate immunity?
Antwoord
Rapid, nonspecific defense present before a particular exposure. Barriers, inflammation, and several immune cells contribute.
Kaart 153
Vraag
What is a major function of lymph nodes?
Antwoord
Filtering lymph and providing sites for immune-cell activation. Swelling can reflect an active immune response.
Kaart 154
Vraag
What does the spleen filter?
Antwoord
Blood. It removes aged blood cells and supports immune responses to blood-borne antigens.
Kaart 155
Vraag
What is a key function of B lymphocytes?
Antwoord
Producing antibody-secreting cells and memory cells. Antibodies bind specific antigens.
Kaart 156
Vraag
What distinguishes adaptive immunity?
Antwoord
It targets specific antigens and develops memory. Later exposure can trigger a faster, stronger response.
Kaart 157
Vraag
Which lymphatic organ is important for T-cell maturation?
Antwoord
The thymus. It is most active early in life.
Kaart 158
Vraag
What is the body's first physical barrier against many pathogens?
Antwoord
Intact skin and mucous membranes. Their secretions and normal microbes add protection.
Kaart 159
Vraag
What is a key function of T lymphocytes?
Antwoord
Coordinating immune responses or killing infected cells. Different T-cell types perform different roles.
Kaart 160
Vraag
What does an antibody bind?
Antwoord
A specific antigen. Binding can neutralize a target or mark it for other immune defenses.
Kaart 161
Vraag
What is the purpose of inflammation after tissue injury?
Antwoord
To contain damage, recruit defenses, and begin repair. Redness, heat, swelling, and pain can accompany it.
Kaart 162
Vraag
Why is a second adaptive response often faster than the first?
Antwoord
Memory lymphocytes remain after the first exposure. They respond quickly when the same antigen appears again.
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What does a phagocyte do?
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It engulfs particles, microbes, or debris. Neutrophils and macrophages are important examples.
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How does vaccination support adaptive immunity?
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It safely exposes the immune system to antigen information. This promotes memory without requiring the full disease.
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Why is lymphatic fluid return important?
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It prevents excess interstitial fluid from accumulating. Lymphatic vessels return fluid and leaked proteins to blood.
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What structures belong to the integumentary system?
Antwoord
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Together they form the body's outer covering.
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What is the epidermis?
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The outer epithelial layer of skin. It is avascular and contains protective keratinized cells.
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How does sweating cool the body?
Antwoord
Evaporation removes heat from the skin. Skin blood-flow changes also help regulate heat loss.
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What is a major role of melanin in skin?
Antwoord
Absorbing some ultraviolet radiation. It also contributes to skin and hair color.
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How does skin contribute to sensation?
Antwoord
Sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. Nerves carry that information to the CNS.
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What is the dermis?
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The connective-tissue layer beneath the epidermis. It contains vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.
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How does skin support vitamin D production?
Antwoord
Ultraviolet light starts conversion of a skin molecule into a vitamin D precursor. The liver and kidneys complete activation.
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Why does a deep skin wound bleed but a shallow epidermal scrape may not?
Antwoord
Blood vessels are in the dermis, not the epidermis. A wound must reach vascular tissue to damage them.
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What is a gamete?
Antwoord
A haploid reproductive cell. Human sperm and oocytes each carry 23 chromosomes.
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What are the testes' two main reproductive functions?
Antwoord
Producing sperm and secreting testosterone. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules.
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What tube carries sperm from the epididymis toward the ejaculatory duct?
Antwoord
The ductus, or vas, deferens. Smooth muscle propels sperm during ejaculation.
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What is ovulation?
Antwoord
Release of a secondary oocyte from an ovary. A surge in luteinizing hormone helps trigger it.
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Where does fertilization usually occur?
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In a uterine tube. The early embryo then travels toward the uterus.
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What are the ovaries' two main reproductive functions?
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Producing oocytes and secreting sex hormones. Estrogen and progesterone help regulate the reproductive cycle.
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What is the uterus' main reproductive role?
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Supporting implantation and development of an embryo and fetus. Its muscular wall also contracts during birth.
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What causes menstruation when pregnancy does not occur?
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Falling ovarian hormones allow the uterine lining to shed. A new cycle then begins.
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How does a sperm cell's structure support its function?
Antwoord
Its flagellum provides movement, and its head carries DNA plus enzymes used during fertilization. Mitochondria supply energy in the midpiece.
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What is the placenta's exchange role?
Antwoord
It allows gases, nutrients, and wastes to move between maternal and fetal circulations. Their blood normally does not mix directly.
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Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction?
Antwoord
It halves chromosome number in gametes. Fertilization then restores the diploid number.
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How do sex hormones regulate reproductive control pathways?
Antwoord
They usually feed back on the hypothalamus and pituitary. This adjusts release of hormones that act on the gonads.
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What does cell theory state?
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Living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells come from existing cells. These ideas link organism structure with cell division.
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What is the defining structural feature of a prokaryotic cell?
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It lacks a membrane-bound nucleus. Its DNA occupies a nucleoid region.
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What is the cell membrane's main role?
Antwoord
Regulating movement between the cell and its environment. Its phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable.
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What is the nucleus' main role?
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Storing most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA. Nuclear pores regulate exchange with the cytoplasm.
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Where are proteins assembled?
Antwoord
At ribosomes. Ribosomes may float in cytosol or attach to rough endoplasmic reticulum.
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What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
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A eukaryotic cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.
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What is a mitochondrion's main function?
Antwoord
Producing most cellular ATP through aerobic respiration. Its inner membrane provides a large reaction surface.
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What does rough endoplasmic reticulum mainly produce?
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Proteins for secretion, membranes, or organelles. Ribosomes on its surface make the proteins.
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Which organelle carries out photosynthesis in plants and algae?
Antwoord
The chloroplast. It converts light energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules.
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What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Antwoord
It modifies, sorts, and packages cell products. Vesicles carry those products to their destinations.
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What is a lysosome's role?
Antwoord
Digesting worn cell parts and engulfed material. Its enzymes work best in an acidic interior.
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What are major functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Antwoord
Lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage. Its membrane lacks attached ribosomes.
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What does the cytoskeleton provide?
Antwoord
Cell shape, internal organization, movement, and transport tracks. It is built from protein filaments.
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What is diffusion?
Antwoord
Net movement from higher to lower concentration. It is passive and continues until dynamic equilibrium is reached.
Kaart 200
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What happens to an animal cell in a strongly hypotonic solution?
Antwoord
Water enters and the cell swells. Without a cell wall, it may burst.
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What happens during interphase?
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The cell grows, performs normal functions, and copies its DNA. Interphase precedes mitotic division.
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What is the result of mitosis followed by cytokinesis?
Antwoord
Two genetically similar daughter cells. Chromosome number is normally preserved.
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What is osmosis?
Antwoord
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves toward the side with more nonpenetrating solute.
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What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?
Antwoord
Water leaves and the cell shrinks. The external solution has a higher effective solute concentration.
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Why are cells generally small?
Antwoord
A high surface-area-to-volume ratio supports efficient exchange. Volume grows faster than surface area as a cell enlarges.
Kaart 206
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What is cytokinesis?
Antwoord
Division of the cytoplasm. It separates one cell into two after nuclear division.
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How does active transport differ from passive transport?
Antwoord
It uses energy to move substances against a gradient. Passive transport moves down a gradient without direct energy input.
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What happens to an animal cell in an isotonic solution?
Antwoord
There is no net water movement. Water still crosses in both directions at equal rates.
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Which structures are typical of plant cells but not animal cells?
Antwoord
A cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. Both cell types have membranes, nuclei, and mitochondria.
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How do cells contribute to a multicellular organism's organization?
Antwoord
Specialized cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form systems. Division of labor supports complex functions.
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What is DNA's primary biological role?
Antwoord
Storing hereditary information. Its nucleotide sequence contains instructions used to build functional RNA and proteins.
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What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
Antwoord
A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides link to form each strand.
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Which bases pair in double-stranded DNA?
Antwoord
Adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine. Hydrogen bonds hold complementary strands together.
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How does RNA differ from DNA?
Antwoord
RNA usually has ribose, uses uracil instead of thymine, and is usually single-stranded. Several RNA types help express genes.
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What is a gene?
Antwoord
A DNA sequence that contributes to a functional product. The product may be a protein or a functional RNA.
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What is a chromosome?
Antwoord
A long DNA molecule packaged with proteins. It contains many genes and other sequences.
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What is DNA replication?
Antwoord
Copying DNA before cell division. Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one newly made strand.
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What is the usual flow of information from a protein-coding gene?
Antwoord
DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription makes RNA; translation builds the polypeptide.
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What happens during transcription?
Antwoord
RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. For a protein-coding gene, that RNA functions as or is processed into messenger RNA.
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What does messenger RNA carry?
Antwoord
A copy of coding information from DNA to a ribosome. Its codons specify the amino-acid sequence.
Kaart 221
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What is a codon?
Antwoord
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA. Most codons specify an amino acid; some signal start or stop.
Kaart 222
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What is the usual role of the AUG codon?
Antwoord
It starts translation and specifies methionine. The ribosome uses it to establish the reading frame.
Kaart 223
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What happens during translation?
Antwoord
A ribosome reads mRNA and joins amino acids into a polypeptide. Transfer RNAs match codons with amino acids.
446 kaarten
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
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What is transfer RNA's role in protein synthesis?
Antwoord
It carries an amino acid and matches its anticodon to an mRNA codon. This places the correct amino acid in sequence.
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What is an anticodon?
Antwoord
A three-base sequence on tRNA complementary to an mRNA codon. Pairing helps decode the message.
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What is a mutation?
Antwoord
A change in a DNA sequence. Its effect may be harmful, neutral, or beneficial depending on location and context.
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Why can a one-base insertion in a coding sequence have a large effect?
Antwoord
It can shift the reading frame. Every downstream codon may change until a stop signal appears.
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Why can changing one amino acid alter a protein's function?
Antwoord
Amino-acid sequence helps determine folding and shape. Shape controls many protein interactions.
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What is ribosomal RNA's role in protein synthesis?
Antwoord
It forms the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA helps align translation components and catalyzes peptide-bond formation.
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Why can different cell types contain the same DNA but perform different jobs?
Antwoord
They express different sets of genes. Different proteins give cells different structures and functions.
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Which mutation can be passed to offspring?
Antwoord
A mutation present in a gamete-forming lineage. A mutation limited to ordinary body cells is not inherited through reproduction.
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What is an allele?
Antwoord
An alternative version of a gene. Diploid individuals usually carry two alleles for each autosomal gene.
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What is genotype?
Antwoord
An organism's allele combination for a gene or set of genes. Genotype contributes to phenotype.
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What does homozygous mean?
Antwoord
Having two identical alleles for a gene. Examples include AA and aa.
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What makes an allele dominant in a simple Mendelian trait?
Antwoord
One copy is enough for its phenotype to appear in a heterozygote. Dominant does not mean common or beneficial.
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What does Mendel's law of segregation describe?
Antwoord
The two alleles for a gene separate during gamete formation. Each gamete receives one allele.
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What is phenotype?
Antwoord
An observable trait or characteristic. It can reflect genotype, environment, and their interaction.
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What does heterozygous mean?
Antwoord
Having two different alleles for a gene. An example is Aa.
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When does a recessive phenotype usually appear in a simple autosomal trait?
Antwoord
When both alleles are recessive. A heterozygote carries the allele without showing that phenotype.
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When does independent assortment apply most clearly?
Antwoord
When genes are on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome. Their allele pairs enter gametes independently.
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What does a Punnett square predict?
Antwoord
Expected offspring genotype probabilities from specified parental gametes. It does not guarantee outcomes in a small family.
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For Aa × Aa, what is the chance of an aa offspring?
Antwoord
One fourth, or 25%. The genotype ratio is expected to be 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa.
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For Aa × Aa with complete dominance, what phenotypic ratio is expected?
Antwoord
Three dominant-phenotype offspring to one recessive-phenotype offspring. This is a probability across many offspring.
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How can a test cross reveal the genotype behind a dominant phenotype?
Antwoord
Cross the individual with a homozygous recessive partner. Recessive offspring show that the unknown parent carried a recessive allele.
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What happens in incomplete dominance?
Antwoord
A heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype. Neither allele fully masks the other.
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How is the probability of two independent genetic events both occurring found?
Antwoord
Multiply their individual probabilities. This is the product rule.
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What does a pedigree show?
Antwoord
How a trait appears across generations of a family. Its pattern can suggest a mode of inheritance.
Kaart 248
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Why can two parents have offspring ratios that differ from a Punnett-square expectation?
Antwoord
Each fertilization is a chance event. Expected ratios become more apparent with larger numbers of offspring.
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What happens in codominance?
Antwoord
Both alleles are distinctly expressed in a heterozygote. The AB blood type is a common example.
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What are major roles of carbohydrates?
Antwoord
Providing quick energy, storing energy, and forming some structures. Monosaccharides are their basic building blocks.
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What is a monomer?
Antwoord
A small building block that can join with others to form a larger molecule. Glucose, amino acids, and nucleotides are examples in different classes.
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What happens in a dehydration-synthesis reaction?
Antwoord
Monomers join while water is removed. The reaction builds a larger biological molecule.
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What does an enzyme do?
Antwoord
It lowers activation energy and speeds a reaction without being consumed. Its shape helps it bind specific substrates.
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What are major roles of lipids?
Antwoord
Long-term energy storage, membranes, insulation, and signaling. Lipids are mostly nonpolar and do not mix well with water.
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What does it mean for a protein to denature?
Antwoord
Its normal shape is disrupted. Heat, extreme pH, or chemicals can reduce its function.
Kaart 256
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What happens during hydrolysis?
Antwoord
Water is used to split a larger molecule into smaller units. Digestion often uses hydrolysis reactions.
Kaart 257
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Why do phospholipids form bilayers in water?
Antwoord
Their hydrophilic heads interact with water while hydrophobic tails turn inward. This arrangement forms cell-membrane structure.
Kaart 258
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What are proteins built from?
Antwoord
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Their folded shapes support enzymes, transport, signaling, structure, and movement.
Kaart 259
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How do starch and glycogen compare?
Antwoord
Both store glucose; plants use starch and animals use glycogen. Their branching patterns differ.
Kaart 260
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How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?
Antwoord
Saturated fatty acids lack carbon-carbon double bonds; unsaturated ones have one or more. Double bonds often introduce bends.
Kaart 261
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What immediate energy-carrying molecule powers many cell processes?
Antwoord
ATP. Energy released from nutrients can be transferred into ATP's phosphate bonds.
Kaart 262
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What are nucleic acids built from?
Antwoord
Nucleotides. DNA stores hereditary information, while RNA performs several roles in gene expression.
Kaart 263
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Which elements are common in all four major biological macromolecule classes?
Antwoord
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Nitrogen and phosphorus occur prominently in some classes.
Kaart 264
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Why is three-dimensional shape important for macromolecules?
Antwoord
Shape determines many interactions and functions. A changed shape can prevent a molecule from binding its target.
Kaart 265
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What are triglycerides built from?
Antwoord
One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. They join through ester bonds to form a common energy-storage lipid.
Kaart 266
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What is a pathogen?
Antwoord
An agent capable of causing disease. Not every microorganism is pathogenic.
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What type of cell is a bacterium?
Antwoord
A prokaryotic cell. Bacteria usually reproduce by binary fission.
Kaart 268
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What cell type do fungi have?
Antwoord
Eukaryotic cells. Some fungi are unicellular yeasts, while others form multicellular filaments.
Kaart 269
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What does disease transmission describe?
Antwoord
How an infectious agent moves to a susceptible host. Routes include contact, droplets, airborne spread, food, water, and vectors.
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What is a biological vector?
Antwoord
An organism that becomes infected with a pathogen and transmits it between hosts. The pathogen survives or reproduces inside the vector, unlike transport by a mechanical carrier.
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Why are viruses dependent on host cells?
Antwoord
They lack the complete machinery for reproduction and metabolism. They use host components to make new virus particles.
Kaart 272
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What is a protist?
Antwoord
A diverse eukaryote that is not classified as an animal, plant, or fungus. Some protists cause disease, while many do not.
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Why do antibiotics not treat viral infections?
Antwoord
They target bacterial structures or processes that viruses lack. Antiviral drugs use different targets.
Kaart 274
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How can normal microbiota protect a host?
Antwoord
They occupy space and use resources that pathogens might otherwise exploit. Some also support digestion or immune development.
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How does sterilization differ from disinfection?
Antwoord
Sterilization destroys or removes all microbial life, including resistant forms; disinfection reduces pathogens on objects. The required method depends on use.
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How do infection and disease differ?
Antwoord
Infection means an agent is established in a host; disease means normal function is impaired and signs or symptoms occur. Infection may be asymptomatic.
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How can breaking a transmission route reduce infectious disease?
Antwoord
It interrupts the chain connecting a source with a susceptible host. Hand hygiene, clean water, ventilation, and vector control target different links.
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What is an atom?
Antwoord
The smallest unit of an element that retains that element's chemical identity. Atoms contain a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
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What charge and location does an electron have?
Antwoord
Negative charge in the electron cloud around the nucleus. Electrons drive most chemical bonding.
Kaart 280
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Why are valence electrons important?
Antwoord
They participate most directly in bonding and reactions. Their arrangement helps predict chemical behavior.
Kaart 281
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What do elements in the same periodic-table group often share?
Antwoord
Similar valence-electron patterns and chemical properties. A group is a vertical column.
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What is an ion?
Antwoord
An atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. Its total numbers of protons and electrons are unequal.
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What charge and location does a proton have?
Antwoord
Positive charge in the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element.
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What does an element's atomic number equal?
Antwoord
Its number of protons. A neutral atom has the same number of electrons.
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How does a neutral atom form a cation?
Antwoord
By losing one or more electrons. It has more protons than electrons and a positive charge.
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An atom has 8 protons. How many electrons does it have if it is neutral?
Antwoord
Eight electrons. Neutral atoms have equal positive and negative charges.
Kaart 287
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What charge and location does a neutron have?
Antwoord
No electric charge, in the nucleus. Neutron number can vary among isotopes of an element.
Kaart 288
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What does mass number equal?
Antwoord
Protons plus neutrons in one atom. It is a whole number for a specific isotope.
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How does a neutral atom form an anion?
Antwoord
By gaining one or more electrons. It has more electrons than protons and a negative charge.
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What does a period represent on the periodic table?
Antwoord
A horizontal row. Moving across a period changes proton number one element at a time.
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What are isotopes?
Antwoord
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
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What is matter?
Antwoord
Anything that has mass and occupies space. Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are forms of matter.
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What distinguishes a solid from a liquid or gas?
Antwoord
A solid has a definite shape and volume. Its particles vibrate around relatively fixed positions.
Kaart 294
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What is a physical change?
Antwoord
A change in form or state without changing chemical identity. Melting and cutting are examples.
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What is a physical property?
Antwoord
A characteristic observed without changing a substance's identity. Density, color, and melting point are examples.
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How does an element differ from a compound?
Antwoord
An element contains one kind of atom; a compound contains elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. Chemical methods can separate a compound into simpler substances.
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What distinguishes a liquid?
Antwoord
It has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container. Its particles remain close while moving past one another.
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What is a chemical change?
Antwoord
A process that forms one or more substances with new chemical identities. Bond rearrangement occurs.
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What is a chemical property?
Antwoord
A substance's ability to undergo a particular chemical change. Flammability and reactivity with acid are examples.
Kaart 300
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Which phase changes connect solids and liquids?
Antwoord
Melting changes a solid to a liquid; freezing changes a liquid to a solid. These are opposite physical changes.
Kaart 301
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How does a pure substance differ from a mixture?
Antwoord
A pure substance has a fixed composition and is an element or compound; a mixture has variable composition and physically combined components. Mixture components retain their identities.
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What distinguishes a gas?
Antwoord
It has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. It expands to fill its container.
Kaart 303
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What is the formula for density?
Antwoord
Density = mass ÷ volume. Density is an intensive property.
Kaart 304
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Which phase changes connect liquids and gases?
Antwoord
Vaporization changes a liquid to a gas; condensation changes a gas to a liquid. Evaporation is vaporization at a liquid's surface.
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What is a mixture?
Antwoord
Two or more substances physically combined in variable proportions. Its components retain their chemical identities.
Kaart 306
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How do intensive and extensive properties differ?
Antwoord
Intensive properties do not depend on sample amount; extensive properties do. Density and temperature are intensive, while mass and volume are extensive.
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A 20 g sample occupies 5 mL. What is its density?
Antwoord
4 g/mL. Divide 20 g by 5 mL.
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Which phase changes connect solids and gases directly?
Antwoord
Sublimation changes a solid to a gas; deposition changes a gas to a solid. Neither transition passes through the liquid state.
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How do homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures differ?
Antwoord
A homogeneous mixture is uniform throughout; a heterogeneous mixture is not. A solution is homogeneous.
Kaart 310
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Where are reactants and products written in a chemical equation?
Antwoord
Reactants are on the left; products are on the right. The arrow shows the direction represented.
Kaart 311
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Why must a chemical equation be balanced?
Antwoord
Atoms are conserved in ordinary chemical reactions. Each element must have the same atom count on both sides.
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What does a coefficient in a chemical equation change?
Antwoord
The number of whole particles or moles represented. It multiplies every atom in the following formula.
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Why should subscripts not be changed when balancing an equation?
Antwoord
Changing a subscript changes the substance's identity. Balancing changes coefficients only.
Kaart 314
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What coefficients balance H₂ + O₂ → H₂O?
Antwoord
2, 1, 2: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O. Both sides then contain four hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms.
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What pattern defines a synthesis reaction?
Antwoord
Two or more reactants form a more complex product. A general pattern is A + B → AB.
Kaart 316
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What are typical products when a hydrocarbon burns completely in oxygen?
Antwoord
Carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide or carbon.
Kaart 317
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What is the net ionic equation for a typical strong acid–strong base neutralization?
Antwoord
H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l). The remaining ions are spectators and do not appear in the net ionic equation.
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What is a precipitate?
Antwoord
An insoluble solid that forms from substances in solution. Its appearance can signal a chemical reaction.
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What pattern defines a decomposition reaction?
Antwoord
One compound breaks into simpler products. A general pattern is AB → A + B.
Kaart 320
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What is an exothermic reaction?
Antwoord
A reaction that releases heat to the surroundings. The surroundings often warm.
Kaart 321
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What occurs in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
Antwoord
Electrons transfer or atoms change oxidation state. Oxidation is electron loss; reduction is electron gain.
Kaart 322
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What is activation energy?
Antwoord
The minimum energy barrier reactants must overcome to react. Catalysts lower this barrier.
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Which observations can provide evidence of a chemical reaction?
Antwoord
Gas formation, a precipitate, sustained color change, light, or temperature change. No single sign proves a reaction without context.
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What is an endothermic reaction?
Antwoord
A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings. The surroundings may cool.
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Why does raising temperature usually speed a reaction?
Antwoord
Particles collide more often and with greater energy. More collisions overcome activation energy.
Kaart 326
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Why can higher reactant concentration increase reaction rate?
Antwoord
More reactant particles occupy a given volume. This raises collision frequency.
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Why does powdered solid often react faster than one large piece?
Antwoord
Powder exposes more surface area. More particles are available for collisions.
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How does a catalyst speed a reaction?
Antwoord
It provides a pathway with lower activation energy. The catalyst is regenerated rather than consumed overall.
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How can increasing pressure affect a reaction between gases?
Antwoord
It can increase rate by bringing gas particles closer together. Collision frequency rises when volume falls.
Kaart 330
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What does a reaction inhibitor do?
Antwoord
It slows a reaction. It may block a pathway, interfere with a catalyst, or remove reactive intermediates.
Kaart 331
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Why can very high temperature slow an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
Antwoord
The enzyme can denature and lose its active shape. Moderate warming helps only within the enzyme's stable range.
Kaart 332
Vraag
What is dynamic equilibrium?
Antwoord
Forward and reverse reactions continue at equal rates. Concentrations remain constant even though particles still react.
Kaart 333
Vraag
Does a catalyst change the final equilibrium amounts?
Antwoord
No. It speeds forward and reverse reactions, so equilibrium is reached sooner without changing its position.
Kaart 334
Vraag
At equilibrium, what usually happens when the concentration of a dissolved or gaseous reactant increases?
Antwoord
The system shifts toward consuming some added reactant. It forms more product until a new equilibrium is reached.
Kaart 335
Vraag
What is a solution?
Antwoord
A homogeneous mixture. Its components are uniformly distributed at the molecular or ionic level.
Kaart 336
Vraag
How do solute and solvent differ?
Antwoord
The solute is dissolved; the solvent is the dissolving medium. The solvent is often present in greater amount.
Kaart 337
Vraag
What does aqueous mean in chemistry?
Antwoord
Dissolved in water. The symbol
(aq)marks an aqueous species in an equation.Kaart 338
Vraag
What does concentration describe?
Antwoord
The amount of solute in a given amount of solution or solvent. Different units express it in different ways.
Kaart 339
Vraag
What is molarity?
Antwoord
Moles of solute per liter of solution. Its unit is mol/L, written M.
Kaart 340
Vraag
What is the molarity of 0.50 mol solute in 2.0 L of solution?
Antwoord
0.25 M. Divide 0.50 mol by 2.0 L.
Kaart 341
Vraag
What stays constant when water is added to dilute a solution without reaction?
Antwoord
The moles of solute. Volume increases and concentration decreases.
Kaart 342
Vraag
Which equation relates concentration and volume before and after a dilution?
Antwoord
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂. It follows from conserving the amount of solute.
Kaart 343
Vraag
What is solubility?
Antwoord
The maximum concentration of a solute that can be achieved in a solution at equilibrium under specified conditions. Temperature and the substances involved matter.
Kaart 344
Vraag
What is a saturated solution?
Antwoord
A solution holding the maximum dissolved solute at those conditions. Extra solute remains undissolved at equilibrium.
Kaart 345
Vraag
What is an electrolyte?
Antwoord
A substance that produces mobile ions in solution and conducts electricity. Soluble ionic compounds are common examples.
Kaart 346
Vraag
What does 'like dissolves like' predict?
Antwoord
Substances with similar polarity tend to mix well. Polar solvents favor polar or ionic solutes; nonpolar solvents favor nonpolar solutes.
Kaart 347
Vraag
Does heating always increase solubility?
Antwoord
No. Many solids become more soluble in water, but gases usually become less soluble as temperature rises.
Kaart 348
Vraag
What is an unsaturated solution?
Antwoord
A solution that can dissolve more solute at the stated conditions. It is below the solubility limit.
Kaart 349
Vraag
What does a Brønsted-Lowry acid donate?
Antwoord
A proton, H⁺. In water, acid behavior increases hydronium-ion concentration.
Kaart 350
Vraag
What does pH describe?
Antwoord
The hydronium-ion concentration on a logarithmic scale. Lower pH means higher hydronium concentration.
Kaart 351
Vraag
At 25 °C, what pH range is acidic?
Antwoord
Below 7. A neutral aqueous solution is pH 7 at this temperature.
Kaart 352
Vraag
How does hydronium concentration change when pH drops by 1 unit?
Antwoord
It increases tenfold. The pH scale is logarithmic.
Kaart 353
Vraag
What does a Brønsted-Lowry base accept?
Antwoord
A proton, H⁺. Many bases in water also increase hydroxide-ion concentration.
Kaart 354
Vraag
At 25 °C, what is the relationship between pH and pOH?
Antwoord
pH + pOH = 14. pOH is the negative base-10 logarithm of hydroxide-ion concentration; this relation applies to aqueous solutions at 25 °C.
Kaart 355
Vraag
At 25 °C, what pH range is basic?
Antwoord
Above 7. Basic solutions have less hydronium and more hydroxide than neutral water.
Kaart 356
Vraag
What are typical products of a strong acid reacting with a strong base?
Antwoord
Water and an ionic salt. Hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions combine to form water.
Kaart 357
Vraag
What does strong mean for an acid or base?
Antwoord
It produces its characteristic ions essentially completely in water. Strong acids ionize; soluble ionic strong bases dissociate. Strength is separate from concentration.
Kaart 358
Vraag
What does a buffer do?
Antwoord
It resists large pH changes when small amounts of acid or base are added. A weak conjugate acid-base pair neutralizes much of the added H₃O⁺ or OH⁻.
Kaart 359
Vraag
How does an acid-base indicator work?
Antwoord
Its color depends on pH. The change occurs over a characteristic pH range.
Kaart 360
Vraag
A solution has pH 9 at 25 °C. What is its pOH?
Antwoord
5. Subtract the pH from 14.
Kaart 361
Vraag
How does a concentrated weak acid differ from a dilute strong acid?
Antwoord
Concentration tells how much acid is present; strength tells how completely it ionizes. A concentrated weak acid contains more partially ionizing acid, while a dilute strong acid contains less acid that ionizes essentially completely. Either can have the lower pH.
Kaart 362
Vraag
What is the SI base unit of length?
Antwoord
The meter (m). Centimeters and millimeters are decimal subdivisions of a meter.
Kaart 363
Vraag
Which tool directly measures mass in a laboratory?
Antwoord
A balance. A spring scale measures force, often reported as weight.
Kaart 364
Vraag
What is the SI base unit of mass?
Antwoord
The kilogram (kg). Laboratory mass is also commonly reported in grams.
Kaart 365
Vraag
A student needs to measure about 35 mL of liquid and can choose a beaker or graduated cylinder. Which should they use?
Antwoord
A graduated cylinder. Read the scale at eye level.
Kaart 366
Vraag
What is the SI base unit of time?
Antwoord
The second (s). Minutes and hours are accepted for many everyday uses.
Kaart 367
Vraag
Where should the volume of a clear water-based liquid be read in a graduated cylinder?
Antwoord
At the bottom of the meniscus. Keep your eye level with the liquid surface.
Kaart 368
Vraag
What is the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature?
Antwoord
The kelvin (K). Degrees Celsius are widely used for laboratory and body temperatures.
Kaart 369
Vraag
Which tool measures temperature?
Antwoord
A thermometer. Its range and resolution should match the task.
Kaart 370
Vraag
What factor does the metric prefix kilo- represent?
Antwoord
One thousand, or 10³. One kilometer equals 1,000 meters.
Kaart 371
Vraag
A ruler's smallest marking is 1 mm. To what place should a careful analog reading usually be estimated?
Antwoord
One place beyond the smallest marking, when the scale allows it. The final digit is uncertain.
Kaart 372
Vraag
What is measurement accuracy?
Antwoord
Closeness to an accepted or true value. A systematic error can make precise measurements inaccurate.
Kaart 373
Vraag
How do mass and weight differ?
Antwoord
Mass is the amount of matter; weight is gravitational force on that mass. Mass stays constant when gravity changes, but weight does not.
Kaart 374
Vraag
What factor does the metric prefix milli- represent?
Antwoord
One thousandth, or 10⁻³. One milliliter is 0.001 liter.
Kaart 375
Vraag
How can the volume of an irregular solid be measured with water?
Antwoord
Use water displacement. Subtract the initial water volume from the final volume after submerging the object.
Kaart 376
Vraag
What is measurement precision?
Antwoord
Closeness of repeated measurements to one another. Precise results can still be consistently wrong.
Kaart 377
Vraag
What is an instrument's resolution?
Antwoord
The smallest change it can meaningfully display or distinguish. Higher resolution does not automatically guarantee accuracy.
Kaart 378
Vraag
How many centimeters are in 2.5 meters?
Antwoord
2.5 × 10² cm (250 cm). Multiply meters by the exact conversion factor 100 cm/m.
Kaart 379
Vraag
Why must a numerical measurement include a unit?
Antwoord
The unit identifies the quantity's scale. A bare number is ambiguous and cannot be compared reliably.
Kaart 380
Vraag
What is a scientific observation?
Antwoord
Information recorded with senses or instruments. It should be distinguished from an explanation of what was observed.
Kaart 381
Vraag
What makes a hypothesis scientifically useful?
Antwoord
It is testable and falsifiable. Evidence must be able to count against it.
Kaart 382
Vraag
What is a scientific theory?
Antwoord
A broad, well-supported explanation of natural phenomena. It is not a casual guess and can be revised with new evidence.
Kaart 383
Vraag
Which claim is falsifiable: 'No possible observation could count against this treatment's effectiveness' or 'This treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour'?
Antwoord
The claim that the treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour. An observation could count against it, so evidence can test it.
Kaart 384
Vraag
What is an inference?
Antwoord
A logical interpretation based on observations and prior knowledge. It goes beyond the raw measurement.
Kaart 385
Vraag
How does a prediction relate to a hypothesis?
Antwoord
It states an expected result if the hypothesis is correct. Experiments compare observed results with that expectation.
Kaart 386
Vraag
How does a scientific law differ from a scientific theory?
Antwoord
A law describes a consistent pattern; a theory explains how or why patterns occur. One does not mature into the other.
Kaart 387
Vraag
What does reliability mean for a measurement or procedure?
Antwoord
It produces consistent results under the same conditions. Repetition helps assess reliability.
Kaart 388
Vraag
What does a correlation show?
Antwoord
Two variables change together in a patterned way. Correlation alone does not establish that one causes the other.
Kaart 389
Vraag
What is bias in scientific work?
Antwoord
A systematic influence that pushes observations, selection, or interpretation in one direction. Good design tries to prevent or measure it.
Kaart 390
Vraag
What is the purpose of scientific peer review?
Antwoord
Independent experts evaluate methods, reasoning, and reporting before publication. It improves scrutiny but does not guarantee truth.
Kaart 391
Vraag
What does validity ask about a study or measurement?
Antwoord
Whether it measures or tests what it claims to measure or test. Consistency alone does not ensure validity.
Kaart 392
Vraag
What evidence most strengthens a causal claim?
Antwoord
A well-controlled experiment that manipulates the suspected cause. Random assignment reduces confounding, while independent replication tests whether the result holds with new data.
Kaart 393
Vraag
What is a primary scientific source?
Antwoord
A report of original methods, data, and results. A review article synthesizes many primary studies.
Kaart 394
Vraag
How should an unexpected outlier be handled?
Antwoord
Investigate and report it rather than deleting it automatically. Exclusion needs a documented scientific reason.
Kaart 395
Vraag
What is a confounding variable?
Antwoord
An outside factor related to both the suspected cause and the outcome. It can create a misleading association.
Kaart 396
Vraag
Why should a sample represent the population of interest?
Antwoord
Results generalize poorly when important groups are missing or overrepresented. Sampling method matters as much as size.
Kaart 397
Vraag
What is a scientific model?
Antwoord
A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system. A model is useful within its assumptions and limits.
Kaart 398
Vraag
Why should measurements report uncertainty or reasonable precision?
Antwoord
Every measurement has limits. Reporting more digits than the method supports creates false precision.
Kaart 399
Vraag
If results match a prediction once, what is the safest conclusion?
Antwoord
The results support the hypothesis under those conditions. One result does not prove the hypothesis in every setting.
Kaart 400
Vraag
What is a direct relationship between two variables?
Antwoord
As one increases, the other tends to increase; as one decreases, the other tends to decrease. The relationship need not be perfectly linear.
Kaart 401
Vraag
Which variable is usually placed on the x-axis of an experimental graph?
Antwoord
The independent variable. It is the factor selected or changed by the investigator.
Kaart 402
Vraag
What does the slope of a straight-line graph represent?
Antwoord
Change in y divided by change in x. It is the response rate per unit change in the other variable.
Kaart 403
Vraag
A line rises 12 units in y while x rises 3 units. What is its slope?
Antwoord
4 units of y per unit of x. Divide 12 by 3.
Kaart 404
Vraag
What is an inverse relationship?
Antwoord
As one variable increases, the other tends to decrease. Their product is constant only in a strictly inverse proportion.
Kaart 405
Vraag
Which variable is usually placed on the y-axis of an experimental graph?
Antwoord
The dependent variable. It is the measured response.
Kaart 406
Vraag
What does a plateau on a response graph indicate?
Antwoord
The measured response has stopped changing much despite further x increases. A limiting factor may have been reached.
Kaart 407
Vraag
What is interpolation?
Antwoord
Estimating a value within the range of measured data. It is generally safer than extrapolating beyond that range.
Kaart 408
Vraag
What pattern suggests no relationship between two plotted variables?
Antwoord
The response shows no consistent change as the other variable changes. Points may scatter without a trend.
Kaart 409
Vraag
Before comparing values in a data table, what should you check?
Antwoord
Headings, units, and conditions. Numbers from different measures or scales cannot be compared directly.
Kaart 410
Vraag
If 3 samples require 12 mL total, how much is needed for 5 equal samples?
Antwoord
20 mL. The rate is 4 mL per sample, so multiply by 5.
Kaart 411
Vraag
How is the arithmetic mean calculated?
Antwoord
Add all values and divide by the number of values. A large outlier can shift the mean.
Kaart 412
Vraag
Why is extrapolation uncertain?
Antwoord
It assumes the observed trend continues outside measured conditions. The relationship may change beyond the data range.
Kaart 413
Vraag
A culture grows from 20 to 50 cells in 6 hours. What is the average growth rate?
Antwoord
5 cells per hour. The change is 30 cells divided by 6 hours.
Kaart 414
Vraag
A measurement rises from 40 to 50. What is the percent increase?
Antwoord
25%. The increase is 10, and 10 ÷ 40 × 100 = 25%.
Kaart 415
Vraag
When can the median describe a typical value better than the mean?
Antwoord
When data are skewed or contain strong outliers. In an ordered set, the median is the middle value for an odd count and the mean of the two middle values for an even count.
Kaart 416
Vraag
How do quantitative and qualitative data differ?
Antwoord
Quantitative data are numerical; qualitative data describe categories or qualities. Both can answer scientific questions.
Kaart 417
Vraag
A response is 2 at dose 1, 4 at dose 2, and 8 at dose 4. If the relationship is linear, what response is predicted at dose 3?
Antwoord
6. The observed rate is 2 response units per dose unit, so interpolation at dose 3 gives 6.
Kaart 418
Vraag
How can a graph reveal a nonlinear relationship?
Antwoord
The points follow a curve rather than a straight line. The rate of change varies across the x-range.
Kaart 419
Vraag
What is the range of a data set?
Antwoord
Maximum minus minimum. It describes total spread but ignores the distribution between the endpoints.
Kaart 420
Vraag
What makes a scientific research question testable?
Antwoord
It identifies measurable variables or observable outcomes. The needed data must be obtainable.
Kaart 421
Vraag
In an experiment, what is the independent variable?
Antwoord
The factor deliberately changed or assigned by the investigator. In a simple one-factor experiment, changing one independent variable helps isolate its effect.
Kaart 422
Vraag
What should a hypothesis connect?
Antwoord
A proposed explanation with a measurable outcome. It should lead to a prediction that evidence can challenge.
Kaart 423
Vraag
What is a controlled variable, or constant?
Antwoord
A condition kept the same across groups. Holding it constant prevents it from explaining outcome differences.
Kaart 424
Vraag
What is the purpose of a control group?
Antwoord
It provides a comparison without the experimental treatment. Differences can then be attributed more confidently to the treatment.
Kaart 425
Vraag
In an experiment, what is the dependent variable?
Antwoord
The measured response. It may change because of the independent variable.
Kaart 426
Vraag
What form can a useful experimental prediction take?
Antwoord
If the independent variable changes in a stated way, then the dependent variable should respond in a stated way. The reason links it to the hypothesis.
Kaart 427
Vraag
What does a positive control demonstrate?
Antwoord
That the setup can produce a known response. If it fails, the test system may be defective.
Kaart 428
Vraag
Why randomly assign subjects to experimental groups?
Antwoord
To distribute known and unknown differences more evenly. This reduces selection bias and confounding.
Kaart 429
Vraag
How can blinding reduce bias?
Antwoord
It keeps participants, observers, or both unaware of treatment assignments. Expectations are less likely to affect behavior or measurement.
Kaart 430
Vraag
What is a placebo?
Antwoord
An inactive treatment designed to resemble the experimental treatment. It helps separate treatment effects from expectation effects.
Kaart 431
Vraag
What does a negative control demonstrate?
Antwoord
What happens when the tested cause is absent. An unexpected response may reveal contamination or another source.
Kaart 432
Vraag
Why does a larger sample often improve a study?
Antwoord
It reduces the influence of chance variation and supports more stable estimates. It cannot repair a biased sampling method.
Kaart 433
Vraag
Why repeat trials within an experiment?
Antwoord
To estimate variability and check consistency. One unusual trial then has less influence.
Kaart 434
Vraag
Why must an experimental procedure be detailed and standardized?
Antwoord
So groups are treated consistently and others can reproduce the work. Uncontrolled procedural differences create alternative explanations.
Kaart 435
Vraag
Why calibrate a measuring instrument before collecting data?
Antwoord
To compare its readings with a known standard and reduce systematic error. Calibration improves confidence in accuracy.
Kaart 436
Vraag
What is an operational definition?
Antwoord
A precise statement of how a variable is measured or manipulated. It turns an abstract concept into a repeatable procedure.
Kaart 437
Vraag
How does independent replication differ from repeated trials?
Antwoord
Independent replication repeats a study with independently collected data, often by a different investigator; repeated trials rerun measurements within the original experiment. Replication tests consistency across separate studies.
Kaart 438
Vraag
Why should raw data be recorded before interpretation?
Antwoord
It preserves the observations separately from conclusions. Others can check calculations and reasoning.
Kaart 439
Vraag
What should a scientific conclusion do?
Antwoord
Answer the research question using the data and acknowledge limits. It should not claim more than the design supports.
Kaart 440
Vraag
What should happen when data do not support a hypothesis?
Antwoord
Revise or reject the hypothesis and consider new tests. Data should not be altered to preserve the original idea.
Kaart 441
Vraag
What is a study limitation?
Antwoord
A feature that restricts interpretation or generalization. Small samples, short duration, and imperfect measurements are examples.
Kaart 442
Vraag
Why are ethics part of experimental design?
Antwoord
Research must protect participants, organisms, and communities while balancing risks and benefits. Consent and humane treatment are key examples.
Kaart 443
Vraag
How does an observational study differ from an experiment?
Antwoord
It measures variables without assigning the exposure. It can find associations but usually supports weaker causal conclusions.
Kaart 444
Vraag
Plants receive 0, 2, or 4 hours of added light, and growth is measured. What is the independent variable?
Antwoord
Hours of added light. Plant growth is the dependent variable.
Kaart 445
Vraag
A fertilizer study gives every plant the same water, soil, and temperature. What are these conditions?
Antwoord
Controlled variables. Keeping them constant isolates the fertilizer's effect.
Kaart 446
Vraag
A drug group improves more than a control group, but the groups were not randomly assigned. What is the main caution?
Antwoord
Preexisting group differences could explain some improvement. The result is suggestive, but the design weakens a causal claim.
446 kaarten
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
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